How does one differentiate

between transverse and

longitudinal waves?7.11.6

Wave

Waves are a disturbance that transfers energy from place to place.

Waves can be Transverse, Longitudinal (Compressional), or Electromagnetic.

Types of waves: Waves are classified according to

how they move.

Mechanical WavesWaves are created when a source of energy causes a medium to vibrate.A vibration is a repeated back and forth or up and down motion.

Mechanical WavesCan be transverse or longitudinal.All mechanical waves need a material medium to shake vibrate. The wave medium is not the wave and it doesn't make the wave; it merely carries or transports the wave from its source to other locations. A medium can be a gas, liquid, or solid.

What type of mechanical wave is this?

Transverse waveTransverse means across.The highest parts are called crests the lowest parts are called troughs.

A wave in which the motion of the medium is perpendicular to the motion of the wave.

The motion of the medium is up and down. The motion of the wave is right or left.

This movement creates right angles to the direction in which the waves are traveling.

Example: Seismic Secondary (S) waves

What type of mechanical wave is this?

Compressional WaveMatter vibrates in the same direction as the wave travels.The motion of the medium is left or right.The motion of the wave is left or right.Sound waves are longitudinal. The air vibrates back and forth along the same direction as the wave is traveling. Example: Slinky

Compressional /Longitudinal Wave

Rarefactions, where the parts of the medium are farther apart than normal (troughs).Compressions, where the parts of the medium (coils of the Slinky) are closer together than normal (crests).

Points A, B, and C create a _______.

The straight line that runs from A to G is called what?

C, D, and E form what part of the wave?

Not all waves require a medium to travel.

Light from the sun travels through empty space.

ElectromagneticWaves

Electromagnetic WavesEM waves are transverse waves consisting of changing electric fields and magnetic fields.EM waves do not require a medium. They travel through a vacuum, or empty space, as well as through matter. This is called electromagnetic radiation.

Electromagnetic radiation behaves like a wave and like a particle.

How are EM waves produced?

Electric FieldExerts electric force on charged particles. They can be produce by changing magnetic fields

Magnetic FieldExerts magnetic forces and can be produced by changing electric fields.

Electromagnetic waves are produced when an electric charge vibrates or accelerates. In other words it is produced in constantly changing fields.

How do they travel?The fields regenerate each other.The magnetic and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave.

Direction of Propagation

Electric Field

Magnetic Field

y

x

z

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/emwave.htm

Electromagnetic WavesThere are different types of electromagnetic waves

Radio wavesInfrared waves Visible light wavesUltraviolet light wavesX-raysGamma rays

These waves can travel through air, through the walls of your house, and even to your TV and radio.

Properties of Waves

Basic Properties of WavesAmplitudeWavelengthFrequencySpeed

Draw Transverse wave and label: crest & trough

Draw a Compressional wave: label compression&

rarefaction

Amplitude

Amplitude is the maximum distance the particles of the medium carrying the wave move away from their rest positions.

The farther the medium moves as it vibrates the larger the amplitude of the resulting waves. The greater the amplitude the greater the amount of energy

Amplitude of transverse waves

The amplitude of a transverse wave is the maximum distance the medium moves up or down from its rest position. You can find the amplitude of a transverse wave by measuring the distance from rest to crest or rest to trough.

Amplitude of a longitudinal wave.

The amplitude of a longitudinal wave is a measure of how compressed or rarefied the medium becomes.

WavelengthA wave travels a certain distance before it starts to repeat. The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave is its wavelength.Transverse measure from crest to crest or trough to trough.Longitudinal measure from one compression to the next.

FrequencyThe number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time.AKA number of vibrations per second.Frequency measured in hertz (Hz).

SpeedThe speed, wavelength, and frequency of a wave are related to each other by a mathematical formula.Speed = wavelength x frequencyFrequency = speed/wavelengthWavelength = speed/frequency

SpeedWaves in different mediums travel at different speeds. However, in a given medium and under the same conditions the speed of the wave is constant.

Chapter 15 -3

Ways Waves InteractReflectionRefractionDiffractionInterference

ConstructiveDestructive

Standing Waves

ReflectionWhen an object or wave hits a surface through which it cannot pass, it bounces back.

Angle of incidenceAngle of reflection

Examples of reflectionMirrorEchoBall against a wall

Refraction is when a wave moves from one medium

into another medium at an angle, it changes speed as

it enters the second medium which causes it to

bend. The bending of waves due to a change in speed is called refraction.

RefractionThough all waves change speed when they enter a new medium. Bending occurs when one side of the wave enters the new medium before the other side

DiffractionWhen a wave passes a barrier or moves through a hole in a barrier it bends and spreads out.

InterferenceConstructive interference occurs whenever two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude.

Destructive interference when the amplitudes of two waves combine producing a smaller amplitude.

Standing waves:If the incoming wave and the reflected wave combine at the right places the combined wave appears to be standing still.

It appears to be standing in one place, even though it is two waves interfering as they pass through each other.

Nodes and AntinodesNodes: at certain points, destructive interference causes the two waves to combine and produce an amplitude of zero.

Antinodes are the points of maximum energy. The crests and troughs of a standing wave.

ResonanceMost objects have a natural frequency of vibration. Resonance occurs when vibrations traveling through an object match the object’s natural frequency.An object that is vibrating at its natural frequency absorbs energy from the objects that vibrate at the same frequency. Occurs in music.