his 122 ch 23 wwii part 1 sp 16
TRANSCRIPT
The Second World WarChapter 28
Introduction--WWII
Threats to the balance of power
A conflict among nations, peoples, and ideals
The new methods of warfare
The Holocaust and the atomic bomb
From Isolation to Intervention
Following WWI, successive U.S. administrations backed away from intervention in foreign countries
Foreign Crises
Russia
Lenin 1917
Stalin 1924
Italy and Germany
Benito Mussolini became leader of Italy in 1922
Adolph Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933
Lenin and Stalin
Mussolini
Hitler
Weimar Republic Germany 1918-1932: Problems and More Problems Problems with Legitimacy
Major changes introduced by unelected Council of People’s Commissioners in November 1918
Introduced 8 hour workday, legalized labor unions, required re-hiring of WWI veterans; farm labor reforms; social welfare; national health insurance.
Conservatives opposed these measures and Communists thought they did not go far enough
Elections held January 1919
Great Depression
Treaty of Versailles indignities
War guilt
Disarmament
Reparations
Exclusion from major diplomatic events
Hitler and the National Socialists
Adolf Hitler (1889–1945)
After the war, Hitler joined the German Workers’ Party (1919)
Re-definition of “socialism” into “National Socialism”
German Worker’s Party was created by conservative working class Germans who rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the liberal reforms of the Weimar Republic
“Socialism” was popular among many working class Germans.
Hitler hated “socialism” because it called for equality of race and gender
Hitler coined the term “National Socialist” to mean Aryan German Workers who came together as equals to support the moral, racial and cultural superiority of the German “Fatherland”.
National Socialist German Worker’s Party was aligned with German conservatives who acquiesced in Hitler’s ascension to be the Chancellor of Germany by forming a coalition government with the Nazi Party.
Hitler and the National Socialists
November 1923: Munich (Beer Hall) putsch
Along with other Nazi’s Hitler attempted a coup d'état
Hitler dictated Mein Kampf while in prison
Portrayed himself as the savior of the German people
Weimar elections
1924: Nazis polled 6.6 percent of the vote
Beer Hall Putsch Defendants
Proportional Representation and the Parliamentary System
Parliamentary System: Political parties offer a slate of candidates
Voters elect a party not individual candidates
Many parties may participate in parliamentary elections
Each party receives seats in parliament equal to the proportional number of votes it received in the election
If no one party gets 51% or more, the party with the most seats has an opportunity to form a coalition with other parties. The leader of the party with the most votes is usually the Prime Minister
Parliamentary system differs from U.S. system where voters elect a candidate
How did Hitler come to power?
1930 election
Nazis won 107 of 577 seats in the Reichstag
No party gained a majority (289 seats)
Conservative Party attempted for form a coalition government with the Nazis.
Nazis demand that Hitler be made Chancellor (Prime Minister)
Nazi refusal caused the conservative coalition government to fail, requiring new elections
Street battles between Nazis and Communists
Political Parties in the Reichstag June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
Communist Party (KPD) 4 62 45 54 77 89 100 81
Social Democratic Party (SDP) 102 100 131 153 143 133 121 120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 65 81 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP) 71 95 103 73 41 37 52 52
Nazi Party (NSDAP) - - - 12 107 230 196 288
Other Parties 98 92 73 121 122 22 35 23
How did Hitler come to power?
July 1932 elections
Nazi party became the largest party in the Reichstag (Parliament) but did not have a majority
Two largest parties were Social Democratic Party (Liberals and Socialists) and Nazi party
Nazi party refused to join any coalition with the conservative Nationalist Party unless Hitler was made Chancellor
Conservatives refused to name Hitler as Chancellor
Stalemate resulted in caretaker government
Street battles continued between Communists and Nazis
Government paralyzed and cannot perform basic functions
Economic situation worsens
Freikorps
Communists
How did Hitler come to power?
November 1932 elections
Nazi Party lost significant seats but still the largest party
Social Democratic Party & Communist Party increased seats significantly but not enough to form a government
President Hindenburg agreed form a government with Hitler as Chancellor under pressure from industrialists and conservatives who argued that Hitler could be controlled
Hitler Coalition: Nazis (196 seats) German National People’s Party (51seats) and Centre party (70 seats)
Nazis appointed to major posts in the government
How did Nazis Consolidate Power?
Hitler as chancellor
January 1933: Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor
February 27, 1933: Reichstag set on fire by mentally challenged Dutch anarchist (perhaps set up by Nazis)
Hitler suspended civil rights
March 5, 1933: New elections
Hitler granted unlimited power for four years
Hitler proclaimed the Third Reich
The Reichstag Fire,27 February, 1933.
How did Nazis consolidate power?
Nazi Germany
A one-party state
Hitler’s first acts sharply limited freedom of the press and enabled the cabinet to issue decrees without the consent or approval of the Reichstag.
Reichstag Fire Decree suspended all civil liberties guaranteed by the German constitution.
Widespread arrests of known or suspected opponents of the Nazi party—mainly outspoken liberals and Communists in the SDP and KDP
Hitler turned on opposition within his own party
June 30, 1934: Night of the Long Knives purged SA who were not loyal to Hitler personally.
Secured the support of the Army generals (Reichweir)
Hitler and the National Socialists
Nazi Germany
Support
Played off fears of communism
Spoke a language of national pride
Hitler as the symbol of a strong, revitalized Germany (the Führer cult)
The recovery of German national glory
Nazis and German Racism
Nazi racism
Nazi racism inherited from nineteenth-century social Darwinism
Nations and people struggle for survival
Superior peoples strengthen themselves through struggle
Anti-Semitism
Joined by nationalist anti-Jewish theory: The Jew as outsider to the German nation
An “international Jewish conspiracy” based in part on Protocols of the Elders of Zion – a conspiracy theory claiming that International Jewish leaders were intent on taking over the world.
Protocols of the Elders of Zion created in 1903 by the Tsar’s Security police.
Nazi Racism
Nazi racism
April 1933: New racial laws excluded Jews from public office
1935 Nuremberg Decrees
Deprived Jews of citizenship (determined by bloodline)
November 1938: Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
Nazi Boycott of Jewish Shops in Berlin, 1933
Still Image from Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935),
a Film about a Nazi Party Rally in Nuremberg, Germany, 1934
The 1930s –The “Dishonest Decade”
Appeasement
Assumptions in Europe and the U.S.
The outbreak of another world war was unthinkable
Fascist states were a bulwark against Soviet communism
Ends—how to maintain Europe’s balance of power?
Soviets the greater threat, so accommodate Hitler
U.S. Isolationism
Nye Committee 1934-1936
Formed in the U.S. Senate to investigate the Munitions industry profits from WWI
Headed by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota (R)
Claimed that U.S. entered WWI because the munitions industry profited by selling arms to both sides
Claimed that bankers pressured Woodrow Wilson to enter WWI to preserve their loans
Neutrality Acts: U.S. may not ship arms to belligerent nations
The 1930s –The “Dishonest Decade”
The League of Nations
Japanese invasion of China turned into an invasion of the whole country
The Rape of Nanjing (1937)
The League expressed shock but did nothing
Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935
Avenging the defeat of 1896
League imposed sanctions on Italy but without enforcement
The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France
Poland
The Blitzkrieg (lightning war)
Soviet troops invaded from the East
Poland fell in four weeks
The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France
Scandinavia—Germans took Denmark in one day (spring 1940)
The fall of France
Poorly organized French army overwhelmed by the German advance
Mid-June 1940: the Germans reached Paris
June 20, 1940: French surrendered
Germans occupied northern France
Southern France fell under the Vichy regime, headed by Marshall Petain followed German orders
The Free French movement: Charles De Gaulle
The Battle of Britain & the Beginnings of a Global War
The Battle of Britain (July 1940–June 1941)
Forty thousand civilians dead
Stalemate in the air
British resistance
London during the Battle of Britain
Mothers urge defeat of the Lend-Lease program, kneel in prayer in front of the Capitol
Degrees of Neutrality
Selective Service Act of 1940
First peace-time conscription in U.S. history. Drafted men between 18 & 45 for one year
FDR’s request that term of service be extended beyond 1 year passed the House of Representatives by 1 vote on August 12, 1941
Lend-Lease Program
March 11, 1941
U.S. sent armaments to Great Britain, Free France, China and the USSR in return for leases on military bases around the world
Public Opinion
February 1941: Gallup 54% of Americans favored Lend-Lease without qualifications
22% (primarily among Republicans) opposed to any aid
Senate Vote: 49 Democrats and 10 Republicans voted in favor; 13 Democrats and 17 Republicans voted against
House vote: Democrats 238 to 25 in favor; Republicans 135 against, 24 in favor
FDR signs Selective Service Act into Law
The Storm in the Pacific
Japanese Aggression
As Japan’s invasion of China became bogged down, Japan was forced to look to other Pacific Islands for natural resources
As Japan became more aggressive, FDR limited exports of American goods to Japan
Oil, scrap, and iron shipments prohibited
Japan decided to eliminate U.S. Pacific fleet
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
19 American ships sunk or disabled
2,400 people killed; 1700 wounded
FDR asked for a declaration of war against Japan on December 8
Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on December 11
Doolittle Raid
April 18, 1942
Joint action by the Army and Navy to retaliate against Japan by bombing Japanese industrial centers on Japanese home islands
Primary purpose: boost morale at home and hurt Japanese morale
Photos by Doolittle Raiders: http://www.doolittleraider.com/raid_photos.htm
Early U.S. Losses in the Pacific
Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong and Manila fell to Japanese in early 1942
Bataan Death March: April 8, 1942
Forcible transfer of 60,000- 80,000 American and PhilipinoPOW’s following the 3 month battle of Bataan Peninsula
80 mile march
Japanese atrocities
Racism?
General Homma tried and executed for war crimes in 1946
American public did not learn about the “Death March” until January 1944
Battles of Coral Sea and Midway
Coral Sea—May 4-8, 1942
Americans took more damage than Japanese
Repulsed Japanese threat to Australia
Midway—June 4-7, 1942
U.S. had broken the Japanese code
Knew attack coming but not exactly where
Confirmed location by sending a false message
3 of 6 Japanese aircraft carriers that attacked Pearl Harbor destroyed at Midway
Cumulative effect of these two battles was turning point in Pacific theatre
Japanese carrier destroyed in Battle of Coral Sea
Photo by Kiyoshi Oniwa: Sinking of Hiryu
Mobilization at Home
Economic Controls
Congress authorized office of Price Administration in 1942 to set wages and prices
War Production Board
Allowed for central control of industry from peacetime production to war production
Congress forced FDR to sell war bonds to finance the war
Did not raise taxes
Domestic Conservatism
FDR won election of 1940
Midterm elections of 1942: Republicans regained many seats in Congress and attempted to abolish most New Deal Programs
Franklin D. Roosevelt E.C. 449 Popular: 27,243,218 Wendell Willkie E.C. 82 Popular: 22,334,940
African American Soldiers in WWII
Segregated units
Separate accommodations
Job opportunities
Tuskegee Airmen
Red Ball Express: African Americans drove 500,000 TONS of supplies to 1st and 3rd Armies’ advance through France
D-Day 1,700 African Americans at Omaha and Utah beaches
Omaha Beach (2014)
Double V Campaign
Victory at Home and Victory Abroad
Attitudes of white servicemen who saw the courage of African American servicemen
Latinos
Southern farmers recruit Mexican workers for harvest time
Zoot Suit Riots: series of riots in Los Angeles in 1943 between white U.S. servicemen stationed in California and Latino youths
Native Americans
Supported war effort
1/3 of all eligible Native Americans served
Code Talkers
Japanese-American Internment
1942: 110,000 Japanese Americans
Name State Opened Max. Pop'n
Manzanar California March 1942 10,046
Tule Lake California May 1942 18,789
Poston Arizona May 1942 17,814
Gila River Arizona July 1942 13,348
Granada Colorado August 1942 7,318
Heart Mountain Wyoming August 1942 10,767
Minidoka Idaho August 1942 9,397
Topaz Utah September 1942 8,130
Rohwer Arkansas September 1942 8,475
Jerome Arkansas October 1942 8,497
Court Cases
Hirabayashi v. United States (1943): upheld the legality of using racial criteria in the military’s curfew orders.
Korematsu v. United States (1943): upheld the constitutionality of the military detention process during wartime.
Ex Parte Endo (1944): the War Relocation Authority could not detain U.S. citizens who were shown to be loyal—incarceration effectively ended.