hydrosalpinx mb
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Infertility and Hydrosalpinx
Mr. Moses Batwala
ST6
Jessop Women’s Hospital, Sheffield.
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Definition • Hydro- water, salpinx- trumpet.
• A Distally blocked Fallopian Tube filled with serous or clear fluid which may become substantially distended giving the tube a sausage/retort-like shape.
• Can distend several centimeters in diameter and associated with infertility.
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Definitions cont.
• Hematosalpinx- filled with blood
• Pyosalpinx- filled with pus.
• Tubal phimosis- partially occluded tube.
• Commonly bilateral, but can be unilateral.
• Plural- hydrosalpinges
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For Conception to Occur:
• 1: A fertile viable sperm
• 2: Must meet
• 3: A fertile viable ovum (egg)
• 4: And resulting embryo should be transported
• 5: And implanted in a suitable endometrium to develop.
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Conception
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Causes of Infertility
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Fallopian Tube • Two fine tubes, approximately 10cm long,
leading from the ovaries to the uterus.
• Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus and Intramural
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Transverse Fallopian Tube • 2-3 layers of tight circular and loose spiral
muscle layers.
• Hormone Responsive lumen (Endosalpinx).
• Columnar epithelial cells line the lumen. 80% ciliated.
• 20%:- Peg (secretory) and reserve basal (lymphoid).
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Pathophysiology of Hydrosalpinx:
• Inflammatory process affects the fimbriae.
• Body launches inflammatory response.
• Fibrosis and agglutination causes clubbing and blockage of infundibulum.
• Fluid normally produced by peg cells cannot be expelled into peritoneal cavity.
• Accumulates forming Hydrosalpinx.
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Hydrosalpinx
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Causes:
• Approx 90% caused by PID. Mainly chlamydia and gonorrhea. Rarely tuberculosis.
• Endometriosis
• Pelvic Surgery
• Appendicitis
• Pelvic Malignancies.
• NB: Not all PID will lead to Hydrosalpinx, damage may only be at cellular-level.
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Symptoms and Incidence: • Pelvic Pain (acute and chronic)
• PV discharge
• Menstrual disorders
• Asymptomatic
• Miscarriage
• Infertility!
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Incidence:
• 10-13% of IVF patients with tubal factor infertility (1996).
• Extrapolated- 0.16% of population.
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Diagnosis:
• 1: Hystero-Salpingo-Gram (HSG) Sensitivity 65% and specificity 85%.
• 2: Pelvic Ultrasound Scan
• 3: Hystero-Contrast-Salpingogram (HyCoSy)
• 4: MRI
• 5: Laparoscopy- Gold Standard
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Imaging • HSG USS
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Prevention:
• Antibiotics in acute PID refer to GUM.
• Screening and prophylaxis before instrumentation of uterus.
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Treatment:
• USS or laparoscopic aspiration:- re-accumulation.
• Salpingostomy- tubal reconstructive surgery. Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.
• Salpingectomy- tubal excision, mainly laparoscopic.
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Fertility and IVF:
• Hydrosalpinx caused a physical blockage of sperm meeting ovum.
• IVF circumvented this physical blockage.
• But IVF live-birth rates in women with hydrosalpinx were 14% vs 30% without.
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IVF and Hydrosalpinx:
• Fallopian tube not inert-conduit.
• Clinicians speculated that fluid in hydrosalpinx was embryotoxic and leaked into endometrial cavity.
• Suggested salpingectomy may increase IVF success rate.
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Cochrane Review:
• 2002 meta-analysis (RCT’s involving 800 pts) showed salpingectomy, mainly laparoscopic, improved IVF live birth rates to 30%. Johnson et al (Current standard Management)
• Suggested further research on needle aspiration, tubal occlusion and salpingostomy.
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New Developments: • Speculation Salpingectomy may affect ovarian
blood supply and ovarian reserve.
• AMH (Anti Mullerian Hormone) levels affected?
• Women with severe co-morbidity e.g. COPD, raised BMI, previous extensive pelvic surgery, not be suitable for laparoscopy.
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Laparoscopic Proximal Tubal Occlusion
• Gaining popularity.
• Filshie clip and Diathermy.
• Easier, quicker and cheaper.
• Meta-analysis 2009 (RCT’s involving 650 pts, laparoscopic occlusion techniques just as good as salpingectomy.
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Are we satisfied???
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Hyseteroscopic Tubal Occlusion:
• Developed for Contraception.
• 2 main types in UK.
• ESSURE and ADIANA.
• Can be inserted under GA, regional, local anaesthetic or mild sedation
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Hyseteroscopic Tubal Occlusion:
• ESSURE: Nickel titanium coil inserted in ostia
• ADIANA: Radiofrequency treatment followed by silicon plug.
• Can be fitted in out-patient setting freeing up theatre time and reducing costs.
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Essure v Adiana
• Essure Adiana
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Case Reports:
• Several case reports on successful IVF following ESSURE, RCT underway in Holland.
• ADIANA newer technique. Jessop wing has 1st case resulting in successful IVF in UK-Dec 2011.
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Still early days:
• Foreign body in uterus with ADIANA.
• Need HSG to confirm.
• 6 month patency with Essure is 0% but Adiana is 6%.
• Doesn’t address chronic pain.
• Not diagnostic.
• Unilateral Tubal disease?
• Need well designed RCT.
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Aim and Result:
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Thank you
• Any Questions?