ImmigrationImmigration

1870- 1920- 23 million immigrants1870- 1920- 23 million immigrants Old Immigrants- up to 1890- N. W. EuropeOld Immigrants- up to 1890- N. W. Europe New Immigrants- after- S.E. EuropeNew Immigrants- after- S.E. Europe Escape poverty, famine, land shortage (rising Escape poverty, famine, land shortage (rising

populations), religious/political persecutionpopulations), religious/political persecution Us promises golden opportunity, land, Us promises golden opportunity, land,

independence, gold rushindependence, gold rush Chinese/ Japanese west coast, railroads, much Chinese/ Japanese west coast, railroads, much

discriminationdiscrimination Mexico/ Caribbean in southMexico/ Caribbean in south

Travel/ EntranceTravel/ Entrance

1 week across Atlantic, steamship1 week across Atlantic, steamship steerage accommodations- dirty bunks, no windows steerage accommodations- dirty bunks, no windows

or fresh air, few toilets, little food, not allowed on or fresh air, few toilets, little food, not allowed on deck, little room to move, disease spreads quicklydeck, little room to move, disease spreads quickly

75% to Ellis Island, New York- inspection 75% to Ellis Island, New York- inspection (hours/days), medical/ papers- some denied(hours/days), medical/ papers- some denied

Chinese- 1 month across PacificChinese- 1 month across Pacific Held at Angel Island- intense questioning, Held at Angel Island- intense questioning,

discrimination, imprisoned- sometimes months, bad discrimination, imprisoned- sometimes months, bad conditionsconditions

Chinese Exclusion act- only merchants, relatives, Chinese Exclusion act- only merchants, relatives, teachers, tourists allowed inteachers, tourists allowed in

Settling/ SurvivingSettling/ Surviving

2/3 in major cities- unskilled factory jobs- 2/3 in major cities- unskilled factory jobs- no English- 10 cents/ hourno English- 10 cents/ hour

some rural areas, better conditions, less some rural areas, better conditions, less opportunityopportunity

Ethnic enclaves- settled together, Ethnic enclaves- settled together, language, customs, food, assistancelanguage, customs, food, assistance

Problems- Problems- Discrimination- Nativism- feel threatened, limits on Discrimination- Nativism- feel threatened, limits on

immigration, feel S.E. Europe, Asian inferior, compete for immigration, feel S.E. Europe, Asian inferior, compete for jobs, violencejobs, violence Gentlemen’s agreement- stop school segregation, Chines govt. limit Gentlemen’s agreement- stop school segregation, Chines govt. limit

immigration immigration Americanization- teach language, history of AmericaAmericanization- teach language, history of America

Poor housing- tenements- apts, several families in each- Poor housing- tenements- apts, several families in each- crowded, dirtycrowded, dirty

Transportation- not enough/ reliable, subways, street carsTransportation- not enough/ reliable, subways, street cars Water/ sanitation- some plumbing, dirty water, improvements Water/ sanitation- some plumbing, dirty water, improvements

spread slowly- trash, sewage in streets, horse manurespread slowly- trash, sewage in streets, horse manure 40% have tuberculosis, disease spreads40% have tuberculosis, disease spreads 60% children die before 1 year old60% children die before 1 year old

Fires- death, destruction, little help/ water, wooden housesFires- death, destruction, little help/ water, wooden houses CrimeCrime

Local PoliticsLocal Politics

Political Machine- group controlled activities of political Political Machine- group controlled activities of political party, offer services to voters/ businesses to gain supportparty, offer services to voters/ businesses to gain support

Take control of big citiesTake control of big cities Give jobs, contracts, political appts, provide vital services Give jobs, contracts, political appts, provide vital services

for votesfor votes boss controls all cities jobs, business licenses, boss controls all cities jobs, business licenses,

inspections, influence courts, control policeinspections, influence courts, control police helped immigrants settle, get jobs, become citizenshelped immigrants settle, get jobs, become citizens Graft/ corruption- make up votes, overcharge for city Graft/ corruption- make up votes, overcharge for city

contracts, accept bribes, give licenses/ avoid inspections contracts, accept bribes, give licenses/ avoid inspections for $for $

Tammany hall- New York, Democrats- Boss Tweed- 200 Tammany hall- New York, Democrats- Boss Tweed- 200 million- charged for fraud, went to jailmillion- charged for fraud, went to jail

National PoliticsNational Politics

Corruption/ reform Corruption/ reform Spoils system/ patronage- govt jobs to candidate Spoils system/ patronage- govt jobs to candidate

supporters- incompetent, inefficient, fraudsupporters- incompetent, inefficient, fraud Merit system- Civil Service- govt administration to Merit system- Civil Service- govt administration to

qualified people, not change every termqualified people, not change every term Rutherford B. Hayes- fires corrupt officialsRutherford B. Hayes- fires corrupt officials James Garfield- continues reform, assassinated, James Garfield- continues reform, assassinated, Vice pres- Chester Arthur- continues reform, Vice pres- Chester Arthur- continues reform,

Pendleton Act, 1883Pendleton Act, 1883- pass test for civil service job- - pass test for civil service job- govt/ big business relationship growsgovt/ big business relationship grows

Debate over tariffs continuesDebate over tariffs continues

Labor Unions StruggleLabor Unions Struggle

employers refused to hire union, forbade union employers refused to hire union, forbade union meetings, beat up membersmeetings, beat up members

National Labor Union- 1866- also Colored National National Labor Union- 1866- also Colored National Labor Union- links existing local unions- Labor Reform Labor Union- links existing local unions- Labor Reform (political party)(political party)

Knights of Labor- open to all (gender, race, skill level) Knights of Labor- open to all (gender, race, skill level) Uriah Stephens- 8 hour work day- arbitration/ Uriah Stephens- 8 hour work day- arbitration/ meditation, then strikes- 700,000 by 1886meditation, then strikes- 700,000 by 1886

Samuel Gompers- AFL- American Federation of Labor- Samuel Gompers- AFL- American Federation of Labor- collective bargaining- gain better pay, shorter hours, collective bargaining- gain better pay, shorter hours, better conditionsbetter conditions

Other unions/ ideasOther unions/ ideas

Eugene Debs-ARU- American Railway Union- Eugene Debs-ARU- American Railway Union- unskilled laborers- socialism- equal distribution of unskilled laborers- socialism- equal distribution of wealthwealth

Karl Marx- violent overthrow of govt./ rich- Karl Marx- violent overthrow of govt./ rich- CommunismCommunism

Industrial Workers of the World- HaywoodIndustrial Workers of the World- Haywood Mother Jones/ Mary Harris- women joined strikes, Mother Jones/ Mary Harris- women joined strikes,

paraded deformed children in front of white houseparaded deformed children in front of white house New York Textile factory fire- 145 died, govt gets New York Textile factory fire- 145 died, govt gets

involvedinvolved

Violent strikesViolent strikes

1877- Railroads- govt intervenes, riots break out1877- Railroads- govt intervenes, riots break out Haymarket affair, 1886- striker killed- protest turns Haymarket affair, 1886- striker killed- protest turns

deadly, police turn against labor movementdeadly, police turn against labor movement Homestead strike1892 - Pinkertons hired to protect Homestead strike1892 - Pinkertons hired to protect

scabs (workers) Pinkertons kicked out, several die scabs (workers) Pinkertons kicked out, several die in fightin fight

Pullman strike 1894- co sends in strike breakers, Pullman strike 1894- co sends in strike breakers, violence, pres Cleaveland sends in troops, strikers violence, pres Cleaveland sends in troops, strikers lost their jobs, blacklistedlost their jobs, blacklisted

Govt. involvement- court orders to break up Govt. involvement- court orders to break up strikesstrikes