Human AnatomyHuman Anatomy

Basic StructureBasic Structure

Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms

• AnatomyAnatomy: study of the body structure and form : study of the body structure and form

• PhysiologyPhysiology: study of the processes of living organisms, or why and : study of the processes of living organisms, or why and how they work how they work

• PathologyPathology: study of the nature and cause of disease : study of the nature and cause of disease

• EmbryologyEmbryology: study of the origin and development of the organism: study of the origin and development of the organism

• HistologyHistology: study of tissues : study of tissues

• CytologyCytology: study of cells : study of cells

• HomeostasisHomeostasis: ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions: ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

• ProtoplasmProtoplasm: basic substance of all life; includes carbon, oxygen, : basic substance of all life; includes carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Hierarchy of Structural OrganizationHierarchy of Structural Organization

Atoms .. Molecules .. Organelles .. Cells .. Atoms .. Molecules .. Organelles .. Cells ..

Tissues .. Organs .. Organ system .. Tissues .. Organs .. Organ system ..

Organism Organism

CellsCells • Structural unit, building block (trillions of cells in body) Structural unit, building block (trillions of cells in body)

• B. Carry on functions of life B. Carry on functions of life – 1. Take in food and oxygen: ingestion, respiration, digestion 1. Take in food and oxygen: ingestion, respiration, digestion

– 2. Produce heat and energy: metabolism 2. Produce heat and energy: metabolism

– 3. Move and adapt to their environment: motility, transport 3. Move and adapt to their environment: motility, transport

– 4. Eliminate wastes: excretion 4. Eliminate wastes: excretion

– 5. Perform special functions: secretion 5. Perform special functions: secretion

– 6. Reproduce to create new identical cells: reproduction 6. Reproduce to create new identical cells: reproduction

Cell MembraneCell Membrane • Outer protective covering of cell Outer protective covering of cell • SemipermeableSemipermeable: allows certain substances to enter and : allows certain substances to enter and

leave cell while preventing the passage of other leave cell while preventing the passage of other substances substances

• PhagocytosisPhagocytosis: “cell eating”, engulfs solids i.e. proteins, : “cell eating”, engulfs solids i.e. proteins, dead bacteria, dead cell debris dead bacteria, dead cell debris

• PinocytosisPinocytosis: “cell drinking”, engulfs liquids i.e. nutrient : “cell drinking”, engulfs liquids i.e. nutrient absorption in small intestine absorption in small intestine

• ExocytosisExocytosis: removes particles from the cell i.e. : removes particles from the cell i.e.

hormones neurotransmitters, mucus, wastehormones neurotransmitters, mucus, waste

OrganellesOrganelles 1. 1. NucleusNucleus: “brain” of cell; controls many cell activities, including production : “brain” of cell; controls many cell activities, including production

2. 2. NucleolusNucleolus: located in cell nucleus; important in reproduction (RNA) : located in cell nucleus; important in reproduction (RNA)

3. 3. Chromatin networkChromatin network: located in nucleus; forms chromosomes which contain : located in nucleus; forms chromosomes which contain genes that carry inherited characteristics; DNA (A-T/G-C bases); males XY genes that carry inherited characteristics; DNA (A-T/G-C bases); males XY and females XX and females XX

4. 4. CentrosomeCentrosome: located in cytoplasm near nucleus; contains 2 centrioles : located in cytoplasm near nucleus; contains 2 centrioles important in reproduction important in reproduction

5. 5. MitochondriaMitochondria: located throughout the cytoplasm; “powerhouse” of cell; : located throughout the cytoplasm; “powerhouse” of cell; helps produce energy (ATP .. ADP) helps produce energy (ATP .. ADP)

6. 6. RibosomesRibosomes: protein synthesis : protein synthesis

7. 7. Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)(ER) - transport system of channels - transport system of channels

8. 8. LysosomesLysosomes: sacks of digestive enzymes : sacks of digestive enzymes

9. 9. Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus: synthesizes carbohydrates (CHO) and transports  : synthesizes carbohydrates (CHO) and transports  enzymes/hormones; “packaging” of materials enzymes/hormones; “packaging” of materials

10. 10. VesicleVesicle: fluid filled sack : fluid filled sack

11. 11. VacuoleVacuole: containers : containers

Cell Reproduction Cell Reproduction

• MitosisMitosis: replaces dead/injured cells; divide into 2 : replaces dead/injured cells; divide into 2 identical cells; form of asexual reproduction; some cells identical cells; form of asexual reproduction; some cells do not reproduce after birth i.e. nerve cells in brain and do not reproduce after birth i.e. nerve cells in brain and spinal cord, muscle cells spinal cord, muscle cells

• MeiosisMeiosis: reduction division; 23 chromosomes = ovum; 23 : reduction division; 23 chromosomes = ovum; 23 chromosomes = sperm chromosomes = sperm

TissuesTissues

• Cells of the same type joined together for Cells of the same type joined together for a common purpose a common purpose

• Includes:Includes:– EpithelialEpithelial– MuscleMuscle– NervousNervous– Connective Connective

Characteristics of TissuesCharacteristics of Tissues• 60-99% water with various substances dissolved in it (tissue fluid) . 60-99% water with various substances dissolved in it (tissue fluid) . • DehydrationDehydration: insufficient amount of tissue fluid : insufficient amount of tissue fluid • EdemaEdema: excess amount of tissue fluid .. swelling : excess amount of tissue fluid .. swelling • OsmosisOsmosis: unassisted diffusion of water : unassisted diffusion of water • IsotonicIsotonic: solutions with concentrations of non-penetrating solutes : solutions with concentrations of non-penetrating solutes

equal to those in the cell i.e. 0.9% saline or 5% glucose equal to those in the cell i.e. 0.9% saline or 5% glucose • HypertonicHypertonic: solutions with high concentrations of non-penetrating : solutions with high concentrations of non-penetrating

solutes .. Crenation of cells due to loss of water from the cell solutes .. Crenation of cells due to loss of water from the cell (sometimes given in an IV to pull excess fluid from edematous (sometimes given in an IV to pull excess fluid from edematous patients) patients)

• HypotonicHypotonic: solutions with lower concentrations of non-penetrating : solutions with lower concentrations of non-penetrating solutes .. Lysis of cells due to continued rush of water into cell i.e. solutes .. Lysis of cells due to continued rush of water into cell i.e. distilled water (used carefully to rehydrate extremely dehydrated distilled water (used carefully to rehydrate extremely dehydrated patients; also in drinks such as colas,tea, and sports drinks) patients; also in drinks such as colas,tea, and sports drinks)

Types of TissuesTypes of Tissues

EpithelialEpithelial

Covers surface of body and lining of intestinal, respiratory, urinary tract, Covers surface of body and lining of intestinal, respiratory, urinary tract,

and other body cavities; forms glands and other body cavities; forms glands

a. Has supporting “basement membrane” for protection a. Has supporting “basement membrane” for protection

b. Forms thin sheets, not very strong b. Forms thin sheets, not very strong

c. Has no blood vessels but depends on capillaries in underlying connective c. Has no blood vessels but depends on capillaries in underlying connective tissue tissue

Functions Functions

(1) Protection i.e. skin (1) Protection i.e. skin

(2) Absorption i.e. digestive tract lining and kidneys (2) Absorption i.e. digestive tract lining and kidneys

(3) Filtration i.e. kidneys (3) Filtration i.e. kidneys

(4) Excretion i.e. kidneys (4) Excretion i.e. kidneys

(5) Secretion i.e. glands, kidneys (5) Secretion i.e. glands, kidneys

(6) Sensory reception i.e. skin (6) Sensory reception i.e. skin

Connective tissueConnective tissue Provides supporting framework of organs and other body parts Provides supporting framework of organs and other body parts

Soft connective tissueSoft connective tissue – Adipose Adipose (fat): stores fat as reserve food or energy source, insulates (fat): stores fat as reserve food or energy source, insulates

body, acts as padding body, acts as padding

– FibrousFibrous: helps hold the body together, i.e. tendons, ligaments, fasciae, : helps hold the body together, i.e. tendons, ligaments, fasciae, aponeuroses aponeuroses

Hard connective tissueHard connective tissue – CartilageCartilage: tough, elastic material found between bones of spine and at : tough, elastic material found between bones of spine and at

end of long bones where it acts as a shock absorber; also found in end of long bones where it acts as a shock absorber; also found in nose, ears, larynx; no nerves poor blood supply .. heals poorly nose, ears, larynx; no nerves poor blood supply .. heals poorly

– OsseousOsseous (Bone): similar to cartilage but has calcium salts, nerves, blood (Bone): similar to cartilage but has calcium salts, nerves, blood vessels; body structure, calcium storage vessels; body structure, calcium storage

Nervous tissueNervous tissue

• Made up of special cells called neurons and neuroglia Made up of special cells called neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells) (supporting cells)

• Transmits impulses throughout the body Transmits impulses throughout the body

• Reacts to stimuli Reacts to stimuli

• Makes up brain, spinal cord, and nervesMakes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

Produces movement by contraction of muscle fibers (cells) Produces movement by contraction of muscle fibers (cells)

Three types:Three types:

• SkeletalSkeletal: attaches to bones to provide movement; : attaches to bones to provide movement; striated, voluntary striated, voluntary

• CardiacCardiac: causes heart to beat; striated, involuntary : causes heart to beat; striated, involuntary

• SmoothSmooth: in walls of hollow organs i.e digestive tract, : in walls of hollow organs i.e digestive tract,

blood vessels;  No striations, involuntaryblood vessels;  No striations, involuntary

MembranesMembranes

Combinations of epithelial and connective tissues Combinations of epithelial and connective tissues • MucousMucous: lines body cavities, “wet” membrane; absorption : lines body cavities, “wet” membrane; absorption

and secretion and secretion • SerousSerous: lines closed body cavities and secretes serous : lines closed body cavities and secretes serous

fluid to protect from friction i.e. pleura, peritoneum, fluid to protect from friction i.e. pleura, peritoneum, pericardium pericardium

• SynovialSynovial: tough, fibrous tissue that lines the cavities of : tough, fibrous tissue that lines the cavities of freely movable joints freely movable joints

• Dense fibrousDense fibrous: tough, opaque for protection i.e. dura : tough, opaque for protection i.e. dura mater, periosteum, sclera mater, periosteum, sclera

• CutaneousCutaneous: “dry” membrane; skin : “dry” membrane; skin

OrganOrgan

• Groups of different tissues that work Groups of different tissues that work together for a special function i.e. heart, together for a special function i.e. heart, stomach, lungs, skin stomach, lungs, skin

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems• Groups of different organs that work Groups of different organs that work

together for a special function i.e. together for a special function i.e. respiratory, urinaryrespiratory, urinary

Name: Components Role

Skeletal System Bones, Associated cartilages, JointsStrength, Support, Shape, Protection, Leverage, Cell Production

Muscular SystemMuscles (Skeletal Muscles, Smooth muscles,

Cardiac Muscles)Motor power for movements of body parts.

Nervous System Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Nerve EndingsControl and Coordination of all body functions

Respiratory System Lungs, Nose, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli Gaseous exchange

Cardiovascular System

Heart, Blood vessels (Arteries, Veins and Capillaries), Blood

Flow of blood (and nutrients) throughout body

Lymphatic SystemLymph vessels, Central lymphoid tissue, Peripheral Lymphoid Organs, Lymphocytes

Drainage and Protection

Endocrine SystemPituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands, Adrenal glands, Pancreas Testes, Ovary, Liver

Regulation of body functions (Chemical coordination)

Digestive SystemOral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus Liver, Pancreas, Salivary glands, Teeth, Tongue

Digestion and absorption of food

Urinary System Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, UrethraRegulation of body’s internalenvironment, and production and excretion of urine

Male Reproductive System

Penis, TestesFormation of sperms and semen, and fertilizing the female

Female Reproductive System

Uterus, Ovaries, Vulva, Labia, ClitorisFormation of eggs and bearing the fetus during development

Anatomic PositionAnatomic Position

• Body standing erect with Body standing erect with

arms to the side and arms to the side and

palms facing forward, palms facing forward,

head and feet forward head and feet forward

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

PlanesPlanesA.A. Coronal/FrontalCoronal/Frontal: divides the : divides the

body or organ vertically into body or organ vertically into anterior and posterior partsanterior and posterior parts

B. B. TransverseTransverse: divides the body : divides the body or organ horizontally or into or organ horizontally or into cranial/caudal partscranial/caudal parts

C. C. Medial/Mid-sagittalMedial/Mid-sagittal: divides : divides the body or organ vertically the body or organ vertically into equal right and left parts into equal right and left parts

  

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Body RegionsBody Regions

Abdominal RegionsAbdominal Regions

Body QuadrantsBody Quadrants