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Hofstede Cultural Framework

1. Power Distance

2. Individualism vs.

Collectivism3. Masculinity vs.

Femininity

4. UncertaintyAvoidance

5. Long Term

Orientation

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Power Distance

...the extent to which

the less powerful

members ofinstitutions and

organizations within a

country expect and

accept that power isdistributed unequally.

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

U.S.A.

Canada

Germany

Japan

France

Netherlands

HongKong

Indonesia

WestAfrica

Russia

P.R.C

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Power Distance at Work

Hierarchy

Centralization

Salary range

Participation

Ideal Boss

Privilege & statussymbols

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Individualism vs. Collectivism

Individualist societies:

ties are loose and

everyone looks out forhimself or herself

Collectivist societies:

people integrated into

strong, cohesivegroups; protection is

exchanged for loyalty

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

U.S.A

.

Canada

Germany

Japan

France

Netherlands

HongKong

Indonesia

WestAfrica

Russia

P.R.C

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Individualism / Collectivism

at Work Employee-employer

relationship

Hiring and promotiondecisions

Managerial focus

Task vs. relationshippriority

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Masculinity vs. Femininity

Masculine societies:

social gender roles are

distinct (men focus onmaterial success;

women on quality of

life)

Feminine societies:social gender roles

overlap (both quality

of life)

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

U.S.A.

Canada

Germany

Japan

France

Netherlands

HongKong

Indonesia

WestAfrica

Russia

P.R.C

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Masculinity / Femininity at Work

Centrality of work

Ways of managing &

decision making Fem: equality,

solidarity, quality of

work life

Mas: equity, compete,

performance

Conflict resolution

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Uncertainty Avoidance

the extent to which

the members of a

culture feel threatenedby uncertain or

unknown situations.

NOT the same as risk

avoidance

Presence of rules

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

U.S.A.

Canada

Germany

Japan

France

Netherlands

HongKong

Indonesia

WestAfrica

Russia

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Uncertainty Avoidance at Work

Necessity of rules

Time orientation

Precision &punctuality

Interpretation of

What is different

Appropriateness of

emotional displays

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Long term orientation

Confucian Dynamism The newest

dimension

three universaldimensions and two

fourth dimensions

Truth vs. Virtue: What

one believes vs. What

one does

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

U.S.A.

Canada

Germany

Japan

France

Netherlands

HongKong

Indonesia

WestAfrica

Russia

P.R.C

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Short-term orientation

Social pressure to

keep up with theJoneses

small savings

expect quick results

concern with

possessing Truth

Long-term orientation

Thrift: being sparing

with resources large savings

perseverance toward

slow results

concern with

respecting the

demands of Virtue

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Hofstede Framework Comparisons

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

PD ID MA UA LT

U.S.A.

Canada

Japan

Netherlands

P.R.C

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Thank you