implementing scientific irrigation scheduling to improve the on … · 2014-02-08 · implementing...
TRANSCRIPT
Implementing Scientific Irrigation Scheduling
to Improve the On-Farm Water Use Efficiency
Marie-Hélène Bernier M.Sc. Student, Department of Bioresource Engineering
June 9th, 2008
Overview
Water Situation in Ontario
Research Problem & Solution Explored
Irrigation Scheduling
Study Area
Data Collection
Results
Conclusions
20% of the world’s freshwater surface supply is stored in the Great Lakes!
The agricultural sector is highly drought-susceptible & frequently suffers from water shortages
But why is it so?
Only 1% is renewable; theremaining part being left from the last ice age
Southern part of the province Competition & localized conflicts
“Apparent” Water Wealth
Sources: Gabriel & Kreutzwiser (1993) & Dolan et al. (2001)
Farm Cash Revenues for 2001
16.1%
14.4%
11.3%7.3%
2.6%2.9%4.4%
10.5%
10.1%
5.3% 15.1%
Dairy products
Cattle and calves
Hogs
Poultry
Eggs
Tobacco
Corn
Fruit and vegetables
Floric and nursery
Soybeans
Other products
Gross Annual Sales of $6.8 billionFarming is Ontario’s second
largest economic sector
Sources: Marshall Macklin Monaghanm et al. (2003) & Statistics Canada (2006)
The province with largest land area under fruit (25 780 ha ) and vegetables (62 967 ha) production
81.3%
11.1%
5.8% 0.6%
0.5%
0.3%0.3%
0.1%Industrial Thermal Power
Industrial Manifacturing
Municipal
Agriculture
Rural Residential
Aquaculture
Industrial Mining
Golf Courses
Ontario's Total Water Withdrawals
Source: Marshall Macklin Monaghanm et al. (2003)
Manufacturing
Water Supply
Ontario's Total Water Consumption
37.7%
28.3%
20.2%
3.9%
3.4%
3.4%
3.2%Municipal
Industrial Manifacturing
Agriculture
Golf Courses
Industrial Mining
Industrial Thermal Power
Rural Residential
Relatively high rate of consumption (79%) compared to other sectors, agriculture is
the 3rd largest water consumer
Sources: de Loë et al. (2001) & Marshall and Macklin Monaghanm et al. (2003)
Manufacturing
Water Supply
In Southern Ontario, horticultural production faces competition especially during summer
Exacerbating Factors
- Expansion of the agricultural sector
- Increasing urban development & tourism
- Potential climate change impacts
Water conservation strategies for horticultural irrigation High priority
Research ProblemSolutions Explored
Assessing Irrigation Performance
- Current irrigation water consumption patterns
- Crop water needs
- Irrigation Water use efficiency
Improving Current Irrigation Scheduling (IS) Practices
- Soil moisture monitoring
- Limit guesswork
- Realize water savings
“Determining accurately WHEN and HOW MUCH
water to apply to a field.”
“To MAXIMIZE irrigation efficiency”
Subjective
- “By the seat of their pants”
Scientific - Soil moisture monitoring
Irrigation Scheduling
Source: Broner (2005)
When and How Much Water to Apply?
Source: Werner (1993)
Soil Moisture Profile
Management Allowable Depletion
(MAD)
Field Capacity
Permanent Wilting Point
Management Allowable Depletion
Crop grown
Irrigation System
Crop Development Stage
Sources: Sanders (1993) & Werner(1993); Ley et al. (1994); Nyvall (1998); Nyvall (2002); Planner (2003); Hanson et al.(2004); OMAFRA (2004); Bierman (2005); Broner (2005); Nyvall & Tam (2005); AgriMet (2007) & LeBoeuf et al. (2007)
Crop Type MAD (%)
Tomatoes 25
Peppers 25
Strawberries 25
Peaches 50
Southern Ontario High Value Horticultural Production
Dresden
3
Source: Mehdi et al., (2007)
3
4
5
Soil Water Content Soil Water Potential-Volumetric Water Content (%)- -Tension or Suction (cbars)-
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Tensiometry
Electrical Conductivity & Capacitance Devices Electrical Resistance Blocks
Survey
- Current IS practices & perceived water needs
- Individual interviews
- Collected data (e.g.: Irrigated acreage,irrigation system type, …)
Climate Data
- Weather Incorporated Innovated (WIN)
Soil Moisture Monitoring Data
- 8 different devices
Assessing Irrigation performance
Water Budget Method
+ -Effective Precipitation (EP) Crop Water Use (CWU)
Irrigation Water (IW) Deep Percolation (DP)
= $
∆S
Effective Precipitation
EP = (R - 5) 0.75
Crop Water Use (ETc)Penman Monteith Method
ETo = 0.408 Δ(Rn- G)+ 900 u2(es - ea)T+273 .
Δ + (1+0.34 u2)
Where: ETo = Reference evapotranspiration [mm/day]Δ = Slope vapour pressure [kPa/°C]
Rn = Net radiation at the crop surface [MJ/m2/day]G = Soil heat flux density [MJ/m2/day]
= Psychometric constant [kPa/°C]u2 = wind speed at 2 m height [m/s]es = Saturation vapour pressure [kPa]ea = Actual vapour pressure [kPa]
es - ea = Saturation vapour pressure deficit [kPa]T = Mean daily air temperature
Crop Coefficient (Kc)Crop Type Growth Stage Kc
Peaches
April 0.2
May 0.3
June (1-15) 0.4
June (16-30) 0.6
July 1
August 1
September 0.95
Tomatoes
From seeding to 1st flower 0.4
From 1st flower to maximum row fill 0.7
Remainder of crop 1
Peppers
From seeding to 1st flower 0.4
From 1st flower to maximum row fill 0.7
Remainder of crop 1
Strawberries
Initial* 0.4
Mid season* 1.05
Late season* 0.7
Source: Peaches, tomatoes and peppers crop coefficients data are taken fromOMAFRA (2004) while strawberries data are taken from Van der Gulik (2001)
Deep Percolation
Field Capacity = 11.2%
Water Budget Method - Results
Site CropRooting Depth
(mm)FC (%)
MSWS(mm)
MSWD(mm)
AE(%)
IT(mm)
IRR(mm)
IWR (mm)
Dresden Peppers 300 12.58 38 9 84 28 11 165
Simcoe-Outside Strawberries 300 18.09 54 14 84 41 16 384
Simcoe-Tunnels Strawberries 300 18.30 55 14 84 41 16 320
Leamington-Surface Tomatoes 300 13.36 40 10 84 30 12 144
Leamington-Buried Tomatoes 300 11.22 34 8 84 25 10 140
Niagara-on-the-Lake Peaches 600 15.43 93 46 68 46 68 136
Water Budget Method
DatePSWS(mm)
EP(mm)
IRR (mm)
DP (mm)
CWU (mm)
CSWS (mm)
May 30 38 0.0 0 0 1.7 36
May 31 36 0.0 0 0 2.3 34
June 1 34 0.0 0 0 1.9 32June 2 32 0.0 0 0 1.7 30
June 3 30 1.1 0 0 0.6 31June 4 31 0.0 0 0 1.2 30
June 5 30 0.0 0 0 1.0 29June 6 29 0.0 11 0 1.3 38June 7 38 0.0 0 0 2.8 36
June 8 36 6.9 0 0 2.2 40
MSWS = FC x CRD100
MSWD = MSWS x MAD
IT = MSWS-MSWD
IRR = MSWD x 100AE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Equ
ival
en
t W
ate
r D
ep
th (
mm
)Leamington Buried, WCR (0-30 cm)
CSWS
FC
IT
PWP
IWR
Water Savings?
SiteExtra Depth
(mm)
Area
(m2)
Extra Volume
(m3)
Volume Applied
(m3)
Extra Water Spent
(%)
Dresden 10 28 329 283 4 586 6
Simcoe-Outside 98 8 822 865 3 573 24
Simcoe-Tunnels 91 8 701 792 2 665 30
Leamington-Surface 50 12 141 607 1 341 45
Leamington-Buried 6 12 141 73 1 964 4
Niagara-on-the-Lake -75 24 282 -1 821 5 213 -35
They could have saved up to 45%!
But what about peaches?∆S = IWA + EP – CWU – DP
IWA = ∆S – EP + CWU + DP
Conclusions
Ontario has water issues too; threaten horticultural production
Solutions explored
- Assessing Irrigation Performance- Improving Current Irrigation Scheduling Practices
Improve irrigation water use efficiency & water savings
In the end, these solutions have the potential to reduce the vulnerability of the industry to increasing competition and drought frequency
Any Questions?
References
AgriMet. (2007). Managing Water in the West. The Pacific Northwest Cooperative Agricultural Weather Network. US Department of the Interior.
Benninghoff, B. D. (2000). An Evaluation of Ontario's Water Allocation System: The Perspectives of Water Users. M.A Thesis. Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON.
Bierman, P. (2005). Managing Irrigation for High-Value Crops. University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service. FGV-00649.
Broner, I. (2005). Irrigation Scheduling. Colorado State University – Agriculture. No. 4.708. Retrieved December 3rd, 2007 from http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/crops/04708.html
de Loë, R..C., Kreutzwiser, R. and Ivey, J. (2001). Agricultural Water Use in Ontario. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 26 (1):17-42
Dolan, A. H., Kreutzweiser, R. and de Loë, R. (2001). Rural water use and conservation in southwestern Ontario, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 55 (2): 161-171.
ReferencesGabriel, A. and Kreutzwiser, K. (1993). The Ontario drought hazard: a review of
impacts, 1960-1989, and management implications. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 18: 17-132.
Hanson, B., Schwankl, L. & Fulton, A. (2004). Scheduling Irrigations: When and How Much Water to Apply. Water Management Series publication number 3396. Davis, California, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California.
LeBoeuf, J., Shortt, R., Tan, C. & Verhallen, A. (2007). Irrigation Scheduling for Tomatoes - An Introduction. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA).
Ley, T. W., Stevens, R.G., Topielec, R.R., & Neibling, W.H. (1994). Soil Water Monitoring and Measurement. Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension bulletins – Washington. Oregon and Idaho. (PNW0475).
Marshall Macklin Monaghan, de Loë, R. and Kreutzweiser, R. (2003). Analysis of Agricultural Water Supply Issues. National Water Supply Expansion Program, Province of Ontario. Final Report presented to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC-PFRA)
ReferencesNyvall, J. (1998). Irrigation Scheduling with Tensiometers. Water Conservation
Factsheet, Ministry of Agriculture and Food of British Columbia. No. 577.100-2.
Nyvall, J. (2002). Soil water storage capacity and available soil moisture. Food andFisheries of British Columbia. Ministry of Agriculture. Agdex 550.
Nyvall, J., & Tam, S. (2005). Irrigation System Assessment Guide. Food andFisheries Resource Management Branch. British Columbia Agriculture Council.British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture.
OMAFRA. (2004). Best Practices Management Series: Irrigation Management.Revised Edition. Agdex#700.
Ontario Ministry of Environment. (2005). Guide to Permit To Take WaterApplication Form, Ontario Ministry of the Environment
Planner, B. (2003). Furrow Irrigation Management Plan. Natural ResourcesConservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
Shortt, R., Caldwell, W.J., Ball, J. and Agnew, P. (2006). A Participatory Approach toWater Management. Irrigation Advisory Committees in Southern Ontario.Canadian Water Resources Journal, 31(1): 13-24.
Statistics Canada. (2006). The 2006 Census of Agriculture. Retrieved November 12th, 2007, from http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/agrc31g.htm.
ReferencesVan der Gulik, T. (2001). Crop Coefficients for Use in Irrigation Scheduling, Ministry
of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries of British Columbia. Agdex 561.
Werner, H. (1993). Checkbook Irrigation Scheduling, Irrigation ManagementManual for South Dakota, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota StateUniversity, US Department of Agriculture.