I) Ancient HistoryA) Phoenicians are the first accomplished

sea travelers in the West

I) Ancient HistoryB) Polynesians were the first regular, long-

distance, open ocean seafarers

I) Ancient HistoryC) Greeks

1) Pytheasa) Predicted tides by

studying the moon

b) Figured out how far north or south one was by using the North Star

384-322 BC

I) Ancient HistoryC) Greeks

2) Eratosthenesa) Calculated Earth’s

circumferenceb) Invented the first

latitude / longitude system

264-194 BC

I) Ancient HistoryC) Greeks

3) Aristotlea) 1st marine biologistb) Described many forms of

sea life

384-322 BC

I) Ancient HistoryC) Greeks

4) Ptolemya) 1st sphere map on

flat paperb) Improved latitude &

longitude system

384-322 BC

I) Ancient HistoryD) Latitude & Longitude:

1) Latitudea) Parallel lines running

east / westb) Equator = 0O

c) Poles = 90O

d) Above equator = Northe) Below equator = South

I) Ancient HistoryD) Latitude & Longitude:

1) Longitudea) Intersecting Lines that

begin at one pole and end at other

b) Prime Meridian = 0O

c) Opposite side = 180O

d) Right of Prime Meridian = East

e) Left of Prime Meridian = West

II) Middle AgesA. Vikings:

1) Raided, explored, & traded between 790 A.D. - 1100

2) Leif Eriksson discovers Vinland & North America

995 AD

II) Middle AgesB) Arabs

1) Voyaged to E Africa, SE Asia, & India

2) Figured out wind patterns & currents (including monsoons)

II) Middle AgesC) Chinese

1) Traded routes with Japan, Korea, & Australia by 1000 AD

2) First people to understand magnetism & use compasses

3) Developed central rudders & watertight compartments

III) European Voyages of Discovery

1451 – 1506 AD

A)Columbus:a)Rediscovers America in 1492

III) European Voyages of Discovery

1480 – 1521 AD

B) Magellan:1) First person to sail around the world

IV) Birth of Marine Science

1728 - 1779AD

A) James Cook:1) Explored all the

oceans and began making scientific observations

2) Chronometer: clock that isn’t affected by waves, allowing one to accurately determine longitude

IV) Birth of Marine ScienceB) Edward Forbes

1) Dredged ocean floor & discovered new sea creatures

2) Father of modern oceanography

1815 – 1854 AD

IV) Birth of Marine ScienceC) U.S. Exploring

Expedition1) AKA: Wilkes

Expedition2) Five ships that

explored the southern Atlantic & Pacific oceans

3) Included scientists & illustrators

1838– 1842 AD

IV) Birth of Marine ScienceD) Matthew Maury

1) Father of Physical Oceanography

2) U.S. naval officer3) The Physical

Geography of the Sea

4) Among 1st to envision worldwide patterns for surface winds and currents

1806– 1873 AD

IV) Birth of Marine ScienceE) Charles Darwin

1) Studied plankton & described the formation of coral reef atolls

1809 – 1882 AD

IV) Birth of Marine ScienceF) Challenger Expedition

1) Sea voyage lasting 4 years2) Gathered biological, chemical,

geological & physical data3) Discovered Mid-Atlantic Ridge

& Marianas Trench & over 4700 new species

4) 50+ volumes (29,500 pages); taking 23 years to publish

V) Modern Marine Biology

A) Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole (Massachusetts) is established (1888)

V) Modern Marine Biology

B) The Scripps Institution of Oceanography is established (La Jolla, CA - 1924)

V) Modern Marine BiologyC) Meteor (1925-Germany)

1) Crossed Atlantic 14X, gathering biological, chemical, geological, & physical data

D) Atlantis (1931-USA)

1) 1st ship designed & built for ocean exploration

V) Modern Marine Biology

E) Challenger II (1951-U.K.)

1) Used SONAR to map ocean floor

a) WWII: for sub huntingb) Based on the detection of

underwater echoes

c) Allowed accurate mapping of oceanic floors

V) Modern Marine BiologyF) Submersibles:

1) William Beebe & Otis Barton develop bathysphere

a) Dove over 2000 feet off Bermuda in 1932

V) Modern Marine BiologyF) Submersibles:

2) Deepest diving bathyscaphe

a) Trieste dives to bottom Challenger Deep (36000 feet)

V) Modern Marine BiologyG) Hard Hat Diving

1) Developed by Augustus Siebe

2) Good for underwater labor, limited for underwater research

V) Modern Marine BiologyH) SCUBA: self contained underwater breathing

apparatus1) Developed after WWII by Emile Gagnan & Jacques

Cousteau

2) First time one could study directly in the marine environment

V) Modern Marine Biology

I) Modern Scientific Ships (FLIP)

J) Submarines

V) Modern Marine Biology

K) Satellites

L) Remote Sensing

V) Modern Marine Biology

M) Critter cams

V) Modern Marine Biology

N) Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV)

V) Modern Marine Biology

O) Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV)

V) Modern Marine Biology

P) Global Positioning System (GPS)