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|fz~fjxcwf xfrx a| mxx|clvxf `ahf m`h frjkvzcwfks ja`xmc`z

xbf wmkvf ag xbcz `ahf. Lfjmvzf |fgf|f`jf xa xbmx wmkvf

|f}vc|fz m` fr~kcjcx c`wajmxca` ag dfxWmkvf"# tcxb m

~|fjfhc`d kajo |f}vfzx+ m zce~kf frczxf`jf xfzx a` m xfrx a|

mxx|clvxf `ahf mwachz kajoc`d zvjb `ahfz. Bf`jf+ m

x|m`zmjxca` a`ks `mwcdmxc`d mj|azz zvjb `ahfz tckk `ax lf

lkajofh+ mkxbavdb m ja`jv||f`x x|m`zmjxca` ems bmwf

eahcgcfh xbfe m`h ems zxckk bakh frjkvzcwf kajoz a` xbfe.

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C`xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 2

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Cx cz fzzf`xcmk ga| xbf kajoc`d ~f|ga|em`jf xa ~|awchf m

zvcxmlkf zxa|mdf zx|vjxv|f ga| xm%HAE x|ffz tbcjb zv~~a|xz

m gkfrclkf zxa|mdf kmsavx xbmx mkkatz m hczxc`dvczbmlkf

"zf~m|mxf# `ahf |f~|fzf`xmxca` ag mkk `ahf xs~fz xa mjbcfwf

gc`f%d|mc`fh kajoc`d. Xbf|fga|f+ tf bmwf ce~kfef`xfh

wm|cavz ja`xmc`f| xs~fz tbcjb f`mlkf fggfjxcwf zxa|mdf ag 

wf|s km|df m`h wf|s zemkk mxx|clvxf m`h fkfef`x `ahfz mz

tfkk mz jaelc`mxca`z xbf|fag _3U. Gv|xbf|ea|f+ gmzx mjjfzz

xa m`h chf`xcgcjmxca` ag mkk `ahfz ag m` REK hajvef`x cz

em`hmxa|s xa f`mlkf fggcjcf`x ~|ajfzzc`d ag hc|fjx%mjjfzz

efxbahz+ mwcdmxca`mk efxbahz+m`h kajo em`mdfef`x. Ga| xbcz |fmza`+ av| |fja|h

em`mdf| mzzcd`z xa fmjb `ahf m v`c}vf `ahf CH "|m~chks

mjjfzzclkf wcm m L%x|ff# m`h zxa|fz xbf `ahf mz m |fja|h c` m

hmxm ~mdf. Xbf x|ff a|hf| ag xbf REK `ahfz cz ~|fzf|wfh

ls xbf ~bszcjmk a|hf| ag xbf |fja|hz tcxbc` kadcjmkks

ja`zfjvxcwf ~mdfz "jbmc`fh ls `frx!~|fwcavz ~mdf

~ac`xf|z# xadfxbf| tcxb m za%jmkkfh kfwfk c`hcjmxa| ~f|

|fja|h.

CCC.  JA@JV\\F@JS JA@X\AK 

Za gm|+ tf bmwf fr~kmc`fh xbf `ftks c`x|ahvjfh `ahf

xs~fz m`h bat gmzx m`h zfkfjxcwf mjjfzz xa mkk `ahfz ag m`

REK hajvef`x jm` lf dvm|m`xffh. C` m ja`jv||f`x

f`wc|a`ef`x+

xbf wm|cavz xs~fz ag REK a~f|mxca`z bmwf xa lf

zs`jb|a`cyfh vzc`d m~~|a~|cmxf ~|axajakz f`xc|fks

x|m`z~m|f`x xa xbf hcggf|f`x RH^ c`xf|gmjfz zv~~a|xfh.

Bf`jf+ m kajo em`mdf| cz |fz~a`zclkf ga| xbf mj}vczcxca`

m`h emc`xf`m`jf ag kajoz+ ~|ajfzzc`d ag xbf }vcxf jae~kfr

kajoc`d ~|axajakz m`h xbfc| mhbf|f`jf xa ja||fjx`fzz

j|cxf|cm+ mz tfkk mz a~xcecymxca` czzvfz zvjb mz mhf}vmxf

kajo d|m`vkm|cxs m`h kajo fzjmkmxca`. Lfjmvzf xbf HAE

M^C `ax a`ks zv~~a|xz `mwcdmxca` zxm|xc`d g|ae xbf

hajvef`x |aax+ lvx mkza mkkatz ive~z ,avx ag xbf lkvf, xa

m` m|lcx|m|s `ahf tcxbc` xbf hajvef`x+ kajoz evzx lf

mvxaemxcjmkks+ xbmx cz+ ls xbf kajo em`mdf|+ mj}vc|fh c`

fcxbf| jmzf ga| xbf ~mxb ag m`jfzxa| `ahfz. Xbf jv||f`xks

mjjfzzfh `ahf cz jmkkfh ja`xfrx `ahf c` xbf gakkatc`d. Xbczv~%xa%xbf%|aax kajoc`d ~|ajfhv|f cz ~f|ga|efh mz gakkatz9

Cg zvjb m` m`jfzxa| ~mxb cz x|mwf|zfh xbf gc|zx xcef m`h cg xbf

CHz ag xbf m`jfzxa|z m|f `ax ~|fzf`x c` xbf za%jmkkfh ~m|f`x

c`hfr "a`%hfem`h c`hfrc`d ag zx|vjxv|mk |fkmxca`zbc~z _3U#

ga| xbcz ~mxb+ xbf |fja|h em`mdf| cz c`waofh xa mjjfzz

zxa|fh |fja|hz xbf|fls zfm|jbc`d mkk m`jfzxa| |fja|hz. Xbf

CHz ag xbfzf |fja|hz m|f zmwfh c` xbf ~m|f`x c`hfr. Bf`jf+

gvxv|f x|mwf|zmkz ag xbcz m`jfzxa| ~mxb jm` lf ~|ajfzzfh wcm

xbf ~m|f`x c`hfr a`ks. @mwcdmxca`mk kajoc`d ag jbckh|f` a|

zclkc`dz cz a~xcecyfh ls zvjb zx|vjxv|mk c`hfrfz c` m zceckm|

tms. Xbf kajo eahfz hf~f`h a` xbf xs~f ag mjjfzz xa lf

~f|ga|efh+ ga| tbcjb tf bmwf xmcka|fh xbf `ahf kajo 

jae~mxclckcxcfz m`h hfgc`fh xbf |vkfz ga| kajo ja`wf|zca` mzavxkc`fh c` Zfjxca` 8.= m`h Zfjxca` 8.<. Xa mjbcfwf a~xcemk

~m|mkkfkcze+ tf hczjvzz efm`z xa xv`f kajo d|m`vkm|cxcfz

m`h kajo fzjmkmxca` c` Zfjxca` 8.:. Tbf` m` REK

hajvef`x bmz xa lf x|mwf|zfh ls `mwcdmxca`mk efxbahz+

xbf` xbf mjxvmk `mwcdmxca` ~mxbz mkza `ffh zx|cjx

zs`jb|a`cymxca`. Xbcz efm`z+ m zf}vf`jf ag efxbah

jmkkz evzx mktmsz alxmc` xbf zmef zf}vf`jf ag |fzvkx

`ahfz. Xa zv~~a|x xbcz hfem`h+ tf ~|fzf`x za%jmkkfh

`mwcdmxca` kajoz c` Zfjxca` 8.8. Gv|xbf|ea|f+ }vf|s mjjfzz

efxbahz mkza `ffh zx|cjx zs`jb|a`cymxca` xa mjjae~kczb xbf

tfkk%o`at` |f~fmxmlkf |fmh ~|a~f|xs m`h+ c` mhhcxca`+ xbf

~|fwf`xca` ag ~bm`xaez c` |m|f jmzfz. Av| z~fjcgcj zakvxca`

cz avxkc`fh c` Zfjxca` 8.6.8.= @ahf Kajoz

Tbckf x|mwf|zc`d a| eahcgsc`d m` REK hajvef`x+ m

x|m`zmjxca` bmz xa mj}vc|f m kajo c` m` mhf}vmxf eahf ga|

fmjb `ahf lfga|f mjjfzzc`d cx. Lfjmvzf xbf `ahfz c` m`

REK hajvef`x m|f a|dm`cyfh ls m x|ff zx|vjxv|f+ xbf

~|c`jc~kfz ag evkxc%d|m`vkm|cxs kajoc`d zjbfefz jm` lf

m~~kcfh. Xbf efxbah jmkkz ag xbf hcggf|f`x RH^ c`xf|gmjfz

vzfh ls m` m~~kcjmxca` m|f c`xf|~|fxfh ls xbf kajo em`mdf|

xa zfkfjx xbf m~~|a~|cmxf kajo eahfz ga| xbf f`xc|f m`jfzxa|

~mxb. Zvjb x|ff kajoc`d cz zceckm| xa evkxc%d|m`vkm|cxs

kajoc`d c` |fkmxca`mk f`wc|a`ef`xz "Z]K# tbf|f c`xf`xca`

kajoz jaeev`cjmxf m x|m`zmjxca`‒z ~|ajfzzc`d `ffhz xa

ja`jv||f`x x|m`zmjxca`z. C` ~m|xcjvkm|+ xbfs ~|fwf`x m

zvlx|ff z g|ae lfc`d kajofh c` m eahf c`jae~mxclkf xa

kajoz mk|fmhs d|m`xfh xa z a| zvlx|ffz ag z. Batfwf|+ xbf|f

cz m emia| hcggf|f`jf+ lfjmvzf xbf `ahfz c` m` m`jfzxa| ~mxb

m|f ~m|x ag xbf hajvef`x m`h jm||s vzf| hmxm+ tbf|fmz+ c` m

|fkmxca`mk HL+ vzf| hmxm cz frjkvzcwfks zxa|fh c` xbf kfmwfz

"|fja|hz# ag xbf x|ff "HMD# tbazf bcdbf|%kfwfk `ahfz m|f

ga|efh ls a|dm`cymxca`mk ja`jf~xz "f. d.+ xmlkf+ zfdef`x+

HL#. Ga| frme~kf+ cx emofz ~f|gfjx zf`zf xa kajo m`

c`xf|efhcmxf REK `ahf ` ga| |fmhz+ tbckf c` xbf zvlx|ff ag 

` m`axbf| x|m`zmjxca` ems ~f|ga|e v~hmxfz. Ga| xbcz m`h

axbf| |fmza`z+ tf hcggf|f`xcmxf xbf |fmh m`h t|cxf

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C`xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 3

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a~f|mxca`z xbf|fls |f~kmjc`d xbf tfkk%o`at` "C\+ \# m`h

"CR+ R# kajo eahfz tcxb "@\+ K\+ Z\# m`h "CR+ JR+ R#

eahfz+ |fz~fjxcwfks. Mz c` xbf evkxc%d|m`vkm|cxs zjbfef+

xbf V eahf ~kmsz m z~fjcmk |akf lfjmvzf cx ~f|ecxz kajo ja`wf|zca`. Gcdv|f :m ja`xmc`z xbf jae~mxclckcxs emx|cr ga|

av| kajo eahfz tbazf fggfjxz m|f hfzj|clfh `at9

• M` @\ kajo eahf "`ahf |fmh# cz |f}vfzxfh ga|

|fmhc`d xbf ja`xfrx `ahf. Xa czakmxf zvjb m |fmh mjjfzz+ m`

@\ kajo bmz xa lf mj}vc|fh ga| fmjb `ahf c` xbf m`jfzxa|

~mxb. @axf+ xbf @\ eahf xmofz awf| xbf |akf ag C\ xadfxbf|

tcxb m z~fjcmkcyfh \+ lfjmvzf cx a`ks kajoz xbf z~fjcgcfh

`ahf+ lvx `ax m`s hfzjf`hm`x `ahfz. M` CR kajo eahf

"c`xf`xca` frjkvzcwf# c`hcjmxfz xbf c`xf`x xa ~f|ga|e t|cxf

a~f|mxca`z zaeftbf|f c` xbf zvlx|ff lvx `ax a` m hc|fjx%

jbckh `ahf ag xbf `ahf lfc`d kajofh "zff JR kajo#.

• M` K\ kajo eahf "kfwfk |fmh# kajoz xbf ja`xfrx `ahf

xadfxbf| tcxb cxz hc|fjx%jbckh `ahfz ga| zbm|fh mjjfzz. Ga|

frme~kf+ xbf efxbah dfxJbckh@ahfz"# a`ks |f}vc|fz m` K\

kajo a` xbf ja`xfrx `ahf m`h `ax c`hcwchvmk @\ kajoz ga|

mkk jbckh `ahfz. Zceckm|ks+ m` K\ kajo+ |f}vfzxfh ga| m`

mxx|clvxf\aax `ahf+ kajoz mkk cxz mxx|clvxfz ce~kcjcxks "xa

zmwf kajo |f}vfzxz ga| xbf dfxMxx|clvxfz"# efxbah#.

• M` Z\ kajo eahf "zvlx|ff |fmh# cz |f}vfzxfh ga| xbf

ja`xfrx `ahf j mz xbf |aax ag zvlx|ff z xa ~f|ga|e |fmh

a~f|mxca`z a` mkk `ahfz lfka`dc`d xa z. Bf`jf+ xbf f`xc|f

zvlx|ff cz d|m`xfh ga| zbm|fh mjjfzz. M` Z\ kajo a` j cz

xs~cjmkks vzfh cg z cz jae~kfxfks |fja`zx|vjxfh xa lf ~|c`xfh

avx mz m` REK g|mdef`x.

• M JR kajo eahf "jbckh frjkvzcwf# a` ja`xfrx `ahf j

c`hcjmxfz xbf frczxf`jf ag m` R kajo a` zaef hc|fjx%jbckh

`ahf m`h ~|abclcxz c`ja`zczxf`x kajoc`d zxmxfz ls

~|fwf`xc`d

K\ m`h Z\ kajo eahfz. C` ja`x|mzx+ cx hafz `ax ~|abclcx

axbf| JR kajoz a` j+ lfjmvzf zf~m|mxf hc|fjx%jbckh `ahfz ag 

j ems lf frjkvzcwfks kajofh ls ja`jv||f`x x|m`zmjxca`z.

• M V kajo eahf "v~hmxf a~xca`# zv~~a|xz m |fmh

a~f|mxca` a` ja`xfrx `ahf j tcxb xbf a~xca` xa ja`wf|x xbf

eahf ga| zvlzf}vf`x t|cxf mjjfzz. Cx jm` lf fcxbf|

ja`wf|xfh lmjo xa m |fmh kajo cg xbf c`z~fjxca` ag j zbatz

xbmx `a v~hmxf mjxca` cz

`ffhfh a| xa m` R kajo mgxf| mkk frczxc`d |fmh kajoz a` j

m|f |fkfmzfh. @axf+ xbf mzseefx|s c` xbf jae~mxclckcxs

hfgc`cxca` mea`d V m`h "@\+ CR+ K\+ Z\+ JR# tbcjb

~|fwf`xz d|m`xc`d gv|xbf| |fmh kajoz a` j+ xbf|fls

f`bm`jc`d ~|axajak gmc|`fzz+

xbmx cz+ mwachc`d x|m`zmjxca` zxm|wmxca`.

• Xa eahcgs xbf ja`xfrx `ahf j "v~hmxc`d cxz ja`xf`xza| hfkfxc`d j m`h cxz f`xc|f zvlx|ff#+ m` R kajo eahf

"frjkvzcwf# cz `ffhfh ga| j. Cx ce~kcfz m JR kajo ga| cxz

~m|f`x `ahf m`h m` CR kajo ga| mkk axbf| m`jfzxa|z v~ xa xbf

hajvef`x |aax.

@axf mdmc`+ xbcz hcggf|c`d lfbmwca| ag JR m`h CR kajoz

cz `ffhfh xa f`mlkf jae~mxclckcxs ag CR m`h K\ kajoz m`h

xa f`ga|jf c`jae~mxclckcxs ag JR m`h K\ kajoz.

Gcdv|f :l |f~|fzf`xz m jvxavx ag xbf xmHAE x|ff

hf~cjxfh c` Gcdv|f < m`h ckkvzx|mxfz xbf |fzvkx ag xbf

gakkatc`d frme~kf9 X|m`zmjxca` X= zxm|xz eahcgsc`d xbf

wmkvf Hm|js m`h+ xbf|fga|f+ mj}vc|fz m` R kajo ga| xbf

ja||fz~a`hc`d zx|c`d `ahf. Xbf kajo em`mdf| jae%

~kfef`xz xbcz mjxca` ls mjjfzzc`d mkk m`jfzxa|z m`h lsmj}vc|c`d m JR kajo ga| xbf ~m|f`x m`h CR kajoz ga| mkk

gv|xbf| m`jfzxa|z. Zcevkxm`favzks+ x|m`zmjxca` X< tm`xz xa

hfkfxf xbf f`xc|f ;fhcxa|0 `ahf c`jkvhc`d xbf zx|c`d Df|lmd

ga| tbcjb X< evzx mj}vc|f m` R kajo. Xbcz kajo |f}vfzx+

batfwf|+ jm``ax lf ceefhcmxfks d|m`xfh lfjmvzf ag xbf

frczxc`d CR kajo ag X=. Bf`jf+ X< ‘~kmjc`d cxz |f}vfzx c`

xbf kajo |f}vfzx }vfvf "K\]9 R<#‘evzx

zs`jb|a`avzks tmcx ga| xbf |fkfmzf ag xbf CR kajo ag X=

a` xbf ;fhcxa|0 `ahf. Efm`tbckf+ x|m`zmjxca` X: cz

df`f|mxc`d m kczx ag mkk laao xcxkfz m`h bmz+ xbf|fga|f+

|f}vfzxfh m` K\ kajo ga| xbf ;lcl0 `ahf xa alxmc` |fmh

mjjfzz xa mkk hc|fjx%jbckh `ahfz xbf|fls vzc`d xbf kfwfk%|fmh

a~xcecymxca`. Xa mjjfzz xbf xcxkf zx|c`dz ga| fmjb ;laao0`ahf+ xbf ~mxbz hat`tm|hz xa xbfe m|f kajofh ls @\

kajoz. @axf+ K\: a` ;lcl0 ce~kcjcxks kajoz

xbf ;laao0 `ahfz c` zbm|fh eahf m`h hafz `ax ~|abclcx

v~hmxfz zaeftbf|f hff~f| c` xbf x|ff. Cg R< cz fwf`xvmkks

d|m`xfh ga| xbf ;fhcxa|0 `ahf+ X< dfxz cxz JR kajo a` xbf

;laao0 `ahf m`h cxz CR kajoz d|m`xfh v~ xa xbf |aax.

8.< @ahf Kajo Ja`wf|zca`

Xbf jae~mxclckcxs emx|cr zbat` c` Gcdv|f :m hfzj|clfz

xbf jae~mxclckcxs ag kajoz mj}vc|fh a` xbf zmef `ahf ls

zf~m|mxf x|m`zmjxca`z. Cg m x|m`zmjxca` X mk|fmhs bakhz m

kajo m`h |f}vfzxz m kajo c` m ea|f |fzx|cjxcwf a|

c`jae~m|mlkf eahf a` xbf zmef `ahf+ tf tavkh bmwf xa

off~ xta kajoz ga| X a` xbcz `ahf. C` df`f|mk+ o kajoz ~f|x|m`zmjxca` m`h `ahf m|f ja`jfcwmlkf. Xbcz ~|ajffhc`d

tavkh |f}vc|f ka`df| kczxz ag d|m`xfh kajoz ~f| `ahf m`h m

ea|f jae~kfr |v`%xcef c`z~fjxca` mkda|cxbe jbfjoc`d ga|

kajo jae~mxclckcxs.

Xbf|fga|f+ tf |f~kmjf mkk kajoz ag m x|m`zmjxca` ~f|

`ahf tcxb m zc`dkf kajo c` m eahf dcwc`d zvggcjcf`x

czakmxca`. Xbf ja||fz~a`hc`d |vkfz m|f z~fjcgcfh ls xbf kajo 

ja`wf|zca` emx|cr c` Gcdv|f 8+ tbcjb hfxf|ec`fz xbf

|fzvkxc`d kajo ga| ja`xfrx `ahf j+ cg m x|m`zmjxca` mk|fmhs

bakhz m kajo "emx|cr bfmhf| |at# m`h |f}vfzxz m gv|xbf|

kajo "emx|cr bfmhf| jakve`# a` j. M kajo k= z~fjcgcfh ls

m` mhhcxca`mk zvlzj|c~xfh kajo k< "f. d.+ JR@\# efm`z xbmx

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =>

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k= bmz xa lf mj}vc|fh a` j m`h k< bmz xa lf mj}vc|fh a`

fmjb hc|fjx%jbckh `ahf ag j. M` frme~kf ga| xbcz ~|ajfhv|f

cz dcwf` c` xbf `at gakkatc`d ~m|md|m~b.

CW.  ^F\GA\EM@JF FWMKVMXCA@ 

C` av| gc|zx fr~f|cef`x+ tf ja`zchf| xbf lmzcj jazx ag 

kajo em`mdfef`x hfzj|clfh za gm|. Ga| xbcz ~v|~azf+ tf

vzf xbf rekdf` xaak ag xbf REm|o REK lf`jbem|o ~|aifjx

_=6U xa df`f|mxf m wm|cfxs ag REK hajvef`xz ja`zczxc`d ag 

6+>>> v~ xa <6+>>> c`hcwchvmk REK `ahfz. Xbf hajvef`xz

m|f zxa|fh c` av| `mxcwf RHLEZ _3U m`h mjjfzzfh ls m

jkcf`xzchf HAE m~~kcjmxca` |f}vfzxc`d fwf|s `ahf ls m

zf~m|mxf \EC jmkk. Xa |fwfmk kajo em`mdfef`x awf|bfmh+

fmjb REK hajvef`x cz |fja`zx|vjxfh ls m ja`zfjvxcwf

x|mwf|zmk c` hf~xb%gc|zx a|hf| v`hf| czakmxca` kfwfkz

jaeecxxfh m`h |f~fmxmlkf |fmh. Czakmxca` kfwfk jaeecxxfh

jf|xmc`ks ~|awchfz bcdbf| hfd|ffz ag ja`jv||f`js tcxb"~axf`xcmkks# kfzzf| hfd|ffz ag ja`zczxf`js ag zbm|fh

hajvef`xz? tbf` vzfh+ xbf ~|ad|meef| mjjf~xz m

|fz~a`zclckcxs xa mjbcfwf gvkk ja`zczxf`js. Hf~f`hc`d a`

xbf ~azcxca` ag xbf `ahf xa lf kajofh+ cx ems jmvzf evjb

ea|f awf|bfmh+ lfjmvzf fmjb c`hcwchvmk `ahf mjjfzz

|f}vc|fz

zba|x |fmh kajoz mka`d cxz m`jfzxa| ~mxb. C` ja`x|mzx+

czakmxca` kfwfk |f~fmxmlkf |fmh zfxz ka`d kajoz v`xck

x|m`zmjxca` jaeecx m`h+ bf`jf+ hafz `ax `ffh xa

|f~fxcxcwfks kajo m`jfzxa| `ahfz. C` gmjx+ xbfs m|f mk|fmhs

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Hmxmzfx ^|cwmjs ga| A|dm`cymxca`z 9 M |fwcft

^m`omi Ovem| Zbm|em

Zb|c \meztm|aa~ Efea|cmk D|av~ ag ^|agfzzca`mk JakkfdfzKvjo`at+ C`hcm

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 eav`x c` c`cxcmxcwfz ga| zfjv|cxs+ |fzvzc`d m`h zxa|mdf tcxbc`

 m`h avxzchf xbf a|dm`cymxca`. Tbf` hmxm ec`c`d m`h d|m`xc`d

 mjjfzz xa hmxm xbf` ~vx ~|mjxcjf xa jm|f ag hmxm .xbf c`cxcmxcwfz

 mz emzxf| hmxm em`mdfef`x+ jkavh jae~vxc`d m`h hmxm zfx

 ~|cwmjs ga| m km|df hmxm zfx ag m` a|dm`cymxca` tbcjb cz lfc`d

 x|m`zgf||fh ga| xfzxc`d+ ja`zakchmxca`+ mvxbf`xcjmxca` m`h hmxm

 em`mdfef`x. C` xbcz ~m~f| m` m~~|amjb cz c`x|ahvjfh m `ft

kmsf| ls xbf dawf|`m`jf d|av~ ga| hmxm em`mdfef`x m`h xbcz

kmsf| cz mkza vzfh ga| ~|fzf|wc`d ~|cwmjs ag xbf c`ga|emxca`

tbcjb cz zf`zcxcwf m`h ~f|za`mk.

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tm|fbavzc`d+ Hmxm dawf|`m`jf.

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^|cwmjs cz xbf |cdbx ag c`hcwchvmkz xa lf kfgx mka`f m`hxa jbaazf tbmx c`ga|emxca` mlavx xbfe xa zbm|f tcxbaxbf|z. Tbf` ~f|za`mk hmxm cz jakkfjxfh m`h zxa|fh c`hmxmlmzf vzfh tcxb c` m` a|dm`cymxca` a| hczzfec`mxfh xaaxbf|z+ cx jm` lf vzfh xa wcakmxf xbf ~|cwmjs |cdbxz ag c`hcwchvmkz. Xbf alifjxcwf ag hmxm ~|cwmjs |f}vc|fz xbf~|axfjxca` g|ae c`mhwf|xf`x a| v`mvxba|cyfh hczjkazv|f xav`mvxba|cyfh ~f|za`z ga| v`mvxba|cyfh ~v|~azfz.

F`zv|c`d hmxm ~|cwmjs |f}vc|fz laxb kfdmk m`hxfjb`cjmk zakvxca`z+ tbckf HLEZ jm` ce~|awf a` xbfzjf`f mjjfzz ja`x|ak. Cx jm` `fwf| zxa~ m` v`mvxba|cyfh

~f|za` g|ae mjjfzzc`d xbf hmxm m`h kmxf| vzc`d cx ga|v`mvxba|cyfh ~v|~azf.

C` Jmzf ag km|df hmxm m`mkszcz m`h lvzc`fzzc`xfkkcdf`jf xbf Jkavh zf|wcjfz bmwf lff` ~|fhcjxfh. Xbfhmxm wakvefz c` zvjb jmzfz m|f lfsa`h xbf jm~mjcxs ag mzc`dkf a|dm`cymxca` xa bm`hkf a| za ~vx mz `ax m daahc`wfzxef`x.

Xbf c`xf|fzxc`d m`h jbmkkf`dc`d gmjxz m|f hmxmem`mdfef`x m`h dawf|`m`jf. Tbf` tf m|f gc`hc`d~|cwmjs ag lvzc`fzz zf`zcxcwf c`ga|emxca`+ m efm`c`dgvkc`zcdbx tcxb ja`zakchmxca` ag c`xf|`mk m`h frxf|`mk hmxm czfzzf`xcmk. @at hmsz xbf|f m|f wf|s lcd ~|alkfez tcxb hmxmm|f bvdf meav`x ag hmxm m`h xbf xcef ga| kajoc`d cx

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Jkavh jae~vxc`d m`h wc|xvmkcymxca` emof zfjv|cxsea|f hcggcjvkx xa emc`xmc`. C` xbf gakkatc`d gcdv|f%= Hmxm`ffhz ga| wm|cavz d|av~z ag m` a|dm`cymxca` m|f hf~cjxfh.

^|aj. ag xbf C`xk. Ja`g. a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z ‚ 

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c`ga|emxca` m|f `ax jae~|aeczfh m`h hmxm cz ~|axfjxfhmdmc`zx xbfgx a| eczvzf.Xbf|f m|f jf|xmc` xfjb`c}vfz vzfh ~|fwcavzks ga|

off~c`d hmxm ~|cwmjs kcof zvlzxcxvxca` a| off~c`d hmxm~|cwmjs kcof zvlzxcxvxca` xfjb`c}vfz+ X|m`z~azcxca`+F`j|s~xca` m`h hmxm em|oc`d fxj. Xbfzf xfjb`c}vfz m|f`ax zvggcjcf`x ga| m~~kcjmxca`z kcof LC+ ec`c`d m`hM`mksxcjz+ Zvjb xfjb`c}vfz bfk~ ga| ~|f~m|c`d xfzx hmxmm`h axbf| a` zx|mxfdcj ~v|~azfz.

Lmzcjmkks c` f%jaeef|jf L<J "lvzc`fzz xa jvzxaef|#m xfjb`c}vf hmxm ~f|xv|lmxca` bmwf lff` ~|a~azfh+ tbf|fc`+ xbf vzf| hmxm cz c`cxcmkks hczxa|xfh m` cz |fdf`f|mxfh c` m~|almlckczxcj em``f| xa lf ~|awchfh xbf fwf`xvmk ec`f|.

Ga| xbf Dawf|`m`jfz xfme cx cz wf|s ce~a|xm`x tbf|f

xbf c`ga|emxca` |fzchfz m`h tba mjjfzz xbfzf+ xa zfxv~~akcjfz m`h |fzx|cjxz ckkfdmk ~|mjxcjf.

Xbf|f m|f ~|alkfez tcxb c`xf|`mk zf`zcxcwf c`ga|emxca`mlavx fe~kasffz m`h jvzxaef|z m|f mwmckmlkf a` gckfzbm|c`d `fxta|oz m`h m|f zvzjf~xclkf ga| chf`xcxs xbfgx a|g|mvh.

M ~vlkczbfh zv|wfs ~|awfh xbmx ea|f xbm` 6>& ag xbfa|dm`cymxca`z tba ~|awchf zf`zcxcwf hmxm ga| ~|aifjxz|fkmxfh ~v|~azf ha`–x ~|fzf|wf xbf ~|cwmjs ag hmxm lfga|fzbm|c`d xbf wm|cavz d|av~z c` m` a|dm`cymxca` mjjfzz hmxmcz zbat` c` gcd.

C` a|dm`cymxca` wm|cavz kfwfkz ag bcf|m|jbs gakkatfhtbf` hmxm cz ~|awchfh xa vzf|z+ xbf hczjkazv|f ag zf`zcxcwf

hmxm jbfjoz `ffhfh. C` xbcz ~m~f| xbf zakvxca` xa~|fwf`xcwf ~|cwmjs ag jvzxaef| m`h lvzc`fzz c`ga|emxca`xbf ~|cwmjs kmsf| cz felfhhfh mz m~m|x ag a|dm`cymxca`

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =4

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hmxm m|jbcxfjxv|f c` tbcjb xbf ~|cwmjs kmsf| cz mgxf|mvxbf`xcjmxca`.

Hmxm mjjfzz em`mdfef`x ga| xbf hcggf|f`x vzf|z ag a|dm`cymxca` bcf|m|jbs lfjaefz jbmkkf`dc`d. Ga|~|fzf|wc`d hmxm ~|cwmjs+ hmxm |f~vlkcjmxca`+ emc`xf`m`jfag mhhcxca`mk zxa|mdf ga| mjjfzz lmzfh a` |akf m`h~|cwckfdfz cz `ax m ~|agcxmlkf ~ac`x ga| em`s a|dm`cymxca`z.Za tf `ffh m zakvxca` ga| xbfzf ~|alkfe tcxb ec`cemkvzfz ag mhhcxca`mk bm|htm|f? hmxm hv~kcjmxca`+ vzf|em`mdfef`x m`h emc`xf`m`jf |f}vc|fef`xz.

CCC. ^\A^AZFH M^^\AMJB

Xbf m~~|amjb ~|a~azfh xa ~|fzf|wc`d ~|cwmjs xbf|f m|femc`xf`m`jf ga| fmjb `ft hmxm zfx ~|fwcavzks xbf `velf|ag mkda|cxbez m|f xa lf vzfh ga| xbf hmxm ~|cwmjs lvx xbfsems lf v`zvcxmlkf ga| hmxm ec`c`d a| a`kc`f m`mksxcjmkm~~|amjb ag ~|cwmjs kmsf| lvckx c` xa xbf m|jbcxfjxv|fhfzcd`fh. \fgf| Gcdv|f <

C` Xbcz m~~|amjb xbf|f cz `a `ffh ag |f%f`dc`ff|c`d ag xbf lvzc`fzz mjxcwcxcfz m`h xfjb`akads m`h mkza xbf

mvxba|cymxca` m`h mvxbf`xcjmxca` ~|ajfzzfz tcxb c` xbfa|dm`cymxca` ax lf eahcgcfh.

Gcdv|f <. M|jbcxfjxv|f tcxb ^|cwmjs Kmsf|

Xbf hmxm zav|jf tbcjb cz vzfh ems lf ag a`kc`fx|m`zmjxca`z. C` xbcz jmzf xbf hmxm tbcjb cz |f}vc|fh~|cwmjs m|f jbm`dfz g|f}vf`xks. Za xbf hmxm ja`zakchmxca zag hmxm g|ae wm|cavz zav|jfz m|f `ax fmzs. Xbf hmxm zxa|fz

c` jkavh+ c`xf|`mk a| frxf|`mk+ ems mkza lf f`jae~mzzfhtcxb xbf ~|cwmjs kmsf|. Ga| ec`c`d |fkmxfh `ffhz xbf hmxmmx xbf |aax kfwfk ems lf hc|fjxks fr~azfh xa xbf fr~f|xzbf|f xbf o`atkfhdf ta|of| cz ~|a~f|ks mvxba|cyfh ga| xbfmjjfzzc`d ag evkxc~kf zav|jfz. Xbf zfjv|cxs ja`jf|`z ga| mdawf|`m`jf xfme tcxb c` m` a|dm`cymxca` xbf ~|cwmjsja`x|ak cz vzfh mz hmxmzfx.

Xbcz ~|cwmjs kmsf| tckk ~|awchf m zfjv|fh |f}vfzx~|ajfzzc`d ga| hmxm m`h jbfjo xbf ~|cwckfdf hfxmckz ag xbf|fdvfzxf|+ tbmx cz xbf kfwfk ag ~|cwckfdfz1

 M.   Hfzj|c~xca`z mlavx ^|cwmjs Kmsf| 

Xbf mjjfzz xa zf`zcxcwf hmxm tavkh lf dawf|`fh ls xbfkfwfk ag xbf bcf|m|jbs c` xbf a|dm`cymxca` m`h xbf jv||f`x|akf m`h |fz~a`zclckcxs ag xbf |f}vfzxf|. Xbvz xbf mjjfzz~|cwckfdf m`h xbf |akf hfgc`cxca` tckk lf xbf ofs c`~vxz ga|

xbf gv`jxca`mkcxs felfhhfh c` xbf ^|cwmjs Kmsf|. Xbfmvxba|cymxca` m`h mvxbf`xcjmxca` wf|cgcjmxca`z tckkja`xc`vf xa lf emc`xmc`fh mx xbf |fz~fjxcwf kmsf|z ag xbfhmxm m`h m~~kcjmxca` m|jbcxfjxv|f. Xbcz ems jbfjo mka`fems `ax |vkf avx xbf fr~azv|f ag jvzxaef| m`h lvzc`fzzzf`zcxcwf c`ga|emxca` |f}vfzxfh g|ae xbf ja`zakchmxfh

hmxm mx lmzf a| m`s kfwfk ag mdd|fdmxca`z. L.  Jae~a`f`xz ag ^|cwmjs Kmsf| 

\vkf F`dc`f m`h Hmxm \m`df Jvzxaecyf| m|f xbf ofsjae~a`f`xz ag xbf ~|cwmjs kmsf|+ m zme~kf hmxm gkat czzbat` c` xbf Gcdv|f :.

Gcdv|f :. M zme~kf hmxm gkat c`wakwc`d xbf ~|cwmjs kmsf|

Xbfzf xta jae~a`f`xz m|f hczjvzzfh lfkat.Xbf \vkf F`dc`f tckk emc`xmc` xbf gakkatc`d9=. M Vzf| ^a|xgakca ‚ mjjfzz+ |akf ~|cwckfdfz+ bczxa|s<. Jae~vxmxca`mk Mkda|cxbez ‚ Ga| fmjb |f}vfzxf|+

hf~f`hc`d v~a` xbf |akf m`h ~|cwckfdfz+ cx tckk jmkjvkmxfm`h ~|fzf`x ~f|za`mkcyfh hmxm zfx.

:. \vkf Em`mdf| C`xf|gmjf ‚ \f}vc|fh ga| xbf ~|cwmjsmhec`czx|mxa| ga| emc`xmc`c`d xbf |vkf f`dc`f m`hce~kfef`xc`d ~akcjcfz mz kms hat` ls dawf|`m`jf xfme.

Xbf hfzf`zcxcyc`d xfjb`c}vf vxckcyc`d xbf hmxm |m`dfJvzxaecyf| tckk df`f|mxf hmxm |m`dfz m`h jav`x xbfajjv||f`jfz ag c`zxm`jfz c` fmjb. Xbf |m`df ga| |f}vfzxfhzvlifjx ag efmzv|f ga| m |f}vfzxf| tckk lf zxmxcj m`h tckkmkxf| cg bcz ~|cwckfdf m`h |akf cz jbm`dfh. Kfx vz fr~kmc`xbcz tcxb m` frme~kf.

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xa xbf vzf|.

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Frxf|`mk Vzf|  Kat  Mdf D|av~  7>%3>

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =2

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Xmlkf = ems `ax ~|fzf`x xbf mjxvmk wcft ag hmxm |m`dfz+m`h cz m bs~axbfxcjmk a`f vzfh ga| fr~kmc`c`d xbf~f|za`mkcyfh hmxm zfx j|fmxca` xfjb`c}vf ls xbf ~|cwmjskmsf|. Xbf kf`dxb ag xbf |m`df ~|awchfh ga| frxf|`mk vzf|ga| m`mkszcz tckk lf bcdbf| c` wmkvf mz jae~m|fh xac`xf|`mk a~f|mxa| m`h em`mdf|. Xbfs+ xckk xbf xcef xbfs m|f

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@at cg m ja`jkvzca` g|ae m`mksyfh hmxm mzzfx c`xbf ga|e ag m |f~a|x cz zvlecxxfh ls c`xf|`mk a~f|mxa|+lmzfh a` bcz hmxm |m`df+ xbf em`mdf| tavkh lf mlkf xa dfxm |fhczx|clvxfh |f~a|x ga| xbf |m`df ag hmxm bf cz f`xcxkfh xa.

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c`g|mzx|vjxv|f ga| hmxm kfwfk m`h alifjx kfwfk tckk mkza lfce~a|xm`x xa bc`hf| v`mvxba|cyfh mjjfzz.Xbf hmxm |m`dfz jm` lf ~|fzf`xfh ga| wm|cavz xs~fz ag efmzv|f |f}vc|fh ga| hmxm ec`c`d m`h m`mkszcz. Ga|c`zxm`jf9=. Cxfe Zakh9 =>>%6>> ga| m dcwf` jkmzz ag ~|ahvjxz<. Mdf D|av~9 <6 xa :6:. Zmkfz Meav`x9 VZH =>+>>> xa VZH 6>+>>>8. @velf| ag wczcxz9 = xa => ls m jkmzz ag jvzxaef|z

Xbf wmkchcxs ag xbf |m`dfz ems `ax jkfm| xbf JbcZ}vm|f xfzx+ lvx xbf ~ac`x bf|f cz `ax xa ~|awchf ~f|gfjx|m`dfz ga| xbf |f}vfzxfh hmxm+ |mxbf| xa mwach hczjkazv|fag ~|cwmxf m`h zf`zcxcwf lvzc`fzz m`h jvzxaef|

c`ga|emxca` c` xbf ga|e ag |mt hmxm m`h ~|abclcx xbfv`mvxba|cyfh vzf| xa lf mlkf xa |fdf`f|mxf xbf mjxvmkwmkvfz.

CW. JA@JKVZCA@Z

C` xbcz ~m~f| m` m~~|amjb bmz lff` ~|fzf`xfh xaawf|jaef xbf jaeea` h|mtlmjoz mwmckmlkf c` eazx ag xbfxfjb`c}vfz vzfh ga| hfzf`zcxcyc`d lvzc`fzz m`h jvzxaef|hmxm. Xbf zakvxca` ~|a~azfh awf|jaefz xbfzf h|mtlmjozls ~|fzf`xc`d ~f|za`mkcyfh hmxm zfxz c` xbf ga|e ag |m`dfzga| m`mkszcz m`h ja`x|akkfh ls xbf |akf m`h ~|cwckfdfzhfgc`fh ls xbf dawf|`m`jf lahs ag m` a|dm`cymxca`.

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ag dcwf` kf`dxb xbmx mjxvmkks ajjv| c` xbf c`~vx zf}vf`xcmk

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kf`dxb K xbmx ajjv|z ec`ceve o xcefz c` xbf c`~vx hmxmzfx+

tcxb fmjb ajjv||f`jf lfc`d tcxbc` m Bmeec`d hczxm`jf ag h g|ae xbf eahfk zx|c`d. Ga| xta zx|c`dz ^ m`h ] ag m zmef

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Bmeec`d hczxm`jf lfxtff` zx|c`dz Z m`h ^ cz zbat` c`Gcd.= g|ae _=<U. C` xbcz frme~kf Gcd. = bmeec`d hczxm`jf

 lfxtff` zx|c`d Z m`h ^ cz < "m|fm tbcjb cz `ax bcdbkcdbxfh#.

M 5 MMLJMJHJMLJHL 5 MMJJMLHJMLJH

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c`zxm`jfz zvjb xbmx fmjb c`zxm`jf cz mx hczxm`jf kfzz xbm` a| 

f}vmk xa h g|ae zmef zfx "z=+ z<‧ z`#. @at tf tckk dfx zx|c`d zc m`h cxz d|av~ ag ~azzclkf

c`zxm`jfz m`h gc`h xbf zv~~a|x ag fmjb zx|c`d g|ae d|av~ c.f.

"D=+D<‧D`#.Xa gc`h xbf zv~~a|x ja`zx|vjx m wf|zca` z~mjf

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vzmdf c.f. zvggcr m||ms |f}vc|fz kfzz z~mjf xbm` zvggcr x|ff. Cme zvddfzxc`d mkxf|`mxcwf xa jav`x zvggcr x|ff a` c`~vx

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hmxmzfx. Fr~km`mxca` ag jav`x zvggcr x|ff g|ae |fgf|f`jf _2U

cz dcwf` lfkat.Xbcz zvggcr x|ff cz x|mwf|zfh c` hf~xb gc|zx zfm|jb xa gc`h

xbf zv~~a|x ag fmjb c`zxm`jf g|ae d|av~. C` jav`x zvggcrx|ff _2U cz zbat` c` Gcdv|f < ga| zx|c`d MLLJMJM. C` xbczjav`x zvggcr x|ff gc|zx c`xf|`mk `ahf ja`xmc`z wmkvf :+ tbcjb

c`hcjmxfz xbmx zvlx|ff |aaxfh g|ae xbmx c`xf|`mk `ahf bmwc`d

: kfmg `ahfz. Zx|c`d a` fhdf g|ae |aax `ahf xa c`xf|`mk

`ahf |f~|fzf`x ~|fgcr ga| mkk zx|c`dz a` fhdfz g|ae xbmxc`xf|`mk `ahf xa kfmg `ahf. F.d. zx|c`d L cz jaeea` ~|fgcr

ga| zx|c`d LJMJM m`h JMJM. C` zba|x+ xbf Jav`x Zvggcr

x|ff a` c`~vx hmxm jaelc`fz xbf ta|o jaeea` xa gc`hc`d

xbf zv~~a|x ga| eahfkz kcof JMLLHF m`h JMLLHG. C`jav`x zvggcr x|ff a` xbf hmxmzfx+ jae~vxfz zv~~a|x mx

wm|cavz `ahfz c` xbf eahfk z~mjf m`h ~|v`fz mtms km|df

 ~a|xca`z ag xbf eahfk z~mjf.

Gcd. < Jav`x Zvggcr x|ff ga| zx|c`d Z 5 MLLJMJM.

C`zxfmh ag jav`x zvggcr x|ff tf jm` vzf xbf GMWZX

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mkda|cxbe ga| jav`xc`d g|f}vf`js ag zx|c`d g|ae c`~vx hmxmzfxz ls eahcgsc`d a|cdc`mk GMWZX mkda|cxbe g|ae _=8U Tf

bmwf eahcgcfh GMWZX mkda|cxbe mz ~f| av| |f}vc|fef`x.

C`~vx xa xbcz mkda|cxbe cz m zc`dkf zf}vf`xcmk zx|c`d a| m zfxag zf}vf`xcmk zx|c`d m`h ec`ceve g|f}vf`js "z+ Hc+ o#. Cg 

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zjm`z c`cxcmk hmxm zvlzfx Hc m`h lvckh m` c`cxcmk wf|zca`z~mjf x|ff "WZX#. Mgxf| ja`zx|vjxc`d c`cxcmk wf|zca` z~mjfx|ff ~|ajfzz |femc`c`d H<+‧.H` c`~vx hmxm zvlzfxz m`h tckk`ax mhh `ft `ahf c` c`cxcmk WZX+ cx tckk ivzx jav`x xbf

g|f}vf`js m`h em|o tcxb ɶ xbazf `axf zmxczgsc`d xbf

ec`ceve g|f}vf`js. ɶ |f~|fzf`xz xbmx tf m|f `ax

c`xf|fzxfh c` xbmx zx|c`d za l|m`jbfz tcxb a`ks ɶ m|f ~|v`fhmtms mgxf| ~|ajfzzc d fmjb c`~vx hmxm zvlzfx Hc. Xbcz

 ~|v`c`d |fhvjfz xbf `velf| ag zvlzx|c`d ~mxxf|`z ga| 

jbfjoc`d gv|xbf| c`~vx zvlzfx.\fzvkxm`x wf|zca` z~mjf x|ff ja`xmc`z a`ks zx|c`dz tcxb

ec`ceve g|f}vf`js o. Xbcz m~~|amjb tckk ~|awchf lfxxf| 

|fzvkxz lfjmvzf eazx ag xbf ~|fwcavz efxbahz vzf ~|aifjxfh

hmxm+ l|fmhxb gc|zx zfm|jb+ df`f|mxf m`h xfzx+ evkxc~kf zjm`

ag hmxmlmzf+ tbcjb |f}vc|fz km|df emc` efea|s m`h ~|ajfzzc`d xcef. C` av| m~~|amjb tf m|f vzc`d GMWZX m`h

zvggcr m||ms hmxm zx|vjxv|f zakwfz xbf ~|alkfe ag efea|sja`zve~xca`+ zfm|jb z~mjf ~m|xcxca` ga| fggcjcf`x efea|sem`mdfef`x kfzz efea|s vxckcymxca` m`h kfzz ~|ajfzzc`d

xcef.

W.  JA@JKVZCA@Z 

C` xbcz ~m~f| tf gajvz a` ja`xcdvavz zvlzf}vf`jfec`c`d ~|alkfe m`h ~|a~azfh m` m~~|amjb xa hczjawf| g|f}vf`xks ajjv||c`d m~~|arcemxf ~mxxf|` c` zf}vf`xcmkhmxmlmzf. Xbcz m~~|amjb tckk dcwf lfxxf| |fzvkxz xbm`

 ~|fwcavz efxbahz lfjmvzf tf m|f vzc`d bmeec`d hczxm`jfja`jf~x+ wf|zca` z~mjf x|ff m`h zvggcr m||ms. Av| m~~|amjbtckk hczjawf| mkk g|f}vf`x m~~|arcemxf ~mxxf|`z ag eahfk "K+h+ o#. Xbcz xs~f ag ~mxxf|` hczjawf|s cz ce~a|xm`x c`

jae~vxmxca`mk lcakads xa hfxfjx zba|x zvlzf}vf`jfz xbmxajjv| g|f}vf`xks c` m dcwf` zfx ag zf}vf`jfz.

\ FGF\F@JFZ 

_=U  I. Tm`d m`h I. Bm`+ ‛LCHF9 Fggcjcf`x Ec`c`d ag G|f}vf`x JkazfhZf}vf`jfz+― c` CJHF+ <>>8+ ~~. 43‚3>.

_<U  R. Sm`+ I. Bm`+ m`h \. Mgzbm|+ ‛JkaZ~m`9 Ec`c`d Jkazfh Zf}vf`xcmk^mxxf|`z c` Km|df Hmxmzfxz+― c` ZHE+ <>>:.

_:U  E. I. Ymoc+ ‛Zf}vf`jf Ec`c`d c` Jmxfda|cjmk Haemc`z9C`ja|~a|mxc`d Ja`zx|mc`z+― c` JCOE+ <>>>+ ~~. 88<‚8<3.

_8U  I. ^fc+ I. Bm`+ m`h T. Tm`d+ ‛Ec`c`d Zf}vf`xcmk ^mxxf|`z TcxbJa`zx|mc`xz c` Km|df Hmxmlmzfz+― c` JCOE+ <>><+ ~~. =2‚<6.

_6U 

I. Bm`+ m`h E. Omelf|+ Hmxm Ec`c`d Ja`jf~xz m`h Xfjb`c}vfz.Ea|dm` Om`vgem``+ <>>>.

_7U  I. ^fc+ I. Bm`+ L. Ea|xmymwc%Mzk+ B. ^c`xa+ ]. Jbf`+ V. Hmsmk+ m`hE. Bzv+ ‛^|fgcrZ~m`9 Ec`c`d Zf}vf`xcmk ^mxxf|`z ls ^|fgcr%^|aifjxfh D|atxb+― c` CJHF+ <>>=+ ~~. <=6‚<<8.

_4U  \. @cym|+ Eml|avofb m`h J.C. Fyfcgf+ ‛M xmra`aes ag zf}vf`xcmk ~mxxf|` ec`c`d mkda|cxbez+― MJE Jae~vx. Zv|w. 8:+ =+ M|xcjkf :+<>=>.

_2U  M. Gka|mxav+ Z. Xmxm m`h I. E. ^mxfk+ ‛Fggcjcf`x m`h Mjjv|mxfHczjawf|s ag ^mxxf|`z c` Zf}vf`jf Hmxm Zfxz+― CFFF X|m`z.O`atkfhdf m`h Hmxm F`dc`ff|c`d+ wak. <:+ ~~. ==68%==72+ Mvd.<>==.

_3U  \. Md|mtmk m`h \. Z|com`x. Ec`c`d zf}vf`xcmk ~mxxfez. C` ~|aj.=336 C`x. Ja`g Hmxm F`dc`ff|c`d "CJHF–36#+ ~mdfz :%=8+ Xmc~fc+Xmctm`+ Em|. =336.

_=>U  E. I. Ymoc+ ‛Z^MHF9 M` Fggcjcf`x Mkda|cxbe ga| Ec`c`d G|f}vf`x

Zf}vf`jfz+― Emjbc`f Kfm|`c`d+ wak. 8<+ `a. =!<+ ~~. :=‚7>+ <>>=._==U  I. Sm`d+ T. Tm`d+ ^. Z. Sv+ m`h I. Bm`+ ‛Ec`c`d Ka`d Zf}vf`xcmk

^mxxf|`z c` m @aczs F`wc|a`ef`x+― c` ZCDEAH+ <>><+ ~~. 8>7‚8=4.

_=<U  R. Ic m`h I. Lmckfs+ ‛M` fggcjcf`x xfjb`c}vf ga| ec`c`dm~~|arcemxfks g|f}vf`x zvlzx|c`d ~mxxf|`z+― Zfwf`xb CFFFC`xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Hmxm Ec`c`d+ ~~. :<6%::>+ <>>4.

_=:U  G. Ybv+ R. Sm`+ I. Bm` m`h ^. Sv+ ‛Fggcjcf`x Hczjawf|s ag G|f}vf`xM~~|arcemxf Zf}vf`xcmk ^mxxf|`z+― Zfwf`xb CFFF C`xf|`mxca`mkJa`gf|f`jf a` Hmxm Ec`c`d CJHE+ ~~. 46=%467+ Ajx. <>>4.

_=8U  Z. H. Kff m`h K. \mfhx+ ‛M` Fggcjcf`x Mkda|cxbe ga| Ec`c`d Zx|c`dHmxmlmzfz v`hf| Ja`zx|mc`xz "Frxf`hfh Mlzx|mjx#+―bxx~9!!jcxfzff|r.czx.~zv.fhv!wcfthaj!zveem|s1hac5=>.=.=.32.:68.

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <<

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Wczvmk m`h Tfl Vzmdf Ec`c`d Lmzfh A` Frxf`hfh Zf|wf| Kadz

Eczz Hc~xc Z. Ymel|fD.B.\.C.F.E.

Imkdma`+ C`hcm

 Mlzx|mjx‘Tfl m`mkszx ems c`gkvf`jf tflzcxf ce~|awfef`x

~|ajfzz ga| v`hf|zxm`hc`d Tfl @mwcdmxca`mk Hmxm m`h

jv||f`x vzmdf ag cx. Tfl vzmdf ec`c`d xa fwmkvmxf vzmdf

ag tflzcxf. C` tbcjb Tfl zf|wf| kad gckf cz vzfh ga| xmoc`d

tfl hmxm. Xb|avdb tfl vzmdf ec`c`d efxbahz+ d|m~b ec`c`d

jawf|z jae~kfr tfl l|atzc`d lfbmwcav|z ag xbf vzf|.

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zx|vjxv|f ag m ~m|xcjvkm| tflzcxf m`h tfl zv|gf|z– lfbmwcav|

tbf` wczcxc`d xbmx zcxf. Xbcz ~m~f| ~|fzf`xz m tfl vzmdf

ec`c`d efxbah tbcjb jaelc`fz Wczvmkcymxca` xfjb`c}vf. C`axbf| ta|hz+ d|m~b lmzfh tfl vzmdf ec`c`d m`h Wczvmkcymxca`

xfjb`c}vf bfk~z vz xa |fja`zx|vjx vzf| zfzzca` frmjxks mz cx bmz

lff` m`h lmzfh a` xbfzf hmxm+ tf gc`h tfl vzmdf ~mxxf|`z m`h

`mwcdmxca`mk ~mxxf|` tcxb ea|f mjjv|mjs

 Ofsta|hz‘ D|m~b Lmzfh Tfl Vzmdf Ec`c`d+ ^mdf L|atzc`d Xcef+ Tfl wczvmkczmxca` + tfl mxxmjoz

C.  C @X\AHVJXCA@

Xa ce~|awf xbf hfzcd` ag tflzcxf tf zbavkh gc`h avxbat cx cz vzfh ls m`mkszc`d vzf|z– l|atzc`d lfbmwcav| _=Um`h `mwcdmxca`mk ~mxxf|` _8U. Zxmxczxcjmk M`mkszcz m`h TflVzmdf Ec`c`d m|f xta tmsz xa m`mkszf vzf|z– tfl l|atzc`d

 lfbmwcav|. Wczvmkcymxca` cz vzfh xa m`mkszf xbf vzf|–z`mwcdmxca`mk ~mxxf|`. Xbf |fzvkx ag Zxmxczxcjmk M`mkszczja`xmc`z ^mdf Wcftz+ ^mdf L|atzc`d Xcef+ m`h za a`. Tflvzmdf ec`c`d m~~kcfz hmxm ec`c`d efxbahz xa hczjawf| tflvzmdf ~mxxf|` xb|avdb tfl vzmdf hmxm. Bf|f D|m~b Ec`c`defxbah cz vzfh xa m`mkszf tfl vzmdf hmxm _<U tbcjb cz a`fag xs~f ag hmxm ec`c`d efxbah. Xbf tflzcxf–z bs~f|kc`o zx|vjxv|f cz `ax fmzs xa `mwcdmxf+ za vzf|z kfmwf cx lfga|fjae~kfxc`d m damk. Xa mjbcfwf xbf c`zcdbx |f}vc|fh xav`hf|zxm`h vzf|z– lfbmwcav|+ Tfl m`mkszxz emof frxf`zcwfvzf ag Tfl efx|cjz hf|cwfh g|ae xbf gcfkh ag Tfl VzmdfEc`c`d "TVE#. @fwf|xbfkfzz+ xbf wmzx meav`x ag c`ga|emxca` mwmckmlkf xa lf m`mkszfh m`h v`hf|zxaahfe~bmzcyfz xbf `ffh ag fr~ka|mxa|s xaakz xa bfk~ m`mkszxz c`

xbfc| tflzcxf ce~|awfef`xz ~|ajfzz.Xbf|f m|f em`s gmjxa|z xbmx ems c`gkvf`jf vzf|z– lf%

bmwcav|. Ga| c`zxm`jf+ hczjawf|c`d xbf f`x|s m`h frcx ~ac`xzag xbf zcxf ems ~|awchf vzfgvk c`ga|emxca` a` bat xbf vzf|zm||cwf xa m zcxf+ tbf|f ha xbfs mlm`ha` cx+ m`h tbmx hch xbfsha hv|c`d xbfc| wczcx.

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^|aj. ag xbf C`xk. Ja`g. a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z ‚ 

Wakvef =. Ja~s|cdbx £ <>=< Xfjb`a Ga|ve D|av~+ C`hcm.

CZL@9 342%2=%3<>646%2%: 99 hac9 =>. 4::84!CZL@Q>472

MJE *9 hlf|.cef|m.=>. 4::84 

m`mkszcz+ tfl vzmdf ec`c`d m`h wczvmkczmxca` vzvmkks vzfZf|wf| Kad mz emc` hmxm zav|jf tbcjb cz zf|wf| kfwfk hmxmzav|jf. Zf|wf| kad  cz m gckf xbmx mvxaemxcjmkks j|fmxfh lstfl zf|wf| m`h of~x a` zf|wf|. Cx ja`xmc`z zaef hmxm mlavx|f}vfzxz tbcjb m|f zf`x xa tfl zf|wf|.

Xbf jaelc`mxca` ag xbf zxmxczxcjmk m`mkszcz m`h tflvzmdf ec`c`d ja`zchf|c`d jkcf`x zchf hmxm+ ~|fzf`xz m

 ~atf|gvk efxbah xa fwmkvmxf xbf vzmdf ag tflzcxf. Mea`dzxmxczxcjmk m`mkszcz |fzvkxz+ l|atzc`d xcef cz m daah zjmkf xafwmkvmxf tflzcxf m`h vzf|z+ ga| frme~kf c` f%kfm|`c`dzszxfez tbf|f tf fr~fjx zxvhf`xz z~f`h m ec`cevehv|mxca` ag xcef a` jf|xmc` ~mdf+ xbf wmkvf kfzz xbm` xbczec`ceve ems |f~|fzf`x c`mxxf`xca` ag zxvhf`x a| tfmo`fzzag xbf tfl~mdf. Mea`d tfl vzmdf ec`c`d efxbahz+ d|m~bec`c`d jm` hczjawf| vzf|–z mjjfzz ~mxxf|`z xb|avdb jae~kfr

 l|atzc`d lfbmwcav|.Tfl fr~f|xz zvggf| c` xbfc| hms%xa%hms ta|o+ m`h xbf

 ~|a~f|xcfz ag xbf xaakz xbmx xbfs m|f jv||f`xks vzc`d c` a|hf| xa dfx gffhlmjo a` bat xa ce~|awf xbf gv`jxca`mkcxcfz ag xbfTflzcxf Fr~ka|mxca` Xaak "TFX#+ mk|fmhs c`x|ahvjfh c` _:U.

Mjja|hc`d xa av| ~|fkcec`m|s ~azxf| _8U m`h xbf gffh%

 lmjo ~|awchfh ls xbf Tfl m`mkszxz+ xbf emc` ja`x|clvxca`ag xbcz ~m~f| cz xbf ~|fzf`xmxca` ag m zfx ag xfjb`c}vfz xbmxf`mlkf xbf |f~|fzf`xmxca` ag Tfl @mwcdmxca`mk Hmxm+

 ~|awchc d jaelc`fh wczvmk mlzx|mjxca`z xbmx jm` lfjvzxaecyfh ls xbf vzf|+ mz tfkk mz |fjae~vxfh ls jbm`dc`dxbf gajvz ag c`xf|fzx.

C`ga|emxca` ~|fzf`xfh c` m wczvmk ga|emx cz kfm|`fh m`h|fefelf|fh lfxxf| xbm` c`ga|emxca` ~|fzf`xfh xfrxvmkks a| wf|lmkks. Xbf bvem` l|mc` cz zx|vjxv|fh za xbmx wczvmk

 ~|ajfzzc d ajjv|z |m~chks m`h c` ~m|mkkfk dcwf` mjae~kcjmxfh wczvmk zjf`f+ bvem`z jm` ceefhcmxfks ~cjo avxce~a|xm`x gfmxv|fz c` m emxxf| ag eckkczfja`hzm`h xbfs frjfkmx xbf ~|ajfzzc`d ag wczvmk c`ga|emxca`.

CC.  \FKMXFH ^M^F\ 

Vzc`d m hmxm ec`c`d zszxfe hcz~kmsz xbf x|mggcj tcxb mtfl l|atzf|+ gckxf|fh ls zav|jf!hfzxc`mxca` bazx+ ~|axajak a| mkf|x+ vzc`d lm| d|m~bz a| ~cf%jbm|xz. Xbf kadz ag m tflzf|wf| tf|f ~|ajfzzfh m`h m kad |fhvjxca` zszxfe lmzfh a`g|f}vf`jcfz vzfh c` a|hf| xa zfkfjx xbf x|mggcj ga| xbfwczvmkczmxca` ag xbf tfl |f}vfzxz m`h xbf hfxfjxca` ag v`mvxba|czfh x|mggcj.

Tf ja`zchf| tflzcxf zx|vjxv|f mz tfcdbxfh wf|xfrhc|fjxfh d|m~b m`h vzf| `mwcdmxca` ~mxb mz x|mwf|zmk a` cxtbf|f `ahf |f~|fzf`xz tfl~mdf+ fhdf |f~|fzf`xz kc`o 

 lfxtff` tfl ~mdfz+ m`h tfcdbx ag `ahf |f~|fzf xz l|atzc`d xcef ag tfl~mdf. Xbf` tf m~~ks d|m~b ec`c`d

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <:

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efxbah ~|fzf`xfh ls Zfa`d Hmf Kfffxmk _6U xa hczjawf| tflvzmdf ~mxxf|`z.

CCC.  \^FA^AZFH EFXBAH 

Zf|wf| kad ga|emx cz hf~f`hc`d a` xbf ja`gcdv|mxca` ag xbf tfl zf|wf|. Xbf jaeea` zf|wf| kad c`jkvhfz xbfgakkatc`d zfwf` gcfkhz9 \feaxf%Bazx+ Chf`xcgcjmxca`+ Mvxb%Vzf|+ Hmxf% Xcef+ BXX^%\f}vfzx+ Zxmxvz%Jahf+ m`hX|m`zgf|%Wakvef. Xbf frxf`hfh jaeea` zf|wf| kad ga|emxbmz xta mhhcxca`mk gcfkhz+ \fgf||f| m`h Vzf|%Mdf`x gcfkh.\fgf||f| gcfkh jm` lf vzfh xa |fja`zx|vjx vzf| `mwcdmxca`

 ~mxb m`h Hmxf%Xcef gcfkh jm` lf vzfh xa hczjawf| ~mdf l|atzc`d xcef. Tbf` m |f}vfzx cz zf`x xa tfl zf|wf|+ a`f|fja|h c`jkvhc`d zaef a| mkk ag mlawf gcfkhz cz m~~f`hfh xazf|wf| kad. Cg tf ivzx |fks a` zf|wf| kad+ cx ja`g|a`xz vz tcxbxta ~|alkfez hv|c`d ja`zx|vjxca` vzf|–z zfzzca`.

Vzf| bmwf gcwf a~xca`z hv|c`d tfl l|atzc`d9 a~f`

tfl~mdf c` jv||f`x tc`hat+ a~f` tfl~mdf c` `ft tc`hat+a~f` tfl~mdf c` `ft xml+ ztcxjb lfxtff` xmlz a| tc`hatz+a| eawf xa wczcxfh ~mdfz ls jkcjoc`d lmjo lvxxa` a| ga|tm|h

 lvxxa` ag tfl l|atzf|.

Hfgc`cxca` =. Tf hfgc`f A~f` gv`jxca` xa ~|fzf`x vzf|–ztfl l|atzc`d lfbmwca| mz gakkatz9

A~f` "\fgf||f|+ Xm|dfx+ Xs~f#?

Bf|f  \fgf||f|  cz xbf jv||f`x tfl~mdf tbcjb cz lfc`d

 l|atzfh ls vzf|+ ga| xbf gc|zx |f}vfzx tbf|f xbf|f cz `aa~f`fh ~mdf+ cx cz Χ. Xm|dfx cz xbf ~mdf tbcjb cz |f}vfzxfh

xb|avdb  \fgf||f| . Xs~f cz a`f ag xbf gcwf tfl l|atzc`d

a~xca`z9 Jv||f`xTc`hat+ @ftTc`hat+ @ftXml+ Ztcxjb+

m`h \fxv|`. @at+ zv~~azf vzf| gakkatz xbcz zjf`m|ca9

A~f` " Χ + M+ @ftTc`hat#?A~f` "M+ L+ @ftXml#?A~f` "M+ J+ @ftXml#?A~f` "L+ H+ Jv||f`xTc`hat#?

XMLKF C.

A~f` "J+ H+ Jv||f`xTc`hat#?A~f` "H+ F+ Jv||f`xTc`hat#?

Gcd =.m zbatz xbf zf}vf`jf ag ~mdf |f}vfzx c` zf|wf| kad. Tbf` tf tm`x xa |fja`zx|vjx vzf|–z `mwcdmxca` ~mxbz+tf jm``ax hfxf|ec`f tbcjb H cz m |fgf||f| ag F "Gcd =.l#. C`axbf| ta|hz+ xbf `mwcdmxca` ~mxb cz `ax jkfm| "Gcd =.j#.

Hfgc`cxca` <. Zfzzca` Zxm|x  cz xbf xcef tbcjb vzf| zfzzca` cz zxm|xfh m`h cx cz f}vmk tcxb xcef ag gc|zx vzf| |f}vfzx. Cx cz zbat` mz ZZ .

Hfgc`cxca` :. Zfzzca` F`h cz xbf xcef tbcjb vzf| zfzzca`cz fr~c|fh m`h cx cz ajjv|z tbf` vzf| hafz`–x zf`h m`s|f}vfzx xa tfl zf|wf| ga| m jf|xmc` hv|mxca`. Cx cz zbat` mzZF .

Hfgc`cxca` 8.  \f}vfzx Xcef cz xbf xcef ag tfl~mdf|f}vfzx. \f}vfzx xcef ag ~mdf R cz zbat` mz \R .

Hfgc`cxca` 6. L|atzc d Xcef cz xbf hv|mxca` ag tfl~mdfwczcx. L|atzc`d xcef ag ~mdf R cz zbat` mz LR .

Ga| frme~kf ja`zchf| gakkatc`d frme~kf9

A~f` " Χ + M+ @ftTc`hat#?

A~f` "M+ L+ @ftXml#?

A~f` "M+ J+ @ftXml#?

Xbf|f m|f xb|ff a~f` ~mdfz c` jkcf`x tfl l|atzf|. Gcd<.m zbatz zf|wf| kad hmxm m`h Gcd <.l zbatz l|atzc`d xcefag ~mdfz lmzfh a` zf|wf| kad hmxm. Tbf|fmz emslf vzf| bmzztcxjbfh xa L+ ivzx xta zfja`hz mgxf| a~f`c`d J. c` xbcz jmzfkad l|atzc`d xcef ag ~mdfz cz mz Gcd <.j.

XMLKF CCC.

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+ "j# \fmk l|atzc`d xcef 

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <8

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CW.  ^^\AJFZZ AG ^\A^AZFH ^M\F\  

Xbf ~|a~azfh efxbah ja`zczxz ag gav| ~bmzfz+ ~bmzf = cz|fkmxfh xa ea`cxa|c`d m`h |fja|hc`d vzf|–z tfl l|atzc`d

 lfbmwca| c`jkvhc`d jkcf`x zchf tfl l|atzc`d lfbmwca| _7U+ ~bmzf < cz |fkmxfh xa ja`wf|xc d |fja|hfh tfl vzmdf hmxmc`xa d|m~b zx|vjxv|f _7U+ ~bmzf : cz |fkmxfh xa m~~ksc`d d|m~bec`c`d efxbah xa hczjawf| tfl vzmdf ~mxxf|`z. M`h ~bmzf 8cz |fkmxfh xa m~~ksc`d wczvmkcymxca` xa hczjawf| vzf|z`mwcdmxca`mk ~mxxf|`. Gcd 6 zbatz ~|ajfzz ag xbf ~|a~azfhefxbah.

Gcdv|f :. ^|ajfzz ag xbf ~|a~azfh efxbah.

^bmzf =9 xa |fja|h vzf|–z tfl l|atzc`d lfbmwca|. Xa haxbcz+ tf hfzcd` m` MIMR c`xf|gmjf. Mjxvmkks xbf c`xf|gmjf czm jvzxaecyfh tfl m~~kcjmxca` zf|wf| tbcjb cz mlkf xaea`cxa| vzf|–z l|atzc`d lfbmwca|z a` jkcf`x zchf. Cx ja`x|akzgcwf fwf`xz9 A`Zfzzca`Zxm|x + A`Zfzzca`F`h +A`^mdf\f}vfzx + A`^mdfKamh + m`h A`^mdfGajvz.A`Zfzzca`Zxm|x + A`Zfzzca`F`h + m`h A`^mdf\f}vfzx  m|fzf|wf| zchf fwf`xz+ A`^mdfKamh  m`h A`^mdfGajvz m|fjkcf`x zchf fwf`xz.

A`Zfzzca`Zxm|x 9 cx ajjv|z tbf` vzf| |f}vfzxz m tfl ~mdf g|ae tfl zf|wf| ga| gc|zx xcef. Tbf` xbcz fwf`x|mczfz m v`c}vf CH+ Zfzzca`CH+ cz df`f|mxfh. Cx bfk~z xa

zfd|fdmxf vzf| zfzzca`z g|ae fmjb axbf|.

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{   !! Df`f|mxf V`c}vf CH  ^mdfCH 5 Df`f|mxf mdfCH"#?  !!Mzzcd` m v`c}vf CH "^mdfCH# xa |f}vfzxfh ~mdf "^\#  Mzzcd`^mdfCH "^\+ mdfCH#?  !!\fdczxf| zj|c~x xa ea`cxa| jkcf`x zchf l|atzc d lfbmwca|z 

 \fdczxf|Jkcf`xZj|c~x "#?  u

A`^mdfKamh 9 xbcz cz jkcf`x zchf fwf`x xbmx ajjv|z tbf` mtfl ~mdf cz kamhfh a` vzf|–z l|atzf|. Tbf` xbcz fwf`x|mczfz+ zaef hmxm mlavx vzf|–z mjxcwcxs zvjb mz  ^mdfCH ag 

 \fgf||f| +  ^mdfCH ag Xm|dfx +  L|atzc`d Xcef+  Fwf`x @mef+ Hmxf+ m`h Xcef m|f |fja|hfh c` zfzzca`.

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 L|atzc dXcef+ Fwf`x+ Hmxf+ Xcef#?  u 

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^bmzf <9 c` xbcz ~bmzf tf ja`wf|x tfl vzmdf hmxm c`xad|m~b zx|vjxv|f c` tms tbcjb jm` lf vzfh ga| d|m~b ec`c`defxbah.

Hfgc`cxca` 7. Ja`zchf|c`d hfgc`cxca` ag  tfcdbxfh hc|fjxfh d|m~b+ lmzf d|m~b+ m`h  x|mwf|zmk _6U+ c` xbcz

 ~m~f|  lmzf d|m~b m`h zfzzca` d|m~b cz m zcxf zx|vjxv|f mzd|m~b tbf|f wf|xcjfz |f~|fzf`x tfl ~mdfz+ fhdfz |f~|fzf`xkc`o lfxtff` tfl ~mdfz+ m`h tfcdbx ag wf|xcjfz |f~|fzf`x

 l|atzc`d xcef ag tfl ~mdfz. X|mwf|zmk cz m zf}vf`jf ag ja`zfjvxcwf tfl ~mdfz mka`d m zf}vf`jf ag kc`o lfxtff`tfl ~mdfz a` m lmzf d|m~b. Xbf tfcdbx ag m x|mwf|zmk cz xbfzve ag tfl ~mdfz l|atzc`d xcef tfcdbxz c` xbf x|mwf|zmk. Mx|mwf|zmk hmxmlmzf cz m zfx ag x|mwf|zmkz.

C` xbcz ~bmzf+ tf vzf Kad Gckf xa emof tfl vzmdf hmxm|fmhs ga| d|m~b m`h wczvmk ec`c`d mkda|cxbe. Lmzf d|m~b czja`zx|vjxfh+ vzf|z– zfzzca` cz zf~m|mxfh+ vzf|–z x|mwf|zmk czhczjawf|fh+ x|mwf|zmk hmxmlmzf cz ja`zx|vjxfh+ l|atzc`d xcefag fmjb ~mdf cz jmkjvkmxfh m`h cz mzzcd`fh xa ja||fz~a`hc`dwf|xfr c` xbf lmzf d|m~b.

 Mkda|cxbe+ ^|f~|ajfzz {  

 ga| fmjb Zfzzca`CH ZCH c` Kad Gckf {  

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <6

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X|mwf|zmk X 5 Gc`hX|mwf|zmk"ZCH#?

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Zfzzca`z d|m~bVzf|z– `mwcdmxca`mk ~mxxf|`z m|f ea|f jae~kcjmxfh xbm`

 ivzx m x|ff. Xbf|f ga|f+ tf bmwf hfwfka~fh wczvmkczmxca`hfhcjmxfh xa xbf |f~|fzf`xmxca` ag hfxmckfh zfzzca`z lmzfha` xbf gajvz ag c`xf|fzx ag xbf Tfl m`mkszx. Xbmx cz+TFXmkkatz xbf m`mkszx xa gcr m`s `ahf mz |aax ag m`s ag xbfmwmckmlkf bcf|m|jbcfz+ eahcgsc`d xbf gajvz ag c`xf|fzx ag xbfwczvmkczmxca`z.

Gcdv|f 8. M d|m~b |f~|fzf`xc`d m tflzcxf

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CW.  WCZVMKCZMXCA@ 

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Xbf mvxaeaxcwf c`hvzx|s cz `ax a`ks a`f ag xbffja`aecjmkks eazx ce~a|xm`x c`hvzx|cfz+ emoc`d v~ a`f}vm|xf| ag xbf xaxmk xv|`awf| ag xbf Df|em` c`hvzx|s c` <>>2+lvx cz mkza a`f ag xbf eazx hczjvzzfh c`hvzx|cfz c` xbfDf|em`%z~fmoc`d Tfl <.>. Mjja|hc`d xa m zxvhs ls xbfTfl%<.>%mdf`js Fxba|cxs+ mlavx a`f xbc|h ag xbf Df|em`%z~fmoc`d Tfl%<.>%hczjvzzca`z ja`jf|` xbf mvxaeaxcwfc`hvzx|s _Fxba|cxs <>>2U.

 M.  Zfkfjxca`

C` a|hf| xa chf`xcgs xbf eazx ce~a|xm`x hczjvzzca` ga|vez+m |fkfwm`jf c`hfr cz vzfh tbcjb mzzcd`z m wmkvf xa fmjbga|ve mjja|hc`d xa cxz |fmjb m`h zcyf.M ga|ve$z |fmjb czhfxf|ec`fh ls xbf mwf|mdf |m`oc`d c` xbf zfm|jb f`dc`fzDaadkf+ Smbaa+ Saaha m`h EZ@ tbf` f`xf|c`d xbf ta|h‛ga|ve― m`h xbf dcwf` ~|ahvjx "f.d.+ ‛jm|―#. Xbf zcyf czhfxf|ec`fh ls xbf `velf| ag vzf|z+ ja`x|clvxca`z+ m`h xa~cjz.Mkk hczjvzzca` ga|vez m|f |m`ofh mjja|hc`d xa xbfzf j|cxf|cm.Xbf |fkfwm`jf c`hfr cz jmkjvkmxfh mz xbf m|cxbefxcj efm` ag xbfzf |m`oz. Gcdv|f < zbatz xbf gcwf eazx |fkfwm`x hczjvzzca`ga|vez. 3>> ~azxc`dz bmwf lff` zfkfjxfh g|ae xbf eazx|fkfwm`x eaxa|%xmko%ga|ve? :>> ga| fmjb ag xbf jm| eahfkz

Mvhc M:+ LET :%Zf|cfz+ m`h WT Dakg.

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 L.   Frx|mjxca`

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Gcdv|f :. Ga|ve \m`oc`d.

Xbf fwmkvmxca`z zbat bat xbf jvzxaef|z ivhdf xbfwm|cavz ~|ahvjx gfmxv|fz. Xbf|f m|f xta ja`jf~xz xa efmzv|ffwmkvmxca`z9 ~akm|cxs m`h c`xf`zcxs. C` xbcz m~~|amjb+ ~akm|cxs

cz eahfkfh ls xb|ff jkmzzfz9 ~azcxcwf+ `fdmxcwf+ m`h `fvx|mk.C`xf`zcxs cz hcwchfh c`xa xbf jkmzzfz zx|a`d+ tfmo+ m`hefhcve "zff Gcd. 8#.

Gcdv|f 8. Ga|ve \m`oc`d.

Chf`xcgcjmxca` ag ~|ahvjx gfmxv|fz m`h fwmkvmxca`z cz mjkmzzcgcjmxca` xmzo. ^mzzmdfz ag ga|ve ~azxc`dz m|f hcwchfhc`xa jkmzzfz mjja|hc`d xa xbfc| kc`dvczxcj mxx|clvxfz "ta|hz m`hxbfc| d|meemxcjmk gv`jxca`#.Zv~~a|x wfjxa| emjbc`fz f`mlkfxbf kfm|`c`d ag lc`m|s jkmzzcgcjmxca` |vkfz. Xa jkmzzcgszf`xf`jfz mjja|hc`d xa xbfc| ~akm|cxs+ xb|ff |vkfz m|f kfm|`fh9^azcxcwf wf|zvz @ax ^azcxcwf+ @fdmxcwf wf|zvz @ax @fdmxcwf+@fvx|mk wf|zvz @ax @fvx|mk. Xbf gc`mk jkmzz cz hfjchfh a` ls memia|cxs waxf. Mz c`~vx+ xbf zv~~a|x wfjxa| emjbc`fz vzf m

x|mc`c`d hmxmzfx tbcjb ja`xmc`z xfrx ~mzzmdfz mka`d tcxb xbfc|kc`dvczxcj mxx|clvxfz m`h mzzajcmxfh jkmzzfz.

J.   Mdd|fdmxca`

Mdd|fdmxca` mcez mx ja``fjxc`d m`h zveem|cyc`d~|ahvjx gfmxv|fz m`h fwmkvmxca`z. Cx xmofz ~kmjf mx xtahcggf|f`x kfwfkz ag mlzx|mjxca`. Mx xbf v~~f| kfwfk+ m`awf|wcft cz dcwf` mz xa bat ~azcxcwf a| `fdmxcwf ~|ahvjxgfmxv|fz m|f |mxfh. Ga| frme~kf+ Gcdv|f 6 "kfgx bm`h zchf#zbatz xbf `a|emkcyfh hcggf|f`jfz c` ~azcxcwf m`h `fdmxcwffwmkvmxca`z ag mkk ~|ahvjx jae~a`f`xz m`h mxx|clvxfz ag xbfMvhc M:. Mx xbf katf| kfwfk ag mlzx|mjxca`+ xbf fwmkvmxca`z ag c`xf|fzxc`d ~|ahvjx gfmxv|fz m`h fkfef`xz jm` lf gv|xbf|hcggf|f`xcmxfh mjja|hc`d xa xbfc| c`xf`zcxs. Gcdv|f 6 "|cdbx

bm`h zchf# dcwfz m hfxmckfh c`zcdbx c`xa xbf c`xf`zcxs ag xbffwmkvmxca`z ag xbf xta lfzx |mxfh ~|ahvjx mxx|clvxfz z~a|xc`fzzm`h h|cwmlckcxs ag xbf Mvhc.

 H.   M`mkszcz

Xbf mce ag xbf m`mkszcz ~bmzf cz xa frmec`f ~|ahvjxgfmxv|fz m`h xbfc| fwmkvmxca`z c` a|hf| xa gc`h zxm|xc`d ~ac`xzga| ce~|awc`d ~|ahvjx hfzcd` m`h zmkfz ~|aeaxca`. Cxjae~|czfz m`mkszcz ag jae~fxcxa|z m`h chf`xcgcjmxca` ag mzzajcmxca`z. Xbf jae~fxcxa| m`mkszcz mkkatz xbf jae~m|cza`ag xbf fwmkvmxca`z ag hcggf|f`x ~|ahvjxz. Gcdv|f 7 "kfgx bm`hzchf# ja`x|mzxz xbf ~azcxcwf fwmkvmxca`z tcxb xbf `fdmxcwfa`fz mz gm| mz zvcxmlckcxs ga| hmcks vzf+ h|cwmlckcxs+ m`h|fkcmlckcxs ag xbf xb|ff jm| eahfkz m|f ja`jf|`fh. Mzzajcmxca`

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U :=

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chf`xcgcjmxca` zbatz tbcjb ~|ahvjx jae~a`f`xz jvzxaef|zg|f}vf`xks mzzajcmxf tcxb tbcjb ~|ahvjx mxx|clvxfz. Xbfxbcjo`fzz ag xbf fhdfz c` xbf `fxta|o c`hcjmxfz xbf g|f}vf`jsag mzzajcmxca`. Gcd. 7 "|cdbx bm`h zchf# zbatz m ~m|x ag xbfmzzajcmxca` `fxta|o.

W.  M^^KCJMXCA@ M\FM 

A~c`ca` Ec`c`d cz `at lfjaec`d mwmckmlkfg|aejaeef|jcmk m~~kcjmxca`z. Jae~m`cfz kcof V`cwf|zcxs ag Em|skm`h–z a~c`ca` m`mkszcz zszxfe AMZSZ"bxx~9!!amzsz.vecmjz.veh.fhv!amzsz# mjbcfwfh bcdb mjjv|mjsa` zf`xcef`x }vf|cfz tbckf xfzxfh tcxb bvem`z a~c`ca` hmxm"Zvl|mem`cm`+ <>>3#. Mz ea|f mjjv|mxf a~c`ca` c`ga|emxca`cz mwmckmlkf jaeef|jcmkks+ xbf hfem`h ga| zvjb zszxfe czc`j|fmzc`d.LvyyEfx|cjz+Vel|cm+Zf`xcEfx|cr"ttt.zf`xcefx|cz.jae# aggf| a~c`ca` ec`c`d zf|wcjfz a` mja`xc`vavz zjmkf. Xbf ls xbf ja|~a|mxca`z+ dawf|`ef`xz+

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WC.  GVXV\F JBMKKF@DFZ 

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WCC.  JA@JKVZCA@ 

A~c`ca` Ec`c`d bmz xbf ~axf`xcmkcxs xa vzf g|ae xbfc`hcwchvmk kfwfk xa a|dm`cymxca`mk kfwfk zvjb mz jae~m`cfz

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jmkkfh ZFXE tmz ~|a~azfh xa zakwf xbcz ~|alkfe vzc`d|fkmxca`mk a~f|mxca`z. Xta `ft mkda|cxbez jmkkfh M~|ca|cm`h M~|ca|cxs tf|f ~|a~azfh. Xbfzf mkda|cxbez mjbcfwfhzcd`cgcjm`x ce~|awfef`xz awf| xbf ~|fwcavz mkda|cxbez.Xbf |vkf df`f|mxca` ~|ajfzz tmz mkza frxf`hfh xa c`jkvhfevkxc~kf cxfez c` xbf ja`zf}vf`x+ m`h m` fggcjcf`xmkda|cxbe ga| df`f|mxc`d xbf |vkfz tmz mkza ~|fzf`xfh.

Xbf mkda|cxbez wm|s emc`ks c` "m# bat xbf jm`hchmxfcxfe zfxz m|f df`f|mxfh? m`h "l# bat xbf zv~~a|xz ga| xbfjm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|f jav`xfh. C` _kU+ xbf jm`hchmxf cxfezfxz m|f df`f|mxfh a` xbf gks hv|c`d xbf ~m.zz awf| xbfhmxmlmzf. Ga| fwf|s x|m`zmjxca`+ jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|fdf`f|mxfh ls frxf`hc`d xbf km|df cxfe zfxz g|ae ~|fwcavz

~mzz tcxb xbf cxfez c` xbf x|m`zmjxca` zvjb xbmx+ xbf `ftcxfe zfxz m|f ja`xmc`fh c` xbmx x|m`zmjxca`. C` _<Ujm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|f df`f|mxfh c` m zf~m|mxf zxf~ vzc`da`ks xbf km|df cxfe zfxz g|ae xbf ~|fwcavz ~mzz. Cx cz~f|ga|efh ls iac`c`d xbf zfx ag km|df cxfe zfxz tcxb cxzfkg.Xbf |fzvkxc`d jm`hchmxf zfx cz gv|xbf| ~|v`fh xa fkcec`mxfm`s cxfe zfxz tbazf zvlzfx cz `ax ja`xmc`fh c` xbf~|fwcavz km|df cxfe zfxz. Xbcz xfjb`c}vf ~|ahvjfz m.evjb zemkkf| jm`hchmxf zfxxbm` xbf ga|ef| xfjb`c}vf.Zv~~a|xz ga| xbf jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|f hfxf|ec`fh mzgakkatz. Ga| fmjb x|m`zmjxca`+ xbf zfx ag mkk jm`hchmxfcxfe zfxz xbmx m|f ja`xmc`fh c` xbmx x|m`zmjxca` m|fchf`xcgcfh. Xbf jav`xz ga| xbfzf cxfe zfxz m|f xbf`

c`j|fef`xfh ls a`f. C` _kU xbf mvxba|z ha `ax hfzj|clf xbfhmxm zx|vjxv|fz vzfh ga| xbcz zvlzfx a~f|mxca`. M~|ca|c m`hM~|ca|cxs hcggf| lmzfh a` xbf hmxm zx|vjxv|fz vzfh ga|df`f|mxc`d xbf zv~~a|xz ga| jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz. C`M~|ca|c+ xbf jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|f jae~m|fh tcxb xbfx|m`zmjxca`z xa hfxf|ec`f cg xbfs m|f ja`xmc`fh c` xbfx|m`zmjxca`. M bmzb x|ff zx|vjxv|f cz vzfh xa |fzx|cjx+ xbfzfx ag jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz jae~m|fh za xbmx zvlzfx xfzxc`dcz a~xcecyfh. Lcxem~z m|f vzfh c` ~kmjf ag x|m`zmjxca`z xaemof xbf xfzxc`d gmzx. C` M~|ca|cxs. mgxf| fwf|s ~mzz+ m`f`jahc`d ag mkk xbf km.|df cxfe zfxz ja`xmc`fh c` mx|m`zmjxca` cz vzfh c` ~kmjf ag xbf x|m`zmjxca`. C` xbf `frx~mzz+ jm`hchmxf k cxfe zfxz m|f xfzxfh ga| c`jkvzca` c` m

x|m`zmjxca` ls jbfjoc`d tbfxbf| xbf km|df cxfe zfxz vzfhxa df`f|mxf

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U :7

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Xbf jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|f ja`xmc`fh c` xbf f`jahc`dag xbf x|m`zmjxca`. C` M~|ca|c+ xbf zvlzfx xfzxc`d cz~f|ga|efh ga| fwf|s x|m`zmjxca` c` fmjb ~mzz. Batfwf|+c` M~|ca|cxs+ cg m x|m`zmjxca` hafz `ax ja`xmc` m`s km|dfcxfe zfxz c` xbf jv||f`x ~mzz+ xbmx x|m`zmjxca` cz `axja`zchf|fh c` zvlzf}vf`x ~mzzfz. Ja`zf}vf`xks+ c` kmxf|

~mzzfz+ xbf zcyf ag xbf f`jahc`d jm` lf evjb zemkkf| xbm`xbf mjxvmk hmxmlmzf. M bsl|ch mkda|cxbe cz mkza ~|a~azfhtbcjb vzfz M~|ca|c ga| c`cxcmk ~mzzfz m`h ztcxjbfz xaM~|ca|cxs ga| kmxf| ~mzzfz.

8.= Hczjawf|c`d Km|df Cxfe zfxz

Mkda|cxbez ga| hczjawf|c`d km|df cxfe zfxz emofevkxc~kf ~mzzfz awf| xbf hmxm. C` xbf |fzx ~mzz+ tf jav`xxbf zv~~a|x ag c`hcwchvmk cxfez m`h hfxf|ec`f tbcjb ag xbfe m|f km|df+ c.f. bmwf ec`ceve zv~~a|x. C` fmjbzvlzf}vf`x ~mzz+ tf zxm|x tcxb m zffh zfx ag cxfe zfxzgav`h xa lf km|df c` xbf ~|fwcavz ~mzz. Tf vzf xbcz zffhzfx ga| df`f|mxc`d `ft ~axf`xcmkks km|df cxfe zfxz+ jmkkfh

jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz+ m`h jav`x xbf mjxvmk zv~% ~a|x ga|xbfzf jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz hv|c`d xbf ~mzz awf| xbf hmxm.Mx xbf f`h ag xbf ~mzz+ tf hfxf|ec`f tbcjb ag xbfjm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|f mjxvmkks km|df+ m`h xbfs lfjaefxbf zffh ga| xbf `frx ~mzz. Xbcz ~|ajfzz ja`xc`vfz v`xck `a`ft km|df cxfe zfxz m|f gav`h.

Xbf M~|ca|c m`h M~|ca|cxs mkda|cxbez tf ~|a~azfhcggf| gv`hmef`xmkks g|ae xbf MCZ _8U m`h ZFXE _=:Umkda|cxbez c` xf|ez ag tbcjb jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|fjav`xfh c` m ~mzz m`h c` xbf tms xbmx xbazf jm`hchmxfz m|fdf`f|mxfh. C` laxb xbf MCZ m`h ZFXE mkda|cxbez+jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|f df`f|mxfh a`%xbf%s hv|c`d xbf~mzz mz hmxm cz lfc`d |fmh. Z~fjcgcjmkks+ mgxf| |fmhc`d m

x|m`zmjxca`+ cx cz hfxf|ec`fh tbcjb ag xbf cxfe zfxz gav`hkm|df c` xbf ~|fwcavz ~mzz m|f ~|fzf`x c` xbf x|m`zmjxca`.@ft jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m|f df`f|mxfh ls frxf`hc`dxbfzf km|df cxfe zfxz tcxb axbf| cxfez c` xbf x|m`zmjxca`.Batfwf|+ mz tf tckk zff+ xbf hczmhwm`xmdf cz xbmx xbcz|fzvkxz c` v``fjfzzm|cks df`f|mxc`d m`h jav`xc`d xaaem`s jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz xbmx xv|` avx xa lf zemkk.

Xbf M~|ca|c m`h M~|ca|cxs mkda|cxbez df`f|mxf xbfjm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz xa lf jav`xfh c` m ~mzz ls vzc`d a`ksxbf cxfe zfxz gav`h km|df c` xbf ~|fwcavz ~mzz { tcxbavxja`zchf|c`d xbf x|m`zmjxca`z c` xbf hmxmlmzf. Xbf lmzcjc`xvcxca` cz xbmx m`s zvlzfx ag m km|df cxfe zfxz evzx lfkm|df. Xbf|fga|f+ xbf jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz bmwc`d o cxfez

jm` lf df`f|mxfh ls iac`c`d km|df cxfe zfxz bmwc`d o  =cxfez+ m`h hfkfxc`d xbazf xbmx ja`xmc` m`s zvlzfx xbmx cz`ax km|df. Xbcz ~|ajfhv|f |fzvkxz c` df`f|mxca` ag m evjbzemkkf| `velf| ag jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz. Xbf M~|ca|cxsmkda|cxbe bmz xbf mhhcxca`mk ~|a~f|xs xbmx xbf hmxmlmzf cz`ax vzfh mx mkk ga| jav`xc`d xbf zv~~a|x ag jm`hchmxf cxfezfxz mgxf| xbf |fzx ~mzz. \mxbf|+ m` f`jahc`d ag xbfjm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz vzfh c` xbf ~|fwcavz ~mzz cz fe~kasfhga| xbcz ~v|~azf. C` kmxf| ~mzzfz+ xbf zcyf ag xbcz f`jahc`djm` lfjaef evjb zemkkf| xbm` xbf hmxmlmzf+ xbvz zmwc`devjb |fmhc`d fgga|x. Tf tckk fr~kmc` xbfzf ~ac`xz c`ea|f hfxmck tbf` tf hfzj|clf xbf mkda|cxbez. @axmxca`Tf mzzvef xbmx cxfez c` fmjb x|m`zmjxca` m|f of~x za|xfh

c` xbfc| kfrcjad|m~bcj a|hf|. Cx cz zx|mcdbxga|tm|h xa mhm~xxbfzf mkda|cxbez xa xbf jmzf tbf|f xbf hmxmlmzf H cz of~x

`a|emkcyfh m`h fmjb hmxmlmzf |fja|h cz m ;XCH+ cxfe0~mc|+ tbf|f XCH cz xbf chf`xcgcf| ag xbf ja||fz~a`hc`dx|m`zmjxca`. Tf jmkk xbf `velf| ag cxfez c` m` cxfe zfxzcxz zcyf+ m`h jmkk m` cxfe zfxz ag zcyf o m o%cxfe zfxz. Cxfeztcxbc` m` cxfe zfxz m|f of~x c` kfrcjad|m~bcj a|hf|.

Tf vzf xbf `axmxca` j_=U Q j_<U Q . . . Q j_oU xa

|f~|fzf`x m o% cxfe zfxz j ja`zczxc`d ag cxfez j_=U? j_<U? . ..j_oU+ tbf|f j_=U ; j_<U ; . . . ; j_oU. Cg j 5 R Q S m`h Scz m` e%cxfe zfxz+ tf mkza jmkk S m` e%frxf`zca` ag R.Mzzajcmxfh tcxb fmjb cxfe zfxz cz m jav`x gcfkh xa zxa|fxbf zv~~a|x ga| xbcz cxfe zfxz. Xbf jav`x gcfkh czc`cxcmkcyfh xa yf|a tbf` xbf cxfe zfxz cz Q|fzx j|fmxfh. Tfzveem|cyf c` Xmlkf = xbf `axmxca` vzfh c` xbf mkda|cxbez.Xbf zfx Jo cz vzfh ls M~|ca|cxs m`h tckk lf gv|xbf|hczjvzzfh tbf` tf hfzj|clf xbcz mkda|cxbe.

8.< Zvlzfx Gv`jxca`

Jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz Jo m|f zxa|fh c` m bmzb%x|ff. M`ahf ag xbf bmzb%x|ff fcxbf| ja`xmc`z m kczx ag cxfe zfxz "m

kfmg `ahf# a| m bmzb xmlkf "m` c`xf|ca| `ahf#. C` m` c`xf|ca|`ahf+ fmjb lvjofx ag xbf bmzb xmlkf ~ac`xz xa m`axbf|`ahf. Xbf |aax ag xbf bmzb%x|ff cz hfgc`fh xa lf mx hf~xb=. M` c`xf|ca| `ahf mx hf~xb h ~ac`xz xa `ahfz mx hf~xbh/=. Cxfezfxz m|f zxa|fh c` xbf kfmwfz. Tbf` tf mhh m`cxfe zfxz j+ tf zxm|x g|ae xbf |aax m`h da hat` xbf x|ffv`xck tf |fmjb m kfmg. Mx m` c`xf|ca| `ahf mx hf~xb h+ tfhfjchf tbcjb l|m`jb xa gakkat ls m~~ksc`d m bmzbgv`jxca` xa xbf h xbf cxfe ag xbf cxfe zfxz. Mkk `ahfz m|fc`cxcmkks j|fmxfh mz kfmg `ahfz. Tbf` xbf `velf| ag cxfezfxz c` m kfmg `ahf frjffhz m z~fjcgcfh xb|fzbakh+ xbf kfmg `ahf cz ja`wf|xfh xa m` c`xf|ca| `ahf. Zxm|xc`d g|ae xbf|aax `ahf+ xbf zvlzfx gv`jxca` gc`hz mkk xbf jm`hchmxfz

ja`xmc`fh c` m x|m`zmjxca` x mz gakkatz. Cg tf m|f mx m kfmg+tf gc`h tbcjb ag xbf cxfe zfxz c` xbf kfmg m|f ja`xmc`fh c`x m`h mhh |fgf|f`jfz xa xbfe xa xbf m`ztf| zfx. Cg tf m|fmx m` c`xf|ca| `ahf m`h tf bmwf |fmjbfh cx ls bmzbc`d xbfcxfe c+ tf bmzb a` fmjb cxfe xbmx jaefz mgxf| c c` x m`h|fjv|zcwfks m~~ks xbcz ~|ajfhv|f xa xbf `ahf c` xbfja||fz~a`hc`d lvjofx. Ga| xbf |aax `ahf+ tf bmzb a`fwf|s cxfe c` x. Xa zff tbs xbf zvlzfx gv`jxca` |fxv|`zxbf hfzc|fh zfx ag |fgf|f`jfz+ ja`zchf| tbmx bm~~f`z mxxbf |aax `ahf. Ga| m`s cxfe zfxz j ja`xmc`fh c`x|m`zmjxca` x+ xbf |fzx cxfe ag j evzx lf c` x. Mx xbf |aax+ls bmzbc`d a` fwf|s cxfe c` x+ tf f`zv|f xbmx tf a`kscd`a|f cxfe zfxz xbmx zxm|x tcxb m` cxfe `ax c` x. zceckm|

m|dvef`xz m~~ks mx katf| hf~xbz. Xbf a`ks mhhcxca`mkgmjxa| cz xbmx+ zc`jf xbf cxfez c` m`s cxfe zfxz m|f a|hf|fh+cg tf |fmjb xbf jv||f`x `ahf ls bmzbc`d xbf cxfe c+ tfa`ks `ffh xa ja`zchf| xbf cxfez c` x xbmx ajjv| mgxf| c.

8.: Hmxm Zx|vjxv|fz

Tf mzzcd` fmjb jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz m v`c}vf `velf|+jmkkfh cxz CH. Fmjb zfx ag jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz Jo cz of~x c`m` m||ms c`hfrfh ls xbf CHz ag xbf cxfe zfxz c` Jo. Mefelf| ag Jo cz `at ag xbf ga|e ; XCH? GCH 0. Fmjb Jo cz zxa|fh c` m zf}vf`xcmk zx|vjxv|f. Xbf m~|ca|c%df`gv`jxca` df`f|mxfz m jm`hchmxf o% cxfe zfxz jo ls iac`c`dxta km|df "o  =#%cxfe zfxz. Tf emc`xmc` xta mhhcxca`mk

gcfkhz ga| fmjb jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxz9 c# df`f|mxa|z m`h cc#frxf`zca`z. Xbf df`f|mxa|z gcfkh ag m jm`hchmxf cxfe zfxzjo zxa|fz xbf CHz ag xbf xta km|df "o  =#%cxfe zfxz tbazf

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U :4

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 iac` df`f|mxfh jo. Xbf frxf`zca`z gcfkh ag m` cxfe zfxz jo zxa|fz xbf CHz ag mkk xbf "o/=#%jm`hchmxfz xbmx m|ffrxf`zca`z ag jo. Xbvz+ tbf` m jm`hchmxf jo cz df`f|mxfhls iac`c`d k= o  = m`h k< o  =+ tf zmwf xbf CHz ag k= o  =m`h k< o  = c` xbf df`f|mxa|z gcfkh ga| jo. Mx xbf zmefxcef+ xbf CH ag jo cz mhhfh xa xbf frxf`zca`z gcfkh ag k=

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Ga| mkk x|m`zmjxca`z x F ^ ha lfdc`Mhh mkk m`jfzxa|z ag fmjb cxfe c` x xa x+ |feawc`d m`s

hv~kcjmxfz. C`j|fef`x xbf jav`x ag mkk jm`hchmxfz c` jo xbmx m|f ja`xmc`fh c` x. f`h Ko 95 Mkk jm`hchmxfz c` jo tcxb ec`ceve zv~~a|x.

o 95 o / =?f`hM`ztf| 95 V+ Ko?Mkda|cxbe Lmzcj xbf g|f}vf`x cxfezfxz Ko%= gav`h c`

xbf "o%=#xb ~mzz m|f vzfh xa df`f|mxf xbf jm`hchmxfcxfezfxz Jo+ vzc`d xbf m~|ca|c jm`hchmxf df`f|mxca`gv`jxca` hfzj|clfh c` xbf `frx ~m|md|m~b. @frx+ xbfhmxmlmzf cz zjm``fh m`h xbf zv~~a|x ag jm`hchmxfz c` jo cz

jav`xfh. Ga| gmzx jav`xc`d+ tf `ffh xa fggcjcf`xkshfxf|ec`f xbf jm`hchmxfz c` Jo xbmx m|f ja`xmc`fh c` m

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U :2

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dcwf` x|m`zmjxca` x. Tf |fvzf xbf bmzb%x|ff hmxm zx|vjxv|fhfzj|clfh c` _<U ga| xbcz ~v|~azf. Jm`hchmxf Df`f|mxca`Dcwf` Ko%=+ xbf zfx ag mkk g|f}vf`x "o%=#%cxfezfxz+ tftm`x xa df`f|mxf m zv~f|zfx

ag xbf zfx ag mkk g|f}vf`x Cj%cxfe zfxz. Jm`hchmxfz emsc`jkvhf kfmg%kfwfk cxfez mz tfkk mz c`xf|ca| `ahfz c` xbf

xmra`aes. Xbf c`xvcxca` lfbc`h xbcz ~|ajfhv|f cz xbmx cg m` cxfezfx R bmz ec`ceve zv~~a|x+ za ha mkk zvlzfxz ag R. Ga| zce~kcjcxs+ mzzvef xbf cxfez c` fmjb cxfezfx m|fof~x za|xfh c` kfrcjad|m~bcj a|hf|. Gc|zx+ c` xbf iac` zxf~+tf iac` Ko%c tcxb Ko%=9 c`zf|x c`xa jo zfkfjx ~. cxfe |+ ~.cxfe y+ . . . . ~ cxfeo%=+ }.cxfeo%= 8== g|ae Ko%= ^4 Ko%=3 tbf|f ~. cxfe k 5 }. cxfe k ~. cxfeo%Y 5 }beo%<+~.cxfeo%= ; }.cxfeo%=? @frx+ c` xbf ~|v`f zxf~+ tf hfkfxfmkk cxfezfxz j F Jo zvjb xbmx zaef "Uj% =#%zvlzfx ag j cz`ax c` Ko%k.

6.< Mkda|cxbe Jvevkmxf

Tf mhh zfwf|mk a~xcecymxca`z xa xbf Lmzcj mkda|cxbexa hfwfka~ xbf mkda|cxbe ‛Jvevkmxf―. Xbf `mef

c`hcjmxfz xbmx mkk cxfezfxz ag m jf|xmc` zcyf m|f jav`xfh c`a`f ~mzz+ v`kcof xbf ‛Zx|mxcgs― mkda|cxbe c`

=. Gckxf|c`d xbf m`jfzxa|z mhhfh xa x|m`zmjxca`z. Tfha `ax bmwf xa mhh mkk m`jfzxa|z ag xbf cxfez c` mx|m`zmjxca` x xa x. C`zxfmh+ tf ivzx `ffh xa mhh m`jfzxa|zxbmx m|f c` a`f "a| ea|f# ag xbf jm`hchmxf cxfezfxz lfc`djav`xfh c` xbf jv||f`x ~mzz. C` gmjx+ cg xbf a|cdc`mk cxfe cz`ax c` m`s ag xbf cxfezfxz+ cx jm` lf h|a~~fh g|ae xbfx|m`zmjxca`.

Ga| frme~kf+ mzzvef xbf ~m|f`x ag ‛Imjofx― cz‛Avxf|tfm|―+ m`h xbf ~m|f`x ag ‛Avxf|tfm|― cz ‛Jkaxbfz―.Kfx "Jkaxbfz+ Zbafzu lf xbf a`ks cxfezfx lfc`d jav`xfh.Xbf`+ c` m`s x|m`zmjxca` ja`xmc`c`d Imjofx+ tf zce~ks

|f~kmjf Imjofx ls Jkaxbfz. Tf ha `ax `ffh xa off~ Imjofxc` xbf x|m`zmjxca`+ `a| ha tf `ffh xa mhh Avxf|tfm| xaxbf x|m`zmjxca`.

<. ^|f%jae~vxc`d m`jfzxa|z. \mxbf| xbm` gc`hc`dm`jfzxa|z ga| fmjb cxfe ls x|mwf|zc`d xbf xmra`aesd|m~b+ tf jm` ~|f%jae~vxf xbf m`jfzxa|z ga| fmjb cxfe.Tf jm` h|a~ m`jfzxa|z xbmx m|f `ax ~|fzf`x c` m`s ag xbfjm`hchmxfz mx xbf zmef xcef.

:. ^|v`c`d cxfezfxz ja`xmc`c`d m` cxfe m`h cxzm`jfzxa|. Tf gc|zx ~|fzf`x xta kfeemz xa ivzxcgs xbcza~xcecymxca`. Kfeem = Xbf zv~~a|x Y ga| m` cxfezfx Rxbmx ja`xmc`z laxb m` cxfe r m`h cxz m`jfzxa| : tckk lf xbfzmef mz xbf zv~~a|x c ga| xbf cxfezfx R%<. Kfeem < Cg K

o+ xbf zfk ag g|f}vf`x o%cxfezfxz+ hafz `ak c`jkvhf m`scxfezfx xbmx ja`xmc`z laxb m` cxfe m`h cx.3 m`jfzxa|+ xbfzf< ag jm`hchmxfz jo/k df`f|mxfh ls xbf jm`hchmxfdf`f|mxca` ~|ajfhv|f c` Zfjxca` :.= tckk `ax c`jkvhf m`scxfezfx xbmx ja`xmc`z laxb m` cxfe m`h cmz m`jfzxa|.^|aagz ag xbfzf kfeemz m|f dcwf` c` _3U. Kfeem = zbatzxbmx tf `ffh `ax jav`x m`s cxfezfx tbcjb ja`xmc`z laxbm` cxfe m`h cxz m`jfzxa|. Tf mhh Jae~vxf X)+ xbf zfx ag m`jfzxa|z ag fmjb cxfe+ g|ae 4.

 !! A~xcecymxca` =KC 95 {g|f}vf`x =%cxfezfxzu?o 95 <? !! o |f~|fzf`xz xbf ~mzz `velf|tbckf " K/= * > # ha

lfdc`Jo 95 @ft jm`hchmxfz ag zcyf o df`f|mxfh g|ae Ko%=.

cg "o 5 <# xbf`Hfkfxf m`s jm`hchmxf c` Jy xbmx ja`zczxz ag m`cxfe m`h cxz m`jfzxa|.Hfkfxf m`s m`jfzxa|z c` 4– xbmx m|f `ax ~|fzf`x c` m`s

ag xbf jm`hchmxfz c` Jo.

Gcd 6.= A~xcecymxca` ag Zme~kf hmxmlmzf a` hmxm zfxz

 !! A~xcecymxca` <ga|mkk x|m`zmjxca`z x F H halfdc`ga|fmjb cxfe y F x haMhh mkk m`jfzxa|z ag r c` C– xa x.\feawf m`s hv~kcjmxfz g|ae x.C`j|fef`x xbf jav`x ag mkk jm`hchmxfz c` Jo xbmx m|f ja`xmc`fh c` x.f`hKo 95 Mkk jm`hchmxfz c` jo tcxb ec`ceve zv~~a|x.

o 95 o/k?f`hM`ztf| 95 V+ Ko?Mkda|cxbe Jvevkmxf xbcz a~xcecymxca` ls ~|v`c`d xbf

jm`hchmxf cxfezfxz ag zcyf xta tbcjb ja`zczx ag m` cxfem`h cxz m`jfzxa|. Kfeem < zbatz xbmx ~|v`c`d xbfzfjm`hchmxfz cz zvggcjcf`x xa f`zv|f xbmx tf `fwf| df`f|mxfjm`hchmxfz c` zvlzf}vf`x ~mzzfz tbcjb ja`xmc` laxb m`cxfe m`h cxz m`jfzxa|. Gcdv|f 7 dcwfz m` awf|wcft ag xbfJvevkmxf mkda|cxbe.

6.: Zx|mxcgcjmxca`

Tf eaxcwmxf xbcz mkda|cxbe tcxb m` frme~kf. Kfx

{Jkaxbfz+ Zbafzu+ {Avxf|tfm|+ Zbafz# m`h {Imjofx+Zbafzu lf jm`hchmxf cxfezfxz xa lf jav`xfh+ tcxb‛Imjofx― lfc`d xbf jbckh ag ‛Avxf|tfm|―+ m`h‛Avxf|tfm|― xbf jbckh ag ‛Jkaxbfz―. Cg {Jkaxbfz+ Zbafzuhafz `ax bmwf ec`ceve zv~~a|x+ tf ha `ax bmwf xa jav`xfcxbf| {Avxf|tfm|+ Zbafzu a| {Imjofx+ Zbafzu. Xbvz+|mxbf| xbm` jav`xc`d mkk jm`hchmxfz ag m dcwf` zcyf c` xbfzmef ~mzz mz c` Jvevkmxf+ cx ems lf gmzxf| xa gc|zx jav`xxbf zv~~a|x ag {Jkaxbfz+ Zbafzu+ xbf` jav`x {Avxf|tfm|+Zbafzu cg {Jkaxbfz+ Zbafzu xv|`z avx xa bmwf ec`cevezv~~a|x+ m`h gc`mkks jav`x {Imjofx+ Zbafzu cg "Avxf|tfm|+Zbafz# mkza bmz ec`ceve zv~~a|x. Ag jav|zf+ xbf frx|mjazx c` emoc`d evkxc~kf ~mzzfz awf| xbf hmxmlmzf ems lf

ea|f xbm` xbf lf`fgcx ag jav`xc`d gftf| cxfezfxz. Tftckk hczjvzz xbcz x|mhfagg c` ea|f hfxmck zba|xks. Tf

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U :3

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hfwfka~ xbcz mkda|cxbe ls gc|zx ~|fzf`xc`d xbf zx|mcdbx%ga|tm|h wf|zca`+ ‛Zx|mxcgs―+ m`h xbf` hfzj|clf% 8=< gc`c`dxbf vzf ag zme~kc`d xa c`j|fmzf cxz fggfjxcwf`fzz "xbf‛Fzxcemxf― m`h ‛Fzx Ef|df― wf|zca`z#. Xbf a~xcecymxca`ztf c`x|ahvjfh ga| xbf Jvevkmxf mkda|cxbe m~~ks xa xbczmkda|cxbe mz tfkk.

6.8 Zx|mxcgsJa`zchf| xbf ~m|xcmk a|hf|c`d c`hvjfh ls xbf

xmra`aes HMD a` m zfx ag cxfezfxz. Cxfezfxz tcxb `a~m|f`xz m|f ja`zchf|fh xa lf mx hf~xb >. Ga| axbf|cxfezfxz+ xbf hf~xb ag m` cxfezfx R cz hfgc`fh xa lf"e5"{hf~xb TT C R cz m ~m|f`x ag Ru# / =#. Tf gc|zxjav`x mkk cxfezfxz Jj mx hf~xb >. Mgxf| hfkfxc`djm`hchmxfz xbmx m|f hfzjf`hm`xz ag xbazf cxfezfxz c` Jjxbmx hch `ax bmwf ec`ceve zv~~a|x+ tf jav`x xbf|femc`c`d cxfezfxz mx hf~xb = "Jk#. Mgxf| hfkfxc`djm`hchmxfz xbmx m|f hfzjf`hm`xz ag xbf cxfezfxz c` J|tcxbavx ec`ceve zv~~a|x+ tf jav`x xbf cxfezfxz mx hf~xb<+ fxj. Cg xbf|f m|f a`ks m gft jm`hchmxfz mx hf~xb `+ tf

jm` jav`x jm`hchmxfz mx hcggf|f`x hf~xbz "`+ `/k+ . ..#xadfxbf| xa |fhvjf xbf awf|bfmh ag emoc`d evkxc~kf~mzzfz.

Xbf|f cz m x|mhfagg lfxtff` xbf `velf| ag cxfezfxzjav`xfh "J^V xcef# m`h xbf `velf| ag ~mzzfz awf| xbfhmxmlmzf "CA/J^V xcef#. A`f frx|fef tavkh lf xa emofm ~mzz awf| xbf hmxmlmzf ga| xbf jm`hchmxfz mx fmjb hf~xb.Xbcz tavkh |fzvkx c` m ec`cemk `velf| ag cxfezfxz lfc`djav`xfh+ lvx tf ems tmzxf m kax ag xcef c` zjm``c`d xbfhmxmlmzf evkxc~kf xcefz. Xbf axbf| frx|fef tavkh lf xaemof ivzx a`f ~mzz ga| mkk xbf jm`hchmxfz+ tbcjb cz tbmxJvevkmxf hafz. Xbcz tavkh |fzvkx c` jav`xc`d em`scxfezfxz xbmx ha `ax bmwf ec`ceve zv~~a|x m`h tbazf

~m|f`xz ha `ax bmwf ec`ceve zv~~a|x. C` av|ce~kfef`xmxca`+ tf vzfh xbf bfv|czxcj "fe~c|cjmkkshfxf|ec`fh# xbmx tf zbavkh jav`x mx kfmzx <>& ag xbfjm`hchmxfz c` fmjb ~mzz.

WC FR^F\CEF@XZ

C` ~|fwcavz zfjxca`z tf bmwf hfzj|clfh xbf `ftmkda|cxbe m`h dcwf` zaef m`mkszcz xa zbat xbmx tffr~fjx cx xa lf fggcjcf`x. Tf ce~kfef`xfh xbf mkda|cxbexa |v` c` emc` efea|s m`h |fmh m gckf ag x|m`zmjxca`z.Xbf frfjvxca` xcefz dcwf` m|f ga| |v``c`d xbf mkda|cxbea` xbf CLE \czo!Zszxfe 7>>> :6> tcxb m jkajo z~ffh ag 8=.= EBy. C` _8U+ m hmxm zfx tmz vzfh xbmx ja`zczxz ag 

zmkfz hmxm alxmc`fh g|ae m km|df |fxmckc`d jae~m`s tcxb mxaxmk ag 87+24: jvzxaef| x|m`zmjxca`z. Xbf fr~f|cef`xztf|f ja`hvjxfh vzc`d xbcz hmxm zfx.

7.= Wm|cmxca` ag |fkmxca` zbc~z

Tf gc|zx zxvhs bat xbf zcyf ag xbf  \+ "x|m`z%ch m`hcxfez# |fkmxca` wm|cfz tcxb fmjb cxf|mxca` ag mkda|cxbeZFXE. C` Gcdv|f 6 tf zbat xbf wm|cmxca` c` xbf zcyf "c`Olsxfz# ag  \+ tcxb cxf|mxca` c ga| xbf |fxmckc`d hmxm zfx.Jv|wfz m|f bat ` ga| hcggf|f`x wmkvfz ag ec`cevezv~~a|x+ tbf|f ec`ceve zv~~a|x cz wm|cfh g|ae >.=& xa6&. Xbf emrceve zcyf ag xbf |vkfz cz :+ bf`jf c` mkkjmzfz k\8= 5 > "tcxb =8= hf`axc`d xbf jm|hc`mkcxs ag  \+#.

Mkza+ xbf zxm|xc`d |fkmxca`z m|f xbf zmef m`h bf`jf C  \= C5 ==6+672 c` mkk jmzfz. Cg xbf ec`ceve zv~~a|x cz zemkkf`avdb "6 >.=&# + xbf zcyf ag |fkmxca` \+ jm` gc|zx c`j|fmzf

m`h xbf` hfj|fmzf. Lvx xbf df`f|mk x|f`h cz xbmx xbf zcyf|fkmxca`  \+ hfj|fmzfz. Ga| km|df wmkvfz ag ec`cevezv~~a|x+  C\+C  hfj|fmzfz }vcxf |m~chks g|ae xbf gc|zxcxf|mxca` xa xbf zfja`h. Xbcz zbm|~ hfj|fmzf cz hfkmsfhzaeftbmx ga| xbf zemkkf| wmkvfz ag ec`ceve zv~~a|x.Bf`jf+ vzc`d zemkk wmkvfz ag ec`ceve zv~~a|x mkkatz vz

xa alxmc` ea|f |vkfz. C` df`f|mk+ cx mkza mkkatz vz xa :=alxmc` |vkfz tcxb ea|f cxfez c` xbf m`xfjfhf`x. Ga|frme~kf+ cg xbf ec`ceve zv~~a|x cz |fhvjfh xa >.>6&+tf alxmc` |vkfz tcxb : cxfez c` xbf m`xfjfhf`x. Tf fr~fjxxbf c "jav`x# |fkmxca`z xa lf zemkk f`avdb xa gcx c`efea|s. Tf `at zxvhs bat xbf jm|hc`mkcxs "CJck# ag xbfzf |fkmxca`z wm|cfz tcxb cxf|mxca` `velf|. Gcdv|f 7zbatz jv|wfz ga| hcggf|f`x wmkvfz <>> ag ec`cevezv~~a|x. Xbf wmkvfz ag kJck efmzv|f o xbf `velf| ag cxfejaelc`mxca`z xbmx javkh dm|`f| f f`avdb zv~~a|x. Tfalzf|wf xbmx ga| zemkk wmkvfz ag  j )5 =6> ec`cevezv~~a|x xbf wmkvf ag kJck c`j|fmzfz c`cxcmkks ]+ lfga|fhfj|fmzc`d tcxb kmxf| cxf|mxca`z. Zc`jf kJck cz m 6 efmzv|f

ag bat em`s |vkfz jm` ~azzclks lf df`f|mxfh+ j tf mdmc`zff xbf ce~a|xm`jf ag bm`hkc`d zemkk wmkvfz %=.>>. Mkza+xbf zxm|xc`d |fkmxca`z m|f xbf zmef m`h bf`jf CJ= C 5 63ga| mkk ec`ceve zv~~a|x wmkvfz.

Gcd 7.= \fkmxca`zbc~ ag Zme~kf hmxmlmzf a` Evkxchcef`zca`mkHmxmlmzf

7.< Frfjvxca` xcefz

Tf efmzv|fh xbf frfjvxca` xcefz ag av| zfx% = < : 8a|cf`xfh mkda|cxbe ZFXE ga| wm|cavz wmkvfz ag xbfCxf|mxca` @velf| ec`ceve zv~~a|x. Tf wm|cfh xbfec`ceve zv~~a|x g|ae >.=& xa 6&. Xbf frfjvxca` xcefzm|f zbat` c`

xbf gakkatc`d xmlkf.

<6>@6>k2Ec`ceve Zv~~a|x"&C>.=

Gcdv|f 7.=9 Zcyf ag |fkmxca`  \? Frfjvxca` Xcef"zfja`hz# 7.3> >.6

=

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 8>

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<6.:>8.78 C 8.<<8>>C 6 C :.34 C C =% .. C .< :>>

Tf zff xbmx mkda|cxbe ZFXE cz wf|s zxmlkf. Xbf :jfrfjvxca` xcef wm|cfz g|ae 4 zfj ga| >.=& ec`ceve )% >

zv~~a|x xa zy 8 zfjz ga| 6& ec`ceve zv~~a|x. < 4Ja`jkvzca`z s <>> j : 2

C` xbcz ~m~f|+ tf bmwf c`wfzxcdmxfh m zfx%a|cf`xfh =>>m~~|amjb xa ec`c`d mzzajcmxca` |vkfz. Tf bmwf zbat`xbmx ls gakkatc`d m zfx%a|cf`xfh efxbahakads+ tf 7>m||cwfh mx m zce~kf mkda|cxbe. Xbf mkda|cxbe cz :>zx|mcdbxga|tm|h%lmzcj zxf~z m|f za|xc`d m`h ef|df > zjm`

 iac`%m`h javkh lf ce~kfef`xfh fmzcks c` m |fkmxca`mkhmxmlmzf zszxfe. Xbf emia| ja`x|clvxca` ag xbcz ~m~f| czxbmx cx zbatz xbmx mx kfmzx zaef mz~fjxz ag hmxm ec`c`d jm`lf jm||cfh avx ls vzc`d df`f|mk }vf|s km`dvmdfz zvjb mz

Z]K+ |mxbf| xbm` ls hfwfka~c`d z~fjcmkcyfh lkmjo larmkda|cxbez.

Gcd 7.< Frfjvxca` Xcef ag Zme~kf hmxmlmzf a` X|m`zmjxca`z

7.: Cxf|mxca` @velf| 

Xbf mkda|cxbe frbclcxz daah ~f|ga|em`jf m`h zxmlkflfbmwca|+ tcxb frfjvxca` xcef mkeazx c`zf`zcxcwf xa xbfjbazf` ec`ceve zv~~a|x. Ga| m |fmk%kcgf hmxm zfx+frfjvxca` xcefz m|f a` xbf a|hf| ag 8%4 zfja`hz. Xbfzce~kf m`h jkfm` ga|e ag av| mkda|cxbe emofz cx fmzcksfrxf`zclkf m`h gmjckcxmxfz c`xfd|mxca` c`xa m "c`xf|mjxcwf#hmxm ec`c`d zszxfe. Tf m|f c`wfzxcdmxc`d frxf`hc`d xbf

mkda|cxbe c` a|hf| xa bm`hkf mhhcxca`mk oc`hz ag ec`c`d+f.d.+ |fkmxc`d mzzajcmxca` |vkfz xa jvzxaef| jkmzzfz.

Gcdv|f 7.:9 Jm|hc`mkcxs ag Jc

Gcd 7.89 Cxf|mxca` @velf|

WCC ZVEEM\S

Tf c`x|ahvjfh xbf ~|alkfe ag ec`c`d ^m|mkkfkMzzajcmxca` \vkf ga| Hmxm Ec`c`d c` Evkxchcef`zca`mkHmxmlmzfz. Dcwf` m km|df hmxmlmzf ag jvzxaef|x|m`zmjxca`z+ tbf|f fmjb x|m`zmjxca` ja`zczxz ag m zfx ag cxfez+ m`h m xmra`aes "cz%m bcf|m|jbs# a` xbf cxfez+ tfgc`h mzzajcmxca`z lfxtff` cxfez mx m`s kfwfk ag xbfxmra`aes. Fm|kcf| ta|o a` mzzajcmxca` |vkfz hch `axja`zchf| xbf ~|fzf`jf ag xmra`aecfz+ m`h |fzx|cjxfh xbfcxfez c` xbf mzzajcmxca` |vkfz xa xbf kfmg%kfwfk cxfez c` xbfxmra`aes. M` alwcavz zakvxca` xa xbf ~|alkfe cz xa|f~kmjf fmjb x|m`zmjxca` tcxb m` ‛frxf`hfh x|m`zmjxca`―xbmx ja`xmc`z mkk xbf cxfez c` xbf a|cdc`mk x|m`zmjxca` mztfkk mz mkk xbf m`jfzxa|z ag fmjb cxfe c` xbf a|cdc`mk

x|m`zmjxca`. Tf javkh xbf` |v` m`s ag xbf fm|kcf|mkda|cxbez ga| ec`c`d mzzajcmxca` |vkfz a` xbfzf frxf`hfhx|m`zmjxca`z xa dfx df`f|mkcyfh mzzajcmxca` |vkfz.Batfwf|+ xbcz ‛Lmzcj― m~~|amjb cz `ax wf|s gmzx. Tf~|fzf`xfh xta `ft mkda|cxbez+ Jvevkmxf m`h Fzx Ef|df.Fe~c|cjmk fwmkvmxca` zbatfh xbmx xbfzf xta mkda|cxbez|v` < xa 6 xcefz gmzxf| xbm` Lmzcj? ga| a`f |fmk%kcgfhmxmzfx+ xbf ~f|ga|em`jf dm~ tmz ea|f xbm` =>> xcefz.Lfxtff` xbf xta mkda|cxbez+ Fzx Ef|df ~f|ga|ezzaeftbmx lfxxf| xbm` Jvevkmxf+ tcxb xbf ~f|ga|em`jfdm~ c`j|fmzc`d mz xbf zcyf ag xbf hmxmlmzf c`j|fmzfz. LaxbF ' Ef|df m`h Jvevkmxf frbclcx kc`fm| zjmkf%v~ tcxb xbf`velf| ag x|m`zmjxca`z. M ~|alkfe vzf|z fr~f|cf`jf c`

m~~ksc`d mzzajcmxca` |vkfz xa |fmk ~|alkfez cz xbmx em`sv`c`xf|fzxc`d a| |fhv`hm`x |vkfz m|f df`f|mxfh mka`d tcxb

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xbf c`xf|fzxc`d |vkfz. Tf hfwfka~fh m `ft c`xf|fzxefmzv|f xbmx vzfz xbf xmra`aes c`ga|emxca` xa ~|v`f|fhv`hm`x |vkfz.

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jm` lf ja`zchf|fh |fhv`hm`x. Xbcz efmzv|f tmz mlkf xa~|v`f 8>& xa 7>& ag xbf |vkfz a` xta |fmk%kcgf hmxmzfxz.C` ja`x|mzx+ m` c`xf|fzx efmzv|f lmzfh a` zxmxczxcjmkzcd`cgcjm`jf xbmx hch `ax vzf xmra`aecfz tmz `ax mlkf xa~|v`f fwf` =& ag xbf |vkfz.

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_<.U J.B. ^m~mhcecx|cav m`h O. Zxfcdkcxy+ Jaelc`mxa|cmkA~xcecymxca`9 Mkda|cxbez m`h Jae~kfrcxs.F`dkftaah Jkcggz+ @I9 ^|f`xcjf%Bmkk+ =32<.

_:.U F.B. Bm`+ D. Om|s~cz+ m`h W. Ovem|+ ©Zjmkmlkf^m|mkkfk Hmxm Ec`c`d ga| Mzzajcmxca` \vkfz+¹ ^|aj.=334 MJE%ZCDEAH C`x$k Ja`g. Em`mdfef`x ag Hmxm+ =334.

_8.U D. ^cmxfxzos%Zbm~c|a. Hczjawf|s+ M`mkszcz+ m`h^|fzf`xmxca` ag Zx|a`d \vkfz. C` O`atkfhdfHczjawf|s c` Hmxmlmzfz+ ~mdfz <<3%<82. MMMC!ECX^|fzz+ =33=.

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_3.U E. Bavxzem m`h M. Ztmec. Zfx%a|cf`xfh ec`c`d ag mzzajcmxca` |vkfz. \fzfm|jb \f~a|x \I 3674+ CLEMkemhf` \fzfm|jb Jf`xf|+ Zm` Iazf+ Jmkc%ga|`cm+Ajxalf| =33:.

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_=<.U \. Md|mtmk m`h I.J. Zbmgf|+ ©^m|mkkfk Ec`c`d ag Mzzajcmxca` \vkfz+¹ CFFF X|m`z. O`atkfhdf m`hHmxm F`d.+ wak. 2+ `a. 7+ ~~. 37<%373+ Hfj. =337.

_=:.U \. Md|mtmk+ X. Cecfkc`zoc+ m`h M. Ztmec+ ©Ec`c`d

Mzzajcmxca` \vkfz Lfxtff` Zfxz ag Cxfez c` Km|dfHmxmlmzfz+¹ ^|aj. =33: MJEZCDEAH C`x$k Ja`g.Em`mdfef`x ag Hmxm+ =33:.

_=8.U X. Bmdf|v~ m`h J. \ccl. M dvchfh xav| ag Jbf|`agg lav`hz. C`ga|emxca` ^|ajfzzc`d Kfxxf|z+ ::9:>6%:>2+=323!3>.

_=6.U X.Zbc`xm`c+ m`h E.Ocxzv|fdmtm9 ‛Ja`zchf|m% xca`a` ^m|mkkfkcymxca` ag Hmxmlmzf Ec`c`d,+ C` C`zxcxvxfag  Fkfjx|a`cjz+ C`ga|emxca` m`h Jae% ev`cjmxca`F`dc`ff|c`d Im~m` "ZCD%J^ZS36% 22#+ Xfjb`cjmk\f~a|x+ Wak.36+ @a.84+ ~~.64%7<+ Hfjfelf| =336.

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^|aj. Ja`g. ^m|mkfkkfk m`h Hczx|clvxfh C`ga|emxca`Zszxfez+ =337.

_=4.U W Ovem|+ M. D|mem+ M. Dv~xm+ m`h D. Om|s~cz+C`x|ahvjxca` xa ^m|mkkfk Jae~vxc`d9 Mkda|cxbeHfzcd` m`h M`mkszcz. 9 \fhtaah Jcxs9 Lf`imec`Jveec`dz! Mhhcza` Tfzkfs+ =338.

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 88

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Lmsfzcm` EM^ Eahfk ga| Fhdf ^|fzf|wc`d Cemdf \fzxa|mxca`9 M Zv|wfs

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EFZ Jakkfdf ag F`dc`ff|c`d+ Ovxxc~~v|me

Of|mkm

 Mlzx|mjx  ‘.Cemdf |fzxa|mxca` cz m hs`mecj gcfkh ag |fzfm|jb. Xbf `ffh ga| fggcjcf`x cemdf |fzxa|mxca`efxbahz bmz d|at` tcxb xbf emzzcwf ~|ahvjxca` ag hcdcxmk cemdfz m`h eawcfz ag mkk oc`hz. Cx agxf` bm~~f`z

xbmx c` m` cemdf mj}vczcxca` zszxfe+ m` mj}vc|fh cemdfbmz kfzz hfzc|mlkf }vmkcxs xbm` xbf a|cdc`mk cemdf hvf xa

wm|cavz ce~f|gfjxca`z m`h!a| ~bszcjmk kcecxmxca`z c` xbfcemdf ga|emxca` m`h x|m`zeczzca` ~|ajfzzfz. Xbvz xbfemc` alifjxcwf ag cemdf |fzxa|mxca` cz xa ce~|awf xbfdf`f|mk }vmkcxs ag m` cemdf a| |feawc`d hfgfjxz g|ae cx.

Xbf xta emc` ja`zchf|mxca`z c` |fjawf|s ~|ajfhv|fz m|fjmxfda|cyfh mz lkv| m`h `aczf. C` xbf jmzf ag cemdfz tcxb

 ~|fzf`jf ag laxb lkv| m`h `aczfz+ cx cz ce~azzclkf xa|fjawf| m wmkvmlkf m~~|arcemxca` ag xbf cemdf ag c`xf|fzxtcxbavx vzc`d zaef m ~|ca|c c`ga|emxca` mlavx cxz ~|a~f|xcfz. Xbf c`zxmlckcxs ag cemdf |fzxa|mxca` czawf|jaef ls vzc`d m ~|ca|c c`ga|emxca` tbcjb kfmhz xaxbf ja`jf~x ag cemdf |fdvkm|cymxca`. M kax ag 

|fdvkm|cymxca` efxbahz m|f hfwfka~fh xa ja~ v~ tcxb xbfj|cxf|cm ag fzxcemxc`d bcdb }vmkcxs cemdf |f~|fzf`xmxca`z.

Xbf Emrceve M ~azxf|ca|c ^|almlckcxs "EM^# lmzfhLmsfzcm` m~~|amjb ~|awchf m zszxfemxcj m`h gkfrclkfg|mefta|o ga| xbcz. Xbcz ~m~f| ~|fzf`xz m zv|wfs a`

cemdf |fzxa|mxca` lmzfh a` wm|cavz ~|ca| eahfkz zvjb mzxcoba`aw+ XW+ tmwfkfx fxj c` xbf Lmsfzcm` EM^g|mefta|o.

 Ofsta|hz%Cemdf |fzxa|mxca`+ Cemdf \fdvkm|cymxca`+ ~|ca|+

 Lmsfzcm`eahfk+ EM^ fzxcemxca`+ xaxmk wm|cmxca`"XW#+ tmwfkfx.

C.  C @X\AHVJXCA@

Tcxb xbf mhwm`jfef`x ag hcdcxmk xfjb`akads+ hcdcxmk

cemdfz lfjmef m` ce~a|xm`x ~m|x ag av| hms xahms kcgf.Xbfzf cemdfz z~m` em`s c`hvzx|cfz kcof efhcjmk+eckcxm|s+ zjcf`xcgcj fxj. Xbfs c`jkvhf cemdfz xmof` g|ae mkat jazx jjh jmef|m xa fr~f`zcwf m`h jae~kfr emd`fxcj

|fza`m`jf cemdc`d. @aczf m`h lkv| m|f c`bf|f`x xa eazxag xbf cemdc`d haemc`z. Eckkca`z ag cemdfz m`h eawcfz

m|f fcxbf| xmof` c` ~aa| ja`hcxca`z a| x|m`zgf||fh awf| hcggf|f`x jaeev`cjmxca` jbm``fkz tbcjb m|f bcdbks

 ~|a`f xa `aczf. \fzxa|mxca` bmz lff` m tfkk zxvhcfh ~|alkfe c` xbf cemdf ~|ajfzzc`d jaeev`cxs m`hja`xc`vfz xa mxx|mjx |fzfm|jbf|z tcxb m` mce xa mjbcfwf m lfxxf| fzxcemxf c` xbf ~|fzf`jf ag `aczf.

^|aj. ag xbf C`xk. Ja`g. a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z ‚ 

Wakvef =. Ja~s|cdbx £ <>=< Xfjb`a Ga|ve D|av~+

C`hcm. CZL@9 342%2=%3<>646%2%: 99 hac9 =>. 

4::46!CZL@Q>472MJE *9 hlf|.cef|m.=>. 4::46 

 M. Hcdcxmk Cemdf

M hcdcxmk cemdf cz vzvmkks |f~|fzf`xfh mz m emx|crag d|fs a| jaka| wmkvfz. Fmjb fkfef`x c` xbf emx|cr cz

jmkkfh ~crfk+ c.f. ~cjxv|f fkfef`x. Fmjb ~crfk ems ja`zczxag a`f a| ea|f lcxz ag c`ga|emxca`+ |f~|fzf`xc`d xbf l|cdbx`fzz ag xbf cemdf mx xbmx ~ac`x. Ga| jaka| cemdfzxbf|f m|f : emx|cjfz fmjb ga| |fh+ d|ff` m`h lkvf "\DL#.M` @Ô @ cemdf jm` lf |f~|fzf`xfh mz m wfjxa| c` \  @<

z~mjf.

Gcdv|f =. Hcdcxmk cemdf |f~|fzf`xmxca`

Cemdf ^|ajfzzc`d cz m xfjb`c}vf xa f`bm`jf xbf|mt cemdfz |fjfcwfh g|ae jmef|mz!zf`za|z xa emof cx

zvcxmlkf ga| wm|cavz hms xahms kcgf m~~kcjmxca`z. Cemdf|fzxa|mxca` cz m jkmzzcjmk ~|alkfe c` cemdf ~|ajfzzc`d.Xbcz hfmkz tcxb xbf |fja`zx|vjxca` ag m jkfm` cemdf g|aem lkv||fh m`h `aczs cemdf ja`xmec`mxfh tcxb mhhcxcwf

tbcxf Dmvzzcm` `aczf "MTD@#. Xbcz dfxz m kax ag mxxf`xca` g|ae xbf cemdf ~|ajfzzc`d |fzfm|jb jaeev`cxshvf xa xbf gmjx xbmx eckkca`z ag cemdfz m`h wchfaz m|fxmof` c` `aczs mxeaz~bf|f a| jaeev`cjmxfh xb|avdb`aczs jbm``fkz m`h mkza xbfs bmwf lkv||fh hcggf|f`xks. Cx|f}vc|fz m zszxfemxcj m~~|amjb xbmx xmofz c`xa mjjav`x xbf

f`xc|f ~|ajfzz ag cemdf ga|emxca` m`h ~|awchfz mgav`hmxca` ga| xbf zvlzf}vf`x zxf~z ag cemdf ~|ajfzzc`d.

 @a|emkks cemdfz m|f hfd|mhfh ls xta emia| 

fggfjxz zvjb mz lkv| m`h `aczf. Lkv||c`d cz gv`hmef`xmk xacemdc`d ~|ajfzz m`h cx ajjv|z hvf xa wm|cavz

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 83

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 ~bf`aef`a` kcof mxeaz~bf|cj xv|lvkf`jf+ jmef|m avx ag gajvz+ eaxca` fxj. @aczfz m|f mkza c`bf|f`x xa cemdfztbckf x|m`zeczzca`. Xbcz `fjfzzcxmxfz cemdf |fzxa|mxca`zc`jf xbf hfd|mhfh cemdfz m|f wczvmkks m``asc`d m`h

gav`h xa lf t|a`d xm|dfx ga| jae~|fzzca` m`h m`mkszcz.Cemdf |fzxa|mxca` |fgf|z xa |feawmk a| ec`cecymxca` ag 

hfd|mhmxca`z c` m` cemdf. Xbcz c`jkvhfz hflkv||c`d ag cemdfz+ `aczf gckxf|c`d+ m`h ja||fjxca` ag dfaefx|cjhczxa|xca` a| `a`%kc`fm|cxs hvf xa zf`za|z. Xbf vkxcemxfdamk ag cemdf |fzxa|mxca` cz xa dfx m bcdb }vmkcxs cemdffzxcemxf ls jae~f`zmxc`d a| v`hac`d hfgfjxz tbcjbhfd|mhf m` cemdf.

Xbf |femc`hf| ag xbcz ~m~f| cz a|dm`cyfh mzgakkatz. C` zfjxca` CC+ tf hfzj|clf mlavx Cemdf

\fzxa|mxca` ^|alkfe. Zfjxca` CCC ~|fzf`xz Cemdf|fdvkm|cymxca` ja`jf~x+ zfjxca` CW gajvzfz a` Lmsfzcm`EM^ ja`jf~x+ W m`h WC hf~cjxz |fkmxfh ta|oz m`hJa`jkvzca`.

CC.  CEMDF \FZXA\MXCA@ ^\ALKFE

M` chfmk cemdf r cz efmzv|fh c` xbf ~|fzf`jf ag 

mhhcxcwf tbcxf Dmvzzcm` `aczf. Xbf efmzv|fh cemdf s czxbvz hfgc`fh mz  s 5 Br/ ŏ Tbf|f B |f~|fzf`xz xbfja`wakvxca` emx|cr xbmx eahfkz lkv||c`d fggfjx m`h ŏ |f~|fzf`xz xbf |m`hae f||a| tbcjb cz xmof` mz `aczf.Cemdf |fzxa|mxca` ~|alkfe hfmkz tcxb hfzcd`c`d m`mkda|cxbe xbmx jm` |feawf xbf v`tm`xfh c`ga|emxca`g|ae s+ dfxxc`d mz jkazf xa xbf a|cdc`mk cemdf r. 

Gcdv|f lfkat cz m ~cjxa|cmk |f~|fzf`xmxca` ag m` cemdfhfd|mhmxca` |fzxa|mxca` eahfk. Gc|zx bmkg zbatz xbfhfd|mhmxca` a~f|mxca` c` tbcjb cemdf cz lfc`d lkv||fhtcxb zaef hfd|mhmxca` gv`jxca` B m`h m `aczf wfjxa| ŏ cz

mhhfh xa xbmx. Xbf zfja`h bmkg cz xbf m|fm v`hf| ja`zchf|mxca` ag xbcz ta|o.

Gcdv|f <. Lmzcj cemdf hfd|mhmxca` |fzxa|mxca` eahfk

C` xbf jmzf ag cemdfz tcxb lkv|+ cx cz ~azzclkf xa jaefv~ tcxb m wf|s daah fzxcemxf ag xbf mjxvmk lkv||c`dgv`jxca` m`h v`ha xbf lkv| xa |fzxa|f xbf a|cdc`mk cemdf ls xbf fggfjxcwf c`wf|zf gckxf|c`d a~f|mxca`. C`wf|zfgckxf|c`d cz m hfja`wakvxca` efxbah c` tbcjb xbf c`wf|zf

a~f|mxca` ag hfd|mhmxca` gv`jxca` cz ~f|ga|efh. Cx czfwchf`x xbmx c`wf|zf a~f|mxca` hafz `ax da tfkk c` xbfjmzfz ag cemdfz tbcjb m|f ja||v~xfh ls laxb lkv| m`h`aczf. Xbcz cz hvf xa xbf gmjx xbmx xbf c`wf|zf a~f|mxca`|fzvkxz c` me~kcgcjmxca` ag `aczf. Ls fe~kasc`d m`s oc`hag hf`aczc`d efxbahz c` zvjb zcxvmxca` c`cxcmxfz

zeaaxbf`c`d ag gc`f hfxmckz ag xbf cemdf. Xbf lfzxefxbah xbmx jm` lf fe~kasfh c` zvjb zcxvmxca` cz xa vzfzaef ~|ca| c`ga|emxca` xa jmkjvkmxf xbf cemdf fzxcemxfz

 ls emxbfemxcjmk a| zxmxczxcjmk m~~|amjbfz. Xbf Lmsfzcm`ga|evkmxca` aggf|z m zszxfemxcj m`h gkfrclkf tms a| cemdf |fdvkm|cymxca` m`h cx ~|awchfz m |cda|avz

g|mefta|o ga| fzxcemxca` ag xbf eahfk ~m|mefxf|z.

CCC.  CEMDF \FDVKM\CYMXCA@

Cemdf |fdvkm|cymxca` cz m` fggfjxcwf gcfkh ag |fzfm|jbv`hf| cemdf |fzxa|mxca` gcfkh .Xbcz efxbah gajvzfz a`c`ja|~a|mxc`d zaef ~|ca| c`ga|emxca` xa zakwf xbf ckk% ~azzfh`fzz ag xbf |fzxa|mxca` ~|alkfe. Xbfzf ~|ca|z m|f

`a|emkks xmof` mz ~f`mkxs ga| jae~kfrcxs zvjb mzzeaaxbc`d kcecxmxca`.

Xbf df`f|mk ga|evkmxca` ga| |fdvkm|cymxca` xfjb`c}vfzcz

Tbf|fcz xbf F||a| xf|e+ ο  cz xbf

|fdvkm|cymxca` ~m|mefxf| m`h {{Kr{{ cz xbf ~f`mkxs xf|e.CW.  LMSFZCM@ EM^ JA@JF^X 

Xbf Lmsfzcm` ga|evkmxca` ag xbf cemdf |fzxa|mxca` ~|alkfe ~|awchfz m zszxfemxcj m`h gkfrclkf tms ga| |fdvkm|cymxca` vzc`d EM^ fzxcemxca`. C` xbf Lmsfzcm`g|mefta|o+ xbf c`wf|zf ~|alkfe jm` lf fr~|fzzfh mz m ~|alkfe xa gc`h xbf ~azxf|ca| hf`zcxs ag v`o`at` hmxmg|ae xbf |fmkcymxca` alzf|wfh. Xbf lfzx efxbah xbmx jm`

 lf fe~kasfh ga| xbcz ~v|~azf cz xbf EM^ tbcjb cz meahf ag xbf ~azxf|ca| hczx|clvxca`. Ls Emrceve M ~azxf|ca|c ~|almlckcxs "EM^#+ xbf fzxcemxf ag v`alzf|wfh}vm`xcxs g|ae fe~c|cjmk hmxm cz jmkjvkmxfh. Cx cz

|fdvkm|cymxca` xa emrceve kcofkcbaah fzxcemxca` tbcjbgajvzfz a` ~|ca| hczx|clvxca`. Xbcz efxbah cz lfzx vzfh

ga| m |m`df ag cemdf |fzxa|mxca` ~|alkfez+ mz cx ~|awchfzm jae~vxmxca`mkks fggcjcf`x efm`z xa hfmk tcxb xbf

zba|xjaec`dz ag gckxf|c`d a~f|mxca` tcxbavx zmj|cgcjc`dxbf jae~vxmxca`mk zce~kcjcxs ag xbf gckxf|c`d m~~|amjb.

Xbf Lmsfzcm` fzxcemxca` cz lmzfh a` xbf f}vmxca`

^ "r{s# ν ^ "s{r# "r#

^azxf|ca| ν Kcofkcbaah Ô ^|ca| 

C` xbcz g|mefta|o c`wf|zf ~|alkfe cz fr~|fzzfh mz

 ~|alkfe xa gc`h ~azxf|ca| hf`zcxs  ~azxf|ca|  "r# g|ae xbf|fmkcymxca` alzf|wfh salzf|wfh mz

 ~azxf|ca| "r# 5  ~|ca| "r#. ^ "salzf|wfh{ r#^ "salzf|wfh#

Xbf|f tckk lf c`gc`cxf `velf| ag zakvxca`z ga| xbczf}mxca`. G|ae xbmx xbf ea|f a~xcecyfh |fzvkx cz xa lf

frx|mjxfh avx .Bf|f ls vzc`d xbf ja`jf~x ag EM^efxbah+ cx cz fmzs xa jmkjvkmxf xbf ~azxf|ca| ag xbf hmxm mz

m|demr ɶ ^ "r{s# 5m|demr ɶ ^ "s{r# "r#.

Ls xbf EM^ efxbah xbf v`hf|ksc`d zjf`f r tbcjbemrcecyfz xbf Lmsfzcm` fr~|fzzca` cz jmkjvkmxfh tbcjbtckk lf xbf mjjv|mxf |fzvkx.

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 6>

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W.  \ FKMXFH TA\O  

Xbf|f m|f frxf`zcwf ta|oz a` xbf hfwfka~ef`x m`hfwmkvmxca` ag wm|cavz cemdf |fzxa|mxca` xfjb`c}vfz. Fhdf ~|fzf|wc`d cemdf |fja`zx|vjxca` bmz lff` ~|a~azfh xa|fjawf| xbf a|cdc`mk cemdf g|ae cxz hfd|mhfh wf|zca`tbckf xbcz efxbah mkza ~|fzf|wfz xbf gc`f hfxmckz c` xbf

cemdf zvjb mz fhdfz. Xbf ~|alkfe cz xbmx f`bm`jfef`x ag gc`f hfxmck "a| fhdfz# cz f}vcwmkf`x xa f`bm`jfef`x ag `aczf. Za tf bmwf xa |fja`zx|vjx xbf cemdf c` zvjb m tmsxbmx cx cz |fjawf|fh g|ae lkv| m`h `aczf m`h ~|fzf|wf cxzfhdf hfxmckz. Mkk xbf |fzxa|mxca` efxbahz m|f gajvzc`d a` ~|ca| lmzfh Lmsfzcm` EM^ fzxcemxca`.

C` xbf Lmsfzcm` fzxcemxca` xbf|f cz m tchf g|ffhae c`xbf jbacjf ag ~|ca| tbf|f xbf }vmkcxs ag |fzxa|mxca` wm|cfz

mjja|hc`d xa hcggf|f`x ~|ca|. Xbcz ta|o ~|awchfz m`m`mksxcjmk zv|wfs a` wm|cavz ~|ca| lmzfh cemdf|fja`zx|vjxca` efxbahz c` xbf Lmsfzcm` g|mefta|o.

Z. Hf|c` Lmlmjm` fx mk. _:U ~|a~azfh m `awfkwm|cmxca` efxbahz lmzfh a` xbf bcf|m|jbcjmk Lmsfzcm`

ga|evkmxca`+ m`h ~|awchf m~~|arcemxca`z xa xbf ~azxf|ca| hczx|clvxca`z ag xbf cemdf+ lkv|+ m`h eahfk ~m|mefxf|z

|mxbf| xbm` ~ac`x fzxcemxfz. XW%lmzfh hfja`wakvxca` c`xam Lmsfzcm` fzxcemxca` ~|alkfe ~|awchfz mhwm`xmdfz c` lkc`h hfja`wakvxca`+ zvjb mz efm`z xa fzxcemxf xbfv`jf|xmc`xcfz ag xbf fzxcemxfz. Xbf lkc`h hfja`wakvxca` ~|alkfe cz ga|evkmxfh vzc`d m bcf|m|jbcjmk Lmsfzcm`eahfk+ m`h wm|cmxca`mk c`gf|f`jf cz vxckcyfh xa

m~~|arcemxf xbf ~azxf|ca| hczx|clvxca`z ag xbf v`o`at` ~m|mefxf|z |mxbf| xbm` ~ac`x fzxcemxfz. M~~|arcemxc`dxbf ~azxf|ca| hczx|clvxca` emofz fwmkvmxc`d xbfv`jf|xmc`xs ag xbf

fzxcemxfz ~azzclkf. Xbf v`o`at` ~m|mefxf|z ag xbf

Lmsfzcm` ga|evkmxca` jm` lf jmkjvkmxfh mvxaemxcjmkksvzc`d a`ks xbf alzf|wmxca` a| vzc`d mkza ~|ca| o`atkfhdf

tcxb hcggf|f`x ja`gchf`jf wmkvfz xa ce~|awf xbf ~f|ga|em`jf ag xbf mkda|cxbez.

Xbf fr~f|cef`xmk |fzvkxz zbat` xbmx xbf }vmkcxs ag xbf|fzxa|mxca`z jm` lf ce~|awfh ls vxckcyc`d ~|ca| o`atkfhdf mlavx xbf ~m|mefxf|z. Ls jae~m|c`d xbf|fzxa|mxca` |fzvkx ag Kf`m cemdf tcxb xbf zmefja`gchf`jf ~m|mefxf|z ga| XW m~~|amjb "CZ@\5:.=3hL#

m`h ZM\= m~~|amjb "CZ@\5=.<7hL# cx cz `axfh xbmx XW% lmzfh m~~|amjbfz m|f ea|f zvjjfzzgvk mx |feawc`d xbf lkv| tbckf ~|awchc`d zeaaxb |fzxa|mxca`z tcxb kfzz|c`dc`d. Batfwf| xbcz efxbah zxckk bmwf ~|fzf`jf ag fhdfzeaaxbf`c`d. Ea|fawf| xbf |mxf ag ja`wf|df`jf ag xbfXW mkda|cxbe cz hfgc`fh ls xbf cemdf zcyf.

. E. Hc|o \alc`za` fx mk. _8U hczjvzzfh mlavx mtmwfkfx lmzfh hfja`wakvxca` m`h |fzxa|mxca` mkda|cxbe.Xbf tmwfkfx efxbahz m|f hfwfka~fh lmzfh a` xbf chfmxbmx cemdf |f~|fzf`xmxca`z lmzfh a` zemkk zfx ag tmwfkfxcz mjjv|mxf. Bf|f xbf cemdf cz |f~|fzf`xfh ls HTX tcxbja`wakvxca` a~f|mxa|z m|f z~fjcgcfh c` Gav|cf| haemc`.M`h xbf efxbah ag Gav|cf| Tmwfkfx zv~f| |fzakvxca`

jaelc`fz evkxc~kf mkcmzfh kat }vmkcxs cemdfz xa ~|ahvjfm bcdb%|fzakvxca` bcdb%}vmkcxs cemdf. Xbf fggcjcf`js ag mkda|cxbe zxfez g|ae zf~m|mxc`d xbf evkxcg|mefhfja`wakvxca` a| |fzxa|mxca` zxf~ g|ae xbf tmwfkfx%lmzfhhf`aczc`d zxf~ mkkatz mjbcfwc`d `a`kc`fm| hf`aczc`d c` m`a` cxf|mxcwf gmzbca`.

C` xbcz efxbah+ gc|zx m zfx ag mkcmzfh kat }vmkcxscemdfz m|f jm~xv|fh. Xbfzf cemdfz m|f xbf` l|aof` hat`c`xa zemkk xckfz m`h ~|ajfzz xbfe zf~m|mxfks. Xa fmjb xckfz

m~~ks xbf tcf`f| gcxf| xa gvzf m`h hflkv|. Xbf` fzxcemxfxbf tmwfkfx zcd`mk ~atf| ls gc|zx wf|s jam|zfks hf`aczc`dxbf zbm|~f`fh cemdf. M zce~kf bm|h xb|fzbakhc`d tmwfkfx

hf`aczc`d m~~|amjb cz m~~kcfh xa alxmc` xbf jam|zfkshf`aczfh cemdf vzc`d m hcggf|f`x zfx ag zjmkc`d m`htmwfkfx gv`jxca`z m`h tmwfkfx. V~hmxf xbf tmwfkfx m`hm~~ks `ft tmwfkfx xa fggcjcf`xks hf`aczf xbf cemdfz xbvz

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CC. FRCZXC@D EFXBAHZ 

 M.  Eahfkz ag hczj|fxf a~c`ca`

 M. Czc`d eahfk

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 L. waxf| eahfk

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 68

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 L. Eahfkz ag ja`xc`vavz a~c`ca`

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 L. BO eahfk9

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zcxvmxca`z_4U.

J. Eahfkz ag hs`mecjz a~c`ca`

 M. Wfjxa| A~c`ca` Hs`mecjz Eahfk9

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m`h xbf F|haz%\f`sc `fxta|o. Tf bmwf ce~kfef`xfh mxta ~bmzf gckxf|c`d ~|ajfzz hfxf|ec`c`d xbf ja`zf`zvz_2U.

 L. ^bf|aea`f Hs`mecjz Eahfk9

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 66

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hfxf|ec`fh ls xbf hczx|clvxca` ag ~bf|aea`f. Vzc`d xbczeahfk+ zcevkmxca`z tcxb zfwf|mk zfxz ag ~m|mefxf|z m|fjm||cfh avx. Xbf |fzvkxz zbat xbmx xbf ~bf`aef`m ag ja`zf`zvz m`h lcgv|jmxca` fef|df c` xbf fwakvxca` ag 

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J.  Lav`hfh Ja`gchf`jf Hs`mecjz Eahfk 9

Tf ~|fzf`x m`h m`mkszf m eahfk ag A~c`ca`Hs`mecjz m`h Lav`hfh Ja`gchf`jf a` xbf zxajbmzxcjeawfef`x ta|kh Xbf|f m|f xta efjbm`czez ga| c`xf|mjxca`. $Fsfzbax$ kcecxz xbf zfx ag `fcdblav|z m|av`hxbf mdf`x m`h $Lav`hfh Ja`gchf`jf$ jbaazfz xbf mdf`xz

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m`h kfmhf|. Xbf c`gfjxa| cz z~fjcgcfh mz m` mdf`x tcxbkm|df fsfzbax m`h xbf frx|feczx cz xbf mdf`x tcxb bcdb

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 H.  Emia|cxs |vkf Hs`mecjz eahfk 9

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 F. A~c`ca` Hs`mecjz c` Bfxf|adf`favz @fxta|o eahfk9

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Tbf` xbf vzf| czzvfz m }vf|s xa m zfm|jb f`dc`f+ cx ~m|zfz xbf }vf|s ls |feawc`d mkk zxa~ ta|hz. Tcxb xbf

ofsta|hz frx|mjxfh g|ae xbf }vf|s+ cx zfm|jbfz ga| xbf tfl ~mdfz tbcjb bmwf xbazf ofsta|hz c` cx. Zfm|jbc`d ag xbfzf

 ~mdfz cz ha`f ls gc|zx ja`wf|xc`d xbf ofsta|hz c`xa xbfc| 

ja||fz~a`hc`d ta|h CHz m`h xbf` zfm|jbc`d cx c` xbf ta|h

c`hfr. Hajvef`xz ~ac`xfh xa ls xbfzf ta|h CHz m|f xmof`

m`h a|hf|fh. A|hf|c`d ag xbf ~mdfz xbvz |fx|cfwfh cz ha`f

 ls chf`xcgsc`d xbf ajjv||f`jf ag xbf ofsta|hz c` hcggf|f`x ~m|xz ag xbf ~mdf m`h vzc`d xbf ~a~vkm|cxs zja|f tbcjb tmz

 ~|f%jae~vxfh m`h mwmckmlkf tcxb fmjb hajvef`x. Zxf~z :

m`h 8 jm` lf c`xf|jbm`dfh cg xbf ~mdf |m`o cz jmkjvkmxfha`kc`f.

:.< Xs~fz ag Zfm|jb F`dc`fz

Zfm|jb f`dc`fz m|f l|amhks jkmzzcgcfh c`xa gav| 

xs~fz9c. Z~chf| a| J|mtkf| lmzfh zfm|jb f dc`fz m`h

cc. Hc|fjxa|s lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`fz

ccc. Bsl|ch Zfm|jb F`dc`fzcw. Efxm Zfm|jb F`dc`fz

:.<.= Z~chf| a| J|mtkf| lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`fz

Em`s frczxc`d zfm|jb f`dc`fz zvjb mz daadkf vzf m

zagxtm|f ~|ad|me jmkkfh z~chf|z a| j|mtkf|z _<=U tbcjbj|mtkz xbf tfl xa jakkfjx xbf tfl ~mdfz m`h zxa|fz xbf

jakkfjxfh ~mdfz c` m |f~azcxa|s m`h mkza c` m` c`hfr.

C`cxcmkks+ z~chf|z m|f dcwf` tcxb |aax zfx ag ~mdfz m`h xbf` cx

jmxjbfz xbf tfl ~mdfz ls gakkatc`d xbf kc`oz a` xbf |aaxzfx ag ~mdfz. Mgxf| xbf tfl ~mdfz m|f jmvdbx+ z~chf|z ga|e

m` c`hfr ls frx|mjxc`d xbf vzfgvk c`ga|emxca` g|ae xbf tfl

 ~mdfz. Xbf frx|mjxfh c`ga|emxca` cz zxa|fh c` xbf |f~fjxcwfc`hfrfz `mefks+ hajvef`x c`hfr "Ga|tm|h C`hfr# m`h m

ta|h c`hfr "C`wf|xfh C`hfr#.

C` m ga|tm|h c`hfr+ c`ga|emxca` mlavx fmjb hajvef`x cz

zxa|fh tcxb HajCH mz xbf v`c}vf gcfkh. Fmjb |fja|h ag mga|tm|h c`hfr c`jkvhfz xbf ja`xf`xz ag xbf xmdz m`h xbf lmd

ag ta|hCHz tbcjb ~ac`xz xa xbf ta|hCHz c` m` c`wf|xfh

c`hfr. Xbf c`wf|xfh c`hfr cz vzfh xa zxa|f xbf hfxmckz ag mkkxbf ta|hz tcxb xbf ajjv||f`jf hfxmckz ag cx c` fwf|s

hajvef`x. Xbf c`wf|xfh c`hfr cz emhf g|ae xbf ga|tm|h

c`hfr ls za|xc`d xbf ja`xf`xz ag xbf lm||fkz c` xbf a|hf| ag ta|h CHz. C`wf|xfh c`hfr ja`zczxz ag hajvef`x kczxz+ a`f

kczx ga| fmjb ta|h m`h d|av~fh c`xa lm||fkz ls ta|h CHz.

:.<.< Hc|fjxa|s lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`fz

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 63

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M hc|fjxa|s lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`f _<<U+ zvjb mz xbf A~f`

Hc|fjxa|s ^|aifjx |fkcfz a` bvem`z ga| |fwcftc`d xbf tfl ~mdfz. ^|fwcavzks smbaa vzfh xa lf m hc|fjxa|s lmzfh

zfm|jb f`dc`f m`h `at cx mkza vzfz j|mtkf|z xa jakkfjx tfl ~mdfz. C` hc|fjxa|s lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`fz+ m hc|fjxa|s dfxzxbf c`ga|emxca` mlavx fwf|s zcxf g|ae zvleczzca`z+ tbcjb

c`jkvhf m zba|x hfzj|c~xca` xa xbf hc|fjxa|s. M zfm|jb

xb|avdb xbcz oc`h ag zfm|jb f`dc`f kaaoz ga| emxjbfz a`ks

c` xbf zvlecxxfh hfzj|c~xca`z. Jbm`dc`d ag tfl ~mdfz hafz`ax bmwf m`s fggfjx a` xbf kczxc`d ag xbf ~mdfz.

:.<.: Bsl|ch zfm|jb f`dc`fz

Bsl|ch zfm|jb f`dc`fz jaelc`f xbf lfzx gfmxv|fz ag xbf

j|mtkf| lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`fz m`h xbf hc|fjxa|s lmzfhzfm|jb f`dc`fz. C` xbcz+ j|mtkf| ~|ad|me cz vzfh xa j|mtk

xbf tfl ~mdfz mz c` xbf j|mtkf| lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`fz m`h

xbf j|mtkfh ~mdfz m|f |fwcftfh ls m |fwcftf| mz c` xbf

hc|fjxa|s lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`fz.

:.<.8 Efxm zfm|jb f`dc`fz

Efxm zfm|jb f`dc`fz jakkfjx tfl ~mdfz g|aehcggf|f`x zfm|jb f`dc`fz m`h hcz~kms cx xa xbf vzf| _<:U. Cx

hafz `ax emc`xmc` m` c`hfr ag cxz at`. C`zxfmh+ cx jakkfjxz

xbf ~mdfz hs`mecjmkks mgxf| |fjfcwc`d xbf }vf|s g|ae xbfvzf|. Xbf|f m|f xta tmsz xa a|hf| xbf jakkfjxfh zfm|jb

|fzvkxz.

c. Vzc`d xbf |m`oz ~|awchfh ls xbf zfm|jb f`dc`fzg|ae tbcjb xbf ~mdfz m|f |fx|cfwfh

cc. Jmkjvkmxc`d m `ft ~mdf |m`o mgxf| jakkfjxc`d xbf

 ~mdfz

:.: Zme~kf Zfm|jb F`dc`fz 

Zc`jf xbf ja`xf`x ag xbf tfl cz jbm`dc`d |fdvkm|ks+ cx cz lfxxf| xa vzf j|mtkf| lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`fz a| xbf

jaelc`mxca` ag j|mtkf| lmzfh m`h hc|fjxa|s lmzfh zfm|jb

f`dc`fz. Gakkatc`d m|f zaef ag xbf ~a~vkm| j|mtkf| lmzfhzfm|jb f`dc`fz9

=. Daadkf

<. Dcdmlkmzx:. Ksjaz

8. Smbaa

:.:.= Daadkf 

Daadkf zfm|jb f`dc`f bmz xta ce~a|xm`x gfmxv|fz

xbmx bfk~z cx xa ~|ahvjf bcdb ~|fjczca` |fzvkxz. Gc|zx+ cxjmkjvkmxfz ~a~vkm|cxs zja|f ag fmjb ~mdf vzc`d xbf kc`o 

zx|vjxv|f zxmxcjmkks. Cx xbf` jmkjvkmxfz xbf ja`xf`x zja|f

 lmzfh a` xbf ajjv||f`jf ag m ofsta|h c` xbf ~mdf. Gc`mkks+xbf ja`xf`x zja|f cz mhhfh tcxb xbf ~a~vkm|cxs zja|f tbcjb

tmz jmkjvkmxfh fm|kcf| xa ~|ahvjf xbf gc`mk ~mdf |m`o. Cx

vzfz m|av`h <>> gmjxa|z ga| gc`hc`d xbf ajjv||f`jf ag m

ofsta|h. Lmzfh a` xbf ~azcxca` ag ajjv||f`jf ag mofsta|h c` m hajvef`x+ hcggf|f`x tfcdbxz m|f dcwf`. Ga| 

frme~kf+ bcdbf| tfcdbx cz mhhfh tbf` xbf ofsta|h ajjv|z

c` m xcxkf ag m hajvef`x.

Cx bmz m |f~azcxa|s ag xbavzm`hz ag eckkca`z ag tfl ~mdfz. Cx j|fmxfz m` c`hfr zx|vjxv|f c` tbcjb fmjb ta|h cz

bmwc`d cxz ta|h CH m`h fmjb hajvef`x cz mzzcd`fh tcxb xbf

haj CH.Xbf ga|tm|h c`hfr ja`zczxz ag lm||fkz m`h fmjb lm||fk

bmz cxz at` |m`df ag ta|h CHz. M |fja|h c` m lm||fk ja`zczxzag m haj CH gakkatfh ls ta|h CHz tcxb xbf hfxmckz ag xbfhajvef`x.

Xbf c`wf|xfh c`hfr cz vzfh xa zxa|f xbf hfxmckz ag mkk xbf

ta|hz tcxb xbf ajjv||f`jf ag cx c` fwf|s hajvef`x. Xbfc`hfr cz emhf g|ae xbf ga|tm|h c`hfr ls za|xc`d xbf

ja`xf`xz ag xbf lm||fkz c` xbf a|hf| ag ta|h CHz. C`wf|xfh

c`hfr ja`zczxz ag hajvef`x kczxz+ a`f kczx ga| fmjb ta|h m`h

d|av~fh c`xa lm||fkz ls ta|h CHz.

Fmjb haj CH c` m` c`wf|xfh c`hfr cz mzzajcmxfh tcxb m`m||ms bmwc`d xb|ff wmkvfz. Gc|zx wmkvf c`hcjmxfz xbf

ajjv||f`jf ag m xf|e c` xbf xcxkf xmd ag xbf ja||fz~a`hc`d

hajvef`x tbcjb jm` lf > a| =. Xbcz wmkvf cz = tbf` xbfxf|e m~~fm|z c` xbf xcxkf xmd m`h > tbf` cx hafz `ax ajjv| c`

xbf xcxkf xmd. Zfja`h wmkvf dcwfz xbf ajjv||f`jf ag m xf|e c`

xbf efxm xmd ag m hajvef`x. Xbcz wmkvf cz = tbf` xbf xf|em~~fm|z c` xbf efxm xmd m`h > tbf` cx hafz `ax ajjv| c` xbf

efxm xmd. Xbc|h wmkvf c`hcjmxfz g|f}vf`js ag xbf xf|e c` xbf

hajvef`x.

Xf|e == "g|vcx# % :: _=+ >+ <>U+ 84 _=+ >+ ==U+ ==> _>+ =+

=>U

Xf|e <6 "m~~kf# % :7 _=+ =+ 6U+ 84 _=+ >+ 4U+ ==> _=+ >+

<>U

Xf|e :> "~f`# % => _=+ >+ =7U+ 77 _>+ =+ =8U

Tbf` xbf vzf| f`xf|z m }vf|s zvjb mz ‛g|vcx m~~kf―+daadkf frx|mjxz xbf hajvef`xz tbcjb ja`xmc` xbf xf|ez

g|vcx a| m~~kf. Ja`xf`x zja|f cz jmkjvkmxfh ga| xbf frx|mjxfh

hajvef`xz ag xbf }vf|s ‛g|vcx m~~kf― zvjb mz

Xf|e =="g|vcx#%"=/>/<> # r " =/>/== # r " >/=/=> #

5<44<

Xf|e <6"m~~kf#%"=/=/6 # r " =/>/4 # r " =/>/<> # 5==47

Xbfzf ja`xf`x zja|fz m|f mhhfh tcxb xbf ~a~vkm|cxs zja|f tbcjb tmz jmkjvkmxfh vzc`d xbf kc`o 

zx|vjxv|f ag xbf tfl ~mdf.

:.:.< Dcdmlkmzx  

Dcdmlkmzx cz m tfl zfm|jb f`dc`f tcxb awf| < lckkca`

 ~mdfz c` cxz c`hfr. Dcdmlkmzx aggf|z gmzx zf|wcjf+ |fkfwm`xzfm|jb }vf|s |fzvkxz+ m`h m jav~kf ag frx|m zfm|jb gfmxv|fz.

Dcdmlkmzx–z mhwm`xmdf cz xbmx xbf df`f|mxca` ag |fkmxfh

xa~cjz hs`mecjmkks a` m ~f| }vf|s lmzcz. Lmzcjmkks+Dcdmlkmzx aggf|z m zfm|jb zvddfzxca`z lmzfh a` xbf zfm|jb

}vf|s. Vzc`d xbfzf zvddfzxca`z+ vzf| jm` |fgc`f xbf }vf|cfz ls mhhc`d xf|ez za xbmx xbf zfm|jb jm` lf `m||atfh hat`

xa m z~fjcgcj xa~cj. Cx mkza vzfz xbf kc`o zx|vjxv|f ag xbf tfl

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 7>

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xa chf`xcgs xbf ~a~vkm|cxs ag xbf tfl ~mdf. Xbf `velf| ag 

gmjxa|z vzfh xa chf`xcgs xbf ajjv||f`jf ag m ofsta|h c` mhajvef`x cz wf|s kfzz tbf` jae~m|fh xa daadkf.

:.:.: Ksjaz 

Cx cz m zfm|jb f`dc`f tcxb m ka`df| frczxf`jf. Ksjaz czoff~c`d v~ ls zx|a`d |fkfwm`js |m`oc`d jm~mlckcxcfz m`h

 ~|awchc`d m ecr ag gfmxv|fz. Mz cz xbf x|f`h tcxb xbf emia| 

zfm|jb xaakz+ Ksjaz cz m ja`dkaef|mxca` ag hmxmlmzfz+

a`kc`f zf|wcjfz m`h axbf| C`xf|`fx ~|a~f|xcfz. Cx vzfz X%\fr

z~chf| xa j|mtk xbf tfl m`h hafz `ax tfcdb efxm xmdbfmwcks. Cx vzfz a`ks V\K+ xcxkf m`h ta|h g|f}vf`js ga| 

|m`oc`d. Z~a`za|fh f`x|cfz c` xbf ksjaz ~mdf m|f ~|awchfh

 ls awf|xv|f. Jmxfda|s kc`oz m|f ~|awchfh ls a~f` hc|fjxa|sm`h tfl zcxf kc`oz m|f ~|awchfh ls gmzx zfm|jb.

:.:.8 Smbaa 

Cx cz m hc|fjxa|s lmzfh zfm|jb f`dc`f m`h cx vzfz xbf ~mdf|m`o mkda|cxbe xa m||m`df xbf tfl hajvef`xz c` m z~fjcgcj

a|hf|. Tbf` jae~m|fh xa daadkf+ cx vzfz a`ks kfzz `velf| 

ag gfmxv|fz tbckf jmkjvkmxc`d xbf |fkfwm`js ag xbf hajvef`xxa xbf ofsta|h. C` smbaa+ gft zfm|jb |fzvkxz m|f hcz~kmsfh

mka`d tcxb m` cemdf tbcjb ~|awchfz chf`xcgcjmxca` ga| xbmx

hajvef`x. Kcof daadkf+ cx mkza mkkatz xbf vzf| xa ga|e xbf}vf|s vzc`d z~fjcmk jbm|mjxf|z m`h a~f|mxa|z lvx xbf

a~xca`z m|f a`ks kcecxfh. Cx hcz~kmsz xbf jmxfda|cfz a| 

jkvzxf|z zvjb mz tcoc~fhcm a` m zj|ff` za xbmx xbf vzf| jm`zfkfjx xbf |fkfwm`x hajvef`x fmzcks. Cx ~|awchfz dvchm`jf

ga| g|mec`d xbf }vf|s ls mhhc`d ofsta|hz tcxb xbf mk|fmhs

dcwf` }vf|s.

CW.  \M@OC@D MKDA\CXBEZ

A`f ag xbf emia| jbmkkf`dfz c` c`ga|emxca` |fx|cfwmk czxbf |m`oc`d ag zfm|jb |fzvkxz. C` xbf ja`xfrx ag tfl zfm|jb+

tbf|f xbf hmxm cz emzzcwf m`h }vf|cfz |m|fks ja`xmc` ea|f

xbm` xb|ff xf|ez+ eazx zfm|jbfz ~|ahvjf km|df jakkfjxca` ag |fzvkxz. Zc`jf xbf emia|cxs ag zfm|jb f`dc`f vzf|z frmec`f

a`ks xbf gc|zx gft |fzvkx ~mdfz _=<U+ fggfjxcwf |m`oc`d

mkda|cxbez m|f ofs ga| zmxczgsc`d vzf|z– `ffhz.Kfmhc`d zfm|jb f`dc`fz vzf hcggf|f`x gfmxv|fz ga| 

|m`oc`d xbf zfm|jb |fzvkxz. Xbf gfmxv|fz c`jkvhf xfrxvmk

zceckm|cxs lfxtff` }vf|s m`h hajvef`xz+ xbf ~a~vkm|cxs ag hajvef`xz m`h gc`mkks bs~f|kc`o lfxtff` tfl ~mdfz+

tbcjb cz wcftfh mz m ga|e ag ~ff| f`ha|zfef`x mea`d

ja`xf`x ~|awchf|z. Xbf|f m|f em`s |fzfm|jb ta|oz dac`d a`c` kc`o%lmzfh |m`oc`d mkda|cxbez. Eazx ag xbf |fzfm|jb

ta|oz bmz jf`xf|fh m|av`h ~|a~azc`d `ft kc`o%lmzfh

|m`oc`d mkda|cxbez a| ce~|awc`d xbf jae~vxmxca`mk

fggcjcf`js ag frczxc`d a`fz.Xbf gakkatc`d m|f xbf ~a~vkm| |m`oc`d mkda|cxbez9

c. ^mdf\m`o 

cc. BCXZ

ccc. ZMKZM

cw. Xa~cj Zf`zcxcwf mdf\m`o w. Tfcdbxfh ^mdf\m`o 

wc. \fkfwm`jf lmzfh ^mdf\m`o 

8.= ^mdf\m`o  

^mdf\m`o mkda|cxbe _8U cz m jaeea`ks vzfhmkda|cxbe c` Tfl Zx|vjxv|f Ec`c`d. Cx efmzv|fz xbf

ce~a|xm`jf ag xbf ~mdfz ls m`mksyc`d xbf kc`oz _<8U. ^mdf\m`o bmz lff` hfwfka~fh ls Daadkf m`h cz `mefh mgxf| Km||s mdf+ Daadkf–z ja%gav`hf|.

Daadkf gc|zx |fx|cfwfz m kczx ag ~mdfz tbcjb m|f |fkfwm`x

 ~mdfz xa m dcwf` }vf|s lmzfh a` xbf ajjv||f`jf ag ofsta|hz c` V\K m`h z~fjcgcj xmdz. Xbf` cx vzfz ~a~vkm|cxs

zja|f tbcjb tmz jmkjvkmxfh c`hf~f`hf`x ag xbf }vf|s xa

mhivzx xbf |fzvkxz za xbmx ea|f |fkfwm`x ~mdfz m|f kcofks xa lf hcz~kmsfh mx xbf lfdc``c`d ag xbf kczx ag zfm|jb |fzvkxz

_<6U.

^mdf\m`o mkda|cxbe ta|oz ls ja`zchf|c`d xbf c`%

hfd|ff ag fmjb ~mdf. Fmjb ~mdf hczx|clvxfz cxz |m`o xa mkkxbf ~mdfz tbcjb cx kc`oz. Tbf`fwf| xbf ~mdf bmz ea|f

`velf| ag avx%kc`oz "Kc`oz ~ac`xc`d xa axbf| ~mdfz#+ xbf|m`o ag xbf ~mdf cz kfzz. Tbf` ea|f `velf| ag c`%kc`oz

tf|f xbf|f a` m ~mdf+ cx cz kcofks xa bmwf xbf bcdbf| |m`oc`d.

^\"^=# 5 "= ‚ h# / h "^\"^=# !

K"^=#/^\"^<#!K"^<#/ ‧/ ^\"^`# ! K"^`##

Tbf|f ^\"^`# cz xbf ^mdf \m`o "^a~vkm|cxs Zja|f# ag xbf ~mdf ^` m`h K"^`# cz xbf `velf| ag avx%kc`oz xbf ~mdf

^\"^`# bmwf m`h h cz xbf hme~c`d gmjxa| tbcjb cz `a|emkks

zfx mz >.26.Xbf gcdv|f = zbatz xbf zce~kf hczx|clvxca` ag ~mdf

|m`o. Xbf |m`oz ag ~mdfz ^8 m`h ^6 m|f zfx vzc`d xbf |m`oz

ag xbf ~mdfz tbcjb kc`oz xa cx. ^6 cz mzzcd`fh tcxb bcdbf| |m`oc`d zc`jf cx bmz ea|f `velf| ag c`%kc`oz. \m`oz m|f

jmkjvkmxfh mz+

^\"^8# 5 >.=6 / >.26 " >.6 / >.:: #

5 >.266

^\"^6# 5 >.=6 / >.26 " >.6 / >.:: / >.6 #

5 =.<2=

Gcdv|f = 9 ^mdf \m`o Jmkjvkmxca`

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 7=

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8.< BCXZ

BCXZ "Bs~f|xfrx C`hvjfh Xa~cj Zfkfjxca`# _6Umkda|cxbe cz }vf|s hf~f`hf`x. Mgxf| |fjfcwc`d m }vf|s g|ae

xbf vzf|+ cx jakkfjxz xbf ~mdfz xbmx bmz xbf ofsta|hz c` mdcwf` }vf|s m`h ga|ez m d|m~b tcxb mvxba|cxcfz m`h bvlz.Tfl ~mdfz ~ac`xfh ls em`s bs~f|kc`oz m|f jmkkfh

mvxba|cxcfz. Tfl ~mdfz xbmx ~ac`x xa em`s axbf| ~mdfz m|f

jmkkfh bvlz. Zx|a`d mvxba|cxs cz xbf ~mdf tbcjb bmz kc`ozg|ae em`s bcdbks zja|fh bvlz. ^a~vkm| bvl cz xbf ~mdf

tbcjb ~ac`xz a| kc`oz xa bcdbks zja|fh mvxba|cxcfz.

Zxf~z

=.  Ja`zx|vjx m` mhimjf`js emx|cr ls vzc`dxbf `fcdbla|baah d|m~b @ tbcjb c`hcjmxfz xbf

ja``fjxcwcxs ag mkk xbf `ahfz.

<.  Jmkjvkmxf xbf mvxba|cxs wfjxa| g|ae xbf

mhimjf`js emx|cr ga|efh vzc`d xbf ga|evkm

Wo 5 "Mx . M# . VO   ‚ = 

:.  Jmkjvkmxf xbf bvl wfjxa| g|ae xbf

mhimjf`js emx|cr vzc`d xbf ga|evkm

Vo 5 "M . Mx # . WO  

8.  \m`o xbf ~mdfz vzc`d xbf bvl m`hmvxba|cxs wfjxa|z ga|efh.

Emia| mhwm`xmdf ag BCXZ mkda|cxbe cz cxz hvmk|m`oc`dz. BCXZ ~|fzf`xz xta |m`ofh kczxz xa xbf vzf|. A`f

tcxb ea|f mvxba|cxmxcwf ~mdfz |fkmxfh xa xbf }vf|s m`h xbf

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 lf ja`zx|vjxfh m`h mx kfmzx a`f fcdf` wfjxa| evzx lf

zakwfh. M`axbf| hczmhwm`xmdf ag BCXZ cz zvzjf~xclckcxs xaz~meec`d. Ls mhhc`d kc`oz xa m`h g|ae m`s tfl ~mdf+ cx cz

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bvl zja|f m`h mvxba|cxs zja|f m|f c`xf|hf~f`hf`x+ tbf` xbf

bvl zja|f cz c`j|fmzfh ls c`x|ahvjc`d ea|f avx%kc`oz a` m

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8.: ZMKZM

ZMKZM+ xbf Zxajbmzxcj M~~|amjb ga| Kc`o%Zx|vjxv|f

M`mkszcz _7U cz lmzfh a` xbf xbfa|s ag Em|oaw jbmc`z+ m`hvzfz xbf zxajbmzxcj ~|a~f|xcfz ag |m`hae tmkoz ha`f a` m

jakkfjxca` ag ~mdfz. Cx jaelc`fz xbf |m`hae tmko efxbah

ag ^mdf\m`o tcxb bvl m`h mvxba|cxs xfjb`c}vf ag BCXZ.Xbf efxm mkda|cxbe vzfh ls laxb BCXZ m`h ZMKZM cz

zceckm| lvx xbf lmzcj hcggf|f`jf lfxtff` xbf xta efxbahz cz

xbf ga|emxca` ag xbf mzzajcmxca` emx|cr. BCXZ mkda|cxbe

ja`zchf|z xbf xcdbx ja``fjxca` lfxtff` xbf `ahfz ag xbfd|m~b lvx ZMKZM ja`zchf|z kcdbx ja``fjxca` ls

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hczmhwm`xmdfz ag BCXZ zvjb mz z~meec`d m`h xa~cj h|cgx ls c`x|ahvjc`d kfzz c`xf|hf~f`hf`jf lfxtff` bvl m`h

mvxba|cxs zja|fz.Xbf c`~vx xa ZMKZM ja`xmc`z m jakkfjxca` ag tfl ~mdfzJ tbcjb m|f |fxv|`fh ls m zfm|jb f`dc`f ga| m dcwf` }vf|s

x. C`xvcxca` zvddfzxz xbmx mvxba|cxmxcwf ~mdfz a` }vf|s x

zbavkh lf wczclkf g|ae em`s ~mdfz c` xbf zvld|m~b c`hvjfh

 ls J. Xbvz+ m |m`hae tmko a` xbcz zvld|m~b tckk wczcx x%mvxba|cxcfz tcxb bcdb ~|almlckcxs.

Xbf gakkatc`d gcdv|f zbatz xbf `fcdbla|baah d|m~b

m`h xbf lc~m|xcxf d|m~b tbcjb c`jkvhfz xbf bvl zchf m`h

mvxba|cxs zchf.

Gcdv|f <m9 Lc~m|xcxf D|m~b Gcdv|f <l 9 Bvlz m`hMvxba|cxcfz

Zxf~z=.  M d|m~b cz h|mt` tcxb bvlz c` a`f zchf

ag xbf d|m~b m`h mvxba|cxcfz c` m`axbf| ag xbfd|m~b.

c. Bvl c`jkvhfz xbf `ahfz "Wb# tbcjb bmwf

avx% hfd|ff d|fmxf| xbm` yf|a m`hcc. Mvxba|cxs zchf bmz `ahfz "Wm# tbcjb

bmwf

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 ls

B 5 K| KjX 

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8.  Fcdf` wfjxa|z m|f ga|efh g|ae xbf bvl

m`h mvxba|cxs emx|cjfz.

6.  Lmzfh a` xbf bvl m`h mvxba|cxs wfjxa|z+

xbf ~mdfz m|f |m`ofh.

8.8 Xa~cj Zf`zcxcwf ^mdf \m`o 

C` xbf x|mhcxca`mk ^mdf\m`o mkda|cxbe+ ga| a|hf|c`d zfm|jb |fzvkxz m zc`dkf ^mdf\m`o wfjxa| cz

jae~vxfh vzc`d xbf kc`o zx|vjxv|f ag xbf Tfl. Xbcz cz

jmkjvkmxfh c`hf~f`hf`x ag m ~m|xcjvkm| }vf|s. Xa scfkh ea|f

mjjv|mxf zfm|jb |fzvkxz+ m zfx ag ^mdf\m`o wfjxa|z m|fjae~vxfh tbf|f fmjb wfjxa| ja||fz~a`hz xa m ~m|xcjvkm| 

xa~cj_4U. Xbfzf wfjxa|z m|f jmkjvkmxfh aggkc`f. Ls vzc`d xbf

jae~vxfh wfjxa|z+ ce~a|xm`jf ag ~mdfz cz jmkjvkmxfh mx

}vf|s xcef. Hv|c`d }vf|s ~|ajfzzc`d xcef+ xbfzfce~a|xm`jf zja|fz m|f jaelc`fh lmzfh a` xbf xa~cjz ag xbf

}vf|s xa ga|e m jae~azcxf ^mdf\m`o zja|f ga| xbazf ~mdfzemxjbc`d xbf }vf|s. Ga| a|hc`m|s ofsta|h zfm|jb }vf|cfz+

Xa~cj%zf`zcxcwf ^mdf\m`o zja|fz m|f jae~vxfh ga| ~mdfz

|fxv|`fh ga| m dcwf` }vf|s vzc`d xbf xf|ez c` xbf }vf|s.

Zxf~z

=. M @a`v`cga|e hme~c`d wfjxa| ~ 5 w i "Wfjxa|#tbf|f+

w ic 5 =! X i cg c Xi fkzf w ic 5 >

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jmxfda|s j i 

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xbmx }n c`jkvhfz xbf xf|ez c` xbf }vf|s.

Kfx }cn lf xbf cxb xf|e c` xbf }vf|s ja`xfrx }n. Ga| xbf dcwf` }vf|s+ gakkatc`d cz jmkjvkmxfh ga| fmjb j i. 

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c

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ja`xmc`c`d xbf a|cdc`mk }vf|s xf|ez } cz |fx|cfwfh.

% Gc`mkks }vf|s%zf`zcxcwf ce~a|xm`jf zja|f ag fmjb

ag xbfzf |fx|cfwfh V\KZ cz jmkjvkmxfh mz gakkatz9

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8.6 Tfcdbxfh ^mdf\m`o 

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hczx|clvxfh xa xbf avx%kc`o ~mdfz. Tfcdbxfh ^mdf\m`o 

mkda|cxbe _2U mzzcd`z km|df| |m`o wmkvfz xa ea|f ce~a|xm`x

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wmkvf ~|a~a|xca`mk xa cxz ~a~vkm|cxs "cxz `velf| ag c`%kc`ozm`h avx%kc`oz#. Xbf ~a~vkm|cxs g|ae xbf `velf| ag c`%kc`ozm`h avx%kc`oz cz |fja|hfh mz Tc` "w+v# m`h Tavx

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tbf|f Cv m`h C ~ |f~|fzf`x xbf `velf| ag c`%kc`oz ag ~mdfv m`h ~mdf ~+ |fz~fjxcwfks. \"w# hf`axfz xbf |fgf|f`jf ~mdf

kczx ag ~mdf w.

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xbf `velf| ag avx%kc`oz ag ~mdf v m`h xbf `velf| ag avx%kc`oz ag mkk |fgf|f`jf ~mdfz ag ~mdf w.

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^ \"w# tbf|f Av m`h A ~ |f~|fzf`x xbf `velf| ag avx%kc`oz ag 

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^mdf \m`o ga|evkm cz eahcgcfh mz

^\"v# 5 "= ∜ h# / h Ϊ ^\"w# Tc` "w+v# Tavx"w+v# 

w L "v#

8.7 \fkfwm`jf lmzfh ^mdf\m`o  

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c`j|fmzfz xbf hfd|ff ag |fkfwm`jf xbm` xbf a|cdc`mk a`f+ m`h

hfj|fmzfz xbf }vf|s xcef fgga|xz ag Xa~cj Zf`zcxcwf^mdf\m`o. M hajvef`x Hc cz chf`xcgcfh ls m zfx ag g|f}vf`x

xf|ez Xi m`h xbf xf|ez ems lf tfcdbxfh ls Ti mjja|hc`d

xa xbfc| ce~a|xm`jf c` fmjb hajvef`x. C` a|hf| xa efmzv|f

xbf zceckm|cxs lfxtff` hcggf|f`x hajvef`xz H~ m`h H}+ xbfe eazx g|f}vf`x xf|ez m|f |fx|cfwfh g|ae hajvef`xz.

Xta hcggf|f`x zjf`m|caz m|f vzfh xa jmkjvkmxf xbfzceckm|cxs mea`d xbf hajvef`xz. C` xbf gc|zx zjf`m|ca+ xbf

eazx g|f}vf`x xf|e zfxz "EGXZ# g|ae hcggf|f`x hajvef`xzm|f jae~m|fh tcxb xbf eazx g|f}vf`x xf|e zfxz ag tfl

 ~mdfz c` AH^ "A~f` Hc|fjxa|s ^|aifjx# jmxfda|cfz? Ls

hac`d xbcz tms+ xbf |fkfwm`x hfd|ff ag xm|dfx hajvef`xz ga| 

jf|xmc` jmxfda|s z jmkjvkmxfh.

C` xbf zfja`h zjf`m|ca+ xbf zfem`xcj hczxm`jf wmkvf ag 

xbf eazx g|f}vf`x xf|e zfxz g|ae xbf hajvef`x H~ m`h H}

cz vzfh xa jae~vxf xbf ja`xf`x |fkfwm`jf.Zjf`m|ca C

=. Dfx Jmxfda|cfz J=+J<‧J` g|ae AH^? ` cz xbf

`velf| ag jmxfda|cfz c` AH^.

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<. Frx|mjx tfl ~mdfz ag fmjb jmxfda|s xa dfx xbf eazx

g|f}vf`x xf|e zfxz "EGXZ#.

Jc5{Xc+i Xc+i cz xbf ixb eazx g|f}vf`x xf|e ag tfl ~mdfz c` jmxfda|s c? tbf|f c jbm`dfz g|ae = xa m`h i jbm`dfz g|ae = xa eu

` cz xbf `velf| ag jmxfda|cfz+ e cz xbf `velf| ag xbf

EGXZ.J=9 X=+=+ X=+< ‧X=+e 

J<9 X<+=+ X<+< ‧X<+e 

‧

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Tfcdbxz "T# jm` lf vzfh c` fmjb ta|h mz gakkatc`d9

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J<9 T<+=+ T<+< ‧T<+e ...

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:. Dfx xbf EGXZ ag ^mdf M9 XM+=+ XM+< ‧XM+~ 

8. Xbf |fkfwm`jf gv`jxca` ga| ~mdf M xa jmxfda|s c

\ "XM+b+Xc+o #5 Tc+o ! Hczxm`jf"XM+b+Xc+o #

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c jbm`dfz ga|e = xa `?

o jbm`dfz g|ae = xa eXM+ b % bxb eazx g|f}vf`x xf|e zfx ag ~mdf M.

Xc+ o+ % oxb eazx g|f}vf`x xf|e zfx ag jmxfda|s c.

Hczxm`jf"XM+b+Xc+o # cz xbf hczxm`jf gv`jxca` lsjae~m|c`d xbf zfem`xcj hczxm`jf wcm Ta|h@fx.

6. \ M "b+c#5Emr_\ "XM+b+Xc+o #U?

b jbm`dfz g|ae = xa ~?c jbm`dfz g|ae = xa `?

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fmjb jmxfda|s c.

7. Dfx xbf |fkfwm`jf zja|f ag ^mdf M c` jmxfda|s J`+

 ~

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jae~vxfh.

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=. Dfx xbf EGXZ ag ^mdf M9 XM+=+ XM+< ‧XM+`.

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:. \ "XM+b+ XL+d#5 = ! Hczxm`jf"XM+b+ XL+d#?

b jbm`dfz g|ae = xa `?d jbm`dfz g|ae = xa eXM+b+ cz xbf eazx g|f}vf`x xf|e zfx ag ~mdf M.

XL+d+ cz xbf eazx g|f}vf`x xf|e zfx ag ~mdf L.

8. ` e

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b5= d5=

XGM+b cz xbf bxb xf|e g|f}vf`js ag ~mdf M.XGL+d cz xbf dxb xf|e g|f}vf`js ag ~mdf L.

Hczxm`jf gv`jxca` tckk lf9

Hczxm`jf"XM+b+ XL+d# 5 = cg XM+b 5 Xc+o fkzf ∐ 

Xbf mzzajcmxfh ~mdf|m`o cz hfgc`fh mz9

^\"Wc#5"=%h#/hÔΪ"\ ci R ^\"W i## ! Ϊ \  io 

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Xbf mhwm`xmdf ag xbcz efxbah cz xbmx xbf zceckm|cxs

mea`d xbf hajvef`x cz ja`zchf|fh za xbmx ea|f |fkfwm`xhajvef`xz m|f hcz~kmsfh lfga|f axbf| kfzz |fkfwm`x

hajvef`xz. Jae~vxmxca`mk jae~kfrcxs cz xbf hczmhwm`xmdf

ag xbcz efxbah.

W.  MJO@ATKFHDFEF@X

C tavkh kcof xa xbm`o es aggcjcmk zv~f|wcza|z m`h

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hajvef`xz vzc`d xbf ~a~vkm|cxs zja|f m`h ja`xf`x zja|f. C`mkk zfm|jb f`dc`fz ~a~vkm|cxs zja|f cz jmkjvkmxfh lmzfh a`xbf kc`o zx|vjxv|f. C` x|mhcxca`mk ^mdf\m`o mkda|cxbe+ |m`o 

ag m ~mdf cz hczx|clvxfh mea`d cx–z avx%kc`o ~mdfz. BCXZ

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|m`hae tmko efxbah ag ^mdf\m`o tcxb xbf mvxba|cxs m`h

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tbcjb c`j|fmzfz xbf jae~vxmxca`mk jae~kfrcxs. Tfcdbxfh

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|m`o cz hczx|clvxfh lmzfh a` xbf ~a~vkm|cxs. Zceckm|cxsmea`d xbf hajvef`xz cz ja`zchf|fh c` Mzzajcmxfh^mdf\m`o mkda|cxbe ga| jmkjvkmxc`d xbf ^mdf\m`o. Mea`d

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kczx zc`jf xbf ~a~vkm|cxs zja|f ag m hajvef`x cz hf~f`hf`xa` xbf kc`oz g|ae xbf zceckm| ~mdfz. C` gvxv|f+ m `ft

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xbf kc`ofh ~mdfz vzc`d hcggf|f`x zceckm|cxs gv`jxca`z.

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zagx jae~vxc`d g|mefta|o 9 \fkfwm`jf+ zxmxf ag xbf m|xm`h gvxv|f hc|fjxca`z―+  CFFF X|m`z. @fv|mk @fxta|oz+

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_6U.  I. Okfc`lf|d+ ‛Mvxba|cxmxcwf zav|jfz c` m

bs~f|kc`ofh f`wc|a`ef`x―+ ^|aj. ag xbf 3xb MJE%ZCME Zse~azcve a` Hczj|fxf Mkda|cxbez+ ~mdfz 772%744+ Im`vm|s =332.

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Km|df a|dm`cymxca`z kcof Lbmlbm Mxaecj \fzfm|jbJf`x|f df`f|mxf bvdf meav`x ag hmxm ~f| hms+ wcm femckz+mxxmjbef`xz+ a| c` xbf ga|e ag ~|alkfez ~azxfh. Xbcz hmxm cz

m~~|arcemxfks : xa 8 DL. Hczxc`dvczbc`d zvjb m bvdf hmxmzfx em`vmkks cz m wf|s hcggcjvkx xmzo. Bf`jf+ m Hajvef`xJkvzxf|c`d f`dc`f tmz ~|a~azfh tbcjb tckk ha xbfjmxfda|cymxca` ag xbcz hmxm mvxaemxcjmkks m`h fggcjcf`xks.

Xbf emc` jkmzzcgcjmxca` alifjxcwf+ ~m|xcjvkm|ks tcxb|fz~fjx xa o`atkfhdf em`mdfef`x+ cz xa zce~kcgs mjjfzz xam`h ~|ajfzzc`d ag mwmckmlkf hmxm. Jkmzzcgcjmxca` zv~~a|xzm`mksyc`d xbf o`atkfhdf m`h+ xbvz+ jm` fmzf xbf|fmgxf|

^|aj. ag xbf C`xk. Ja`g. a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z ‚ 

Wakvef =. Ja~s|cdbx £ <>=< Xfjb`a Ga|ve D|av~+ C`hcm.

CZL@9 342%2=%3<>646%2%: 99 hac9 =>. 4:8>:!CZL@Q>472

MJE *9 hlf|.cef|m.=>. 4:8>:

  |fx|cfwmk

  a|dm`cymxca`

  wczvmkcymxca`

  hfwfka~ef`x+ m`h

  frjbm`df ag o`atkfhdfHajvef`x jkvzxf|c`d cz m` v`zv~f|wczfh kfm|`c`d

~|ajfhv|f. Jkvzxf| m`mkszcz cz xm|dfxfh a` fr~ka|c`d

zceckm|cxcfz c` xbf ja`xf`xz ag xbf hajvef`xz m`h m||m`dfzxbfe c` d|av~z mjja|hc`d xa xbfzf ~|a~f|xcfz.

Xbf jaeea` jbmkkf`dfz c` hajvef`x jkvzxf|c`d m|f9  Hajvef`x |fx|cfwmk+  Jae~kfrcxs ag `mxv|mk km`dvmdfz+  Bcdb hcef`zca`mkcxs+  Mjjv|mjs c` jkvzxf|c`d+  Z~ffh mx tbcjb xbfs m|f mjjv|mxfks jkvzxf|fh+  Wf|zmxckcxs ag |f}vc|fef`xz f.d. Xa~cj frx|mjxca`+

~mxxf|` emxjbc`d fxj.Hajvef`x jmxfda|cymxca` ems lf wcftfh mz mzzcd`c`d

hajvef`xz c` m ~|fhfgc`fh zfx ag jmxfda|cfz. Vzvmkks xbcz zfxcz j|fmxfh hv|c`d xbf x|mc`c`d ag xbf jkmzzcgcf| tcxb xbf zajmkkfh x|mc`c`d hajvef`xz. Xbf jkmzzcgcf| tckk ~|fzf|wf xbf

x|mc`c`d ~mxxf|` c` zaef tms tbcjb tckk lf vzfh xbf `frxxcef tbf` hajvef`xz m|f xa lf jkmzzcgcfh.

Eazx ag xbf efxbahz vzfh c` hajvef`x jkmzzcgcjmxca`bmwf lff` vzfh c` hmxm ec`c`d m~~kcjmxca`z. Xbf hmxmm`mksyfh ls hmxm ec`c`d m|f `vef|cjmk m`h+ xbf|fga|f+mk|fmhs c` xbf ga|emx |f}vc|fh ls xbf mkda|cxbez.

Xa m~~ks xbfzf mkda|cxbez ga| hajvef`x jkmzzcgcjmxca`a`f bmz xa ja`wf|x xbf ta|hz ag xbf hajvef`xz c`xaja||fz~a`hc`d `vef|cjmk |f~|fzf`xmxca`z. Xbcz zxf~ czjmkkfh hajvef`x ~|f~|ajfzzc`d m`h zvlzvefz gfmxv|ffrx|mjxca`+ gfmxv|f zfkfjxca`+ m`h hajvef`x |f~|fzf`xmxca`mz mjxcwcxcfz.

@mcwf Lmsfz m`h M|xcgcjcmk @fv|mk @fxta|o tf|fzfkfjxfh xa zakwf xbf ~|alkfe c` bm`h. Xbf |fmza` lfbc`h

mkda|cxbe zfkfjxca` cz xbmx @mcwf Lmsfz bmz m `mcwfemxbfemxcjmk m~~|amjb xa xbf ~|alkfe ag jkmzzcgcjmxca`tbcjb mzzvefz xaxmk c`hf~f`hf`jf mea`d xbf gfmxv|fzfrx|mjxfh g|ae m hajvef`x+ m`h M@@ mjxz mz m lkmjo lar|fxv|`c`d xbf ~|fhcjxfh jmxfda|s ga| xbf dcwf` c`~vx gfmxv|fzf}vf`jf.

 M.  @mcwf Lmsfz Mkda|cxbe

@mcwf Lmsfz Jkmzzcf|"@LJ#+ m zce~kf ~|almlckczxcjjkmzzcf| lmzfh a` Lmsfz– xbfa|fe tcxb zx|a`d "`mcwf#c`hf~f`hf`jf mzzve~xca`z+ zakwfz hajvef`x jkmzzcgcjmxca`~|alkfez+ f.d.+ z~me gckxf|c`d+ fggcjcf`xks. Batfwf|+ xbfLmsfz Jkmzzcgcf|"LJ# |f}vc|fz kmlfkfh x|mc`c`d hmxm.

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 4<

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Vzc`d xbf Lmsfz \vkf+ tf jm` jmkjvkmxf xbf ~|almlckcxsag m hajvef`x lfc`d jkmzzcgcfh c` fmjb ag xbf mwmckmlkfjmxfda|s. Ga| m dcwf` hajvef`x+ xbf jmxfda|s mdmc`zx tbcjbxbf mkda|cxbe dcwfz bcdbfzx ~|almlckcxs cz ja`zchf|fh xa lfxbf |fzvkxc`d jmxfda|s ga| xbf dcwf` hajvef`x _=U_:U.

 L.  ^|c`jc~kf Jae~a`f`x M`mkszcz

^|c`jc~mk jae~a`f`x m`mkszcz"^JM# cz m jkmzzcjmkzxmxczxcjmk efxbah. Xbcz kc`fm| x|m`zga|e bmz lff` tchfksvzfh c` hmxm m`mkszcz m`h jae~|fzzca` _2U_3U. Cx cz m tms ag chf`xcgsc`d ~mxxf|`z c` hmxm+ m`h fr~|fzzc`d hmxm c` zvjb mtms mz xa bcdbkcdbx xbfc| zceckm|cxcfz m`h hcggf|f`jfz.

M`axbf| ce~a|xm`x mhwm`xmdf ag ^JM cz xbmx a`jf xbf~mxxf|`z c` xbf hmxm bmwf lff` gav`h+ xbf jae~|fzzca` ag xbf hmxm+ c.f. |fhvjxca` c` xbf `velf| ag hcef`zca`z+ cztcxbavx evjb kazz ag c`ga|emxca`.

J.  M|xcgcjcmk @fv|mk @fxta|o 

M@@ bmwf lff` vzfh c` |fjf`x sfm|z ga| eahfkc`djae~kfr zszxfez tbf|f `a fr~kcjcx f}vmxca`z m|f o`at`+ a|xbf f}vmxca`z m|f xaa chfmk xa |f~|fzf`x xbf |fmk ta|kh. M@@jm` ga|e ~|fhcjxcwf eahfkz g|ae hmxm mwmckmlkf g|ae ~mzxbczxa|s. M@@ x|mc`c`d cz ha`f ls kfm|`c`d g|ae o`at`frme~kfz. M `fxta|o ag zce~kf emxbfemxcjmk ‛`fv|a`z― czja``fjxfh ls tfcdbxz. Mhivzxc`d xbf tfcdbxz lfxtff` xbf‛`fv|a`z― hafz xbf x|mc`c`d ag xbf M@@. Mhwm`jfhmkda|cxbez jm` x|mc` km|df M@@ eahfkz+ tcxb xbavzm`hz ag c`~vxz m`h avx~vxz _==U.

@fv|mk `fxta|o cz m ~atf|gvk xfjb`c}vf xa zakwf em`s

|fmk ta|kh ~|alkfez. Xbfs bmwf xbf mlckcxs xa kfm|` g|ae

fr~f|cf`jf c` a|hf| xa ce~|awf xbfc| ~f|ga|em`jf m`h xa

mhm~x xbfezfkwfz xa jbm`dfz c` xbf f`wc|a`ef`x. C`

mhhcxca` xa xbmx xbfs m|f mlkf xa hfmk tcxb c`jae~kfxf

c`ga|emxca` a| `aczs hmxm m`h jm` lf wf|s fggfjxcwf

fz~fjcmkks c` zcxvmxca`z tbf|f cx cz `ax ~azzclkf xa hfgc`f xbf

|vkfz a| zxf~z xbmx kfmh xa xbf zakvxca` ag m ~|alkfe.

CC.  CE^KFEF@XMXCA@ 

 M.  Fggcjcf`x ~|f~|ajfzza| Ce~kfef`xmxca`

Xbf ^|f%~|ajfzzc`d xmzoz l|amhks c`jkvhf xaof`cyc`d+

zxa~ ta|h |feawmk+ |feawc`d `a`~|c`xmlkf jbm|mjxf|z+

gfmxv|f zfkfjxca` m`h df`f|mxc`d m `vef|cj f}vcwmkf`x ga|

fwf|s v`c}vf gfmxv|f zfkfjxfh.

Xbf zagxtm|f cz vzfh ga| jkvzxf|c`d xbf c`jaec`d emckz

mz tfkk mz xbfc| mxxmjbef`xz+ tbcjb ems lf c` m ga|emxaxbf| xbm` xfrx. Bf`jf xbf ~|f%~|ajfzza| hfwfka~fh ga| xbcz

zagxtm|f mkza c`ja|~a|mxfz gckf ga|emx ja`wf|zca` gfmxv|fz

xa ja`wf|x hajvef`xz c` axbf| ga|emx c`xa xfrx ga|emx.

Jv||f`xks+ xbf ~|f%~|ajfzza| zv~~a|xz .^HG xa .XRX

ja`wf|zca`. Zaef axbf| ~a~vkm| gckf ga|emxz m|f xa lf

c`jkvhfh c` xbf `fm| gvxv|f.

 L.  @mcwf Lmsfz Ce~kfef`xmxca`

Lmsfz Xbfa|fe9@máwf Lmsfz mkda|cxbe gakkatz Lmsfz xbfa|fe tbcjb cz

zxmxfh mz9^"M{L# 5 ^"L{M# ) ^"M# ! ^"L#

Xbf ~|almlckcxs ag  M bm~~f`c`d dcwf`  L cz hfxf|ec`fh

g|ae xbf ~|almlckcxs ag  L dcwf`  M+ xbf ~|almlckcxs ag  M 

ajjv||c`d m`h xbf ~|almlckcxs ag  L. Xbf Lmsfz \vkf f`mlkfzxbf jmkjvkmxca` ag xbf kcofkcbaah ag fwf`x M dcwf` xbmx L bmz

bm~~f`fh. Xbcz cz vzfh c` xfrx jkmzzcgcjmxca` xa hfxf|ec`f

xbf ~|almlckcxs xbmx m hajvef`x  L cz ag xs~f  M ivzx ls

kaaoc`d mx xbf g|f}vf`jcfz ag ta|hz c` xbf hajvef`x.

Ga| xbf ~v|~azfz ag xfrx jkmzzcgcjmxca`+ xbf Lmsfz \vkf

cz vzfh xa hfxf|ec`f xbf jmxfda|s m hajvef`x gmkkz c`xa ls

hfxf|ec`c`d xbf eazx ~|almlkf jmxfda|s. Xbmx cz+ dcwf` xbcz

hajvef`x tcxb xbfzf ta|hz c` cx+ tbcjb jmxfda|s hafz cx gmkk

c`xa1 Vzc`d xbf Lmsfz \vkf+ tf jm` jmkjvkmxf ^"J c{ H# ls

jae~vxc`d9^"Jc{H# 5 ^"H{Jc# ) ^"Jc# ! ^"H#

Bf|f Jc |f~|fzf`xz m jmxfda|s m`h c |m`dfz g|ae = xa`velf| ag jmxfda|cfz mwmckmlkf.

^"J c{H# cz xbf ~|almlckcxs xbmx hajvef`x  H cz c`jmxfda|s J c? xbmx cz+ xbf ~|almlckcxs xbmx dcwf` xbf zfx ag ta|hz c`  H+ xbfs m~~fm| c` jmxfda|s J c. ^"H{J c# cz xbf~|almlckcxs xbmx ga| m dcwf` jmxfda|s J c+ xbf ta|hz c`  H m~~fm| c` xbmx jmxfda|s.

^"J c# cz xbf ~|almlckcxs ag m dcwf` jmxfda|s? xbmx cz+ xbf~|almlckcxs ag m hajvef`x lfc`d c` jmxfda|s J c tcxbavxja`zchf|c`d cxz ja`xf`xz. ^"H# cz xbf ~|almlckcxs ag xbmxz~fjcgcj hajvef`x ajjv||c`d.

Xbf lkajo hcmd|me ag xbf zszxfe cz zbat` c` xbf Gcd. =9

Gcd.=. Lkajo hcmd|me ag xbf jae~kfxf zszxfe

Mz zbat` c` Gcd. =+ c`~vx hajvef`xz c`cxcmkks daxb|avdb xbf ~|f~|ajfzza|+ tbf|f xbfs m|f |fgc`fh ls|feawc`d v`ce~a|xm`x xfrx. ^|f~|ajfzza| ~f|ga|ez wm|cavzmjxcwcxcfz zvjb mz xaof`cyc`d+ |feawc`d zxa~ ta|hz fxj.Xbf` xbf ce~a|xm`x gfmxv|fz m|f frx|mjxfh g|ae xbf jkfm`fhhmxm. ^|f~|ajfzza| c`xf|`mkks ja`wf|xz xbfzf gfmxv|fz c`xa`vef|cjmk ga|e tbcjb cz v`hf|zxaah ls xbf zszxfe. Bf`jf+fwf|s hajvef`x cz c`xf|`mkks |f~|fzf`xfh ls m xtahcef`zca`mk m||ms ag gfmxv|fz m`h xbfc| g|f}vf`jcfz c` m~m|xcjvkm| hajvef`x. Xbf g|f}vf`jcfz vzfh m|f `a|emkcyfhg|f}vf`jcfz tbcjb `a|emkcyfz xbf xf|e jav`xz awf| xbfhajvef`xz jakkfjxca`. Bf`jf+ m xf|e tbcjb ajjv|zc`g|f}vf`xks tckk emof xbf zmef ja`x|clvxca` xa xbf hczxm`jf

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 4:

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lfxtff` hajvef`xz mz m wf|s jaeea` xf|e. M |fzvkxm`xxta hcef`zca`mk emx|cr cz zbat` c` Gcd. <.

Gcd.<. Xta hcef`zca`mk emx|cr ag hajvef`x gfmxv|fzm`h xbfc| g|f}vf`jcfz.

Mkk xbf v`c}vf gfmxv|fz m|f zxa|fh c` m wajmlvkm|s ga|gvxv|f vzf m`h mkk xbfzf gfmxv|fz bmwf v`c}vf ofs Chz xachf`xcgs xbfe v`c}vfks.

Xbcz xta hcef`zca`mk emx|cr cz dcwf` mz c`~vx xa laxbxbf jkvzxf|c`d xfjb`c}vfz. Laxb xbf xfjb`c}vfz gv`jxca` c`xta ~bmzfz.

  X|mc`c`d ~bmzf

 Jkmzzcgcjmxca` ~bmzfHv|c`d x|mc`c`d ~bmzf @mcwf Lmsfz Jkmzzcgcf| tckk

jmkjvkmxf xbf ~|almlckcxcfz ag dcwf` c`~vx hajvef`x xa lfjkmzzcgcfh c` mkk xbf mwmckmlkf jkvzxf|z m`h xbf jkvzxf| bmwc`dxbf bcdbfzx ~|almlckcxs ga| m dcwf` hajvef`x cz mzzvefh xalf xbf hfzxc`mxca` ga| xbf dcwf` hajvef`x.

Xbf ~|almlckcxcfz ga| mkk xbf jkvzxf|z+ |fxv|`fh ls @mcwfLmsfz Jkmzzcgcf| m|f zxa|fh m`h zf`x mz c`~vx xa xbf M|xcgcjcmk@fv|mk @fxta|o mka`d tcxb xbf xta hcef`zca`mk emx|cr.Xbf M@@ x|cfz xa gc`h xbf |fzvkxm`x jkvzxf| ga| xbf dcwf`hajvef`x m`h tckk avx~vx cxz jmkjvkmxfh |fzvkxz.

Xbf ~v|~azf ag xbcz xta tms jkvzxf|c`d cz xa ce~|awf xbfmjjv|mjs tcxb tbcjb hajvef`xz m|f jkvzxf|fh.

J.  M@@ Ce~kfef`xmxca`

M@@ vzfh bf|f cz xbf Gffh Ga|tm|h Lmjo ^|a~mdmxca``fv|mk `fxta|o. Lmjo ^|a~mdmxca` cz m kfm|`c`d mkda|cxbega| mhivzxc`d xbf tfcdbxz. C`~vx hmxm cz ~|a~mdmxfh xb|avdb`fxta|o v`xck cx |fmjbfz avx~vx kmsf|. F||a| wmkvf ga| xbf`fxta|o cz jmkjvkmxfh. Xbf `fv|mk `fxta|o xbf` vzfz cx xax|mc` xbf `fxta|o ls ~|a~mdmxc`d xbf f||a| lmjotm|hz. Mdmc`ga|tm|h ~|ajfzz zxm|xz. Xbf jsjkf cz |f~fmxfh v`xck xbf f||a|cz ec`cecyfh.

M@@ tckk mktmsz bmwf gcrfh `velf| ag c`~vxz+ tbf|fmzxbf zcyf ag xta hcef`zca`mk emx|cr df`f|mxfh g|ae xbf c`~vxhajvef`x tckk mktmsz hf~f`h v~a` xbf c`~vx hajvef`xcxzfkg. Bf`jf+ zaef hcef`zca`mkcxs |fhvjxca` zxf~z evzx lf~f|ga|efh c` a|hf| xa emof xbfzf xta zcyfz f}vmk xa fmjbaxbf|. Xbf|f m|f xta a~xca`z9

  ^|c`jc~kf Jae~a`f`x M`mkszcz "^JM#  Za|x mkk xbf xta hcef`zca`mk emx|cr a` g|f}vf`js

wmkvfz ` zfkfjx xa~ e gfmxv|fz avx ag ` "e ; `#Xbf ^JM hafz `ax ta|o tfkk cg xbf wm|cmxca`z c` xbf

c`~vx hmxm m|f `ax bcdb. Cx ta|oz tfkk v`hf| xbf ja`hcxca`xbmx xbf hmxm zfx bmz baeadf`favz hf`zcxs. Bf`jf+ xbfzfja`h efxbah ag za|xc`d tmz vzfh. C` xbcz efxbah mkk xbfgfmxv|fz tf|f za|xfh c` hfzjf`hc`d a|hf| ag `a|emkcyfhg|f}vf`jcfz. M`h xbf` xa~  ~ g|f}vf`jcfz tf|f zfkfjxfh c` m~m|xcjvkm| jkvzxf|.

Xbf kcl|m|s vzfh ga| M@@ ce~kfef`xmxca` cz GmzxM|xcgcjcmk @fv|mk @fxta|o. Cx |f}vc|fz c`~vx gckf c`xa m~m|xcjvkm| ga|emx+ xbf ~|f~|ajfzza| ja`wf|xz c`jaec`d

hajvef`xz xa xbmx ga|emx m`h xbf` xbmx gckf cz dcwf` mz c`~vxxa xbf M@@.

CCC.  FR^F\CEF@X 

 M.  Hmxm

Xbf hmxm zfx vzfh tmz frx|mjxfh g|ae"bxx~9!!ohh.cjz.vjc.fhv!#. Xbf hmxm zfx ja`zczxz ag <>+>>>efzzmdfz g|ae <> `ftz d|av~z. Xbf hmxm tmz em`vmkksjkvzxf|fh c`xa <> ~azzclkf jkvzxf|z. Xbf em`vmk jkvzxf| zcyftmz =+>>> hajvef`xz ~f| jkvzxf|. Xbcz m~~|amjb |f~|fzf`xz mhmcks+ `a|emk a~f|mxca` ag c`ga|emxca` zffoc`d m`hjmxfda|cymxca` c` a|dm`cymxca`z xahms+ tbf|f wmzx meav`x ag c`ga|emxca` cz dmxbf|fh m`h jmxfda|cyfh.

 L.  Efxbah 

Xbf <>+>>> hajvef`xz tf|f m`mksyfh vzc`d jkmzzcjmkxfrx m`mkszcz efxbahakads. Hajvef`xz c` ga|emxz axbf| xbm`xfrx m|f ja`wf|xfh c` .XRX ga|emx. Jv||f`xks xbf jkvzxf|c`df`dc`f zv~~a|xz a`ks ^HG xa .XRX ja`wf|zca`. ‛Zxa~ta|hz― tf|f |feawfh. Xbf |fzvkxfh xf|ez tf`x v`hf|gv|xbf| zxfeec`d ~|ajfzz+ vzc`d ^a|xf| zxfeec`d mkda|cxbe_=6U. Gc`mkks+ `a|emkcyfh tfcdbxfh xf|e wfjxa|z|f~|fzf`xc`d xbf hajvef`xz tf|f df`f|mxfh.

Xbfzf xf|ez tf|f m~~kcfh xa @mcwf Lmsfz jkmzzcgcf|tbf|f mgxf| ~f|ga|ec`d xbf emxbfemxcjz cx avx~vxz xbf|fzvkxc`d ~|almlckcxcfz ja||fz~a`hc`d xa mkk xbf jkvzxf|z.Xbfzf avx~vx ~|almlckcxcfz mka`d tcxb xbf `a|emkcyfhtfcdbxfh xf|e wfjxa|z tf|f dcwf` xa M@@ m`h xbf |fzvkxm`xjkvzxf| tmz gav`h. Avx~vxz g|ae laxb xbfzf xfjb`c}vfz tf|fjae~m|fh m`h xbf gc`mk avx~vx cz hfjchfh ls xbf jkvzxf|c`df`dc`f.

Xbf xta tms jkvzxf|c`d ce~|awfz xbf mjjv|mjs c`jkvzxf|c`d dcwf` c`~vx hajvef`xz.

C` a|hf| xa fwmkvmxf ~f|ga|em`jf ag laxb xbf xfjb`c}vfz+laxb mvxaemxcj jkvzxf|c`d |fzvkxz tf|f jae~m|fh xa xbfem`vmk jmxfda|cymxca`.

J.  Jae~m|cza`

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mkza jaeea`ks o`at` mz xbf Jahcgcjmxca` m~~|amjb xa

OE.

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c`zcdbxz xa xbf ~m|xcjvkm| ~f|za` a| ~fa~kf `ffhc`d xbcz"Z`athf` <>><#. Xbcz cz mkza jaeea`ks o`at` mz xbf^f|za`mkcymxca` m~~|amjb xa OE.

CW. D\FF@ XFJB@AKADS

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m`h axbf|z.

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c``awmxca` m`h jbm`dfz c` hmcks kcgf ag zceckm|emd`cxvhf xa xbf ,c`ga|emxca` xfjb`akads, fr~kazca`

awf| xbf kmzx xta hfjmhfz. C` xbfzf fm|ks zxmdfz+ cx cz

ce~azzclkf xa ~|fhcjx tbmx ,d|ff` xfjb`akads, ems

fwf`xvmkks f`jae~mzz.

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tcxbavx hmemdc`d a| hf~kfxc`d `mxv|mk |fzav|jfz. C`

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  Zav|jf |fhvjxca` % |fhvjc`d tmzxf m`h

~akkvxca` ls jbm`dc`d ~mxxf|`z ag ~|ahvjxca` m`h

ja`zve~xca`.

  C``awmxca` % hfwfka~c`d mkxf|`mxcwfz xa

xfjb`akadcfz % tbfxbf| gazzck gvfk a| jbfecjmk c`xf`zcwf

md|cjvkxv|f % xbmx bmwf lff` hfea`zx|mxfh xa hmemdf

bfmkxb m`h xbf f`wc|a`ef`x? m`h

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mjxcwcxs m|av`h xfjb`akadcfz m`h ~|ahvjxz xbmx lf`fgcx

xbf f`wc|a`ef`x+ z~ffhc`d xbfc| ce~kfef`xmxca` m`h

j|fmxc`d `ft jm|ff|z xbmx x|vks ~|axfjx xbf ~km`fx.

C` xbf kcdbx ag mlawf xta emc` zjf`m|caz cx czce~a|xm`x xa v`hf|zxm`h fmjb xf|ec`akads jkfm|ks m`h

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 44

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cxz ce~kfef`xmxca`. Xbcz cz tbf|f xbf ce~kfef`xmxca` ag 

O`atkfhdf Em`mdfef`x zx|mxfdcfz c` D|ff`Xfjb`akads mz~fjx tavkh bfk~. Xbf frmjx zxf~z ga|

tbmx+ bat+ tbf`+ tbf|f+ tbcjb+ ls tbae m`h tbs c`

o`atc`d D|ff` Xfjb`akads tavkh lf ha`f c` xbf lmjo 

h|a~ ag O`atkfhdf Em`mdfef`x.

W. F@F\DS JA@ZF\WMXCA@

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mjbcfwfh xb|avdb c`j|fmzfh fggcjcf`x f`f|ds vzf+ c`

ja`iv`jxca` tcxb hfj|fmzfh f`f|ds ja`zve~xca` m`h!a|

|fhvjfh ja`zve~xca` g|ae ja`wf`xca`mk f`f|ds

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zffez xbmx em`s ~fa~kf m|f tckkc`d xa emof xbf jbm`df

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fggfjxz ag xbf bvem` mjxcwcxcfz.

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xbf f`wc|a`ef`x mx mkk. Ea`fs hcjxmxfz xbf mjxca`z ag 

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ha `ax jm|f mlavx xbf bfmkxb ag xbf f`wc|a`ef`x+ a|

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a`f ag xbf eazx ce~a|xm`x ~|ajfzzfz xb|avdb tbcjb tf

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g|ae xbf f`f|ds zav|jfz tbcjb tf jv||f`xks vzf. Xbf

~|alkfe cz xbmx xbf gazzck gvfkz tbcjb tf jv||f`xks |fks

a` m|f hf~kfxc`d m`h c` xbf gvxv|f tf ecdbx lf ga|jfh xaemof xbf jbm`df. Tf ecdbx `ax bmwf m hcggf|f`x a~xca`.

WC. JA@ZF\WMXCA@ M@H FGGCJCF@JS% XBF

F@F\DS ^S\MECH 

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f`f|ds gvxv|f+ lvx xbf km|dfzx a~~a|xv`cxcfz m|f jv||f`xks

c` f`f|ds ja`zf|wmxca` m`h fggcjcf`js.

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em`s tmsz c` tbcjb cx jm` lf ha`f+ a`f ag cx lfc`d xbf

zakm| f`f|ds. Xbf zjm|jcxs ag fkfjx|cjcxs cz gfkx

fwf|stbf|f kfmhc`d xa kamh zbfhhc`d agg m`h a`. Xbf

zx|vjxv|fh m`mkszcz zbatz xbf vzf ag OE ga|

ce~kfef`xmxca` ag DX.

WCC. ZAKM\ F@F\DS

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`mxv|mk kcdbx. Xbf \aem`z |fjad`cyfh m |cdbx xa kcdbx mz

fm|ks mz xbf 7xb jf`xv|s m`h F`dkczb kmt fjbafh xbfzf

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jf`xv|s m|xcgcjcmk kcdbxc`d lfjmef xbf emc` zav|jf ag 

c`xf|ca| ckkvec`mxca` lvx hms kcdbxc`d xfjb`c}vfz m`h

bsl|ch zakm| kcdbxc`d zakvxca`z m|f tmsz xa |fhvjf

f`f|ds ja`zve~xca`.

Xbf Jbm`df Zx|vjxv|f mz zbat` c` Gcd %: hf~cjxz

xbmx jbm`dfz ha xmof ~kmjf m`h cx cz `fjfzzm|s xa m`mkszf

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 M. ^|fzf`x Zxmdf

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 L. Mzzfzzef`x Zxmdf

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~azzclkf zakvxca`z jm` lf xbavdbx ag. Bf|f tbf` tf xmko 

mlavx zjm|jcxs ag fkfjx|cjcxs+ tbf` jm` xbc`o ag 

hfwfka~c`d m zx|mxfds.

J. Hfwfka~c`d Gvxv|f Zx|mxfds

Tf jm` xbc`o ag9

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tbcjb ja`zvef kfzz ~atf|.

 H. Gvxv|f Zxmdf

Mdmc` bf|f tf `ffh xa v`hf|zxm`h xbf gvxv|f

xfjb`cjmk+ zajcmk m`h jvkxv|mk zvlzszxfez. Xbf eazx

ce~a|xm`x mz~fjx cz xbf mwmckmlckcxs ag |fzav|jfz m`h cxz

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 42

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Hms kcdbxc`d zszxfez jakkfjx m`h hczx|clvxf zv`kcdbx

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a|cf`xmxca`? frxf|ca| zbmhc`d hfwcjfz ems lf ja`zchf|fh

mz tfkk. C`hcwchvmk gfmxv|fz c`jkvhf zmt xaaxb |aagz+

jkf|fzxa|s tc`hatz+ kcdbx zbfkwfz+ zoskcdbxz m`h kcdbx

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kcdbxc`d%|fkmxfh f`f|ds |f}vc|fef`xz ls <6&.

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xbf hc|fjx zv`kcdbx |fjfcwfh.

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ls dfad|m~bs+ jkcemxf m`h fja`aecjz+ emoc`d cx bm|h xa

df`f|mkcyf g|ae zc`dkf zxvhcfz.

WCCC. JA@JKVZCA@

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ce~a|xm`x xa vzf xbf o`atkfhdf fggfjxcwfks za mz xa

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ja|~a|mxca`z cz m zcd`cgcjm`x a~~a|xv`cxs xa ja`zf|wf

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xbmx f`mlkf xbfe xa ta|o g|ae baef c`zxfmh ag 

jaeevxc`d xa ta|o fmjb hms.

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ce~mjx xbfc| f`f|ds vzf jm` bmwf c` xbfc| ta|o~kmjf a|baefz. Mhwm`jfh |fmk%xcef f`f|ds efxf|c`d cz mlkf xa

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 26

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 27

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CC.  \FWCFT AG \FKMXFH TA\OZ

Tcxb xbf hfwfka~ef`x ag zfem`xcj tfl wm|cfh zxvhcfz

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ls xbf vzf|.

CCC.  AWF\WCFT AG \M@OC@D ZX\MXFDS

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|m`oc`d.

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~mdf hmxmlmzf ga| gvxv|f vzf.

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ag |fzvkxz cz xbf eazx ce~a|xm`x gmjxa|9 lkc`hc`dks gmzx+

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}vf|cfz

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 24

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:.  M zfx ag |fkfwm`jf ivhdef`xz+ zxm`hm|h m lc`m|s

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7/23/2019 ICCA Volume 5

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Bf|f m`axbf| `ftks hfwfka~fh xfjb`c}vf `mefh+ ‛M@awfk G|mefta|o ga| Hmxmlmzf Zfjv|cxs lmzfh a` EcrfhJ|s~xad|m~bs―_6U cz hczjvzzfh. Xbf alifjxcwf ag xbcz|fzfm|jb cz xa ~|a~azf m df`f|mk hmxmlmzf j|s~xad|m~bsg|mefta|o+ tcxbavx fr~kmc`c`d xbf gcrfh zseefx|cj a|mzseefx|cj f`j|s~xca` mkda|cxbez vzfh c` xbmx g|mefta|o.Xbf f`j|s~xca` mkda|cxbez mggfjx xbf ~f|ga|em`jf ag }vf|s~|ajfzzc`d m`h zfjv|cxs m`mkszcz. Bcz g|mefta|o hafz `ax|fks a` m z~fjcgcj zseefx|cj f`j|s~xca` mkda|cxbe? m`szseefx|cj mkda|cxbe tcxb xbf m~~|a~|cmxf ofs zcyf jm` lfvzfh. Mkza+ cx cz ~azzclkf xa m~~ks hcggf|f`x f`j|s~xca`mkda|cxbez a` hcggf|f`x zchfz. Ga| frme~kf+ xbf jkcf`x javkhvzf mkda|cxbe M+ xbf x|vzxfh xbc|h ~m|xs javkh m~~ksmkda|cxbe L+ m`h xbf zf|wf| javkh ha cx tcxb mkda|cxbe J.Xbcz ~|awchfz m gkfrclkf m`h ea|f zfjv|f f`j|s~xc`df`wc|a`ef`x. Xbcz zfjxca` m`mksyfz xbf zfjv|cxs ag hmxmzxa|mdf m`h hmxm x|m`zeczzca` xbmx hfmkz tcxb lmzcj mxxmjo jkmzzfz+ jae~|czc`d c`zchf m`h avxzchf mxxmjoz+ tcxbavxxfjb`cjmk hfxmckz |fkmxfh xa xbf f`j|s~xca` xfjb`c}vfz vzfh.Bf|f m`axbf| `ftks hfwfka~fh xfjb`c}vf `mefh+ ‛HmxmF`j|s~xca`% Zakvxca` ga| Zfjv|cxs ag Hmxmlmzf Ja`xf`xz―_:U cz hczjvzzfh. C` xbcz ~m~f| xbfs m|f vzc`d Ecj|azagxZ]K Zf|wf| <>>2 xaak xa lf zfjv|fh hmxm lmzf. C` xbczxfjb`c}vf xbfs `ffh xa j|fmxf m emzxf| ofs+ m`h xbf` alxmc`m jf|xcgcjmxf ~|axfjxfh ls xbf emzxf| ofs mgxf| xbmx j|fmxf mhmxmlmzf f`j|s~xca` ofs m`h ~|axfjx cx ls xbf jf|xcgcjmxf m`hZfx xbf hmxmlmzf xa vzf f`j|s~xca`. Df`f|mkks c` xbcz xbfzxf~z ag X|m`z~m|f`x Hmxm F`j|s~xca` c` Ecj|azagx Z]KZf|wf| <>>2 X|m`z~m|f`x Hmxm F`j|s~xca` ag xbf hmxmlmzfgckf cz ~f|ga|efh mx xbf ~mdf kfwfk. Xbf ~mdfz c` m`f`j|s~xfh hmxmlmzf m|f f`j|s~xfh lfga|f xbfs m|f t|cxxf` xahczo m`h hfj|s~xfh tbf` |fmh c`xa efea|s. Zf|wcjf Emzxf|Ofs cz j|fmxfh mx m xcef ag Z]K Zf|wf| zfxv~? H^M^Cf`j|s~xz xbf Zf|wcjf Emzxf| Ofs. Zf|wcjf Emzxf| Ofsf`j|s~xz Hmxmlmzf Emzxf| Ofs ga| xbf Emzxf| Hmxmlmzf.Xbf Hmxmlmzf Emzxf| Ofs ag xbf emzxf| Hmxmlmzf J|fmxfzxbf Jf|xcgcjmxf xbf` xbf jf|xcgcjmxf f`j|s~xz xbf hmxmlmzff`j|s~xca` ofs c` xbf vzf| hmxmlmzf. Xbf f`xc|f hmxmlmzf czzfjv|fh ls xbf Hmxmlmzf Emzxf| Ofs ag xbf vzf| Hmxmlmzfls vzc`d X|m`z~m|f`x Hmxmlmzf f`j|s~xca` _:U.

Bf|f m`axbf| `ftks hfwfka~fh xfjb`c}vf `mefh+ ‛M`Mvxbf`xcjmxca` Zjbfef ga| ^|fwf`xc`d Z]K C`ifjxca`Mxxmjo Vzc`d Bsl|ch F`j|s~xca` "^Z]KCM%BLF#― _8U cz

hczjvzzfh. C` xbcz xfjb`c}vf xbfs m|f vzc`d m` mvxbf`xcjmxca`zjbfef ls bsl|ch f`j|s~xca` mkda|cxbe tbcjb cz xbfjaelc`mxca` ag Mhwm`jf F`j|s~xca` Zxm`hm|h "MFZ# m`h\ZM ga| ~|fwf`xc`d Z]K C`ifjxca` mxxmjo. C` xbf xfjb`c}vf+v`c}vf zfj|fx ofs cz mzzcd`fh ga| fwf|s vzf| m`h xbf zf|wf|bmz ~|cwmxf ofs m`h ~vlkcj ofs ~mc| ga| \ZM f`j|s~xca`. C`xbcz xfjb`c}vf+ xbfs m~~ks xta kfwfk ag f`j|s~xca` c` kadc`}vf|s tbcjb cz gakkatc`d.  Zseefx|cj ofs f`j|s~xca` ga| vzf| `mef m`h ~mzzta|h

ls vzc`d vzf|–z zfj|fx ofs.

  Mzseefx|cj ofs f`j|s~xca` ga| }vf|s ls vzc`d zf|wf|–z~vlkcj ofs.

Mjja|hc`d xa C`h|m`c Lmkmzv`hm|me m`h F. \mem|mi _8Uxbcz xfjb`c}vf cz bcdbks zfjv|fh hvf xa m~~ks Bsl|chf`j|s~xca` zjbfef.

CCC.  ^\ALKFE GA\EVKMXCA@ 

C` _:+8U xbfs m|f zf`hc`d xbfc| ~f|za`mk c`ga|emxca` awf|~vlkcj `fxta|o c` xbf ga|e ag xfrx wmkvf+ cemdfz+ ~hg gckfm`h em`s ea|f ga|emx xa zxa|f c` hmxmlmzf m`s tbf|f ga|zfjv|cxs ~v|~azf. C` xbcz C bmwf m`mkszcz xbmx xbf|f cz a`ksa`f kfwfk ag zfjv|cxs m|f vzc`d. Ga|e xbf zfjv|cxs ~ac`x ag wcft xbcz cz wf|s tffo+ m`s fmwfzh|a~~f| jm` fmzcks chf`xcgsxbf efm`c`d ag jc~bf| xfrx vzc`d l|vx ga|jf mxxmjo. M`axbf|ce~a|xm`x xbc`d xbcz mkda|cxbe cz `ax fggcjcf`x lfjmvzf ag hmxm lmzf cz xbf jmzf zf`zcxcwf za tf bmwf mkza efmzv|f xbmxc`ga|emxca` zbavkh lf ~|a~f|ks zxa|fh c` xbf hmxmlmzf.M`axbf| ce~a|xm`x gmjxa| cz xbf efea|s vxckcymxca` ls xbfmkda|cxbe. Xa zxa|f v``fjfzzm|s wmkvf tf bmwf |f}vc|fhkaxz ag efea|s z~mjf.

Tf bmwf alzf|wfh c` _3+ 6+ 8+ m`h :U ~f|ga|em`jf ag 

HLEZ bmz hfd|mhfh hvf xa mkda|cxbe vzfh c` f`j|s~xca`.G|ae xbf zxvhs _6+ :U xbmx HFZ cz c`zfjv|f+ :HFZ cz zkatm`h eazx ag xbf mkda|cxbe m|f vzc`d =<2 lcx ofsz mx mec`ceve. M` c`bf|f`x wvk`f|mlckcxs ag HLEZ%lmzfhf`j|s~xca` cz xbf f`j|s~xca` ofs vzfh xa f`j|s~x hmxm kcofkstckk lf zxa|fh c` m hmxmlmzf xmlkf c`zchf xbf hmxmlmzf+~|axfjxfh ls HLEZ mjjfzz ja`x|akz. 

CW.  ^\A^AZFH TA\O 

Mz ja|~a|mxf `fxta|oz lfjaef ea|f m`h ea|f a~f` xaxbf avxzchf xa mjjaeeahmxf zv~~kcf|z+ jvzxaef|z m`h~m|x`f|z+ `fxta|o ~f|cefxf| zfjv|cxs cz `a ka`df| zvggcjcf`xxa ~|axfjx hmxm. C`hvzx|s fr~f|xz bmwf ka`d |fjaeef`hfh m‛hfgf`zf c` hf~xb― m~~|amjb ls mhhc`d kmsf|z ag zfjv|cxs

m|av`h xbf hmxm. Tcxb xbf `fxta|o lfc`d |fdm|hfh mzc`bf|f`xks c`zfjv|f+ f`j|s~xc`d xbf hmxm cx cz xbf lfzx a~xca`+agxf` jcxfh mz xbf ‛kmzx kc`f ag hfgf`zf―. C` xf|ez ag hmxmlmzf zfjv|cxs+ f`j|s~xca` zfjv|fz xbf mjxvmk hmxm tcxbc`xbf hmxmlmzf m`h ~|axfjxz lmjov~z. Xbmx efm`z hmxm |femc`z~|axfjxfh fwf` c` xbf fwf`x ag m hmxm l|fmjb. Eahf|`m~~|amjbfz xa hmxmlmzf f`j|s~xca`+ zvjb mz xbf X|m`z~m|f`xHmxm F`j|s~xca` "XHF# m|jbcxfjxv|fz c`x|ahvjfh ls A|mjkfm`h Ecj|azagx+ emof cx fmzcf| ga| a|dm`cymxca`z xa hf~kashmxmlmzf f`j|s~xca` lfjmvzf XHF hafz `ax |f}vc|f m`sjbm`dfz xa hmxmlmzf m~~kcjmxca`z.

Xbf alifjxcwf ag es |fzfm|jb cz `ax a`ks hmxmlmzfv`|fmhmlkf+ cx mkza frxf`hz c`xa vzf| mvxbf`xcjmxca` xbmx cz+

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 38

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~|awchc`d xbf |fjc~cf`x tcxb mzzv|m`jf xbmx xbf f`j|s~xfhhmxmlmzf a|cdc`mxfh g|ae m x|vzxfh zav|jf. Lfjmvzffwf|slahs o`atz mlavx zfj|fxz? zaef bmwf ea|f xbm`axbf|z. Cx cz `fjfzzm|s tbf` tf m|f x|m`zecxxc`dc`ga|emxca` g|ae a`f `ahf xa m`axbf| `ahf xa zxa|f c`hmxmlmzf lfjmvzf cx$z ce~a|xm`x xa ~|axfjx xbf c`ga|emxca`tbckf cx$z c` x|m`zcx. J|s~xad|m~bs cz a`f ag xbf lfzxxfjb`c}vfz ga| zfjv|cxs c` xbf ga|e ag |fmhmlkf hmxm+ m`hx|m`zga|ec`d cx c`xa v`|fmhmlkf hmxm ga| xbf ~v|~azf ag zfjv|f x|m`zeczzca`+ m`h xbf` vzc`d m ofs xa x|m`zga|e cxlmjo c`xa |fmhmlkf hmxm tbf` cx |fmjbfz cxz hfzxc`mxca`.Gv|xbf|ea|f xa es |fzfm|jb cz xa hfwfka~ m `ft f`j|s~xca`mkda|cxbe eahfk mz tfkk mz mkda|cxbe xbmx m~~ks ofsba~~c`d+ wm|cmlkf ofs kf`dxb m`h mkda|cxbe ba~~c`d xbmxhcggf| g|ae ja`wf`xca`mk j|s~xad|m~bcj mkda|cxbez. Xbfmkda|cxbe cz lmzfh a` m zseefx|cj lkajo jc~bf|. Xbf~f|ga|em`jf m`h zx|f`dxb ag `ft mkda|cxbe cz fr~fjxfh xalf lfxxf| xbm` ja`wf`xca`mk j|s~xad|m~bcj mkda|cxbe m`hbcdbks fggfjxcwf mdmc`zx l|vxf ga|jf mxxmjo.

 M.  ^km``c`d m Hmxmlmzf xa lf Zfjv|f vzc`d F`j|s~xca`

Zx|mxfds

Tbf`fwf| tf bmwf zxm|xfh  xa hfzcd` m hmxmlmzff`j|s~xca` zx|mxfds ga| zfjv|f c`ga|emxca` tbcjb cz zxa|fhc` xbf hmxm lmzf+ tf `ffh xa v`hf|zxm`h gakkatc`d xbc`dz9

 Bat f`j|s~xca` ta|oz. Bat hmxm gkatz c` av| m~~kcjmxca`. Bat hmxmlmzf ~|axfjxca` gcxz c`xa av| a|dm`cymxca`

awf|mkk zfjv|cxs ~akcjs.A`jf tf bmwf mzzfzzfh xbf zfjv|cxs m`h f`j|s~xca`

`ffhz ag xbf zf`zcxcwf hmxm lfc`d dmxbf|fh c` av|

m~~kcjmxca`+ tf tckk `ffh xa ~cjo m jav|zf ag mjxca` xaf`zv|f cx cz ~|axfjxfh a`jf cx |fmjbfz xbf hmxmlmzf. Xbf|f m|fxta zx|mxfdcfz tf jm` vzf9

 Vzc`d f`j|s~xca` gfmxv|fz ag av| HmxmlmzfEm`mdfef`x Zx|mxfds "HLEZ#.

 ^f|ga|ec`d f`j|s~xca` m`h hfj|s~xca` avxzchf xbfhmxmlmzf.

Fmjb ag xbfzf m~~|amjbfz bmz cxz mhwm`xmdfz m`hhczmhwm`xmdfz. C` xbcz |fzfm|jb tf tckk avxkc`f xbf a`ks a`flfzx zx|mxfds ga| f`j|s~xc`d zxa|fh hmxm ga|fwf|.

Gcdv|f <. zbatz xs~cjmk xb|ff xcf| m~~kcjmxca`m|jbcxfjxv|f. Xbf hmxm ems lf mx |czo ag fr~azv|f c` m`s ag xbf xb|ff xcf|z+ a| mz cx x|mwfkz lfxtff` jae~a`f`xz.F`j|s~xca` ~f|ga|efh ls xbf HLEZ jm` ~|axfjx hmxm mx

|fzx+ lvx tf evzx hfjchf cg tf mkza |f}vc|f ~|axfjxca` ga|hmxm tbckf cx–z eawc`d lfxtff` xbf m~~kcjmxca`z m`h xbfhmxmlmzf. Zf`hc`d zf`zcxcwf c`ga|emxca` awf| xbf C`xf|`fx a|tcxbc` av| ja|~a|mxf `fxta|o jkfm| xfrx+ hfgfmxz xbf ~ac`x ag f`j|s~xc`d xbf xfrx c` xbf hmxmlmzf xa ~|awchf hmxm ~|cwmjs.Daah zfjv|cxs ~|mjxcjf cz xa ~|axfjx zf`zcxcwf hmxm c` laxbjmzfz mz cx cz x|m`zgf||fh awf| xbf `fxta|o m`h mx |fzx.

Gcdv|f <

C` xbcz ta|o tf m|f ja`jf`x|mxc`d a` ofsz xbmx f`j|s~xm`h hfj|s~x hmxm+ av| hmxmlmzf ~|axfjxca` zakvxca` cz a`ks mz

daah mz xbf ~|axfjxca` ag av| ~|a~azfh ofsz. Zfjv|cxshf~f`hz a` xta gmjxa|z9 tbf|f xbf ofsz m|f zxa|fh m`h tbabmz mjjfzz xa xbfe. Xbf|f cz zaef gakkatc`d ~ac`x tbcjbjm` lf ~kms ce~a|xm`x |akf c` hmxmlmzf zfjv|cxs9

 Bat em`s f`j|s~xca` ofsz tckk tf |f}vc|fh1 Bat tckk tf em`mdf ofsz1 Tbf|f tckk xbf ofsz lf zxa|fh1 Bat tckk tf ~|axfjx mjjfzz xa xbf f`j|s~xca`

ofsz1 Bat agxf` zbavkh ofsz jbm`df1

C` xbcz zfjxca` C me x|sc`d xa fr~kmc` mlawf ef`xca`~ac`x xbmx em`mdfef`x ag f`j|s~xca` ofs cz m wf|s hcggcjvkx~|alkfe xa zakwf. Cg tf m|f vzc`d m zc`dkf ofs ga| hmxmlmzfce~kfef`xmxca` zce~kf|+ lvx cx mkza efm`z mkk av| zf`zcxcwf

hmxm cz wvk`f|mlkf cg xbf ofs cz l|aof` ls c`x|vhf|z. Cg tfm|f vzc`d evkxc~kf ofs xbf` zjf`m|caz lfjaef ea|fjae~kcjmxfh xa ofsz xa hfj|s~x hmxm. Lfjmvzf f`j|s~xfhhmxm jm` a`ks lf hfj|s~xfh tcxb cxz ja||fz~a`hc`d ofs+ m`szszxfe a| m~~kcjmxca` tckk `ffh xa o`at bat xa gc`h xbmxofs. Xbf ea|f zszxfez xbmx o`at xbf f`j|s~xca` ofs+ xbfbcdbf| xbf |czo xbmx xbf ofs tckk lf fr~azfh v`kfzz m zx|a`dmjjfzz em`mdfef`x zszxfe cz m~~kcfh. M daah |vkf ag xbvel cz xbf a`ks a`f ofs tf vzf xa f`j|s~x c`ga|emxca`lfxtff` xta ~fa~kf. M`axbf| ~ac`x cz tbf|f xa zxa|f ofsz.Xbcz cz xbf ~m|x ag em`mdfef`x xbmx tbf|f xa zxa|f xbfe.Xbf|f cz m zakvxca` cz xa zxa|f xbf ofsz c` m |fzx|cjxfh ~a|xca`ag hmxmlmzf xmlkf a| gckf.

Ce~kfef`xc`d m Hmxmlmzf f`j|s~xca` zx|mxfds9%  Xa

fggfjxcwfks zfjv|f av| hmxmlmzfz vzc`d f`j|s~xca`+ xb|ffczzvfz m|f ag ~|cem|s ce~a|xm`jf9 tbf|f xa ~f|ga|e xbff`j|s~xca`+ tbf|f xa zxa|f f`j|s~xca` ofsz m`h tba bmzmjjfzz xa f`j|s~xca` ofsz. Xbf ~|ajfzz ag f`j|s~xca` jm` lf~f|ga|efh fcxbf| tcxbc` xbf hmxmlmzf+ cg av| HLEZzv~~a|xz xbf f`j|s~xca` gfmxv|fz tf `ffh+ a| avxzchf xbfHLEZ+ tbf|f f`j|s~xca` ~|ajfzzc`d m`h ofs zxa|mdf czaggkamhfh xa jf`x|mkcyfh F`j|s~xca` Zf|wf|z.

 L.   Lkajo Hcmd|me ag ^|a~azfh Zszxfe

Df`f|mkks tf bmwf vzfh m zf|cfz ag emxbfemxcjmka~f|mxca` hv|c`d f`j|s~xca` m`h hfj|s~xca` xa df`f|mxf m`mkxf|`mxf ga|e ag xbmx hmxm? xbf zf}vf`jf ag xbfzf a~f|mxca`zcz jmkkfh m` mkda|cxbe. Xa bfk~ hczxc`dvczb lfxtff` xbf xta

ga|ez ag hmxm+ xbf v`f`j|s~xfh hmxm cz |fgf||fh xa mz xbf~kmc`xfrx m`h xbf f`j|s~xfh hmxm mz jc~bf| xfrx. F`j|s~xca`cz vzfh xa f`zv|f xbmx c`ga|emxca` cz bchhf` g|ae m`sa`f ga|tbae cx cz `ax c`xf`hfh+ fwf` xbazf tba jm` zff xbff`j|s~xfh hmxm. Xbf ~|ajfzz ag |fwf|xc`d jc~bf| xfrx xa cxza|cdc`mk ~kmc`xfrx cz jmkkfh hfj|s~xca`. Xbcz ~|ajfzz czckkvzx|mxfh c` xbf Gcdv|f : lfkat. M`h gcdv|f 8 cz zbatc`d~|a~azfh chfm.

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf| mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~k cjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U 36

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Gcdv|f :9% F`j|s~xca` m`h Hfj|s~xca`

J.   Lkajo Hcmd|me ag ^|a~azfh Chfm9

Gcdv|f 89% Lkajo Hcmd|me ag ^|a~azfh Chfm

W.  JA@JKVZCA@ 

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xta gcfkhz9 xbf vzf|–z ^X@ m`h m ~ac`xf| xa xbf HL< 

xbf vzf| cz jv||f`xks wczcxc`d. @a axbf| vzf| c`ga|emxca` 

cz zxa|fh c` xbf HL=. \fzvkxz g|ae  Zfjxca` W |fwfmk xbmx

xbf X%x|ff cz m ~|fgf|mlkf xfjb`c}vf ga| xbf c`hfr gckf ag 

HL=. 

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Fmjb ag xbf hmxmlmzf HL<z ja`zczxz ag xta ~m|xz9 xbf

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Fmjb f`x|s c` xbf c`hfr ja`zczxz ag xta gcfkhz9 xbf vzf|–z 

^X@ m`h m ~ac`xf| xa xbf vzf| |fja|h c` xbf hmxm gckf xbmx

zxa|fz xbf zf|wcjf ~|agckfz ga| fmjb vzf| jv||f`xks wczcxc`d

xbcz HL< m|fm. 

C` xbcz zfjxca`+ xbf kajmxca` x|mjoc`d ~|ajfhv|fz m|f

hfzj|clfh lmzfh a` xbf ~|a~azfh evkxc%x|ff hmxmlmzf

m|jbcxfjxv|f mz tfkk mz xbf ~|a~azfh hmxmlmzf 

a|dm`cymxca`z. Kajmxca` x|mjoc`d ja`zczxz ag  xta 

~|ajfhv|fz9 xbf kajmxca` |fdczx|mxca` ~|ajfhv|f m`h  xbf 

jmkk hfkcwf|s ~|ajfhv|f. Kajmxca` |fdczx|mxca` cz xbf

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c`jaec`d jmkk m||cwfz+ xbf jmkk hfkcwf|s ~|ajfhv|f cz

c`waofh xa hfkcwf| xbf jmkk xa xbf vzf|. Ga| zce~kcjcxs+ c`

xbcz ~m~f|+ cx cz mzzvefh xbmx m HL< a ks ja`x|akz a`f\M. C` |fmk m~~kcjmxca`z+ m HL< ems ja`x|ak zfwf|mk

\Mz. 

 L. Kajmxca` \fdczx|mxca` ^|ajfhv|f

Tcxb xbf ~|fwcavzks hfgc`fh gckf zx|vjxv|fz ag  HL>+ 

HL=+ m`h HL< mz tfkk mz xbf ~|a~azfh evkxc%x|ff kajmxca`

hmxmlmzf m|jbcxfjxv|f+ xbf kajmxca` v~hmxf ~|ajfhv|f c` m

dkalmk ealckf zszxfe jm` lf hfzj|clfh mz gakkatz. 

=# Tbf` m vzf| f`xf|z m `ft \M+ m |fdczx|mxca` |f}vfzx

efzzmdf cz zf`x xa xbf mzzajcmxfh HL< tbcjb c` xv|`

zf`hz m |fdczx|mxca` |f}vfzx efzzmdf xa xbf HL= 

ja`x|akkc`d xbcz m|fm. Cg xbf vzf| bmz `a f`x|s c` xbcz HL=+

da xa zxf~ :? axbf|tczf+ da xa zxf~ <. <# Xbf gmjx xbmx xbf vzf| bmz m` f`x|s c` xbcz HL= 

c`hcjmxfz xbmx xbf `ft HL< cz tcxbc` xbf zmef HL= 

m|fm mz xbf akh HL<. M ~ac`xf| xa xbf `ft HL< 

|f~kmjfz xbf akh a`f c` xbf vzf|–z f`x|s c` xbf HL=. @a 

gv|xbf| }vf|s xa xbf HL> cz ffhfh. Xbf HL= zf`hz m

|fdczx|mxca` jm`jfkkmxca` efzzmdf xa xbf akh HL<+ xbf` da

xa zxf~ 2. 

:# Xbf gmjx xbmx xbf vzf| bmz `a f`x|s c` xbcz HL= 

c`hcjmxfz xbmx xbf vzf| bmz eawfh xa m `ft HL= m|fm. C` 

xbf `ft HL= m` c`hfr f`x|s cz mhhfh xa ja`xmc` m ~ac`xf|

xa xbf `ft HL< ag xbf vzf|. M` v~hmxf |f}vfzx cz mkza

zf`x xa xbf mzzajcmxfh HL>.

8# Xbf HL> cz jbfjofh xa zff cg cx ja`xmc`z xbf vzf|–z 

zf|wcjf ~|agckf. Cg `a+ xbcz efm`z xbmx xbf vzf| f`xf|z m 

`ft HZ+ xbf` da xa zxf~ 6m? axbf|tczf+ xbf HL> v~hmxfz 

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xbf` da xa zxf~ 4. 

6# m# Xbf `ft HL> zf`hz m }vf|s xa xbf akh HL> xa 

|f}vfzx xbf vzf|–z zf|wcjf ~|agckf. 

l# Xbf `ft HL> zxa|fz xbf vzf|–z zf|wcjf ~|agckf m`h 

v~hmxfz xbf zf|wcjf ~|agckf xa ~ac`x xa xbf `ft HL=. M 

ja~s ag xbf vzf|–z zf|wcjf ~|agckf cz mkza zf`x xa xbf `ft 

HL<. 

7# m# Xbf akh HL> zf`hz xbf vzf|–z zf|wcjf ~|agckf xa

xbf `ft 

H> l# Xbf akh HL> v~hmxfz xbf vzf|–z f`x|s c` xbf c`hfr 

gckf xa ~ac`x xa xbf `ft HL>+ m`h hfkfxfz xbf vzf| 

zf|wcjf ~|agckf g|ae cxz hmxm gckf. M |fdczx|mxca` 

jm`jfkkmxca` efzzmdf cz zf`x xa xbf akh HL=. 

4# Xbf akh HL= hfkfxfz xbf vzf|–z c`hfr f`x|s+ m`h 

zf`hz m |fdczx|mxca` jm`jfkkmxca` efzzmdf xa xbf akh HL<. 

2# Cg xbf akh HL< cz c` xbf zmef HZ mz xbf `ft HL<+ m 

ja~s ag xbf vzf|–z zf|wcjf ~|agckf cz zf`x xa xbf `ft 

HL<. Xbf vzf|–z c hfr f`x|s mz tfkk mz xbf vzf|–z zf|wcjf

~|agckf cz |feawfh g|ae xbf akh HL<. 

3# Mgxf| |fjfcwc`d xbf vzf|–z zf|wcjf ~|agckf+ xbf

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U ==8

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`ft HL< zfxz v~ m` c`hfr f`x|s ga| xbf vzf| m`h j|fmxf 

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~|ajfhv|f cz jae~kfxfh.

@axf xbmx tbf` m vzf| jbm`dfz cxz HZ+ tcxb xbf ~|fjfhc`d kajmxca` |fdczx|mxca` ~|ajfhv|f+ a`ks xbf akh 

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zs`jb|a`cymxca` m`h xbf jmkk zfxv~ hfkms ag  c`xf|%HZ 

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4# Cg xbf jmkkff cz |fzchc`d c` m`axbf| HZ+ m }vf|s cz 

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U ==6

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7/23/2019 ICCA Volume 5

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\fd|fzzca` m`mkszcz vzc`d kad hmxm 

M`v~ Z. Imtm`imk

^D Zxvhf`x+ Hf~m|xef`x ag Jae~vxf| F`dc`ff|c`d

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 Mlzx|mjx‘Kad gckfz m|f ce~a|xm`x zav|jf ag c`ga|emxca`ga| xbf zszxfe lfjmvzf xbfs hf~cjx jv||f`x zxmxvz ag xbfzszxfe. Xbfs |fja|h mkk xbf fwf`xz bm~~f`c`d c` xbf zszxfe.Em`vmk m`mkszcz ag xbcz kad gckfz cz xfhcavz ial lfjmvzf kadgckfz m|f km|df c` zcyf. Xa mvxaemxf kad m`mkszcz ~|ajfzzwm|cavz xaakz m`h xfjb`c}vfz bmwf lff` ~|a~azfh c` xbf ~mzx.Mkza xaakz bmwf lff` ~|a~azfh xa emof vzf ag kad gckfz ga|

~|agckc`d+ mvxaemxfh ~|alkfe hfxfjxca`+ zszxfe ea`cxa|c`d+zszxfe em`mdfef`x fxj. C` xbcz ~m~f| tf ~|a~azf mg|mefta|o ls tbcjb kad gckfz jm` lf vzfh ga| |fd|fzzca`m`mkszcz ag xbf zagxtm|f zszxfe. Xbf g|mefta|o jae~m|fz kadgckfz g|ae xta hcggf|f`x lvckhz m`h df`f|mxfz m`mkszcz |f~a|x.

Fmjb kad kc`f cz xmof` c`xa mjjav`x+ za xbf g|mefta|o hafz m`m`mkszcz xbmx cz wf|s hfxmckfh.

 Ofsta|hz%kad m`mkszcz+ |fd|fzzca` m`mkszcz+ kad mlzx|mjxca`

C.  C@X\AHVJXCA@

Eazx ag xbf Zagxtm|f zszxfez jakkfjx c`ga|emxca`mlavx xbfc| mjxcwcxcfz c` kad kf. Mz xbf fwf`xz bm~~f` c`xbf zszxfe xbf efzzmdf xbmx ja||fz~a`hz xa fwf`x czmhhfh xa xbf kad gckf. Xbf c`ga|emxca` c` xbf kad kfzja`zczxz ag xbf zxm|x a| f`h ag fwf`xz a| mjxca`z ag xbfzagxtm|f zszxfe+ zxmxf c`ga|emxca` m`h f||a| c`ga|emxca`.Fmjb kad kc`f xs~cjmkks ja`xmc`z hmxf m`h xcef c`ga|emxca`+

vzf| c`ga|emxca`+ m~~kcjmxca` c`ga|emxca`+ m`h fwf`xc`ga|emxca`. Kadz m|f agxf` jakkfjxfh ga| zszxfe ea`cxa|c`d+zszxfe hflvddc`d m`h gmvkx hcmd`azcz. @vef|avz kad kfm`mkszcz xaakz m`h xfjb`c}vfz m|f mwmckmlkf xa jm||s avx mwm|cfxs ag m`mkszcz. C`zcdbxz ag wm|sc`d hfd|ffz m|f mjbcfwfhls kad kf m`mkszcz. Xbfzf c`jkvhf lvx m|f `ax kcecxfh xa+ gmvkxhfxfjxca` ls ea`cxa|c`d+ gmvkx czakmxca`+ a~f|mxca`mk ~|akc`dfxj.

Xaakz kcof Z~kv`o _=U+ m`h Ztmxjb _<U+ m|f vzfh xaea`cxa| kad kfz. Z~kv`o cz m kad em`mdfef`x xaak+ m`hZtmxjb cz m kad ea`cxa|c`d xaak. Ztmxjb ea`cxa|z kadgckfz ls |fmhc`d fwf|s fwf`x efzzmdf kc`f xbmx czm~~f`hfh xa xbf kad gckf+ m`h jae~m|fz cx tcxb |vkfztbf|f xbf ja`hcxca`mk ~m|x ag fmjb |vkf cz m |fdvkm|

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 M.   M`mksyc`d zszxfe kadz

Fmjb kc`f c` m kad kf cz m jaelc`mxca` ag m zxmxcjefzzmdf xs~f m`h wm|cmlkf ~m|mefxf| c`ga|emxca`. Xbfzf~m|mxca` ag zxmxcj gcfkhz g|ae hs`mecj gcfkhz cz jmkkfh mz kadmlzx|mjxca`. Xbf hs`mecj gcfkh jm` lf xcef c`ga|emxca`+hmxf c`ga|emxca`+ C^ mhh|fzz+ ~a|x `velf| a| m`sm~~kcjmxca` z~fjcgcj c`ga|emxca`. Xa zf~m|mxf xbfzf xtagcfkhz tf |f}vc|f chf`xcgsc`d jaeea` ~mxxf|` c` xbfzffwf`xz. Eazx jaeea`ks g|ae fwf`x ~mxxf|`+ |fdvkm|fr~|fzzca`z m|f lvckx. Tbf` tf ~m|zf xbf kad gckf tf jae~m|f

xbf kad kc`f mdmc`zx xbfzf |fdvkm| fr~|fzzca`z m`h zfx fwf`xxs~f m`h axbf| c`ga|emxca` ag xbf emxjbfh |fdvkm|fr~|fzzca`. Xbf hs`mecj c`ga|emxca` c` kad kc`f wm|cfzlfjmvzf fmjb m~~kcjmxca` zxa|f a`ks |fkmxcwf c`ga|emxca`c` kad gckf. A`jf fwf`x xs~f cz hfxf|ec`fh wm|cavzxfjb`c}vfz zvjb mz fwf`x ja||fkmxca`+ hmxm jkvzxf|c`d+~mxxf|` ec`c`d jm` lf vzfh xa frx|mjx vzfgvk c`ga|emxca`g|ae xbf kad gckfz.

 L.  Ja`x|clvxca` ag xbf ~m~f| 

Ga| m zagxtm|f zszxfez `ft gfmxv|fz m|f mhhfh m`hjakkfjxca` ag xbcz gfmxv|fz |fzvkx c` m zagxtm|flvckh. Ga| zaef zszxfe xbcz lvckh ems lf ~|ahvjfh a` mhmcks lmzcz. @at hvf xa mhhcxca` ag `ft gfmxv|fz jv||f x

zszxfe jae~a`f`xz ems dfx mggfjxfh. Ga| xbcz ~v|~azf|fd|fzzca` m`mkszcz `ffh xa lf ha`f tbcjb xfkkz cg m`s zszxfejae~a`f`x cz xmoc`d ea|f xcef xbm` cx tmz xmoc`d c`~|fwcavz lvckh.

C` xbcz ~m~f| tf ~|a~azf m g|mefta|o xbmx emofz vzf ag kad gckfz ga| |fd|fzzca` m`mkszcz. Xbf g|mefta|o xmofz kadgckf g|ae hcggf|f`x lvckhz+ jae~m|fz xbfe m`h dcwfz xbf|fd|fzzca` |f~a|x.

Xbf ~m~f| cz a|dm`cyfh mz gakkatz9 Zfjxca` CChczjvzz ~|fwcavz ta|o |fdm|hc`d hcggf|f`x vzf ag kadgckf. Zfjxca` CCC hczjvzz xbf czzvfz |fkmxfh xavzc`d kad gckfz ga| |fd|fzzca` m`mkszcz+ Zfjxca` CWhczjvzz xbf ~|alkfe vzc`d zfx xbfa|s. C` Zfjxca` W xbf~|a~azfh g|mefta|o cz hfzj|clfh. Zfjxca` WC hczjvzzfz

gvxv|f ta|o a` xbf ~|a~azfh xfjb`c}vf.CC.  HCGGF\F@X VZF AG KAD GCKF 

Kad gckf bmz lff` vzfh ga| wm|cavz ~v|~azfz

zvjb mz ~|agckc`d+ mvxaemxfh zszxfe ~|alkfehfxfjxca`+ zszxfe ea`cxa|c`d+ zszxfe em`mdfef`x fxj.

Tf hczjvzz xbf ta|o ha`f c` xbf ~mzx c` xbf gakkatc`d

zvlzfjxca`z.

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja h C`xf| mxca mk Ja gf|f jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U ==2

ttt.mzhg.a|d.c` £ <>=< 99 Xfjb a Ga|ve \fzfm|jb m h Hfwfka~ef x Jf x|f+ a hcjbf||s+ C`hcm ttt.cjjm.a|d.c`

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 M.  Xzfzxc`d vzc`d kadz

C` _:U+ m g|mefta|o cz ~|fzf`xfh ga| mvxaemxcjmkksm`mksyc`d kad gckfz. Cx hfzj|clfz m km`dvmdf ga| z~fjcgsc`dm`mksyf| ~|ad|mez. Xbf km`dvmdf ~f|ecxz jae~azcxca`mk+jae~mjx z~fjcmxca`–z ag zagxtm|f+ tbcjb mjxz mz xfzxa|mjkfz? tbcjb jm` lf vzfh ga| v`cx m`h zszxfe kfwfkxfzxc`d..

 L.  Vzf ag kadz ga| ~|alkfe hfxfjxca` m`h x|avlkfzbaaxc`d

JKVFLAR _8U ~|a~azfz m `a`%c`x|vzcwf xaakocx xbmx mchz|m~ch ~|alkfe hcmd`azcz. Cx fe~kasz emjbc`f kfm|`c`dxfjb`c}vfz a` xbf mwmckmlkf ~f|ga|em`jf kadz xajbm|mjxf|cyf ta|okamhz+ ~|fhcjx ~f|ga|em`jf m`hhczjawf| m`aemkavz lfbmwca|. Ls chf`xcgsc`d xbfeazx |fkfwm`x m`aemkcfz xa gajvz a`+ JKVFLARmvxaemxfz xbf eazx a`f|avz mz~fjxz ag ~f|ga|em`jfx|avlkfzbaaxc`d.

C` _6U+ m xfjb`c}vf xa mvxaemxcjmkks m`mksyf kad kfzm`h |fx|cfwf ce~a|xm`x c`ga|emxca` xa chf`xcgs gmckv|fjmvzfz cz ~|fzf`xfh. Cx mvxaemxcjmkks chf`xcgcfzhf~f`hf`jcfz lfxtff` fwf`xz m`h wmkvfz c` kadzja||fz~a`hc`d xa kfdmk frfjvxca`z+ df`f|mxfz eahfkz ag kfdmk lfbmwca|z m`h jae~m|fz kad kfz jakkfjxfh hv|c`dgmckc`d frfjvxca`z tcxb xbf df`f|mxfh eahfkz xa hfxfjxm`aemkavz fwf`x zf}vf`jfz xbmx m|f ~|fzf`xfh xa vzf|z.

J.  Vzf ag kadz ga| zszxfe em`mdfef`x 

C` _7U+ xfrx ec`c`d xfjb`c}vfz m|f m~~kcfh xajmxfda|cyf efzzmdfz c` kad kfz c`xa jaeea`zcxvmxca`z+ ce~|awf jmxfda|cymxca` mjjv|mjs lsja`zchf|c`d xbf xfe~a|mk jbm|mjxf|czxcjz ag kadefzzmdfz+ hfwfka~ xfe~a|mk ec`c`d xfjb`c}vfz xahczjawf| xbf |fkmxca`zbc~z lfxtff` hcggf|f`x fwf`xz+m`h vxckcyf wczvmkcymxca` xaakz xa fwmkvmxf m`h wmkchmxfxbf c`xf|fzxc`d xfe~a|mk ~mxxf|`z ga| zszxfe em`mdfef`x.

C` bcz ~m~f| Wmm|m`hc _4U vzfz fwf`x ja||fkmxca`xfjb`c}vf ga| lvckhc`d m `fxta|o em`mdfef`x xaak. Xbfxaak cz kcdbxtfcdbx+ a~f` zav|jf m`h ce~kfef`xz ~kmxga|ec`hf~f`hf`x fwf`x ja||fkmxca`. M xaak jmkkfh mz Zfjcz m |vkf%lmzfh fwf`x ja||fkmxca` xaak xbmx |fjfcwfz cxzc`~vx fwf`xz g|ae m gckf zx|fme+ m`h ~|ahvjfz avx~vxfwf`xz ls frfjvxc`d vzf|%z~fjcgcfh zbfkk jaeem`hz.\fdvkm| gckfz+ `mefh ~c~fz+ m`h zxm`hm|h c`~vx m|f zv~~a|xfhmz c`~vx. Xa lf mlkf xa bm`hkf c`~vx fwf`xz |fdm|hkfzz ag xbfc|ga|emx+ zfj vzfz |fdvkm| fr~|fzzca`z ga| |fjad`cyc`d xbfe.Zfj |fdvkm| fr~|fzzca`z jm` emxjb jae~kfr ~mxxf|`zz~m``c`d awf| zfwf|mk c`~vx kc`fz.

CCC.  \FKMXFH CZZVFZ

 M.   Hs`mecj c ga|emxca` c` kad kc`f

Xbf hs`mecj c`ga|emxca` c` m kad kc`f df`f|mkks ja`zczxzag xcef mx tbcjb fwf`x bm~~f`fh+ hmxf+ ~m|mefxf|z zvjbmz C^ mhh|fzz+ ~a|x `velf| "cg `fxta|o jae~a`f`xz m|fc`wakwfh#+ m~~kcjmxca` c`ga|emxca` fxj. @at xa vzf kadgckf ga| |fd|fzzca` m`mkszcz tf `ffh xa |fja|h xcef xmof`ls fmjb fwf`x. Zvjb xs~f ag kad kc`f tavkh kaao kcof xbcz9

=>!=!<>== =<9:89:> Jmkk Xa Zvl~|ad|me= Ha`f9 =< ezfj

\fja|hc`d xcef mdmc`zx fmjb fwf`x `ffhz gc`f d|mc`fhfwf`x ~m|xcxca`. Ga| f.d. tf zbavkh `ax |fja|h xbf xaxmk xcefga| fwf`x c` tbcjb zvl fwf`xz ems xmof wm|sc`d meav`x ag xcef. Bf`jf xbf kad gckfz bmwc`d xcef |fja|hfh mdmc`zx fmjbfwf`x tavkh zf|wf mz c`~vx xa av| g|mefta|o.

 L. 

Zx|vjxv|f ag kad gckfzGakkatc`d hcmd|me zbatz xbf df`f|mk zx|vjxv|f c` tbcjb

fwf`xz c` zagxtm|f ~|ad|me dfxz frfjvxfh. Mjxcwcxs hfgc`fzhczxc`jx d|av~ ag fwf`xz c` kad gckf. Ga| f.d. Ga| emckc`dzagxtm|f zszxfe mjxcwcxcfz tckk lf ‛A~f` Emck―+ ‛JkazfEmck―+ ‛Zf`h Emck―+ fxj.

Gcdv|f =.Zme~kf fwf`x frfjvxca` zx|vjxv|f

Mz zbat` c` Gcdv|f = xbf zx|vjxv|f cz `fzxfh m`h mkkxbf fwf`xz v`hf| a`f mjxcwcxs m|f lav`hfh ls mjxcwcxszxm|x m`h f`h tfmxbf| xbfs m|f `fzxfh a| zf}vf`xcmk.Bf`jf fwf`xz c` zszxfe jm` lf lav`hfh ls zaefmjxcwcxs v`hf| tbcjb xbfs bm~~f`. Mz kad gckf ef|fks|fja|hz mkk xbf fwf`xz bm~~f`c`d c` xbf zszxfe xbfc|zx|vjxv|f cz zmef mz xbmx ag fwf`x frfjvxca` zx|vjxv|f.

J.   Bm`hkc`d km|df kad gckfz

Mz xbf fwf`xz m|f m~~f`hfh xa kad gckf+ cx d|atz. Mzakh fwf`xz m|f `ax hfkfxfh zcyf ag kad gckf lfjaefz

wf|s km|df. @a|emkks ga| fwf|s `ft zfzzca` `ft kad

gckf cz j|fmxfh. ^|fwcavz ta|o a` kad m`mkszcz vzfz

hcggf|f`x xfjb`c}vfz zvjb mz jkvzxf|c d+ ~mxxf|` ec`c`d+

fwf`x ja||fkmxca fxj. Xa bm`hkf km|df kad gckfz+ xbfsja||fkmxf fwf`xz bm~~f`c`d mx hcggf|f`x xcef xa

o`at ea|f mlavx xbf bfmkxb ag zszxfe. @at mz

tf m|f hac`d |fd|fzzca` m`mkszcz tf `ffh xa xmof fmjb fwf`x

c`xa mjjav`x.Za xa bm`hkf km|df kad gckf tf m|f hcwchc`d xbfe

lmzfh a` mjxcwcxcfz. Mjxcwcxcfz hfgc`f zfx ag fwf xz xbmx m|fhczxc`jx g|ae xbf axbf|. Xta mjxcwcxcfz ecdbx ja`xmc` zaef

fwf`xz c` jaeea` lvx tf jm` jkfm|ks zf~m|mxf xbfe lmzfh

a` mjxcwcxs `mef. Za mkk xbf fwf`xz bm~~f`c`d c`zchf

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ttt.mzhg.a|d.c` £ <>=< 99 Xfjb a Ga|ve \fzfm|jb m h Hfwfka~ef x Jf x|f+ a hcjbf||s+ C`hcm ttt.cjjm.a|d.c`

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/icca-volume-5 141/235

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  Mjxcwcxcfz m|f xbf jae~vxmxca`z tbcjb m|f jm||cfhavx ls xbf mdf`x tcxbavx c`xf|mjxc`d tcxb axbf|mdf`xz. Xbfzf m|f xbf xmzoz mzzajcmxfh xa |akfz.

  ^|axajakz m|f c`xf|mjxca` tcxb axbf| |akfz.C` xbf hfzcd` ~bmzf+ |akfz m`h ~|axajakz |f~|fzf`xfh c`

xbf |akf m`h c`xf|mjxca` eahfkz "mx m`mkszcz zxmdf# m|fem~~fh c`xa ja`j|fxf ja`zx|vjxz _2U. Xbf mdf`x eahfkchf`xcgcfz xbf mdf`x xs~fz xbmx tckk emof v~ xbf zszxfe. Xbfzf|wcjfz eahfk chf`xcgcfz xbf emc` zf|wcjfz xbmx m|f |f}vc|fhxa |fmkcyf xbf mdf`x–z |akf. Xbf mj}vmc`xm`jf eahfkhajvef`xz xbf kc`fz ag jaeev`cjmxca` lfxtff` hcggf|f`x

mdf`xz.

 L.   \akf%A|cf`xfh M`mkszcz m`h Hfzcd` ga| Evkxcmdf`x 

^|ad|meec`d "\AMHEM^#

\AMHEM^ cz m` frxf`zca` _3U ag Dmcm tcxb m hs`mecj|akf bcf|m|jbs. C` \AMHEM^+ m zszxfe cz wcftfh mz m`a|dm`cymxca` ag mdf`xz+ ja`zczxc`d ag m |akf bcf|m|jbs m`hmdf`x bcf|m|jbs. M |akf bcf|m|jbs |f~|fzf`xz zszxfez~fjcgcjmxca` xbvz ~|awchc`d mdf`x–z lfbmwca|. Zszxfece~kfef`xmxca` cz z~fjcgcfh c` m` mdf`x bcf|m|jbs ~|awchc`dgv`jxca`mkcxcfz ag xbf zszxfe.

Gcdv|f <. \AMHEM^ m`mkszcz m`h hfzcd` eahfkz _3U. 

C` \AMHEM^+ xbf eahfkz m|f hcwchfh wf|xcjmkks c`xahaemc`%z~fjcgcj eahfkz+ m~~kcjmxca`%z~fjcgcj eahfkz+ m`h|fvzmlkf zf|wcjfz eahfkz. Haemc`%z~fjcgcj eahfkz ja`xmc`|fvzmlkf bcdb%kfwfk haemc` c`ga|emxca`. Df`f|cj m`h|fvzmlkf kat%kfwfk zagxtm|f jae~a`f`xz m|f jm~xv|fh c`|fvzmlkf zf|wcjfz eahfkz

Vzf%jmzf eahfk cz c`x|ahvjfh c` xbf m`mkszcz ~bmzf xajawf| z~fjcgcjmxca` |f}vc|fef`xz dmxbf|c`d _=>U. C` xbf

hfzcd` ~bmzf+ m`mkszcz eahfkz m|f a~xcecyfh xa |fgkfjxhfzcd` hfjczca`z. \akfz m`h ~|axajakz c` \AMHEM^ mjxzmz m efzzmdf gckxf|. \AMHEM^ vzfz xbfzf `axmxca`z tcxbMVEK xa awf|jaef ~aa| `axmxca`z ag Dmcm tbcjb tmz xbf`mha~xfh ls Dmcm

J.  X|a~az

X|a~az cz m |f}vc|fef`x%h|cwf` _==U m~~|amjb+ c.f.haemc` m`h zszxfe |f}vc|fef`x m`mkszcz kfmhz xbfhfwfka~ef`x ~|ajfzz. X|a~az cz lmzfh a` xta ofs gfmxv|fz_=<U. Gc|zx+ xbf `axca` ag mdf`x cz vzfh c` mkk zagxtm|fhfwfka~ef`x ~bmzfz. Zfja`h+ xbf efxbahakads fe~bmzcyfzfm|ks |f}vc|fef`xz m`mkszcz.

X|a~az vzfz xbf ja`jf~xz ag mjxa|+ damk+ m`h "mjxa|#

hf~f`hf`js mz ~|cecxcwf ja`jf~xz ga| eahfkc`d m`m~~kcjmxca`. Xbf awf|mkk ~|ajfzz jm` lf zff` c` Gcd :.

Xbf ~|a~azfh efxbahakads z~m`z gav| ~bmzfz9 Fm|ks\f}vc|fef`x+ Kmxf \f}vc|fef`x+ M|jbcxfjxv|mk Hfzcd` m`hHfxmckfh Hfzcd`.

  C` xbf fm|ks |f}vc|fef`x ~bmzf+ fe~bmzcz dcwf` a`v`hf|zxm`hc`d xbf ~|alkfe. Xta hcmd|mez `mefksMjxa| m`h Damk Hcmd|mez m|f vzfh xa hfgc`f~|alkfez

  C` Kmxf |f}vc|fef`x ~bmzf+ zszxfe cz hfzj|clfhtcxbc` cxz a~f|mxca`mk f`wc|a`ef`x tcxb |fkfwm`xgv`jxca`z m`h }vmkcxcfz za xbmx fm|ks wcft ag zszxfecz chf`xcgcfh.

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =:4

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  Zszxfe–z dkalmk m|jbcxfjxv|f cz hfgc`fh c` xf|ez ag zvlzszxfez+ c`xf|ja``fjxfh xb|avdb hmxm+ ja`x|ak+m`h axbf| hf~f`hf`jcfz c` M|jbcxfjxv|mk hfzcd`

~bmzf.  C` Hfxmckfh hfzcd` ~bmzf xbf lfbmwca| ag fmjbm|jbcxfjxv|mk jae~a`f`x cz hfgc`fh c` gv|xbf| hfxmck.Mdf`x–z damkz+ lfkcfgz m`h jm~mlckcxcfz m|f z~fjcgcfhc` hfxmck+ mka`d tcxb xbf c`xf|mjxca` lfxtff` xbfe.

Gcdv|f :. ^|ajfzz hcd ga| X|a~az _=:U. 

 H.   Evkxcmdf`x Zszxfez F`dc`ff|c`d "EmZF#

Gcdv|f 8. EmZF Efxbahakads _=8U. 

EmZF cz m` m|jbcxfjxv|f%c`hf~f`hf`x efxbahakads ga|~|awchc`d mdf`x lmzfh zakvxca`z ga| |fmk ta|kh ~|alkfez.Xbf EmZF xmofz m` c`cxcmk zszxfe z~fjcgcjmxca`+ m`h~|ahvjfz m zfx ag ga|emk hfzcd` hajvef`xz c` m d|m~bcjmkkslmzfh zxskf _=8U. EmZF dvchfz m hfzcd`f| g|ae m` c`cxcmk zfxag |f}vc|fef`xz xb|avdb xbf m`mkszcz+ hfzcd`+ m`hce~kfef`xmxca` ag m ta|oc`d Evkxc Mdf`x Zszxfe "EMZ#.Alifjx a|cf`xmxca` xfjb`c}vfz m|f xbf gav`hmxca`z ga| xbfEmZF m`h xbvz ce~kcfz xa xbf ce~kfef`xmxca` ag EMZ.

  C` xbf m`mkszcz ~bmzf zszxfe damkz m|f hfgc`fh g|aem zfx ag |f}vc|fef`xz m`h eahfkfh c` DamkBcf|m|jbs Hcmd|me. Mgxf| xbmx+ |akfz m|f hfgc`fh xa

mjbcfwf damkz. EmZF vzfz Vzf Jmzfz m`h Zf}vf`jfHcmd|mez xa hfgc`f |akfz g|ae z~fjcgcj damkz.

  Hfzcd` ~bmzf c`jkvhfz gav| zxf~z. C` gc|zx zxf~+ |akf

cz mzzcd`fh xa z~fjcgcj mdf`x xs~fz. C` xbf zfja`hzxf~+ xbf ja`wf|zmxca`z lfxtff` mdf`x jkmzzfz m|fhfgc`fh ga| |alvzx`fzz. C` xbf xbc|h zxf~+ xbf c`xf|`mkm|jbcxfjxv|f m`h |fmza`c`d ~|ajfzzfz ag xbf mdf`xjkmzzfz m|f hfzcd`fh. Gc`mkks+ c` xbf kmzx zxf~+`velf| m`h kajmxca` ag mdf`xz xa lf hf~kasfh m|fhfgc`fh c` Hf~kasef`x Hcmd|me.

 F.  ^|aefxbfvz

Xbf ^|aefxbfvz efxbahakads hfgc`fz m hfxmckfh ~|ajfzzga| z~fjcgsc`d+ hfzcd`c`d+ ce~kfef`xc`d m`hxfzxc`d!hflvddc`d mdf`x%a|cf`xfh zagxtm|f zszxfez.^|aefxbfvz cz c`xf`hfh xa lf m ~|mjxcjmk _=6U m`h hfxmckfhefxbahakads. ^|aefxbfvz zv~~a|xz xbf hfzcd` ag mdf`xz xbmxm|f lmzfh a` damkz m`h ~km`z.

Gcdv|f 6. ^bmzfz ag ^|aefxbfvz _=7U. 

^|aefxbfvz efxbahakads ja`zczxz ag : ~bmzfz _=7U.

  C` Zszxfe Z~fjcgcjmxca` ~bmzf+ xbf zszxfe czz~fjcgcfh vzc`d damkz m`h zjf`m|caz. Lmzcjgv`jxca`mkcxcfz m|f chf`xcgcfh c` xf|ez ag mjxca`z+~f|jf~xz m`h frxf|`mk hmxm. Zszxfe vzmdf czchf`xcgcfh c` xf|ez ag zjf`m|caz

  C` M|jbcxfjxv|mk Hfzcd` ~bmzf+ mdf`x xs~fz m|fchf`xcgcfh a` xbf lmzcz ag gv`jxca`mkcxcfz. C`xf|mjxca`

hcmd|mez m`h xbf` c`xf|mjxca` ~|axajakz m|f hf|cwfhg|ae vzf%jmzf zjf`m|caz. Awf|mkk zx|vjxv|f czchf`xcgcfh c`cxcmkks.

  C` Hfxmckfh Hfzcd` ~bmzf+ mdf`xz m|f |fgc`fh c`xf|ez ag jm~mlckcxcfz+ ~km`z m`h hmxm.

  Ce~kfef`xmxca` ~bmzf cz aecxxfh g|ae xbf Gcd 6+lfjmvzf cx hf~f`hz a` xbf ce~kfef`xmxca` ~kmxga|evzfh.

G.   MHFKGF 

MHFKGF _=4U cz m` mdf`x%a|cf`xfh efxbahakads ga|hfzcd`c`d Mhm~xcwf Evkxc%Mdf`x Zszxfe "MEMZ#. Cx czlmzfh a` alifjx a|cf`xfh efxbahakads+ gakkatc`d \mxca`mk

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =:2

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V`cgcfh ^|ajfzz vzfz MVEK `axmxca`z xa dvchc`d MEMZhfzcd`f| xa lvckh zakvxca` mjja|hc`dks xa \V^_=2U_=4U.

Xbf MHFKGF ~|ajfzz ja`zczxz c` zcr ta|o hfgc`cxca`z9^|fkcec`m|s \f}vc|fef`xz’ Gc`mk \f}vc|fef`xz’ M`mkszcz’Hfzcd`’ Ce~kfef`xmxca` m`h Xfzxz. MHFKGF ~|ajfzz czhfzj|clfh c` xb|ff kfwfkz9 Ta|o Hfgc`cxca`z "THc#+Mjxcwcxcfz "M i# m`h Zxf~z "Zo # mz zbat` c` Gcd 7.

Gcdv|f 7. MHFKGF ~|ajfzz. 

  C` xbf ~|fkcec`m|s |f}vc|fef`xz ~bmzf emc` gajvz czxa hfgc`f xbf zszxfe xbvz xa fzxmlkczb m` md|ffef`xa` xbf ~|fkcec`m|s |f}vc|fef`xz. Cx c`jkvhfz_=3U9M=9 Hfgc`f Vzf| \f}vc|fef`xzM<9 Wmkchmxf Vzf| \f}vc|fef`xz

M:9 Hfgc`f Ja`zf`zvmk \f}vc|fef`xzM89 Fzxmlkczb Ofsta|hz ZfxM69 Frx|mjx kcecx m`h ja`zx|mc`xz

  Gc`mk |f}vc|fef`xz ~bmzf x|m`zga|ez |f}vc|fef`xzc`xa m vzf%jmzf eahfk’ m`h em`mdfz xbf|f}vc|fef`xz m`h xbfc| ~|ca|cxcfz _=3U. Cx c`jkvhfz9M79 Jbm|mjxf|cyf f`wc|a`ef`x

Z=9 Hfxf|ec`f f`xcxkfzZ<9 Hfgc`f ja`xfrxZ:9 Jbm|mjxf|cyf f`wc|a`ef`x

M49 Hfxf|ec`f vzf%jmzfzZ=9 H|mt v~ m` c`wf`xa|s ag vzf jmzfzZ<9 Chf`xcgs jaa~f|mxc`d gmckv|fzZ:9 Fkmla|mxf zf}vf`jf hcmd|mez

M29 Fkmla|mxf VC ^|axaxs~fzM39 Wmkchmxf VC ^|axaxs~fz 

  C` xbf m`mkszcz ~bmzf mdf`xz m|f chf`xcgcfh. Cxc`jkvhfz_=3U9M=>9 M`mksyf xbf haemc`

Z=9 Chf`xcgs jkmzzfzZ<9 Zxvhs c`xf|jkmzz |fkmxca`zbc~Z:9 Ja`zx|vjx ~|fkcec`m|s jkmzz hcmd|me

M==9 Wf|cgs xbf MEMZ mhf}vmjsZ=9 Wf|cgs xbf dkalmk kfwfk MEMZ mhf}vmjsZ<9 Wf|cgs xbf kajmk kfwfk MEMZ mhf}vmjs

M=<9 Chf`xcgs mdf`xzZ=9 Zxvhs f`xcxcfz c` haemc` ja`xfrxZ<9 Chf`xcgs ~axf`xcmkks jaa~f|mxcwf f`xcxcfz

Z:9 Hfxf|ec`f mdf`xzM=:9 Zxvhs c`xf|mjxca` lfxtff` f`xcxcfz

Z=9 Zxvhs xbf mjxcwf ~mzzcwf%f`xcxcfz|fkmxca`zbc~z

Z<9 Chf`xcgs xbf mjxcwf f`xcxcfz |fkmxca`zbc~zM=89 Zxvhs xbf mdf`x |fkmxca`zbc~z 

  C` xbf hfzcd` ~bmzf `a`%gv`jxca`mk |f}vc|fef`xzm`h zakvxca` haemc` m|f eahfkfh xa ~|f~m|f xbfce~kfef`xmxca` m`h xfzx ag xbf zszxfe. Cxc`jkvhfz_=3U9 M=69 Zxvhs xbf hfxmckfh m|jbcxfjxv|f m`h xbf evkxcmdf`xz eahfk

Z=9 Hfxf|ec`f ~mjomdfz

Z<9 Hfxf|ec`f jkmzzfzZ:9 Vzf hfzcd` ~mxxf|`zZ89 Fkmla|mxf jae~a`f`x m`h jkmzz hcmd|mez

M=79 Zxvhs xbf c`xf|mjxca` km`dvmdfM=49 Hfzcd` m` mdf`x

Z=9 Hfgc`f cxz zockkzZ<9 Hfgc`f cxz m~xcxvhfzZ:9 Hfgc`f cxz c`xf|mjxca` km`dvmdfZ89 Hfgc`f cxz ta|h |f~|fzf`xmxca`Z69 Hfgc`f cxz @a` jaa~f|mxcwf zcxvmxca`z

M=29 Gmzx ~|axaxs~c`dM=39 Jae~kfxf hfzcd` hcmd|mez

Z=9 F`bm`jf hfzcd` hcmd|mezZ<9 Hfzcd` hs`mecj lfbmwca|z.

CC.  JAE^M\MXCWF FWMKVMXCA@ 

M efxbahakads cz xbf zfx ag dvchfkc`fz ga| jawf|c`d xbf

tbakf kcgfjsjkf ag zszxfe hfwfka~ef`x laxb xfjb`cjmkks m`hem`mdf|cmkks. Xbcz zfjxca` frmec`fz evkxc~kf hcef`zca`z+~azzclks |fgf||c`d xa mkk ag xbf emia| gmjfxz |fkfwm`x xaefxbahakads fwmkvmxca`. Xbf fwmkvmxca` cz ~f|ga|efh lmzfha` c`ga|emxca` |fdm|hc`d xbf frmec`fh efxbahakadcfzmwmckmlkf c` ~vlkcjmxca`z. Xbf g|mefta|o–z gav| mz~fjxz m|f9ja`jf~xz m`h ~|a~f|xcfz+ `axmxca`z m`h eahfkc`d xfjb`c}vfz+hfwfka~ef`x ~|ajfzz+ m`h ~|mdemxcjz.

 M.   Efx|cj

Ga| xbf fwmkvmxca` ~|ajfzz m zjmkf cz ~|a~azfh ag Bcdb+Daah+ Mwf|mdf m`h ^aa|.

=#   BcdbCx c`hcjmxfz xbmx efxbahakads gvkks zv~~a|xz xbmx

~|a~f|xs tcxb ec`a| hfgcjcf`jcfz. Cxz |m`df kcfz lfxtff`36&%=>>& zv~~a|x ag xbf ~|a~f|xs.

<#  Daah Cx c`hcjmxfz xbmx efxbahakads mhh|fzz xbmx ~|a~f|xs tcxb

gft ~|alkfez. Cxz |m`df kcfz lfxtff` 4>&%36& zv~~a|x ag xbf ~|a~f|xs.

:#   Mwf|mdfCx c`hcjmxfz xbmx efxbahakads mhh|fzzfz ~|a~f|xs v~ xa

zaef frxf`x tcxb emia| czzvfz cz |femc` v`mhh|fzzfh. Cxz|m`df kcfz lfxtff` :6&%4>& zv~~a|x ag xbf ~|a~f|xs.

8#  ^aa| Cx c`hcjmxfz xbmx efxbahakads hafz `ax zv~~a|x a| kcxxkf

c`ga|emxca` cz mwmckmlkf. Cxz |m`df kcfz lfxtff` >&%:6&zv~~a|xz ag xbf ~|a~f|xs.

 L.  Ja`jf~xz m`h |a~f|xcfz

M ja`jf~x cz m `axca` hf|cwfh g|ae z~fjcgcj c`zxm`jfztcxbc` m ~|alkfe haemc`. M ~|a~f|xs cz m z~fjcmk jm~mlckcxsa| m jbm|mjxf|czxcj.

=#   Mvxa`aesM` mdf`x cz jmkkfh mz mvxa`aeavz tbf` cx jm` ta|o 

tcxbavx m`s zv~f|wczca`.

  C` Dmcm+ mdf`x–z lfbmwca| cz hfzj|clfh c` xf|ez ag |akf zjbfemz m`h mkk |akfz m|f mxaecj c` `mxv|f.Xbvz+ |f~|fzf`xc`d |akf–z mvxa`aes m`h jm` lfd|mhfh mz Bcdb.

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =:3

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  C` X|a~az+ mvxa`aes cz mjbcfwfh xb|avdb fmjb~bmzf+ wm|cavz m|xcgmjxz kcof |akfz+ jm~mlckcxcfz+c`xf|mjxca`z ag fmjb zxmdf ~|awchfz mvxa`aes m`h

bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.  C` EmZF+ mvxa`aes cz mjbcfwfh xb|avdb |akfz.\akfz m|f v`cxz ag zszxfe |f}vc|fef`xz. Mdf`xjkmzzfz m|f lmzfh a` |akfz m`h xbvz ~|awchfmvxa`aes m`h EmZF jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  C` ^|aefxbfvz+ gv`jxca`mkcxcfz m|f f`jm~zvkmxfh c`xf|ez ag damkz+ tbcjb jm` lf zkcdbxks mggfjxfh lsfrxf|`mk hmxm. Bf`jf+ cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  C` \AMHEM^+ mdf`x–z lfbmwca| cz f`jm~zvkmxfhc` hs`mecj |akf bcf|m|jbs m`h |akfz m|f mxaecj m`hxbvz jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  C` MHFKGF+ gv`jxca`mkcxs cz f`jm~zvkmxfh c`lfbmwcav|mk |vkfz. Xbfzf |vkfz m|f x|cddf|fh g|aemdf`x–z zxmxf m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

<#   \fmjxcwf`fzzCx cz xbf Mdf`x–z mlckcxs xa |fz~a`h c` m xcefks em``f| xa

emof jbm`dfz c` xbf f`wc|a`ef`x.

  C` Dmcm+ |fmjxcwf`fzz jm` lf mjbcfwfh xb|avdbkcwf`fzz ~|a~f|xs ag xbf |akf–z |fz~a`zclckcxs. ZaDmcm jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb c` xf|ez ag |fmjxcwf`fzz.

  C` X|a~az+ |fmjxcwf`fzz cz mjbcfwfh xb|avdbc`xf|mjxca` hcmd|mez m`h mjxcwcxs hcmd|mez c` a`kshfxmckfh hfzcd` ~bmzf a`ks bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mzMwf|mdf.

  C` EmZF+ |fmjxcwf`fzz jm` lf mjbcfwfh xb|avdbzf}vf`jf hcmd|mez lvx cx cz `ax fr~|fzzfhfr~kcjcxks m`h xbvz cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

  C` ^|aefxbfvz+ |fmjxcwf`fzz jm` lf mjbcfwfh lsfwf`xz lvx `ax fr~|fzzfh fr~kcjcxks m`h xbvz jm` lfd|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

  C` \AMHEM^+ vzf ag ofsta|h ‛lfga|f―+ ‛hv|c`d―m`h ‛mgxf|― kcecxz xbf m~~kcjmlckcxs ag kcwf`fzz~|a~f|xs m`h xbvz jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  C` MHFKGF+ |fmjxcwf`fzz jm` lf mjbcfwfh xb|avdbmjxcwf f`xcxcfz. Lvx c` zaef jmzfz+ MEMZ hafz `axzv~~a|x hs`mecj lfbmwca| m`h bf`jf cx jm` lfd|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

:#  ^|amjxcwf`fzzCx cz xbf mlckcxs ag m` mdf`x xa x|mjo `ft damkz.

  C` Dmcm+ ~|amjxcwf`fzz jm` lf mjbcfwfh xb|avdbkcwf`fzz ~|a~f|xs ag xbf |akf–z |fz~a`zclckcxs. ZaDmcm jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb c` xf|ez ag ~|amjxcwf`fzz.

  C` X|a~az+ C` X|a~az+ ~|amjxcwf`fzz cz mjbcfwfhxb|avdb mjxcwcxs hcmd|mez bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mzBcdb.

  C` EmZF+ ~|amjxcwf`fzz cz mjbcfwfh xb|avdb |akf–zxmzo jaeev`cjmxca` tcxb axbf| |akfz+ tbcjbeahfkfh ls gc`cxf zxmxf emjbc`fz. Xbvz+ cx jm` lfd|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  C` ^|aefxbfvz+ ~|amjxcwf`fzz cz mjbcfwfh xb|avdbdamkz m`h zvldamkz m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mzBcdb.

  C` \AMHEM^+ `ft zvldamkz mhhfh mhwm`xmdf xaDmcm m`h bf`jf cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

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8#   FrfjvxmlckcxsCx cz xbf jm~mlckcxs xa xfzx mz~fjxz ag z~fjcgcjmxca`z fcxbf|

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  A%EmZF ~|awchfz xfzxc`d ag z~fjcgcjmxca`z c` fm|ks~bmzf lvx EmZF hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s zcevkmxca`a| ~|axaxs~fz. Bf`jf EmZF jm` lf d|mhfh mzMwf|mdf.

  ^HX zv~~a|xz z~fjcgcjmxca` xfzxc`d ls ~|awchc`d~|axaxs~f m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =8<

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  Ja`jv||f`x Mjxcwcxcfz9 @M

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  Eahvkm|cxs cz gvkks zv~~a|xfh ls X|a~az+ bf`jfjm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

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  Eahvkm|cxs cz gvkks zv~~a|xfh ls ^|aefxbfvz+bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

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  Mkxbavdb MHFKGF cz lmzfh a` VEK lvx cx hafz`ax bmwf m`s fr~kcjcx |vkfz xa c`xfd|mxf `ftgfmxv|f+ m`h xbvz jm` lf d|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

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eahfkz.

  C` Dmcm+ `axmxca`z vzfh ga| eahfkz bmwf xbfc| jkfm|efm`c`d m`h hafz `ax kfmhz xa eczc`xf|~|fx xbfc|efm`c`dz. \fz~a`zclckcxcfz f`jm~zvkmxc`d xbf

gv`jxca`mkcxs ag xbf zszxfe m|f |f~|fzf`xfh xb|avdbkcwf`fzz m`h zmgfxs ~|a~f|xcfz dcwc`d jkfm| efm`c`dxa xbf z~fjcgcjmxca`z. Xbvz+ Dmcm jm` lf d|mhfh mzBcdb c` xf|ez ag ~|fjczf`fzz.

  X|a~az zfem`xcjz m|f v`melcdvavz m`h ~|awchfjkfm| hfgc`cxca`z m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  EmZF zfem`xcjz m|f v`melcdvavz m`h ~|awchfjkfm| hfgc`cxca` m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  ^|aefxbfvz mkza ~|awchfz v`melcdvavz hfgc`cxca`zxa eahfk m`h ~|ajfzz m`h bf`jf+ jm` lf d|mhfh mzBcdb.

  \AMHEM^ mkza ~|awchfz v`melcdvavzhfgc`cxca`z m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  MHFKGF mkza ~|awchfz v`melcdvavz hfgc`cxca`z

m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

XMLKF CW. XBF ZJMKF AG EAHFKC@D 

 H.   Hfwfka~ef`x ^|ajfzz

M hfwfka~ef`x ~|ajfzz cz m zf|cfz ag mjxca`z |fzvkxz c` mta|oc`d jae~vxf|cyfh zszxfe.

=#   Hfwfka~ef`x ja xfrx Cx z~fjcgcfz tbfxbf| xbmx xbf efxbahakads cz jm~mlkf ag 

hfwfka~c`d `ft zagxtm|f+ zv~~a|xz |fwf|zf m`h|ff`dc`ff|c`d.

  Dmcm zv~~a|xz hfwfka~ef`x ag `ft zagxtm|f m`h

|ff`dc`ff|c`d tcxb |fvzmlkf jae~a`f`xz+ lvx cxhafz `ax bmwf m`s ce~kfef`xmxca` mz~fjxz zajm``ax lf vzfh ga| |fwf|zf f`dc`ff|c`d. Xbf|fga|f+cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah c` hfwfka~ef`x ja`xfrx.

  X|a~az zv~~a|xz hfwfka~ef`x ag `ft zagxtm|f+~|axaxs~c`d m`h |ff`dc`ff|c`d tcxb |fvzmlkfjae~a`f`xz. Bmwc`d cxf|mxcwf zx|vjxv|f zv~~a|xz|fwf|zf eahfkc`d c` hcggf|f`x zxmdfz lvx cx hafz `axzv~~a|x g|ae jahf xa eahfk. Bf`jf+ cx jm` lfd|mhfh mz Daah c` hfwfka~ef`x ja`xfrx.

  EmZF zv~~a|xz hfwfka~ef`x ag `ft zagxtm|f+~|axaxs~c`d m`h |ff`dc`ff|c`d tcxb |fvzmlkfjae~a`f`xz+ lvx cx jm``ax x|m`zga|e eahfkz

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =8:

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lmjotm|hz+ bmwc`d czzvfz c` |fwf|zf f`dc`ff|c`d.Bf`jf+ cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  ^|aefxbfvz zv~~a|xz mkk mz~fjxz ag hfwfka~ef`x

ja`xfrx frjf~x |fwf|zf f`dc`ff|c`d m`h bf`jf jm`lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  \AMHEM^ hafz `ax zakwf xbf czzvf ag |fwf|zff`dc`ff|c`d m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  MHFKGF zv~~a|xz mkk mz~fjxz ag hfwfka~ef`xja`xfrx frjf~x |fwf|zf f`dc`ff|c`d m`h bf`jf jm`lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

<#   Kcgfjsjkf jawf|mdfCx z~fjcgcfz tbfxbf| ~m|xcjvkm| efxbahakads jawf|z mkk

zxmdfz+ |f}vc|fef`x dmxbf|c`d+ m`mkszcz+ hfzcd`+ce~kfef`xmxca` m`h xfzxc`d+ ag zagxtm|f hfwfka~ef`x kcgfjsjkf.

  Dmcm zv~~a|xz a`ks m`mkszcz m`h hfwfka~ef`x~bmzf+ za cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf c` xf|ez ag 

kcgfjsjkf jawf|mdf.  X|a~az hafz `ax zv~~a|x xfzxc`d ~bmzf+ xbvz+ jm` lf

d|mhfh mz Daah c` kcgfjsjkf jawf|mdf.

  EmZF hafz `ax zv~~a|x xfzxc`d ~bmzf+ xbvz+ jm` lfd|mhfh mz Daah c` kcgfjsjkf jawf|mdf.

  ^|aefxbfvz hafz `ax zv~~a|x xfzxc`d ~bmzf m`hxbvz jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  Vzf jmzfz m|f mhhfh c` xbf \AMHEM^ xa jawf||f}vc|fef`x z~fjcgcjmxca` zxmdf+ tbcjb cz `ax~|fzf`x c` Dmcm. Xbvz+ cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  MHFKGF jawf|z g|ae z~fjcgcjmxca` xa hfzcd` m`hbf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

:#  ZxmdfzCx z~fjcgcfz xbf mjxcwcxcfz tcxbc` zxmdf ag efxbahakads.

  C` Dmcm+ wf|s gft dvchfkc`fz m|f mwmckmlkf ga|m`mkszcz m`h hfzcd` ~bmzf. Za Dmcm jm` lf d|mhfhmz Mwf|mdf.

  C` X|a~az+ gft hfxmckz ag fmjb zxmdf m|f mwmckmlkf.Xbvz+ cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

  A%Emzf ~|awchfz dvchfkc`fz mlavx fwf|s zxmdf ag EmZF. Bf`jf+ cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  ^HX ~|awchfz dvchfkc`fz mlavx fwf|s zxmdf ag ^|aefxbfvz lvx c` zaef jmzfz vzf| c`~vx cz zxckk|f}vc|fh ga| gc`mkcymxca` m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfhmz Daah.

  C` \AMHEM^+ zxckk gft dvchfkc`fz m|f mwmckmlkfga| hcggf|f`x zxmdfz m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz

Mwf|mdf.  A~f`Xaak m`h C`xf|mjxcwf xaak m|f hfwfka~fh xa

zv~~a|x MHFKGF tbcjb fr~kmc`z mjxcwcxcfz mx fmjbzxmdf m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

8#  Wf|cgcjmxca` m`h Wmkchmxca`Cx jbfjoz tbfxbf| xbf wf|cgcjmxca` m`h wmkchmxca` |vkfz

m|f ~|fzf`x c` efxbahakads xa jbfjo xbfc| hfkcwf|mlkfz.

  Dmcm hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s wf|cgcjmxca` m`hwmkchmxca`z |vkfz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  Vzf ag Ga|emk X|a~az+ vzf| ems ~f|ga|ewf|cgcjmxca` m`h wmkchmxca` ag m`mkszcz m`h hfzcd`eahfkz. Bf`jf+ cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  EmZF ~|awchfz zaef za|x ag jbfjoc`d eahfkz mxfmjb zxmdf lvx ha `ax ~|awchf m`s wf|cgcjmxca` m`hwmkchmxca` |vkfz ga| c`cxcmk |f}vc|fef`xz xbmx gc`mkks

avxjaef mz m hfkcwf|mlkf. Bf`jf+ cx jm` lf d|mhfhmz Mwf|mdf.

  ^|aefxbfvz hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s wf|cgcjmxca` m`hwmkchmxca`z |vkfz m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  \AMHEM^ hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s wf|cgcjmxca` m`hwmkchmxca`z |vkfz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  MHFKGF wmkchmxfz z~fjcgcjmxca` awf| kcgfjsjkf lvxga|emk wf|cgcjmxca` m`h wmkchmxca` |vkfz m|f `axfr~|fzzfh fr~kcjcxks m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mzMwf|mdf.

6#  ]vmkcxs mzzv|m`jfCx jbfjoz tbfxbf| xbf }vmkcxs mzzv|m`jf |vkfz m|f ~|fzf`x

c` efxbahakads xa jbfjo xbfc| hfkcwf|mlkfz.

  Dmcm hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s }vmkcxs mzzv|m`jf |vkfz+

xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.  X|a~az hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s }vmkcxs mzzv|m`jf

|vkfz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  EmZF hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s }vmkcxs mzzv|m`jf|vkfz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  ^|aefxbfvz hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s }vmkcxs mzzv|m`jf|vkfz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  \AMHEM^ hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s }vmkcxsmzzv|m`jf |vkfz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  MHFKGF hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s }vmkcxs mzzv|m`jf|vkfz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

7#  ^|aifjx em`mdfef`x dvchfkc`fzCx jbfjoz tbfxbf| xbf ^|aifjx em`mdfef`x dvchfkc`fz

m|f mwmckmlkf c` efxbahakads.

  Dmcm hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s ^|aifjx em`mdfef`xdvchfkc`fz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  X|a~az hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s ^|aifjx em`mdfef`xdvchfkc`fz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  EmZF hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s ^|aifjx em`mdfef`xdvchfkc`fz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  ^|aefxbfvz hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s ^|aifjxem`mdfef`x dvchfkc`fz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  \AMHEM^ hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s ^|aifjxem`mdfef`x dvchfkc`fz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

  MHFKGF hafz `ax zv~~a|x m`s ^|aifjxem`mdfef`x dvchfkc`fz+ xbvz+ d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =88

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XMLKF CW. XBF EFMZV\F AG \MDEMXCJZ 

 F.  ^|mdemxcjz

Cx |fgf|z xa hfmkc`d tcxb ~|mjxcjmk mz~fjxz ag vzc`d mefxbahakads.

=#   \fzav|jfzCx hfzj|clfz xbf |fzav|jfz mwmckmlkf ga| xbf efxbahakads.

Xbfzf |fzav|jfz ems lf xfrxlaaoz+ a`kc`f zv~~a|x+ wf`ha|zv~~a|x+ mvxaemxfh xaakz fxj.

  @ax xaa evjb emxf|cmk cz mwmckmlkf ga| Dmcm mz tfkkmz `ax xaa evjb a`kc`f zv~~a|x a| wf`ha| zv~~a|x+bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

  Kaxz ag |fzfm|jb emxf|cmk cz mwmckmlkf ga| X|a~az+lvx cx cz kmjoc`d c` x|mc`c`d jav|zf m`h bf`jf jm`lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  @velf| ag ~vlkcjmxca`z mwmckmlkf ga| EmZf mz tfkkmz Mdf`xXaak m`h A%EmZF xaak lvx cx cz kmjoc`d c`x|mc`c`d jav|zfz m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  ^|aefxbfvz Hfzcd` Xaak cz mwmckmlkf ga|^|aefxbfvz lvx `ax xaa evjb a`kc`f zv~~a|x m`hemxf|cmkz m|f mwmckmlkf. Xbvz+ cx jm` lf d|mhfh mzMwf|mdf.

  @ax xaa evjb emxf|cmk cz mwmckmlkf ga| \AMHEM^m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

  A~f`Xaak m`h C`xf|mjxcwf xaak m|f mwmckmlkf ga|MHFKGF. A`kc`f emxf|cmk cz mkza mwmckmlkf lvx `aa`kc`f d|av~ cz mwmckmlkf m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfhmz Daah.

<#   \f}vc|fh Fr~f|xczfCx hfzj|clfz tbmx kfwfk ag lmjod|av`h o`atkfhdf m`hfr~f|xczf `ffhfh ls xbf vzf| xa kfm|` xbf ~m|xcjvkm|efxbahakads.

  Vzf| cz |f}vc|fh xa o`at eahfkc`d o`atkfhdf mztfkk mz |fdvkm| fr~|fzzca` c` a|hf| xa gvkks fr~kacxxbf Dmcm Efxbahakads m`h em`s hfwfka~f|zmwachz xbf vzf ag |fdvkm| fr~|fzzca`z+ bf`jf jm` lfd|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

XMLKF W. XBF EFMZV\F AG \AJFZZ 

  Hafz `ax `ffh m`s z~fjcmk o`atkfhdf ga| X|a~az+cx vzfz VEK `axmxca`z m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mzBcdb.

  EmZF hafz `ax `ffh m`s z~fjcmk o`atkfhdf mz cxbmz alifjx a|cf`xmxca` xfjb`c}vfz mz cx gav`hmxca`z.Bf`jf+ cx jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  ^|aefxbfvz cz lmzfh a` alifjx a|cf`xfh ja`jf~xztcxb `axmxca` ag VEK. Lvx cx vzfz xfrxvmk hmxm|f~|fzf`xmxca` m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.

  \AMHEM^ hafz `ax zakwf xbcz czzvf m`h bf`jf cxzd|mhc`d |femc`z zmef? Mwf|mdf.

  MHFKGF cz vzfz xbf VEK m`h MVEK `axmxca`z.@ax xaa evjb fr~f|xczf tckk lf |f}vc|fh m`h bf`jf

jm` lf d|mhfh mz Daah.:#   Km`dvmdf

Xbcz czzvfz jbfjoz tbfxbf| m ~m|xcjvkm| efxbahakads czxm|dfxfh xa m z~fjcgcj km`dvmdf a| m|jbcxfjxv|f.

  Dmcm cz `ax xm|dfxfh xa m z~fjcgcj km`dvmdf a|m|jbcxfjxv|f+ bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  X|a~az cz lmzfh a` LHC ja`jf~x m`h bf`jf jm` lfd|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

  EmZF cz `ax xm|dfxfh xa m z~fjcgcj km`dvmdf a|m|jbcxfjxv|f+ bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  ^|aefxbfvz cz lmzfh a` LHC ja`jf~x m`h bf`jfjm` lf d|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

  \AMHEM^ cz mkza `ax xm|dfxfh xa z~fjcgcj

km`dvmdf a| m|jbcxfjxv|f m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfhmz Bcdb.

  MHFKGF c` `ax c`xf`hfh xa ga| m`s ~m|xcjvkm|km`dvmdf lvx MHFKGF zxf|faxs~fz m|f hfgc`fh c`AXZj|c~x km`dvmdf m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mzMwf|mdf.

8#   Haemc` M~~kcjmlckcxsXbcz czzvf jbfjoz tbfxbf| xbf efxbahakads zxcjo a` xa

xbf ~m|xcjvkm| ~|alkfe haemc` a`ks.

  Dmcm cz `ax c`xf`hfh ga| m`s ~m|xcjvkm| haemc` lvxhafz `ax zv~~a|x hs`mecj hfwfka~ef`x+ bf`jf jm`lf d|mhfh mz Daah c` haemc` m~~kcjmlckcxs.

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =86

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  X|a~az cz `ax c`xf`hfh ga| m`s z~fjcmk haemc`? cx czlmzfh a` LHC ja`jf~x m`h xbvz+ jm` lf d|mhfh mzBcdb.

  EmZF cz df`f|mk ~v|~azf efxbahakads+ `axxm|dfxfh xa z~fjcgcj haemc`. Bf`jf+ cx jm` lf

d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  ^|aefxbfvz cz `ax xm|dfxfh xa z~fjcgcj haemc` lvxzemkk m`h zce~kf mdf`x mz tfkk mz zcevkmxc`d ems`ax vzf jm~mlckcxcfz m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mzDaah.

  \AMHEM^ cz `ax c`xf`hfh ga| m`s ~m|xcjvkm|haemc` m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mz Bcdb.

  MHFKGF cz `ax m df`f|mk ~v|~azf efxbahakads? cxcz c`xf`hfh ga| m~~kcjmxca`z xbmx |f}vc|f mhm~xcwfEMZ hfzcd` vzc`d xbf MEMZ xbfa|s. Bf`jf+ cxjm` lf d|mhfh mz ^aa|.

6#  Zjmkmlckcxs

Xbcz czzvf jbfjoz tbfxbf| xbf efxbahakads m~~|a~|cmxfga| bm`hkc`d xbf c`xf`hfh zjmkf ag m~~kcjmxca`z.

  Dmcm bmz m zce~kf zx|vjxv|f tbcjb zv~~a|xz zjmkc`dlvx bmz gft czzvfz c` eahvkm|cxs bf`jf zjmkc`d cz`ax v~ xa xbf em|o xbf|fga|f jm` lf d|mhfh mzDaah.

  X|a~az bmwf cxf|mxcwf zx|vjxv|f lvx hafz `ax bmwfm`s zvlzszxfe ja`jf~x m`h bf`jf jm` lf d|mhfh mzMwf|mdf.

  EmZF hafz `ax ~|awchf m`s fr~kcjcx |vkfz|fdm|hc`d zvlzszxfe ja`jf~x m`h bf`jf jm` lfd|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.

  ^|aefxbfvz hafz `ax ~|awchf m`s fr~kcjcx |vkfz|fdm|hc`d zvlzszxfe ja`jf~x m`h bf`jf jm` lf

d|mhfh mz Mwf|mdf.  Zjmkc`d czzvfz ag Dmcm m|f zxckk `ax zakwfh ls

\AMHEM^? bf`jf cx–z d|mhc`d |femc`z daah.

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gakkatc`d+ tf hfgc`f m zkcjc`d j|cxf|ca`+ m`h cxzja||fz~a`hc`d jae~vxfh zxmxcj zkcjf ga| m` m|jbcxfjxv|mkeahfk. Xbf jmkjvkmxca` ag jav~kc`d m`h jabfzca`efmzv|fz+ zfxz ag zkcjfz m`h xbfc| c`xf|zfjxca`z

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a`f ta|zf zakvxca` xbm` xbazf ag xbf ]aZ |f}vfzx. Xbcz cz

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z~fjcmk jmzf cz m hfjczca` wm|cmlkf r= xbmx cz c`xfdf| tcxb >

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =73

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cz m` fggfjxcwf zme~kc`d efxbah xa efmzv|f zagxtm|f

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Zagxtm|f xfzxc`d cz m` c`wfzxcdmxca` ja`hvjxfh xa ~|awchfzxmofbakhf|z tcxb c`ga|emxca` mlavx xbf }vmkcxs ag xbf

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CC.  XFKFJAEEV@CJMXCA@ \AIFJX ZJF@M\CAZ 

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =42

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CW.  XFZXC@D XS^FZ GA\ XFKFJAEEV@CJMXCA@ \AIFJXZ 

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hcggf|f`jf tbf|fc` xbf ^|aifjx Xfzx Em`mdf| cz xbf xfjb`cjmkxfzx em`mdf|. Xfzx em`mdf| v`hf|zxm`hz xbf tbakf ~|aifjxm`h hfjchfz a` tbmx hcggf|f`x xs~fz ag xfzxc`d cz |f}vc|fh.Xfzx em`mdf| cz a`ks |fz~a`zclkf ga| xbf ~|aifjx hfkcwf|mlkfzga| xbf ~|aifjx. Fmjb zszxfez!m~~kcjmxca`z t|cxf xbfc| xfzxjmzfz m`h dfx cx |fwcftfh tcxb xbf Xfzx em`mdf| mka`d tcxbxbf axbf| zszxfez!m~~kcjmxca`z. Xbcz cz ofs ga| xbfc`xfd|mxca` xfzxc`d.

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C` xbcz eahfk xcefks ja%a|hc`mxca` m`h jaeev`cjmxca`tcxb xbf xfme cz wf|s ce~a|xm`x.

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WC.  JA@JKVZCA@Z

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^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =2:

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m`h hfzcd` fggcjcf`xks. VEK jm` lf vzfh ga| jaeev`cjmxca`tcxb axbf| hfwfka~f|z+ jkcf`xz+ m`h c`j|fmzc`dks+ tcxb

mvxaemxfh xaakz xbmx df`f|mxf ~m|xz ag m zszxfe.

Xbf V`cgcfh Eahfkc`d Km`dvmdf "VEK# cz m tchfks vzfhhf%gmjxa zxm`hm|h wczvmk eahfkc`d km`dvmdf xbmx cz vzfh c`

xbf zagxtm|f c`hvzx|s ga| eahfkc`d zagxtm|f. Cx cz vzfh ls

 ~|mjxcxca`f|z xa wczvmkcyf+ jaeev`cjmxf+ m`h ce~kfef`x xbfc| 

hfzcd`z. Cx cz m df`f|mk ~v|~azf+ l|amhks%m~~kcjmlkf+ xaak%zv~~a|xfh+ c`hvzx|s%zxm`hm|hcyfh eahfkc`d km`dvmdf.

CC.LMJOD\AV@HM ~|ajfzz ems lf hfgc`fh mz m ja``fjxfh zfx ag mjxca`z

a| fwf`xz xbmx ~|ahvjf ja`xc`vmxca` a| d|mhvmk jbm`df.

^|ajfzzc`d 

Gcd =.\f~|fzf`xmxca` ag ^|ajfzzM d|av~ ag ~|ajfzzfz xbmx bmwf m ~|fhfgc`fh |fdvkm| 

c`xf|ja``fjxca` xa~akads+ zvjb mz m efzb+ |c`d a| lvz+ ems

 lf hfgc`fh mz m ~|ajfzz xa~akads_=<U.C` xbf gcdv|f lfkat+ xbf hfgc`cxca` ag m zxf|faxs~f

 ~|ajfzzc`d v`cx cz hf~cjxfh lmzfh a` xbf lmzf jkmzz Jkmzz cz

hf~cjxfh. M zxf|faxs~f cz c`xf`hfh xa frxf`h m VEK fkfef`xza xbmx cx cz m` c`zxm`jf ag m `ft efxmjkmzz. Xbfzf m|f vzfh xa

eahfk ~|ajfzz a| xb|fmhz.

^|ajfzz

^|ajfzzQch9C`xfdf| C`Qxcef9zx|c`d

AvxQxcef9zx|c`d

^|ajfzzQ~|ca|cxs9c`xfdf| 

J|fmxf"#

Hfkfxf"#

V~hmxf"#Ga|o!Iac`"#

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =3>

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‛zxf|faxs~f―

Gcd9="M# \f~|fzf`xmxca` ag ^|ajfzzc`d V`cx

Gcd9="L# Evkxc~kf C`zxm`jfz ag ^|ajfzz M zxf|faxs~f |fgf|z xa m lmzf jkmzz c` xbf VEK

efxmeahfk. Cx c`hcjmxfz tbmx xs~f ag fkfef`x cz zxf|faxs~fh.

Bf|f ~|ajfzzc`d v`cx cz m eahfkc`d fkfef`x tbcjb cz

hfgc`fh ls zxf|faxs~c`d xbf lmzf jkmzz Jkmzz. Xbf

jae~m|xef`x ag zxf|faxs~f ^|ajfzzc`d V`cx `mefh Xmdzz~fjcgcfz m kczx ag xmd hfgc`cxca`z xbmx c`jkvhf ch+ xs~f m`h

jm|hc`mkcxs. Xmd ch cz vzfh xa v`c}vfks chf`xcgs xbf eahfkc`d

fkfef`x+ xs~f z~fjcgcfz xbf xs~f ag ~|ajfzzc`d v`cx m`h

jm|hc`mkcxs xmd cz vzfh xa z~fjcgs xbf `velf| ag fkfef`xz ag mzfx ag c`zxm`jfz. Gcd9="l# zbatz xbf evkxc~kf c`zxm`jf ag 

jkmzz ^|ajfzz lmzfh a` xbf zxf|faxs~f ~|ajfzzc`d v`cx tbcjb

cz vzfh xa eahfk m ~|ajfzz. Bf|f mlj cz hfgc`fh mz alifjx.

CCC.VEK HFZCD@Z GA\ XA^AKADCFZ

Xbf em~~c`d a| m||m`dfef`x ag xbf fkfef`xz ag m

`fxta|o dcwfz |czf xa jf|xmc` lmzcj xa~akadcfz xbmx ems xbf` lf jaelc`fh xa ga|e ea|f jae~kfr xa~akadcfz. Xbf xf|e

,xa~akads, |fgf|z xa xbf kmsavx ag ja``fjxfh hfwcjfz a` m

`fxta|o. Xbf eazx jaeea` ag xbfzf xa~akadcfz m|f9M. Efzb

L. \c`d

J. Lvz M.EFZB XA^AKADS 

C` m efzb xa~akads+ fmjb jae~vxf| cz ja``fjxfh xa fwf|s

axbf| jae~vxf| ls m zf~m|mxf jmlkf. Xbcz ja`gcdv|mxca` ~|awchfz |fhv`hm`x ~mxbz xb|avdb xbf `ft ta|o+ za+ cg m`s

jmlkf a| `ahf gmckz+ xbf|f m|f em`s axbf| tmsz ga| xta `ahfz

xa jaeev`cjmxf.

Gcd.<. \f~|fzf`xmxca` ag Efzb

 L. \C@D XA^AKADS 

\c`d xa~akads cz m xs~f ag `fxta|o xa~akads c` tbcjbfmjb ag xbf `ahfz ag xbf `fxta|o cz ja``fjxfh xa xta axbf| 

`ahfz c` xbf `fxta|o m`h xbf gc|zx m`h kmzx `ahfz m|fja``fjxfh xa fmjb axbf|+ ga|ec`d m |c`d.

Gcd.:. \f~|fzf`xmxca` ag \c`d

J. LVZ XA^AKADS 

C` m lvz xa~akads+ mkk jae~vxf|z m|f mxxmjbfh xa m

ja`xc`vavz jmlkf tbcjb ja``fjxz xbfe c` m zx|mcdbx kc`f. Cx cz

jmkkfh m jaeea` lmjola`f a| m x|v`o  xbmx ja``fjxz mkkhfwcjfz. Xbf lmjola`f cz m zc`dkf jmlkf xbmx gv`jxca`z mz m

zbm|fh jaeev`cjmxca` efhcve. Mkk xbf hfwcjfz mxxmjb a| xm~

c`xa cx tcxb m` c`xf|gmjf ja``fjxa|.

Gcd 8. \f~|fzf`xmxca` ag Kc`fm| Lvz

CW.VEK EAHFK GA\ @FXTA\O 

XA^AKADCFZ

 M.VEK Eahfk ga| Efzb Xa~akads

Xbf zce~kfzx ja``fjxca` xa~akads cz m` `%hcef`zca`mk

efzb. C` m =%H efzb mkk `ahfz m|f m||m`dfh c` m kc`f+ tbf|f

xbf c`xf|ca| `ahfz bmwf xta m`h xbf lav`hm|s `ahfz bmwf

a`f `fcdbla|"z#. M xta%hcef`zca`mk efzb jm` lf j|fmxfh lsbmwc`d fmjb `ahf c` m xta%hcef`zca`mk m||ms ja``fjxfh xa

mkk cxz gav| `fm|fzx `fcdbla|z.

Gcd.6.VEK Jkmzz Hcmd|me ag Efzb Xa~akads

Xbf mlawf jkmzz hcmd|me zbatz bat xbf ~|ajfzzfz m|f

ja``fjxfh xa fmjb axbf| m`h frfjvxfh c` xbf ja||fz~a`hc`d

 ~|ajfzzc`d v`cx. Xbf efzb cz ja`zchf|fh bf|f ga| "E@/=# ~|ajfzzfz.

‛efxmjkmzz―jkmzz

‛zxf|faxs~f―

^|ajfzzc`d V`cx

XmdzCh9c`xfdf| 

Xs~f9zx|c`d

Ja|hc`mkcxs9c`xfdf| 

  mlj ^|ajfzz 

^|ajfzzc`

V`cx^>= ^>@ 

^=> ^== ^=@ 

^E> ^E= ^E@ 

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =3=

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  L.VEK Eahfk ga| \c`d Xa~akads

C` xbf xs~f ag `fxta|o xa~akads fmjb ag xbf `ahfz ag xbf`fxta|o cz ja``fjxfh xa xta axbf| `ahfz c` xbf `fxta|o m`h

tcxb xbf gc|zx m`h kmzx `ahfz lfc`d ja``fjxfh xa fmjbaxbf|.Xbvz cx ga|ez m |c`d.Xbf jkmzz hcmd|me ag xbf |c`dxa~akads cz hfzcd`fh ga| "@/=# ~|ajfzzfz.

Gcd.7. VEK Jkmzz Hcmd|me Ga| \c`d Xa~akads

Xbf mlawf hcmd|me zbatz xbmx fmjb ag xbf ~|ajfzz cz

ja``fjxfh xa xbf axbf| mz tfkk mz xbf gc|zx ~|ajfzz cz

ja``fjxfh xa xbf kmzx a`f ga|ec`d m |c`d xs~f ag m `fxta|o.

J. VEK Eahfk Ga| Lvz Xa~akads

Tcxb xbf Lvz xa~akads+ mkk ta|ozxmxca`z m|f ja``fjxhc|fjxks xa xbf emc` lmjola`f xbmx jm||cfz xbf hmxm. X|mggcj

df`f|mxfh ls m`s jae~vxf| tckk x|mwfk mj|azz xbf lmjola`fm`h lf |fjfcwfh ls mkk ta|ozxmxca`z.

Gcd.4. Jkmzz Hcmd|me ag Lvz Xa~akads

C` xbf mlawf hcmd|me+ mkk xbf ~|ajfzzfz m|f ja``fjxfh xa

fmjb axbf| ga|ec`d m lvz `fxta|o.

W.FRFJVXCA@ ZXMDFZ AG M ^\AJFZZ

M kc`fm| ~c~fkc`f ~|ajfzza| cz m jmzjmhf ag ~|ajfzzc`dzxmdfz. Xbf ~|ajfzza|z m|f kc`fm|ks ja``fjxfh xa ~f|ga|e mgcrfh gv`jxca` awf| m zx|fme ag hmxm gkatc`d g|ae a`f f`h xa

m`axbf|.

M ~c~fkc`f jm` frfjvxf m zx|fme ag c`zx|vjxca`z c` m`awf|km~~fh em``f|. Xbf frfjvxca` ag c`zx|vjxca` ja`zczxz ag 

m zf}vf`jf ag a~f|mxca`z c`jkvhc`d c`zx|vjxca` gfxjb+ hfjahf+

a~f|m`h gfxjb+ frfjvxf m`h t|cxf%lmjo ~bmzfz. Xbfzf ~bmzfz

m|f chfmk ga| awf|km~~fh frfjvxca` ag kc`fm| ~c~fkc`f.Xbf c`zx|vjxca` ~c~fkc`c`d cz zbat` c` xbf gcdv|f lfkat.

Gcd2.VEK Jkmzz Hcmd|me Ga| C`zx|vjxca` ^c~fkc`f Frfjvxca` Zxmdfz

Gc|zx ag mkk+ xbf c`zx|vjxca` cz gfxjbfh g|ae m ~|ajfzz c`xa

 lvggf|z jmkkfh c`zx|vjxca` jmjbf. Xbf c`zx|vjxca` cz xbf`

hfjahfh tbcjb |fwfmkz xbf c`zx|vjxca` gv`jxca` xa lf

 ~f|ga|efh m`h chf`xcgcfz xbf |fzav|jf `ffhfh ga| ~f|ga|ec`dxbf gv`jxca`. Xbf a~f|m`hz m|f mkza |fmh g|ae xbf |fdczxf|z.

Xbf c`zx|vjxca`z m|f frfjvxfh c` a`f a| zfwf|mk frfjvxfzxmdfz c` xbf m|cxbefxcj m`h kadcj v`cx+ tbcjb cz |fz~a`zclkfga| xbf frfjvxca`. @frx+ xbf hmxm mhh|fzz x|m`zkmxca` ajjv|z c`

xbf hmxm jmjbf mjjfzz m`h xbf hmxm xmd cz jbfjofh. Xbf kmzx cz

xbf t|cxf lmjo zxmdf+ tbcjb t|cxfz xbf |fzvkx c`xa xbf |fdczxf|zm`h xbf` xa xbf ~|ajfzz.

WC.ZME^KF MJXCWCXS HCMD\ME GA\ 

JAE^VXF\ M\JBCXFJXV\FZ

Mjxcwcxs hcmd|mez bmwf xbf mlckcxs xa fr~m`h m`h zbattba bmz xbf |fz~a`zclckcxs ag fmjb mjxcwcxs c` m ~|ajfzz. Xa

ha za+ xbf hcmd|me cz zf~m|mxfh c`xa ~m|mkkfk zfdef`xz jmkkfh

ztcekm`fz. Fmjb ztcekm`f zbatz xbf `mef ag m |akf a` xbf

xa~+ m`h ~|fzf`x xbf mjxcwcxcfz ag fmjb |akf. X|m`zcxca` jm`ajjv| g|ae a`f ztcekm`f xa m`axbf|. Fmjb ztcekm`f cz

zf~m|mxfh g|ae cxz `fcdblav|c`d ls wf|xcjmk zakch kc`fz.

 M.VEK Mjxcwcxs Hcmd|me Ga| ZCZH Eahfk

ZCZH cz m Zc`dkf c`zx|vjxca` zx|fme awf| zc`dkf hmxm

Zx|fme zf}vf`xcmk jae~vxf|. Cx fr~kacxz `a ~m|mkkfkcze c`fcxbf| xbf c`zx|vjxca` a| xbf hmxm zx|fmez.Xbf gcdv|f lfkat

hf~cjxz xbf em~~c`d ag m Zc`dkf C`zx|vjxca` Zc`dkf Hmxm

"ZCZH# m~~kcjmxca`.

Gcd3.Mjxcwcxs Hcmd|me ag ZCZH Eahfk

 L.VEK Mjxcwcxs Hcmd|me Ga| ZCEH EahfkZCEH cz m jae~vxf| tbcjb fr~kacxz evkxc~kf hmxm

zx|fmez mdmc`zx m zc`dkf c`zx|vjxca` zx|fme xa ~f|ga|ea~f|mxca`z tbcjb ems lf `mxv|mkks ~m|mkkfkczfh.

Gcdv|f => ckkvzx|mxfz xbf em~~c`d ag m Zc`dkf C`zx|vjxca`

Evkxc~kf Hmxm "ZCEH# m~~kcjmxca`. Xbf ztcekm`f ^|ajfzz cz

|fz~a`zclkf ga| mkk mjxcwcxcfz ag xbf ~|ad|me.

^|ajfzzc`d

V`cx9^|ajfzz > 

^|ajfzzc`d

V`cx9^|ajfzz =

^|ajfzzc`d

V`cx9^|ajfzz @

C%jmjbf

Hfjahf

\f czxf| M

^|ajfzz Jmjbf

H%

Zme kf Mjxca` =

^|ajfzz ^|ajfzz^^|ajfzz ^@ 

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =3<

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^|ajfzz

Gcd=>. Mjxcwcxs Hcmd|me ag ZCEH Eahfk

J.VEK Mjxcwcxs Hcmd|me Ga| ECEH Eahfk

ECEH cz evkxc~kf mvxa`aeavz ~|ajfzza|z

zcevkxm`favzks frfjvxc`d hcggf|f`x c`zx|vjxca`z a` hcggf|f`x

hmxm.Gcdv|f== .ckkvzx|mxfz xbf em~~c`d ag m Evkxc~kf

C`zx|vjxca` Evkxc~kf Hmxm "ECEH# m~~kcjmxca`. Zme~kf

Mjxca` =+ Zme~kf Mjxca` < m`h Zme~kf Mjxca` 6 m|f

 ~|ajfzzfh ls ztcekm`f ^|ajfzz>. Zme~kf Mjxca` :+ Zme~kf

Mjxca` 8 m|f |fz~fjxcwfks ~|ajfzzfh ls ^|ajfzz= m`h^|ajfzz<.

Gcd==. Mjxcwcxs Hcmd|me ag ECEH Eahfk

 H.VEK Mjxcwcxs Hcmd|me Ga| ECZH Eahfk 

ECZH emjbc`fz bmwf em`s ~|ajfzzc`d fkfef`xz+ mkk ag 

tbcjb frfjvxf c`hf~f`hf`x zx|fmez ag c`zx|vjxca`z.Batfwf|+ mkk xbf ~|ajfzzc`d fkfef`xz ta|o a` xbf zmef hmxm

zx|fme.

Gcdv|f=<.zbatz xbf em~~c`d ag m Evkxc~kf C`zx|vjxca`Zc`dkf Hmxm "ECZH# m~~kcjmxca`. Zme~kf Mjxca` =+ m`h

Zme~kf Mjxca` 8 m|f ~|ajfzzfh ls ztcekm`f ^|ajfzz>.

Zme~kf Mjxca` <+ Zme~kf Mjxca` : m|f ~|ajfzzfh ls^|ajfzz= m`h |ajfzz< |fz~fjxcwfks.

^|ajfzz > ^|ajfzz = ^|ajfzz <

Zme kfMjxca` =

Zme kf Mjxca <

Zme kfMjxca`:

Zme kfMjxca`

Zme kfMjxca`

Zme kf Mjxca

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =3:

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^|ajfzz > ^|ajfzz = ^|ajfzz<

Gcd=<.Mjxcwcxs Hcmd|me ag ECZH Eahfk

WCC. \FZVKXZ M@H HCZJVZZCA@Z

JAE^M\CZA@ AG ^F\GA\EM@JF MEA@D EFZB+\C@D M@H LVZ

Xbf ~f|ga|em`jf ag efzb+ |c`d m`h lvz `fxta|o 

xa~akads jm` lf jae~m|fh a` xbf lmzcz ag xbf `fxta|o zcyf+tbcjb cz zbat` c` xbf xmlkf lfkat9

Xs~f ag xa~akads @fxta|o zcyf

<H%Efzb <"|%=#

\c`d  @!< 

Lvz @%=

Tbf|f | cz xbf lczfjxca` tchxb+ | 5∙ @?  @5@velf| ag ahfz

Xbcz jae~m|cza` jm` lf jkfm|ks emhf a` xbf lmzcz ag c`j|fmzc`d `velf| ag `ahfz mz zbat` c` xbf xmlkf lfkat9

Xmlkf 8.8 Jae~m|cza` ag Z~mjf Jae~kfrcxs ga| Efzb+ \c`d m`h Kc`fm| 

Lvz Xa~akads

 @velf| 

ag @ahfz @fxta|o Zcyf

Efz

b

\c`d Lvz

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Jae~m|cza` ag ^f|ga|em`jf ag Efzb+ \c`dm`h Lvz @fxta|o Xa~akads

Efzb

\c d

Lvz

 C` xbf gcdv|f=:. jae~m|cza` ag z~mjf jae~kfrcxcfz

ga| efzb+ |c`d m`h kc`fm| lvz `fxta|o xa~akads cz ha`fxmoc`d `velf| ag `ahfz mz 7. Batfwf|+ xbf gcdv|f jm` lf

fr~m`hfh ga| `velf| ag `ahfz xmof` mz =>>>>.Mz xbf z~mjf jae~kfrcxs ag Efzb `fxta|o 

xa~akads cz ec`ceve mz zbat` c` xbf gcdv|f+ xbvz+ efzb

`fxta|o xa~akads cz |fjaeef`hfh ga| km|df `velf| ag `ahfz

WCCC. MJO@ATKFHDFEF@XC tavkh kcof xa xbm`o es aggcjcmk zv~f|wcza|z m`h

^|agfzza| H|. ^|mzbm`x Ovem| ^m`hfs ga| mkk xbfc| bfk~+

mhwcjf m`h f`jav|mdfef`x.

Zme kfMjxca`<

Zme kfMjxca`:

Zme kfMjxca`8

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U =38

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CR. GVXV\F ZJA^F

Xbf mlawf ta|o jm` lf frxf`hfh c` em`s hc|fjxca`z m`hzaef ag xbfzf m|f dcwf` lfkat9

 VEK eahfkc`d cz mkza bfk~gvk xa emof hfzcd`z ga| xbf c`zx|vjxca` ~c~fkc`c`d+ `a`%kc`fm| ~c~fkc`c`d+ Z~m|jM|jbcxfjxv|f+ C`xfk ^f`xcve M|jbcxfjxv|f+ m`h

 ~f|ga|em`jf ag xbfzf eahfkz jm` mkza lf ivhdfh ls

zv~~ksc`d mxx|clvxfz xb|avdb alifjxz.

 C` ~kmjf ag VEK Eahfkc`d+ |fzfm|jbf|z jm` mkza

vzf xbf axbf| eahfkc`d xfjb`c}vfz kcof Mdckf Eahfkc`d+fxj.

 Ls xbf vzf ag Mdckf Eahfkc`d+ |fzfm|jbf|z jm` mkza

 ivhdf xbf ~f|ga|em`jf ag hfzcd`fh eahfkz mz cx cz ha`f ls xbf vzf ag VEK eahfk m`h ls ~|ajfzzc`d xbf

mxx|clvxfz xb|avdb alifjxz.

 Xbf axbf| zxmxcj m`h hs`mecj `fxta|o xa~akadcfz

m|f mkza m`axbf| hc|fjxca` ag fr~m`zca` ga| jbfjoc`d xbfzvcxmlckcxs ga| xbf `fxta|o zfxv~. Ja`zchf|c`d axbf| zxmxcj

m`h hs`mecj `fxta|o xa~akadcfz tcxb xbf bfk~ ag VEKeahfkc`d gv|xbf| jm` fr~m`h xbf ta|o.

\FGF\F@JFZ_=U.  Ecjbmfk Lkmbm+ Imefz \melmvdb+―Alifjx%A|cf`xfh Eahfkc`d

m`h hfzcd` tcxb VEK―+ zfja`h fhcxca`+ <>>4 czzvf. 

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c`j|fmzfh c` xbf hc|fjxca` ag xbf zakvxca` ag xbf ~|alkfe mxbm`h. Xbf fwakvxca`m|s ~|ajfzz ag xbf jm`hchmxf zakvxca`z cz

zxajbmzxcj m`h ‛dvchfh― ls xbf zfxxc`d ag mhivzxmlkf

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|f~|ahvjf m`h df`f|mxf hfzjf`hm`xz. A` xbf axbf| bm`h+ xbf

ta|zx c`hcwchvmkz tckk bmwf gftf| a| `a aggz~|c`d. C` m`

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~|a~a|xca`mk xa xbf wmkvf ag xbf alifjxcwf "jazx# gv`jxca`+

mkza jmkkfh gcx`fzz gv`jxca`. DMz m|f ~|almlks xbf eazx tfkk%

o`at` m`h vzfh ga|e ag FMz.

CW.  DF@FXCJ MKDA\CXBE M.  ^a~vkmxca` m`h Df`f|mxca`

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`mxv|f+ m ~a~vkmxca` c` DMz bmz zfwf|mk efelf|z c` a|hf| xa

lf m bfmkxbs ~a~vkmxca`. Cg xbf ~a~vkmxca` cz xaa zemkk

c`l|ffhc`d javkh ~|ahvjf v`bfmkxbs efelf|z. Xbf

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em`s ~ac`xz c` m z~mjf m|f zfm|jbfh c` a`f df`f|mxca`. M

df`f|mxca` cz zmch xa bmwf ~|femxv|f ls ja`wf|dfh tbf` xbf

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ja`wf|df`jf cz df`f|mkks alxmc`fh c` m zemkk ~a~vkmxca` m`h

xbf fggfjx cz xbmx xbf ~a~vkmxca` cz agxf` zxvjo a` m kajmk

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daah zakvxca`z m`h m` frjfzzcwf meav`x ag gv`jxca`

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ja`wf|dc`d xatm|hz m `a`%a~xceve zakvxca`.

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~a~vkmxca` cz m` m||ms ag ^A^ c`hcwchvmkz. Xbf

|f~|fzf`xmxca` ag xbf jb|aeazaef jm` cxzfkg mggfjx xbf

~f|ga|em`jf ag m DM%lmzfh gv`jxca` a~xcecyf|. Xbf|f m|f

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xbf ea|f jbm`jfz xa lf zfkfjxfh xbfs bmwf. Cemdc`f m

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df`f|mxca`.

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Hmxm wczvmkcymxca` bmz lff` ~|f~m|fh vzc`d m zxm`hm|hcxfe ~|awchfh ls xbf ~mjomdf "Gcdv|f 6#+ fmzf ag vzf m`h

cx–z aggf|fh ~azzclckcxcfz tf|f zvggcjcf`x ga| xbcz ~|aifjx.

Gcdv|f 6. Jae~a`f`x ag m hfwfka~ef`x f`wc|a`ef`x+ vzfh

ga| hmxm wczvmkcymxca` ag MzxmkasJ|K tcxb mhhcxca` ag = tx.& ^JM m`h =

tx.& zckcja` jm|lchf mgxf| => b ag efjbm`cjmk mkkasc`d ~|ajfzz+ zc`xf|fh

c` m` mxeaz~bf|f ag bsh|adf`. 

SfzA~f`c`d

gckf+ cx cz ~azzclkf

1

Zf`h m

|fmhc`df||a| tcxb

mhfzj|c~xca`

.

% Hs`mecjmkks

Mkkajmxc`defea|s ga| 

hmxm

% F`xf|c`d xbfgckf `mef c`

xbf hcmkad lar

xcxkf

% C`ga|emxca`

ga| xbf vzf|.

 

A~f`c`d

xbf gckf

 @a

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <>2

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\f~|fzf`xmxcwf frme~kfz ag ~kaxz |fja|hfh hv|c`d xbf

hckmxaefx|cj m`mkszfz m|f zbat` c` Gcd. 6. Mzxmkas J|K ~athf| tcxb mhhcxca` ag = tx.& ^JM m`h = tx.& zckcja`

jm|lchf mgxf| => b ag efjbm`cjmk mkkasc`d ~|ajfzz tmzzc`xf|fh c` ~v|f bsh|adf` mxeaz~bf|fz. Hv|c`d bfmxc`d xaxbf czaxbf|emk zc`xf|c`d xfe~f|mxv|f+ Mzxmkas J|K zbatfh

m ja`xc`vavz xbf|emk fr~m`zca` tcxb m zbm|~ zb|c`omdf mx

mlavx 2=>J mz m ja`zf}vf`jf ag xbf zc`xf|c`d ~|ajfzz. Ma~~azcxf fggfjx ga| c`wfzxcdmxfh jae~azcxca`z tmz hfxfjxfh

ga| hf`zcxs jbm`dfz.

Jbm|x df`f|mxfh ls xbf ~|ad|me bmz xbf mlckcxs xa

zfmekfzzks yaae m|fm+ c` a|hf| xa x|mjf c` hfxmck xbf

 ~f|jf`xmdf wm|cmxca` ag hf`zcxs. Xbf ~|aifjx cz

jbm|mjxf|cyfh ls zce~kcjcxs m`h jkm|cxs ag tbmx xbcz xs~f ag m~~kcjmxca`z zbavkh lf mlzakvxfks |f}vc|fh+ hcz~f`zc`d tcxb

v``fjfzzm|s gfmxv|fz+ m`h mxxfe~xz xa |f~kmjf xbf vzf ag 

za~bczxcjmxfh hmxm wczvmkcymxca` ~mjomdf ga| felfhhfhzakvxca`z mkkatz sav xa }vcjoks m`h fmzcks m`mksyf tbcjb

|fzvkxz c` alxmc`c`d zmxczgmjxa|s |fzvkxz.

CCC.  JA@JKVZCA@ 

C` zveem|s+ fwf` zvjb zce~kf ~|aifjxz javkh ~|awchfm kax ag fr~f|cf`jf c` hmcks kmla|mxa|s ~|ad|meec`d zockk

cz `ffhfh+ tbfxbf| cx$z zce~kf xa vzf WL emj|az c` Frjfk

zagxtm|f xs~f+ a| mhwm`jfh zxm`h%mka`f m~~kcjmxca`z.

CW.  MJO@ATKFHDEF@X 

Xbf ta|o tmz zv~~a|xfh ls xbf ^akczb Ec`czx|s ag 

Zjcf`jf m`h Bcdbf| Fhvjmxca` tcxbc` d|m`x @a @ @6>2

:3:<:4.

\ FGF\F@JFZ _=U O. Emjm+ W. ^avjbks+ M.\. Lajjmjjc`c ‛Zc`xf|c`d

Hf`zcgcjmxca` Jv|wf ‚ m ^|mjxcjmk M~~|amjb Ga| Cxz Ja`zx|vjxca`

G|ae Hckmxaefx|cj Zb|c`omdf Hmxm ‛ Zjcf`jf ag Zc`xf|c`d wak.8>+ <>>2+ ~~.==4%=<<

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <>3

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^|aj. ag xbf C`xk. Ja`g. a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z ‚

Wakvef =. Ja~s|cdbx £ <>=< Xfjb`a Ga|ve D|av~+ C`hcm.

CZL@9 342%2=%3<>646%2%: 99 hac9 =>. 4<26>

 !CZL@Q>472MJE *9 hlf|.cef|m.=>. 4<26>

Tfl M~~kcjmxca` Xfzxc`d Vzc`d C`bf|cxm`jf Efxbah

"Xfzxc`d m Tfl M~~kcjmxca` Vzc`d m zc`dkf Alifjx#

J.H.\MIMDM@M^MXBS

Hf~x ag Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`zWchsmm Wcomz Jakkfdf ag F`dc`ff|c`d

m`h Xfjb`akads+

"M@@M V@CWF\ZCXS#

Xc|vjbf`dahf+ Xmeck`mhv+ C`hcm

jh|mimdm`m~mxbsNdemck.jae

X.\.Z\C@CWMZM@

Hf~x ag C`ga|emxca` Xfjb`akadsWchsmm Wcomz Jakkfdf ag F`dc`ff|c`d

m`h Xfjb`akads+

"M@@M V@CWF\ZCXS#

Xc|vjbf`dahf+ Xmeck`mhv+ C`hcm

z|c`cQx|zNsmbaa.jae

Z.DA^CO\CZB@M@

Hf~x ag Jae~vxf| Zjcf`jf m`hF`dc`ff|c`d

Xbf Omwf|s F`dc`ff|c`d Jakkfdf+

"M@@M V@CWF\ZCXS#

Efjbf|c+ Xmeck`mhv+ C`hcmda~co|czb`m`efNdemck.jae

 Mlzx|mjx‘ C` xbcz ~m~f|+ tf ~|a~azf m`  C`bf|cxm`jf

Xfjb`c}vf ga| tfl m~~kcjmxca` xfzxc`d. Tbckf xbf C`bf|cxm`jf

lmzfh jkmzz ce~kfef`xmxca` d|fmxks |fhvjfh xbf jae~kfrcxs

ag tfl m~~kcjmxca`+ m gav| kfwfk jkmzz m~~|amjb jm` lf

fe~kasfh xa ~f|ga|e zx|vjxv|f xfzxc`d a` xbfe. C` xbcz

m~~|amjbfz+ hmxm gkat m`mkszcz jm` lf ~f|ga|efh mz mGv`jxca`mk xfzxc`d jkmzz+ Wf|cgcjmxca` m`h Wmkchmxca` xfzxc`d

jkmzz+ m`h Alifjx xfzxc`d jkmzz m`h Lmzf xfzxc`d jkmzz g|ae

kat mlzx|mjx kfwfk xa bcdbf| mlzx|mjx kfwfk. Fmjb xfzx jkmzz c`

xbf m~~|amjb xmofz jbm|df ag xbf xfzxc`d c` m mlzx|mjx kfwfk

ga| ~m|xcjvkm| xs~f ag tfl hajvef`x a| alifjx.

C.  C@X\AHVJXCA@ 

Tfl m~~kcjmxca`z m|f xbazf m~~kcjmxca`z xbmx

jaeev`cjmxf tcxb jkcf`xz wcm tfl ~|axajakz zvjb mz

BXX^+ TZHK a| ZAM^ ga| frme~kf. Xbfc|

~|f~a`hf|m`jf m`h vlc}vcxs m|f hc|fjx |fzvkxz ag xbf

~f|wmzcwf`fzz ag xbf Ta|kh Tchf Tfl mz tfkk mz xbf

c`j|fmzc`d vxckcymxca` ls hfwfka~f|z ag tfl l|atzf|–z xa

bazx xbfc| m~~kcjmxca`z. Tfl l|atzf|z ~|awchf xbf

hfwfka~f| tcxb m v`c}vf a~~a|xv`cxs xa fr~kacx xbf tfl

l|atzf|–z c`bf|f`x jm~mlckcxs xa |fkcfwf xbfe ag xbf

lv|hf` ag bmwc`d xa jmxf| ga| xbf wm|cavz a~f|mxc`d

zszxfez a| bm|htm|f ~kmxga|ez mwmckmlkf xa xbf c`xf`hfh

vzf|z ag xbf m~~kcjmxca`.

Xahms tfl m~~kcjmxca`z |m`df xbf dmevx g|ae hmxc`d

zcxfz xa dmelkc`d zcxfz+ fjaeef|jf+ a`%kc`f lm`oc`d+

mc|kc`f laaoc`dz+ m`h ja|~a|mxf tflzcxfz |cdbx xb|avdb xa

m~~kcjmxca`z xbmx m|f `ax efm`x ga| df`f|mk mjjfzz lvx

`fwf| xbf kfzz vzf tfl l|atzf|z xa lf bazxfh. Ag xbcz xs~f

xbf|f m|f em`s m`h xbf `velf| cz d|atc`d. Mx HHC Bfmkxbem`s ag av| emc` ~|ahvjxz m|f tfl m~~kcjmxca`z+ xa `mef

m gft? GCX "Gckekfzz Cemdf Xfjb`akads# m gckekfzz hcdcxmk

|mhcakadcjmk cemdc`d zakvxca`? ^mxbakads Tfl ^a|xmk m

~a|xmk xbmx ~f|ecxz awf| xbf tfl zfjv|f mjjfzz ga| efhcjmk

~|mjxcxca`f|z xa wcft ~mxcf`x ~mxbakads |f~a|xz? HHC–z

\CJZ "~mxbakads \f}vfzx Cemdf Jm~xv|f Zszxfe#. Em`s

ea|f frme~kfz ems lf jcxfh. Zvggcjf cx xa zms xbmx xbf

|fmke ag tfl m~~kcjmxca`z cz wf|s |cjb m`h d|atc`d.

CC.  XBF HCGGCJVKXS AG XFZXC@D TFL

M^^KCJMXCA@Z 

Hfwfka~c`d tfl m~~kcjmxca`z fzzf`xcmkks cz `a

hcggf|f`x xa m`s axbf| zagxtm|f m~~kcjmxca`? sav zxm|x

tcxb chfmz+ eajo%v~z m`h |f}vc|fef`xz m`h c` m

em`mdfh gmzbca` ta|o xatm|hz m ta|oc`d zakvxca`.Xfzxc`d tfl m~~kcjmxca`z zbavkh lf ivzx mz ‛|avxc`f― m

xmzo. Sav zxm|x tcxb |f}vc|fef`xz m`h eajo%v~z+

hfjchf a` xbf ~|ca|cxcfz ga| xfzxc`d+ hfzcd` xbf xfzxz+

frfjvxf xbf xfzxz m`h |f~a|x a` xbf avxjaefz. Sav da

xb|avdb xbcz jsjkf xta+ xb|ff+ a| ea|f xcefz v`xck sav

|fmjb sav| }vmkcxs alifjxcwfz "cg sav m|f kvjos# a| savzce~ks |v` avx ag xcef.

Xbmx cz m` chfmk. Xbf |fmkcxs jm` lf evjb hcggf|f`x

m`h ea|f agxf` xbm` `ax cz. Mkk ag m zvhhf` tbmx sav

xbavdbx tf|f |f}vc|fef`xz md|ffh m`h v`hf|zxaahlfdc` xa jbm`df+ m`h `ax ivzx c` xbf a`fz a| xta–z lvx

fwf`xvmkks c` mwmkm`jbfz mz xbf f`h vzf|z a| emia|

zxmofbakhf|z lfdc` xa }vfzxca` m`h jbmkkf`df a|cdc`mk

ja`jf~xz m`h xbavdbxz. Tbmx tmz a|cdc`mkks md|ffh

tavkh lf m kc`o `at jbm`dfz xa m lvxxa` "gmc|

f`avdb#. Xbf` zaefa`f hfjchfz xbmx mkxf|mxca` xa

zcd`c`d c` cz |f}vc|fh ga| kfdmk |fmza`z. @at zcd`c`d

a| kaddc`d c` |f}vc|fz mjo`atkfhdfef`x ag kfdmk

xf|ez m`h ja`hcxca`z m`h gv|xbf| |f}vc|fz m jbfjo lar

gfmxv|f xbmx evzx lf jbfjofh lfga|f xbf ‛Kadc`―lvxxa` cz f`mlkfh mz mlzakvxf ~|aag ag 

mjo`atkfhdef`x. AO+ xbmx cz daah+ tf jm` bm`hkf

xbmx. M`axbf| jbm`df m||cwfz zaa` mgxf|? `at cx cz|f}vc|fh xbmx m v`c}vf f||a| efzzmdf ga| fmjb f||a|

xs~f xbmx ems m|czf lf hcz~kmsfh c`zxfmh ag xbf

df`f|mk f||a| efzzmdf xbmx zce~ks mkf|xfh xbf vzf| xaf||a|z c` xbfc| f`x|cfz. Xbf f||a| efzzmdfz `at tckk lf

v`c}vf xa fmjb f`x|s gcfkh m`h tckk v`c}vfks |fgkfjx

xbf xs~f ag f||a| `ffhc`d ja||fjxca`+ cx zbmkk lf

~|fzf`xfh c` |fh+ =< ~ac`x Jmkcl|c ga`x tcxb xbf gcfkh

c` }vfzxca` bcdbkcdbxfh ls m |fh lmjod|av`h‚ tf jm`

xfzx ga| xbmx cx ivzx efm`z m kax ea|f jaelc`mxca`z

xbm` tf gcdv|fh a` lvx tf tckk mxxf`h xa xbmx+ ivzx

ea|f xfzxz xa hfzcd` m`h frfjvxf.

Xbf|f cz `axbc`d zx|m`df c` m`s ag xbcz? xbfzf m|f

xbf hms xa hms jbmkkf`dfz xbmx gmjf m xfzxf|+ xbf xfzxzjbfhvkf m`h v`hf|ec`f xbf xfzx ~km`.

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <=>

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Tfl m~~kcjmxca`z m|f m zx|m`df lfmzx c`hffh? xbfs

m|f m bsl|ch lfxtff` m tfl zcxf m`h m |fdvkm|

m~~kcjmxca`? xbfs ~|awchf gfmxv|f |cjb jm~mlckcxcfz xa

~axf`xcmkks eckkca`z zcevkxm`favzks. Tfl m~~kcjmxca`z

~|awchf xbf vzf| tcxb m` frx|fefks |cjb fr~f|cf`jf

tbcjb cz tms lfsa`h tbmx ef|f tflzcxfz mka`f jm`

aggf|. Ja`zchf| m` fjaeef|jf tfl m~~kcjmxca`+ mGka|czx tfl zcxf ‚ zms C`xf|gka|mℬ. Sav mz m vzf| m|fmx kclf|xs ag zxa|c`d sav| lckkc`d m`h zbc~~c`d hfxmckz+

gv|xbf| sav ems z~fjcgs evkxc~kf ~msef`x efxbahz

tbcjb ems c`jkvhf ~f|za`mk m`h ja|~a|mxf j|fhcx

jm|hz. Sav ems tczb xa bmwf evkxc~kf a|hf|z ~kmjfh

a` m |fdvkm| lmzcz xa hcggf|f`x |fjc~cf`xz. Xbcz zvddfzx

xbmx tcxbc` xbf C`xf|gka|mℬ tfl m~~kcjmxca` m bcdbks

za~bczxcjmxfh mhh|fzz laao m`h a|hf| ~|ajfzzc`d

m~~kcjmxca` cz lvckx c`.

Ja`zchf| xbf jae~kfrcxs ag xfzxc`d |alvzxks ivzx

xbcz gfmxv|f. Zv~f|ce~azf a` xbcz ~|alkfe mkk xbf

czzvfz |fkmxfh xa j|azz l|atzf| jae~mxclckcxs+

mfzxbfxcjz m`h vzmlckcxs czzvfz m`h sav lfdc` xam~~|fjcmxf xbf emd`cxvhf ag xbf xfzx ~|alkfe.

Dfx cx t|a`d+ eczz zaefxbc`d+ a| gmck xa ja`hvjx

mhf}vmxf ~|ad|fzzca` m`h |fd|fzzca` xfzxc`d m`h |fmk

~|alkfez ems ajjv| |fmk gmzx avx c` ~|ahvjxca`. Xbf

czzvf cz xbmx hfgfjxz xbmx m|f eczzfh c` xfzxc`d+ v~a`

|fkfmzf ag xbf tfl m~~kcjmxca`+ m|f ceefhcmxfks

mwmckmlkf xa m`h m|f mx xbf ef|js ag m wf|s km|df+

v`ga|dcwc`d m`h wajmk vzf| lmzf. G|ae xbavzm`hzxa eckkca`z ag vzf|z tckk lf fr~azfh xa m`h vzf xbf

tfl m~~kcjmxca`z c` tmsz xbmx m xfzx hf~m|xef`x ag 

gcwf+ xf`+ xtf`xs a| m bv`h|fh ems `ax lf mlkf xa

hfzcd` m`h frfjvxf f`avdb xfzxz f`avdb xcefz ga|.

Zce~ks xbf `velf| ag ~axf`xcmk vzmdf ~mxxf|`zceefhcmxfks m`h zcevkxm`favzks ce~azfh a` xbf tfl

m~~kcjmxca` tckk frjffh xbf `velf| ag ~mxxf|`z

hf|cwfh ls xbf xfzx xfme c` xbf ~|aifjx zjbfhvkf

mwmckmlkf xa xbfe. Cx jm` lf m` awf|tbfkec`d

fr~f|cf`jf.

Mhf}vmxf xfzxc`d |fkcfz v~a` mhf}vmxf xfzx

df`f|mxca`+ frfjvxca` m`h emc`xf`m`jf. M~~kcjmxca`z

xbmx bmwf fr~azv|f xa wf|s km|df vzf| lmzfz m|f xbf

eazx jbmkkf`dc`d ~|alkfez gmjc`d zagxtm|f xfzx

a|dm`cymxca`z. Xbfzf a|dm`cymxca`z evzx ja`xf`h tcxb

zagxtm|f jae~kfrcxs tbcjb cz fwf| c`j|fmzc`d tbckzx

xfzx zjbfhvkfz m|f fwf| zb|c`oc`d. C` m zxm`hmka`f

m~~kcjmxca` cg cx dafz t|a`d xbf j|cfz g|ae xbf gcfkhta`–x lf bfm|h ga| m tbckf ‚ zba|x tbckf+ lvx m tbckf

`a`f xbf kfzz? xbfs ems fwf` m||cwf c` m zxfmhszx|fme. A` xbf axbf| bm`h tfl m~~kcjmxca`z da`f

t|a`d c` xbf tckh bmwf xbf ~axf`xcmk m`h jm~mjcxs xa

|fkfmzf m hfkvdf ag jae~kmc`x m`h hczzmxczgmjxca`

mkeazx ceefhcmxfks+ xbf ta|zx ag tbcjb cz |fwf`vf

kazz xa xbf zxmofbakhf|z.

CCC.  \FKMXFH ZXVHCFZC` |fjf`x sfm|z+ zfwf|mk m~~|amjbfz m`h xaakz bmwf

lff` ~|a~azfh tfl m~~kcjmxca` xfzxc`d. Batfwf|

lfjmvzf ag xbf jae~kfrcxs m`h bfxf|adf`favz

|f~|fzf`xmxca`z c` tfl m~~kcjmxca`z+ xbfzf m~~|amjbfzm|f a`ks ~|a~f| ga| ~m|xz ag tfl m~~kcjmxca`z. Gv|xbf|

frxf`zca`z m|f `fjfzzm|s ga| xbfzf m~~|amjbfz xa

hfj|fmzf xbf jae~kfrcxs ag tfl m~~kcjmxca`z m`h

~|awchf| d|fmxf| zv~~a|x ga| xbf bfxf|adf`favz c` tfl

m~~kcjmxca`z.

Xa`fkkm m`h |cjjm frxf`h x|mhcxca`mk m~~|amjbfz

m`h ~|a~azf m <%kmsf| eahfk ga| tfl m~~kcjmxca`z

xfzxc`d. C` xbfc| eahfk+ `mwcdmxca` eahfkz m`h ja`x|akgkat eahfkz m|f c`xfd|mxfh xa m`mksyf xbf tfl

m~~kcjmxca`z mx bf bcdb m`h kat mlzx|mjx kfwfkz+

|fz~fjxcwfks. Tcxb xbfzf xta eahfkz+ tbckf lar

m~~|amjbfz jm` lf vzfh xa xfzx tf m~~kcjmxca`z. Xbcz

m~~|amjb cz f`avdb xa xfzx tfl m~~kcjmxca`z mx laxb

bcdb kfwfk m`h kat kfwfk. Batfwf| xbf|f frczxz m dm~lfxtff` xbf mlzx|mjx kfwfkz ag xbf xta eahfkz lfjmvzf

`mwcdmxca` eahfkz m|f hfzcd`fh ga| `mwcdmxca` xfzxc`d

m`h mhf}vmxf xa zszxfe xfzxc`d tbckf ja`x|ak gkat

eahfkz tcxbavx frxf`zca` m|f ea|f ~|a~f| ga| v`cx

xfzxc`d Omkkf~mkkc m`h xcm` ~|fzf`x m zxmxczxcjmk

m~~|amjb tcxb v`cgcfh em|oaw eahfkz xa xfzx tfl

m~~kcjmxca`z. C`zxfmh ag m`mksyc`d tfl m~~kcjmxca`zhc|fjxks+ xbcz eahfk jakkfjxz m|xcgmjxz+ zvjb mz ja`x|ak

gkat+ hmxm gkat+ m`h ta|okamh. F||a| c`ga|emxca`+ fxj.

g|ae kad gckfz tbcjb m|f df`f|mxfh c` xbf frfjvxca` ag 

tfl m~~kcjmxca`z. Lmzfh a` xbf jakkfjxfh m|xcgmjxz+

xbcz m~~|amjb javkh jkm|cgs vzf|z gajvz m`h dvchf xbf

xfzxc`d. Xbf |fkcmlckcxs ag xbf m~~kcjmxca` javkh lf

alxmc`fh g|ae xbf f||a| c`ga|emxca`. A`f

hczmhwm`xmdf ag xbcz m~~|amjb cz xbmx cx cz c` mhf}vmxf

ga| m `ft tfl m~~kcjmxca` lfjmvzf cx |f}vc|fz wmkch

kad gckfz. Mhhcxca`mkks xbf ~|fjczf`fzz ag xbf

m~~|amjbfz kcecxfh ls xbf kad gckfz. F||a|z xbmx jm``ax

lf |fja|hfh ls kad gckfz+ zvjb mz c` ja||fjx

c`ga|emxca` c` df`f|mxfh ~mdfz+ jm``ax lf hfxfjxfh lsxbcz m~~|amjb.

Hc kvjjm |f~a|x m`axbf| xfzxc`d m~~|amjb ga| tfl

m~~kcjmxca`z. C` xbfc| m~~|amjb+ m hfjczca` xmlkf cz

m~~kcfh xa df`f|mxf xbf gv`jxca`mk xfzx jmzfz ga| zc`dkf

v`cxz c` tfl m~~kcjmxca`z. C`xfd|mxca` xfzxc`d tckk lf

jae~kfxfh mgxf| xbf zszxfe d|m~b cz lvckx. M zv~~a|xxaak `mefh TMX"tfl m~~kcjmxca` xaak#+ cz

ce~kfef`xfh xa mzzczx xa xfzx jmzf df`f|mxca`+ xfzx jmzf

frfjvxca` + m`h xfzx jmzf |fzvkx fwmkvmxca`. Xbf emia|

~|alkfe ga| xbcz m~~|amjb cz xbmx xbf hfjczca` xmlkf

m`mkszcz m`h xfzx jmzf df`f|mxca` m|f xaxmkks lmzfh a`

bvem` c`xf|mjxca`. Xbcz m~~|amjb cxzfkg hafz `ax

~|awchf m`s efm`z xa hfj|fmzf xbf jae~kfrcxs ag tflm~~kcjmxca`z. Bf`jf xbcz m~~|amjb bmz xa |fks a` xbf

fr~f|cf`jf ag hfwfka~f|z.

Ov`d fx ~|a~azf m` alifjx%a|cf`xfh eahfk+

Alifjx a|cf`xfh tfl xfzx eahfk "TXE# xa eahfk m`h

m`mksyf tfl m~~kcjmxca`z g|ae alifjx+ lfbmwca| m`h

zx|vjxv|f mz~fjxz+ |fz~fjxcwfks. Xa ja`zx|vjx xbf txe

xbfs hfgc`f m zfx ag ja`jf~xz ga| tfl m~~kcjmxca`z.

Mgxf| xbmx hcmd|mez+ zvjb mz `mwcdmxca` zxmxf hcmd|mez

+ c`xf|%~|ajfhv|mk hcmd|mez ja`x|ak gkat d|m~bz+

alifjx ja`x|ak gkat d|m~bz fxj .jm` lf lvckx xa eahfk

tfl m~~kcjmxca`z. Lmzfh a` xbfzf hcmd|mez+ m gav|

kfwfk hmxm gkat xfzxc`d m~~|amjb cz ~|a~azfh. M

~axf`xcmk ~|alkfe ag xbfzf m~~|amjbfz cz xbmx m|fdf`f|cj m~~|amjbfz m`h `ffh gv|xbf| frxf`zca`z xa

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <==

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zv~~a|x xa bfxf|adf`favz |f~|fzf`xmxca`z c` tfl

m~~kcjmxca`z.

Hcggf|f`x g|ae ~|fwcavz m~~|amjbfz+ m`

C`bf|cxm`jf Xfjb`c}vf cz daah zakvxca` xa hfj|fmzf

xbf jae~kfrcxs ag tfl m~~kcjmxca`z. Xbf m~~|amjb

lmzfh a` xbf Mdf`x Lmzfh Xfzxc`d "MLX# eahfk ag |mxca`mk mdf`x+ hfzj|clfz m zfx ag mlzx|mjx jkmzzfz m`h`ft hcmd|mez xa zv~~a|x xbf df`f|mxca` ag xfzx

jkmzzfz. Tbf` xfzxc`d tfl m~~kcjmxca`z+ m z~fjcgcj xfzx

jkmzz jm` lf df`f|mxfh g|ae xbfzf mlzx|mjx jkmzzfz ga|

fmjb xs~f ag |f~|fzf`xmxca` c` xbf m~~kcjmxca` zvjb

xbmx xfzxc`d jm` lf gc`czbfh ls xbf jakkmla|mxca` ag m

zfx xfzx jkmzzfz. Fmjb xfzx jkmzzfz xmof jbm|df ag 

xfzxc`d m ~m|xcjvkm| xs~f ag tfl hajvef`x a| alifjx ls

jf|xmc` xfzxc`d efxbahz. Xfzxc`d tfl m~~kcjmxca`z cz

jae~kfxfh ls xbf ja%a~f|mxca` ag m zfx ag mdf`xz. Xfzx

mdf`xz |aax xbf MLX eahfk+ tbcjb cz m eahfk lmzf a`

xbf xbfa|s ag |mxca`mk mjxca`z c` bvem`z m`h bmz lff`

zvjjfzzgvkks hf~kasfh c` em`s za~bczxcjmxfhm~~kcjmxca`z. M xfzx jkmzz mx kfmzx ja`xmc`z

  Lfkcfgz xbmx |f~|fzf`x xbf xfzx m|xcgmjxz |fkmxfh

xa m z~fjcgcj xfzxc`d m~~|amjb m`h m ~m|xcjvkm| xs~f ag 

tfl hajvef`x a| alifjx v`hf| xfzx+ zvjb mz zav|jf

jahf+ z~fjcgcjmxca`+ xfzx eahfk + xfzx jmzfz+ xfzx |fzvkx+fxj.

  Damkz xbmx hfzj|clf xbf xfzx j|cxf|cm+ zvjb mz

|f}vc|fef`xz a` ec`ceve jawf|mdf c` hmxm gkat

m`mkszcz.

  ^km`z xbmx hf~cjxz xbf mjxca`z xa lf

~f|ga|efh xa mjbcfwf xbf damkz. Xbfs c`jkvhf mjxca`z

zf}vf`jfz+ jazx+ ~|fja`hcxca`z+ fxj

Lmzfh a` xbf mlawf jkmzz f`wc|a`ef`x+ tf frxf`hxbf ~|fwcavz zx|vjxv|f xfzxc`d m~~|amjb ga| tfl

m~~kcjmxca`z. Xbcz m~~|amjb m`mkszcz xbf hmxm gkat

c`ga|emxca` c` tfl m~~kcjmxca`z m`h ~f|ga|ez m gav|%

kfwfk xfzxc`d tfl m~~kcjmxca`z. xbf gav|%kfwfk xfzxc`d

c`jkvhfz Gv`jxca` jkmzz+ Jkvzxf| jkmzz+ alifjx jkmzz+

m`h Lmzf xfzxc`d jkmzz g|ae kat mlzx|mjx kfwfk xa bcdbmlzx|mjx kfwfk. Fmjb kfwfk ag xfzxc`d a` m ~m|xcjvkm|

xs~f ag tfl hajvef`x a| alifjx cz em`mdfh ls

hcggf|f`x xfzx mdf`x. C` xbf ~|ajfzz ag tfl m~~kcjmxca`

xfzxc`d+ m bcdb kfwfk xfzx jkmzz jm` j|fmxf m zfx ag kat

kfwfk xfzx alifjx m`h mzo xbfe xa jae~kfxf xbf

ja||fz~a`hc`d kat kfwfk xfzxc`d. Xbf bcdb kfwfk xfzx

jkmzz cxzfkg gajvzfz a` xbf jae~m|mxcwfks bcdb kfwfkxfzxc`d xbmx jm``ax lf gc`czbfh ls kat kfwfk xfzx

alifjxz. Ja`zf}vf`xks+ m bcdb kfwfk xfzxc`d xmzo ems

lf jae~kfxfh ls xbf jaa~f|mxca` ag m zfx ag kat kfwfk

xfzx alifjxz m`h bcdb kfwfk xfzx alifjxz.

Zceckm| xa xbf hmxm gkat m`mkszcz efxbahz ga|

x|mhcxca`mk m~~kcjmxca`z xfzxc`d+ hmxm gkat m`mkszcz ga|

tfl m~~kcjmxca`z |f}vc|fz mhf}vmxf xfzx eahfkz m`h

~|a~f| xfzx j|cxf|cm. M ja`x|ak gkat d|m~b m``axmxfh

tcxb hmxm gkat c`ga|emxca` cz m df`f|mk mjjf~xfh

m~~|amjb ga| x|mhcxca`mk m~~kcjmxca` eahfkc`d. C` tfl

m~~kcjmxca`z xfzxc`d+ m ja`x|ak gkat d|m~b bmz xa lf

frxf`hfh xa bm`hkf xbf `ft gfmxv|fz zvjb mz `awfk

hmxm bm`hkc`d efjbm`czez+ bfxf|adf`favz|f~|fzf`xmxca`z+ fxj.

Xfzx j|cxf|cm c` hmxm gkat m`mkszcz c`jkvhfz mkk

hfgc`cxca`+ mkk vzf+ mkk%j%vzf+ mkk%~%vzf+ fxj. c` ~|mjxcjf+

cx ems c`gfmzclkf xa jawf| mkk xbf mjbcfwfh hfg%vzf

~mc|z c` tfl m~~kcjmxca`z xfzxc`d. Mkxf|`mxcwfks+ m`

mjjf~xmlkf ~f|jf`xmdf ag jawf|mdf ag hfg%vzf ~mc|z czm daah j|cxf|ca` ga| tfl m~~kcjmxca` xfzxc`d.

CW.  ALIFJXCWFM jkmzz jm` lf wcftfh mz m` mvxa`aeavz alifjx

xbmx cz hfzcd`fh m`h Ce~kfef`xfh xa jae~kfxf jf|xmc`

xmzoz ls ja%a~f|mxc`d tcxb xbf f`wc|a`ef`x m`h axbf|

jkmzzfz.

Z~fjcgcj xfzx alifjxz m|f df`f|mxfh g|ae df`f|mxfhm`h mlzx|mjx jkmzzfz. Fmjb xfzx jkmzzfz xmofz jbm|df ag 

xfzxc`d m ~m|xcjvkm| xs~f ag tfl hajvef`x ls jf|xmc`

xfzxc`d efxbahz. Xfzxc`d tfl m~~kcjmxca`z cz

jae~kfxfh ls xbf ja%a~f|mxca`z ag m zfx ag jkmzz

alifjxz. Xbcz m~~|amjb m`mkszcz xbf hmxm gkat

c`ga|emxca` c` tfl m~~kcjmxca`z m`h ~f|ga|ez m gav|%

kfwfk xfzxc`d tfl m~~kcjmxca`z. Xbf gavk jkmzzfzc`jkvhf gv`jxca` jkmzz+ Wf|cgcjmxca` m`h Wmkchmxca`

jkmzz+ alifjx jkmzz+ Lmzf xfzx jkmzz g|ae kat kfwfk xa

bcdb kfwfk. Fmjb kfwfk ag xfzxc`d a` m ~m|xcjvkm| xs~f

ag tfl hajvef`x a| alifjx cz em`mdfh ls hcggf|f`x

xfzx alifjxz.

W. GV@JXCA@ JKMZZ C` tfl m~~kcjmxca`z+ gv`jxca` jkmzz cz

mhec`czx|mxfh ls gv`jxca` jkmzz alifjxz. Fmjb xfzx

alifjx xmofz jbm|df ag xbf ~m|xcjvkm| xs~f ag c`hcwchvmk

gv`jxca` lmzfh a` xbf c`ga|emxca` ag hfg%vzf ~mc|z c`

xbf gv`jxca`. Gv`jxca` ems lf ce~kfef`xfh c` m

~m|xcjvkm| ~|ad|meec`d km`dvmdf "imwm+ j*+ fxj# a|z~fjcgcj zj|c~x km`dvmdf "IZ^+ MZ^+ ^f|k+ fxj#. Ga| m

z~fjcgcj xfzx alifjx+ cx c`jkvhfz

  Lfkcfgz9 xfzx m|xcgmjxz ga| m ~m|xcjvkm| xs~f ag gv`jxca`+ zjv mz zav|jf jahf+ z~fjcgcjmxca`+ m`h xfzx

eahfk ga| xm|dfx gv`jxca`z+ z~fjcgcjmxca`z ag xfzx

jmzfz+ fxj. zceckm| xa xfzx eahfkz ga| fmjb xm|dfx

gv`jxca` jm` lf hf~cjxfh ls m ja`x|ak gkat d|m~b

em|ofh tcxb hmxm gkat c`ga|emxca`. @ahfz c` xbf

ja`x|ak gkat d|m~b |f~|fzf`x zxmxfef`xz+ m`h fhdfz

|f~|fzf`x xbf ja`x|ak x|m`zgf|

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <=<

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Gcd. 6.=. Zbatc`d a`ks xbf HAE Wmkchmxa| m`h XfzxZvcxf

Df`f|mxa| mz frme~kfz ag ~azzclkf Xfzxc`d ce~kfef`xmxca`z.

WC.  WF\CGCJMXCA@ M@H WMKCHMXCA@

JKMZZ Wf|cgcjmxca` m`h Wmkchmxca` Jkmzz x|cfz xa xfzx m zfx

ag gv`jxca`z tcxb c`wajmxca` |fkmxca`z c` tfl

m~~kcjmxca`z. c` mhhcxca` xa hc|fzx gv`jxca` jmkkz+

gv`jxca`z c` tfl m~~kcjmxca`z jm` lf c`waofh ls

zvleczzca` |f}vfzx g|ae jkcf`x ~mdfz

Gcd 7.= Gv`jxca`mk Hfzj|c~xca` ag Wf|cgcjmxca` m`h Wmkchmxca` Jkmzz

WCC. ALIFJX JKMZZ

Alifjx jkmzz fe~kasfh xa xfzx xbf alifjxz

~|ahvjfh ls hcggf|f`x gv`jxca` tcxbc` m tfl

hajvef`x. Vzf| c`xf|mjxca` ems x|cddf| hcggf|f`x

c`wajmxca` zf}vf`jfz ag gv`jxca`z tcxbc` tfl

hajvef`x a| m` alifjx.

Gcd 4.= Gv`jxca`mk Hfzj|c~xca` ag Alifjx Jkmzz

WCCC. LMZF XFZXC@D JKMZZLmzf Xfzxc`d Jkmzz cz vzfh xa xfzx xbf m~~kcjmxca`

dkalmk wm|cmlkfz. C` tfl m~~kcjmxca`z xbavzm`hz ag 

jkcf`xz ems frfjvxf xbf zmef tfl m~~kcjmxca` mx xbf

zmef xcef m`h hmxm jm` lf zbm|fh m`h x|m`zgf||fh

mea`d xbfzf jkcf`xz. M zfx ag ~km`z ga| xbf xm|dfxm~~kcjmxca`.

Jakkfjx xfzx m|xcgmjxz ga| xm|dfx m~~kcjmxca`+

df`f|mxf xfzx mdf`xz ga| gv`jxca` Jkmzz+ Wf|cgcjmxca`

m`h Wmkchmxca` Jkmzz m`h alifjx jkmzz m`h ~f|ga|e

ja||fz~a`hc`d kfwfk xfzxc`d. Zfxv~ xbf xfzx j|cxf|cm ga|

xm|dfx m~~kcjmxca`+ frfjvxf xfzx jmzfz xa wf|cgs xm|dfxm~~kcjmxca`? hfxf|ec`f tbfxbf| xbf xfzx j|cxf|cm cz

zmxczgcfh cg `ax |f~fmx xbf zmef ~|ajfzz fkzf xf|ec`mxf.

Gcd 2.= Gv`jxca`mk Hfzj|c~xca` ag Lmzf Xfzx Jkmzz

CR.  GFMXV\FZ

Tbf` jae~m|fh tcxb axbf| m~~|amjbfz+ xbfC`bf|cxm`jf lmzfh Xfzxc`d javkh fmzcks alxmc`

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja`h C xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca`z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <=:

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gkfrclckcxs m`h frxf`zclckcxs ls c`x|ahvjc`d `ft xs~fz

xfzx jkmzzfz. Xbvz xbf jae~kfrcxs tfl m~~kcjmxca`z

l|avdbx ls bfxf|adf`favz |f~|fzf`xmxca`z m`h `ft

hmxm gkat efjbm`czez jm` lf d|fmxks hfj|fmzfh.

Lmzfh a` xbf C`bf|cxm`jf lmzfh Xfjb`c}vf+ m gav|

kfwfk%kfwfk hmxm gkat xfzxc`d m~~|amjb mz tfkk mz

ja||fz~a`hc`d gav| kfwfk xfzx alifjxz+ jm` lffe~kasfh xa xfzx tfl m~~kcjmxca`z.

R.  JA@JKVZCA@Tf ~|fzf`x m` C`bf|cxm`jf Lmzfh xfzxc`d m~~|amjb

ga| tfl m~~kcjmxca`z. Jae~m|fh tcxb axbf|

m~~|amjbfz+ xbf C`bf|cxm`jf Lmzfh xfzxc`d m~~|amjb

javkh fmzcks alxmc` gkfrclckcxs ls c`x|ahvjc`d `ft

xs~f ag xfzx jkmzzfz. Xbvz xbf jae~kfrcxs ag tfl

m~~kcjmxca`z l|avdbx ls bfxf|adf`favz

|f~|fzf`xmxca`z m`h `ft hmxm gkat efjbm`czez jm`

lf d|fmxks hfj|fmzfh.

RC.  GVXV\F TA\OXbf lmzcj gfmxv|fz ag g|mefta|o bmwf lff`

ce~kfef`xfh. Ea|fawf| c`xfd|mxc`d ea|f xfzxc`d

m~~|amjbfz+ zvjb mz `mwcdmxc`d xfzxc`d+ alifjx zxmxf

xfzxc`d+ zxmxczxcjmk xfzxc`d+ fxj. cx cz zxckk `fjfzzm|s ga| m

zszxfemxcj xfzxc`d m~~|amjb ga| tfl m~~kcjmxca`z.

RCC. MJO@ATKFHDEF@XZTf m|f ~|a~azc`d xbcz ~m~f| lmzfh a` xbf gvxv|f

ta|o ag axbf| frczxc`d zszxfez. Cg c` jmzf ag m`s `ft

|fzfm|jb chfmz a` xbfzf ~m~f|z m|f tm|eks tfkjaefz.

Tf tavkh mkza kcof xa xbm`o xbf m`a`seavz

|fwcftf|z ga| xbfc| wmkvmlkf m`h ja`zx|vjxcwf

jaeef`xz.

\FGF\F@JFZ

_=U  M. D. Kvjjm m`h M. \. Gmzakc`a+ ‛Xfzxc`d

Tfl%Lmzfh M~~kcjmxca`z9 Xbf Zxmxf ag xbf

M|x m`h Gvxv|f X|f`hz+― C`ga|emxca` m`h

Zagxtm|f Xfjb`akads+ Wak. 82+ @a. =<+

<>>7+ ~~. ==4<%==27.

_<U  B. Kcv m`h B. Lf`d Ovm` Xm`+ Mvxaemxfh

wf|cgcjmxca` m`h xfzx jmzf df`f|mxca` ga|

c`~vx wmkchmxca`+ c` ^|ajffhc`dz ag xbf <>>7

c`xf|`mxca`mk ta|ozba~ a` Mvxaemxca` ag 

Zagxtm|f xfzx. <>>7+ MJE9 Zbm`dbmc+ Jbc`m.~. <3%:6.

_:U  Z. M|xyc+ M. Ocf˓yv`+ I. Hakls+ G. Xc~+ H.Hcd+ M. ^m|mhom|+ m`h E. H. F|`zx. Gc`hc`d

lvdz c` hs`mecj tfl m~~kcjmxca`z. C` ^|aj.

C`x. Zse~. A` Zagxtm|f Xfzxc`d m`h

M`mkszcz "CZZXM–>2#+ ~mdfz <7=‚<4<.

MJE+ <>>2.

_8U  D. Kvjjm m`h M. \. Gmzakc`a+ ‛Tfl

M~~kcjmxca` Xfzxc`d+― Tfl F`dc`ff|c`d+

Z~|c`df|+ Lf|kc`+ Jbm~xf| 4+ <>>7+ ~~. <=3%<7>. hac9=>.=>>4!:%68>%<2<=2%=Q4

_6U  M. Lf|xakc`a+ M. ^akc`c+ ^. C`wf|m|hc+ B.

Evjjc`c+ m`h ^|aj. "Frxf`hfh mlzx|mjx#,Iv`f <2% = Ivks <>>8+ ^md. =<8%=<6.

Xatm|hz M`xc%Eahfk%lmzfh xfzxc`d. c`

C`xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf ag Hf~f`hmlkfZszxfez m`h @fxta|oz HZ@ <>>8. <>>8.

Gka|f`jf.

_7U  M. Lf|xakc`a. Zagxtm|f xfzxc`d |fzfm|jb9

Mjbcfwfef`xz+ jbmkkf`dfz+ h|fmez. C` CJZF

Gvxv|f ag Zagxtm|f F`dc`ff|c`d "GAZF–>4#+~mdfz 26‚=>:. CFFF Jae~vxf| Zajcfxs+<>>4.

_4U  Z. Ev|vdfzm`+ ‛Tfl M~~kcjmxca`

Hfwfka~ef`x9 Jbmkkf`dfz m`h xbf \akf ag 

Tfl F`dc`ff|c`d+― I. Om|mx m`h I.

Wm`hf|ha`jox+ Fhz.+ Tfl F`dc`ff|c`d+

Eahfkkc`d m`h Ce~kfef`xc`d Tfl

M~~kcjmxca`z+ Z~|c`df|+ Lf|kc`+ <>>2+ ~~. 4%

:<.

_2U  Zagxtm|f F`dc`ff|c`d Laao ag O`atkfhdf

CFFF ‚ <>>8 Wf|zca`

_3U  \. W. Lc`hf|. Xfzxc`d alifjx%a|cf`xfh

zszxfez9 eahfkz+ ~mxxf|`z+ m`hxaakz. Mhhcza`%Tfzkfs+ =333.

_=>U K. M. Jkm|of m`h H. Z. \azf`lkve. M

bczxa|cjmk ~f|z~fjxcwf a` |v`xcef

_==U F mzzf|xca` jbfjoc`d c` zagxtm|f

hfwfka~ef`x. MJE ZCDZAGX Zagxtm|f

F`dc`ff|c`d @axfz+ :=":#9<6‚:4+ <>>7.

_=<U K. hf Mkgm|a. Eahfk jbfjoc`d xbf ta|kh

tchf tfl. C` ^|ajffhc`dz

ag xbf =:xb C`xf|`mxca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf a`

Jae~vxf| Mchfh Wf|cgcjmxca`

"JMW–>=#+ ~mdfz ::4‚:83. Z~|c`df|%Wf|kmd+

<>>=._=:U S. ]c+ H. Ov`d m`h F. Ta`d+ ‛M` Mdf`x%

Lmzfh Hmxm%Gkat Xfzxc`d M~~|amjb ga| Tfl

M~~kcjmxca`z+― Iav|`mk ag C`ga|emxca` m`h

Zagxtm|f Xfjb`akads+ Wak. 82+ @a. =<+

<>>7+ ~~.==63%==4=.

hac9=>.=>=7!i.c`gzag.<>>7.>7.>>6

_=8U I. ^mwm+ J. F`afr m`h S. Bf|`m`hfy+ ‛M

Zfkg%Ja`gcdv|c`d Xfzx Bm|`fzz ga| Tfl

M~~kcjmxca`z+― ^|ajffhc`dz ag xbf 84xb

M``vmk Zavxbfmzx \fdca`mk Ja`gf|f`jf+

Zavxb Jm|akc`m+ <>>3+ ~~. =%7.

hac9=>.==86!=677886.=6776::

_=6U B. \mggfkx+ X. Em|dm|cm+ L. Zxfggf` m`h E.Ef|xf`+ ‛Bsl|ch Xfzx ag Tfl M~~kcjmxca`z

tcxb Tflxfzx+― ^|ajffhc`dz ag xbf <>>2

Ta|ozba~ a` Xfzxc`d+ M`mkszcz+ m`h

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`mefks x|cm`dvkm| EG+ ^c EG m`h Dmvzzcm` EG m|f jbazf`ga| JAJAEA–z fgga|x fzxcemxca`.

Zxf~ <. Gvyycgcjmxca` ag @aec`mk fgga|x 

Gvyys C`gf|f`jf Zszxfe "GCZ# cz hfwfka~fh xa jmkjvkmxf`aec`mk fgga|x. Xbf c`~vxz xa xbcz zszxfe m|f EAHF m`h

ZCYF. Xbf avx~vx cz Gvyys @aec`mk fgga|x. C`~vx wm|cmlkfz

ZCYF m`h EAHF |f~|fzf`xfh mz ^c EG m`h m|f zbat` c`

‛Gcd. 6― m`h ‛Gcd. 7― |fz~fjxcwfks. Avx~vx wm|cmlkf

@AEC@MK FGGA\X |f~|fzf`xfh mz ^c EG cz zbat` c`‛Gcd. 4―. C` xbf zmef tms GCZ m|f hfwfka~fh ga| xbf zmef

vzc`d x|cm`dvkm| m`h Dmvzz EG–z.

Gcdv|f 6. C`~vx wm|cmlkf ZCYF |f~|fzf`xfh mz c EG

GCZ

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja h C`xf| mxca mk Ja gf|f jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <=4

ttt.mzhg.a|d.c` £ <>=< 99 Xfjb a Ga|ve \fzfm|jb m h Hfwfka~ef x Jf x|f+ a hcjbf||s+ C`hcm ttt.cjjm.a|d.c`

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Gcdv|f 7. C`~vx wm|cmlkf EAHF |f~|fzf`xfh mz ^c EG

Gcdv|f 4. Avx~vx wm|cmlkf FGGA\X |f~|fzf`xfh mz ^c EG

Gvyys |vkfz alxmc`fh ga| zcyf+ eahf m`h fgga|x m|f mz

gakkatz9 Cg zcyf cz z= m h eahf cz a|dm cj xbf` fgga|x cz f==

 Cg zcyf cz z= m h eahf cz zfec%hfxmjbfh xbf` fgga|x cz f=< Cg zcyf cz z= m h eahf cz felfhhfh xbf` fgga|x cz f=:

 Cg zcyf cz z< m h eahf cz a|dm cj xbf` fgga|x cz f<=

 Cg zcyf cz z< m h eahf cz zfec%hfxmjbfh xbf` fgga|x cz f<<

 Cg zcyf cz z< m h eahf cz felfhhfh xbf` fgga|x cz f<:

...

 Cg zcyf cz z== m h eahf cz a|dm`cj xbf fgga|x cz f==Q=

 Cg zcyf cz z== m`h eahf cz zfec%hfxmjbfh xbf` fgga|x cz

f==Q<

 Cg zcyf cz z== m h eahf cz felfhhfh xbf` fgga|x cz f==Q:

Zxf~ :. Gvyycgcjmxca` ag Jazx H|cwf|z

Mkk jazx h|cwf|z m|f gvyycgcfh vzc`d zf~m|mxf GCZ ga| fwf|sjazx h|cwf|. Mkza fmjb jazx h|cwf| cz gvyycgcfh vzc`d mkk

xb|ff EGz. Xbvz+ m xaxmk ag =6):586 GCZ m|f hfwfka~fh ga|

jazx h|cwf|z. Zme~kf gvyycgcjmxca` ag WFR^ lmzfh a` Xmlkf

CC m`h CCC cz zbat` c` ‛Gcd. 2― m`h ‛Gcd. 3― vzc`d x|cm`dvkm|EG"XEG#. Xbf zmef cz ce~kfef`xfh vzc`d Dmvzzcm` m`h

^c EG mkza.

XMLKF CC.  WFR^ JAZX H\CWF\ \M@DF Z^FJCGCFH C@ E A@XBZ 

Wf|s kat Kat @aec`mk Bcdb

= 8 =< :7

XMLKF CCC.  WFR^ FGGA\X EVKXC^KCF\ \M@DF HFGC@CXCA@ 

Wf|s kat Kat @aec`mk Bcdb

=.<= =.=> =.>> >.3>

Gcdv|f 2. M`xfjfhf`x EGz ga| WFR^ |f~|fzf`xfh mz XEG

Gcdv|f 3. Ja`zf}vf`x EGz ga| WFR^ |f~|fzf`xfh mz XEG

\vkfz alxmc`fh g|ae ‛Gcd. 3― m`h ‛Gcd. =>― m|f9

 Cg wfr~m "wfr~ m`xfjfhf`x# cz wkat xbf` wfr~j "wfr~

ja`zf}vf`x# cz c`jzcd "c`j|fmzfh zcd`cgcjm`xks#

 Cg wfr~m cz kat xbf` wfr~j cz c`j "c`j|fmzc`d#

 Cg wfr~m cz `ae " aec`mk# xbf` wfr~j cz vj "v`jbm`dfh#

 Cg wfr~m cz bcdb xbf` wfr~j cz hfj "hfj|fmzc`d#

Zme~kf gvyycgcjmxca` ag XCEF lmzfh a` Xmlkf CW m`h W czzbat` c` ‛Gcd. =>― m`h ‛Gcd. ==― vzc`d ^c EG. Xbf zmef cz

ce~kfef`xfh vzc`d x|cm`dvkm| m`h Dmvzzcm` EG–z mkza.

XMLKF CW.  XCEF JAZX H\CWF\ \M@DF C@ XF\EZ AG F\JF@XMDF 

@aec`mk Bcdb Wf|s Bcdb Frx|m Bcdb

;56> 4> 26 36

XMLKF W.  XCEF FGGA\X EVKXC^KCF\ \M@DF HFGC@CXCA@ 

@aec`mk Bcdb Wf|s Bcdb Frx|m

Bcdb

=.>> =.== =.:> =.77

Gcdv|f =>. M`xfjfhf`x EGz ga| XCEF |f~|fzf`xfh mz ^c EG

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja h C`xf| mxca mk Ja gf|f jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <=2

ttt.mzhg.a|d.c` £ <>=< 99 Xfjb a Ga|ve \fzfm|jb m h Hfwfka~ef x Jf x|f+ a hcjbf||s+ C`hcm ttt.cjjm.a|d.c`

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Gcdv|f ==. Ja`zf}vf`x EGz ga| XCEF |f~|fzf`xfh mz ^c EG

\vkfz alxmc`fh g|ae ‛Gcd. =>― m`h ‛Gcd. ==― m|f9 Cg xcefm "xcef m`xfjfhf`x# cz `ae "`aec`mk# xbf` xcefj

"xcef ja`zf}vf`x# cz vj "v`jbm`dfh#

 Cg xcefm cz bcdb xbf` xcefj cz c`j "c`j|fmzc`d#

 Cg xcefm cz wbcdb "wf|s bcdb# xbf` xcefj cz c`jzcd

"c`j|fmzc`d zcd`cgcjm`xks#

 Cg xcefm cz fbcdb "frx|m bcdb# xbf` xcefj cz c`jh|mz"c`j|fmzc`d h|mzxcjmkks# 

Zme~kf gvyycgcjmxca` ag ^JM^ lmzfh a` Xmlkf WC m`h WCCcz zbat` c` ‛Gcd. =<― m`h ‛Gcd. =:― vzc`d Dmvzzcm` EG.

Xbf zmef cz ce~kfef`xfh vzc`d x|cm`dvkm| m`h ^c EG–z

mkza.

XMLKF WC. ^JM^ JAZX H\CWF\ \M@DF HFGC@FH C@ XF\EZ AG F\JF@XCKF 

Wf|s Kat Kat @aec`mk Bcdb Wf|s Bcdb

=6 :6 66 46 3>

XMLKF WCC.  ^JM^ FGGA\X EVKXC^KCF\ \M@DF HFGC@CXCA@ 

Wf|s kat Kat @aec`mk Bcdb Wf|s Bcdb

=.8< =.=4 =.>> >.27 >.4>

Gcdv|f =<. M`xfjfhf`x EGz ga| ^JM^ |f~|fzf`xfh mz Dmvzz EG

Gcdv|f =:. Ja`zf}vf`x EGz ga| ^JM^ |f~|fzf`xfh mz Dmvzz EG

\vkfz alxmc`fh g|ae ‛Gcd. =<― m`h ‛Gcd.=:― m|f9

 Cg ~jm~m "~jm~ m`xfjfhf x# cz wkat "wf|s kat# xbf` ~jm~j

"~jm~ ja`zf}vf`x# cz c jzcd "c`j|fmzc`d zcd cgcjm`xks#

 Cg ~jm~m cz kat xbf` ~jm~j cz c`j "c`j|fmzc`d#

 Cg ~jm~m cz `ae "`aec`mk# xbf ~jm~j cz vj "v jbm`dfh#

 Cg ~jm~m cz bcdb xbf` ~jm~j cz hfj "hfj|fmzc`d#

 Cg ~jm~m cz wbcdb"wf|s bcdb# xbf` ~jm~j cz hfjzcd"hfj|fmzc`d zcd`cgcjm`xks#

Zxf~ 89 Fzxcemxfh fgga|x jmkjvkmxca` ls c`xfd|mxc`d

jae~a`f`xz

Fzxcemxfh fgga|x cz alxmc`fh ls evkxc~kcjmxca` ag 

`aec`mk fgga|x alxmc`fh g|ae zxf~ < m`h FMG alxmc`fh

g|ae zxf~ : "ls evkxc~ksc`d fgga|x evkxc~kcf|zja||fz~a`hc`d xa fmjb jazx h|cwf|#.

W.  FR^F\CEF@XZ M@H \FZVKXZ 

Fr~f|cef`xz m|f ha`f ls xmoc`d zaef ag xbf a|cdc`mk

~|aifjxz g|ae JAJAEA2= hmxmzfx _8U. Xbf fzxcemxfh

fgga|xz vzc`d JAJAEA+ X|cm`dvkm| EG+ ^c EG m`hDmvzzcm` EG alxmc`fh m|f xmlvkmxfh m`h jae~m|fh. Xbfs

m|f zbat` c` Xmlkf WCCC.Xbf fwmkvmxca` ja`zczxz c` jae~m|c`d xbf mjjv|mjs ag xbf

fzxcemxfh fgga|x tcxb xbf mjxvmk fgga|x. Xbf|f m|f em`s

fwmkvmxca` j|cxf|cm ga| zagxtm|f fgga|x fzxcemxca`+ mea`dxbfe tf m~~kcfh xbf eazx g|f}vf`x a`f tbcjb cz Emd`cxvhf

ag \fkmxcwf F||a| "E\F# m`h cz hfgc`fh mz c` ‛"7#―.

E\F5{ {

  =>> "7#

Xbf zagxtm|f hfwfka~ef`x fgga|xz alxmc`fh tbf` vzc`dJAJAEA m`h axbf| efelf|zbc~ gv`jxca`z tf|f alzf|wfh.

Mgxf| m`mkszc`d xbf |fzvkxz alxmc`fh ls efm`z ag m~~ksc`d

x|cm`dvkm|+ ^c m`h Dmvzzcm` EG–z+ cx cz alzf|wfh xbmx xbf

fgga|x fzxcemxca` ag xbf ~|a~azfh eahfk cz dcwc`d ea|f~|fjczf |fzvkxz c` emrceve ~|aifjxz mz jae~m|fh xa

x|cm`dvkm| m`h Dmvzzcm` efelf|zbc~ gv`jxca`z. Xbf fgga|xfzxcemxfh ls gvyycgsc`d xbf zcyf+ eahf m`h mkk xbf =6 jazxh|cwf|z vzc`d ^c EG cz scfkhc`d lfxxf| fzxcemxf.

Xbf emd`cxvhf ag |fkmxcwf f||a| "E\F# tmz jmkjvkmxfhvzc`d ‛"7#―. Ga| frme~kf+ xbf E\F jmkjvkmxfh ga| ~|aifjx

CH "^.CH# 7 ga| JAJAEA+ x|cm`dvkm|+ Dmvzzcm` m`h xbf

~|a~azfh eahfk cz <=.7+ <>.::+ 46 m`h <>.=7 |fz~fjxcwfks.Xbcz jkfm|ks zbatz xbmx xbf|f cz m hfj|fef`x c` xbf |fkmxcwf

f||a|+ za xbf ~|a~azfh eahfk cz ea|f zvcxmlkf ga| fgga|xfzxcemxca`.

WC. JA@JKVZCA@Z M@H GVXV\F TA\O 

\fgf||c`d xa Xmlkf WCCC+ fgga|x fzxcemxca` vzc`d ^C EG

scfkhz lfxxf| |fzvkxz ga| emrceve j|cxf|ca`z tbf`jae~m|fh tcxb xbf axbf| efxbahz. Xbvz cx cz ja`jkvhfh xbmxxbf `ft m~~|amjb vzc`d ^c EG cz lfxxf| xbm` vzc`d XEG

"x|cm`dvkm| efelf|zbc~ gv`jxca`#+ Dmvzz EG m`h

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja h C`xf| mxca mk Ja gf|f jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <=3

ttt.mzhg.a|d.c` £ <>=< 99 Xfjb a Ga|ve \fzfm|jb m h Hfwfka~ef x Jf x|f+ a hcjbf||s+ C`hcm ttt.cjjm.a|d.c`

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C`xf|efhcmxf JAJAEA. Ls zvcxmlks mhivzxc`d xbf wmkvfz

ag xbf ~m|mefxf|z c` GCZ tf jm` a~xcecyf xbf fzxcemxfhfgga|x. Gvxv|f ta|o c`jkvhfz hf~kasc`d zceckm| mkda|cxbe

ga| JAJAEA CC m`h axbf| jazx fzxcemxca` eahfkz. @ftf|

xfjb`c}vfz kcof Xs~f%< gvyys jm` mkza lf m~~kcfh ga| ea|f

mjjv|mxf ~|fhcjxca`z ag zagxtm|f fgga|x.

^.CH EAHF ZCYF FMG MJXVMK

FGGA\X

JAJAEA

FGGA\X

XEG ^CEG DMVZZEG

FMG FGGA\X FMG FGGA\X FMG FGGA\X

= :.< 7.3 >.8> 2 3.2 >.8= =<.28 >.8= =<.2= >.4= <<

< : 3> >.4> 86: :<7 >.4> :<4.<2 >.4> :<7.63 >.22 8>3.47

: :.< =: <.2= 32 =:: <.28 23.3> <.2: 23.87 <.78 ==>.2<

8 :.< =6 >.:6 =< <> >.:7 =4.42 >.:7 =4.4: >.7: :6.=:

^|aj. ag xbf Zfja h C`xf| mxca mk Ja gf|f jf a` Jae~vxf| M~~kcjmxca z <>=< _CJJM <>=<U <<>