hormones that affect energy metabolism © michael palmer 2014

Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

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Hormones that affect energy metabolism

Langerhans’ islets in the pancreas produce insulin and glucagon

Page 3: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

A little bit of history: The purification of insulin—the problem

Page 4: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

The purification of insulin—Banting’s solution

Page 5: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Historical side note: Norman Bethune, Banting’s famous classmate

Page 6: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Structure of insulin and its precursors (1)

Page 7: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Structure of insulin and its precursors (2)

Page 8: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Sequences of human, swine, and bovine insulins

Page 9: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Insulin secretion in the β-cell is controlled by glucose and triggered by membrane depolarization

Page 10: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

The sulfonylurea receptor controls an associated potassium channel

Page 11: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

KATP

channels also regulate the tone of smooth muscle cells

Page 12: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Tolbutamide promotes closing of the KATP

channel

Page 13: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

The insulin receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase

Page 14: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Insulin receptor first phosphorylates itself and then a number of insulin receptor substrate proteins

Page 15: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Insulin effects on glycogen synthesis

Page 16: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

The role of insulin in glucose transport

Page 17: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the surface exposure of GLUT 4 transporters

Page 18: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Transcriptional regulation by insulin

Page 19: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Other hormones

Page 20: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Glucagon and epinephrine act via G-protein-coupled receptors

Page 21: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

The glucagon and epinephrine receptors activate adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A

Page 22: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Metabolic effects of protein kinase A

Page 23: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones act on nuclear hormone receptors to activate transcription

Page 24: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

DNA binding by thyroid hormone receptors

Page 25: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Metabolic effects of glucocorticoid hormones

● induction of enzymes for glycogen synthesis, glycogen breakdown, and gluconeogenesis

● induction of enzymes for protein breakdown, supplying substrates for gluconeogenesis

● induction of adrenergic receptors

…overall, glucocorticoids increase blood glucose

Page 26: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Glucocorticoid receptor agonists and antagonists

Page 27: Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

Control of food intake by leptin

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hormones that affect energy metabolism © michael palmer 2014

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