improvement assgmnt 2 ecm
TRANSCRIPT
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IMPROVEMENT FOR LANDFILL AT PULAU BURONG, PULAU PINANG
LAYOUT
Before improvement
TRANSFER STATION
Refuse were dumping and
compacted at landfill
LANDFILL
Collected leachate is
transferred to wastewater
treatment
Landfill gas being release
to atmosphere
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After improvement
TRANSFER STATION
Refuse were dumping at
landfill
LANDFILL
Collected leachateRefuse is processed through
RDF and gasification process
Transfer to
wastewater treatment
Leachate
recirculationThe landfill gas is being
treated through gasification
process to make renewable
energy
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TRANSFER STATIONS
When the waste disposal unit is remote to the collection area, a transfer station is
employed. At a transfer station, waste is transferred from smaller collection vehicles to larger
transfer vehicles, such as a tractor and trailer, a barge, railroad car and etc. The decision to build
or not to build a transfer station is often an economic or regulatory decision. If the one-way haul
distance from the point of the full-collection vehicle to the discharge point is short, then it is
likely that no transfer station is needed. On the other hand, if the discharge point is far away and
the collection vehicle will have to be away from its primary role of collecting refuse for too long,
then a transfer station might be warranted. Longer distance will warrant the construction of a
transfer station, while shorter hauls will make it uneconomical. Sometimes, a transfer station is
required regardless of distance to a landfill. In Malaysia, the common types of collection vehicle
being used are Compactor Lorry, Open Lorry, Roll On-Roll-Off Lorry, Long Haulage Vehicle
and Tricycle motorcycle. The Long Haulage Vehicle commonly being used in transferring the
refuse from the transfer station to the landfill area. The reason is to minimize the traffic and air
pollution impact at a landfill. At certain landfill, a permit may limit the landfill to only receiving
waste from transfer station only. This significantly reduces the number of vehicles travelling to a
landfill.
There are 750 tonnes of rubbish are produced daily and lorries need to make over 180trips to transport the rubbish to the Ampang Jajar transfer station before finally shipped to Pulau
Burung after compression. If the garbage truck is used , this will caused a serious shortage of
fleet in servicing garbage collection. That would mean there is no transfer station available for
the garbage trucks to be emptied so that the trash can be collected from other routes, compacted,
and loaded into larger trailers for transportation to a landfill. Each trip will easily take up about 4
hours, this will drastically cut the number of trucks in servicing garbage collection. As day
passed by, the shortage of trucks collecting garbage on behalf of the MPSP (Majlis Perbandaran
Seberang Perai) is expected to worsen, as it will end up struggling to catch up with collections.
The total trips will be more than 200. It would turn out to be a very expensive operation.
Imagine how it going to be an eyesore with an overpowering rancid stench and garbage scattered
all over the streets when the trucks ferrying the garbage polluted the street with leachate.
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The primary reason for using a transfer station is to reduce the cost of transporting waste
to disposal facilities. Vehicles reduces hauling costs by enabling collection crews to spend less
time traveling to and from distant disposal sites and more time collecting waste. This also
reduces fuel consumption and collection vehicle maintenance costs, plus produces less overall
traffic, air emissions, and road wear.
The first day of operation at Pulau Burung landfill trucks have to wait for 12 hour to
unload the garbage. Traffic flow in the area was reduced to a crawl for several hours. This
seriously affected the schedule for garbage collection.
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Leachate Treatment and Disposal
The buried organic material decomposes anaerobically, producing various gases (such as
methane and carbon dioxide) and liquids that have extremely high pollutional capacity when
they enter the ground water. This liquid is called leachate.
Leachate tends to contain a large variety of organic and inorganic compounds at relatively low
concentration that can be of concern if groundwater and surface water contamination occurs.
These compounds are often constituents of gasoline and fuel oils (aromatic hydrocarbons such as
benzene, xylene and toluene), plant degradation by-products, chlorinated solvents (such as used
in dry cleaning) and pesticides. Inorganic compounds of concern are lead and cadmium, which
come from batteries, plastics, packaging, electronic appliances, and light bulbs. There are several
improvement can be implanted to make the treatment of leachate be more effective.
A) Transport the wastewater off-site to commercial wastewater treatment facility.
This option allows landfill owner or the operators to focus on their primary solid waste
management charge while letting the wastewater experts handle the treatment of contaminated
liquids. Off-site treatment of leachate also alleviates some of the permitting, testing, monitoring
and reporting requirements for the landfill owner. Thus, this method is likely can reduce the
operational cost of the leachate treatment.
B) Leachate Recirculation.
Another types of effective treatment of leachate is by implanting the leachate recirculation
system. Most sanitary landfills are traditionally constructed so the leachate is collected and
removed. The rate of stabilization in "dry" landfills may require many years, thereby extending
the acid formation and methane fermentation phases of waste stabilization over long periods of
time. Under these circumstances, decomposition of biodegradable fractions of solid waste will be
impeded and incomplete, often preventing commercial recovery of methane gas and delaying the
closure and possible future reuse of the landfill site.
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In contrast, leachate recirculation may be used as a management alternative that requires
the containment, collection, and recirculation of leachate back through the landfilled waste. This
option offers more rapid development of active anaerobic microbial populations and increases
reaction rates of these organisms. The time required for stabilization of the readily available
organic constituents can be compressed to as little as two to three years rather than the usual, 15
to 20 year period. This accelerated stabilization is enhanced by the routine and uniform exposure
of microorganisms to constituents in the leachate, thereby providing the necessary contact time,
nutrients, and substrates for efficient conversion and degradation. Hence, leachate recirculation
essentially converts the landfill into a dynamic anaerobic bioreactorthat accelerates the
conversion of organic materials to intermediates and end products.
The main goal of leachate control is to prevent uncontrolled dispersion. During leachate
recirculation, the leachate is returned to a lined landfill for reinfiltration into the municipal solid
waste. Leachate is returned to the landfill using a variety of techniques, including wetting of
waste as it is placed, spraying of leachate over the landfill surface, and injection of leachate into
vertical columns or horizontal trenches installed within the landfill. This is considered a method
of leachate control because as the leachate continues to flow through the landfill it is treated
through biological processes, precipitation, and sorption. This process also benefits the landfill
by increasing the moisture content which in turn increases the rate of biological degradation in
the landfill, the biological stability of the landfill, and the rate of methane recovery from the
landfill. It is important to design and operate other landfill components, such as gas management
systems, leachate collection, and final and intermediate cover so that they are compatible with
bioreactor operation.
There are numerous advantages to treating leachate through recirculation and the landfill
productivity benefits as leachate is being treated.
1) Landfills that use leachate recirculation experience a decrease in the concentration of theleachate compared to landfills without recycle treatment. This reduces the amount of leachate
treatment that is needed and therefore costs are also reduced.
2) The increased moisture content within the solid waste enhances the system conditions for
improved biological decomposition of organic matter in the landfill.
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3) The organic matter in the leachate, which requires treatment outside the landfill, receives
further treatment each time it is recycled through the landfill. This reduces treatment costs of the
landfill.
4) The reducing environment within the landfill removes inorganics in the leachate through
precipitation and sorption.
5) Leachate recirculation stabilizes the biological system in the landfill and this reduces the
environmental threats of the landfill, and reduces the amount of post closure monitoring that is
required. It also provides the opportunity for landfill mining and space reclamation.
6) Leachate recirculation increases the rate at which the waste decomposes and this increase the
rate of methane production. This makes methane recovery for energy much easier.
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Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
An alternative to allowing refuse to biodegrade and form a useful fuel is the combustion
of refuse and energy recovered as heat. The potential for energy recovery from solid waste is
significant. Refuse can be burned as in mass burn combustors or being processed to produce a
refuse-derived fuel.
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is produced from combustible components of municipal
solid waste (MSW). The waste is being shredded, dried and baled and then burned to produce
electricity, thereby making good use of waste that otherwise might have ended up in landfill.
RDF consists largely of combustible components of municipal waste such asplastics and
biodegradable waste.RDF processing facilities are normally located near a source of MSW.
Biodegradable waste is a material that can be broken down by living things into simpler
chemicals that can be consumed by living things such as paper, wood, fruits and others. The heat
content of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) depends on the concentration of combustible organic
materials in the waste and its moisture content. Mixed plastics and rubber contribute the highest
heating values to municipal solid waste and food and yard wastes the lowest. Non-combustible
materials such asglass andmetals are removed during the post-treatment processing cycle with
anair knife or other mechanical separation processing. The more the solid waste is processed
prior to its combustion, the better is its heat value and usefulness as a substitute for a fossil fuel.
The residual material can be sold in its processed form (depending on the process
treatment) or it may be compressed intopellets,bricks or logs and used for other purposes either
stand-alone or in arecursive recyclingprocess. Thus, by implanting the RDF would make the
landfill is more economical and environmental friendly.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_knifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_pelletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_pelletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_knifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic -
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Figure 1 shows the separation of combustible and non-combustible material in RDF.
RDF is extracted frommunicipal solid waste usingmechanical heat treatment,mechanical
biological treatment or waste autoclaves. RDF can be used in a variety of ways to produce
electricity. RDF can also be fed intoplasma arc gasification modules,pyrolysisplants and
where the RDF is capable of being combusted cleanly.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_heat_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_arc_gasificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_arc_gasificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_heat_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste -
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Gasification
Gasification is the main technology for biomass conversion to energy and an attractive
alternative for the thermal treatment of solid waste. Gasification becomes an alternative to mass
burn or RDF combustion unit. The advantages of this technology are lower air emissions and less
ash, but this advantages are offset by higher the costs and lower energy output. The gasification
systems were less costly per kWh of electricity generated than the combustion plants, because of
their higher efficiency of converting thermal to electrical energy.
The number of different uses of gas shows the flexibility of gasification and therefore
allows it to be integrated with several industrial processes, as well as power generation systems.
Gasification is a biological decomposition of organic matter in waste under controlled conditions
to obtain methane and other gases. Gasification converts any carbon-containing material into a
synthesis gas (syngas). The syngas is a combustible gas mixture - sometimes known as producer
gas - and it typically contains carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and
methane. The syngas can be used as a fuel to generate electricity or steam. Alternatively, it can
be used as a basic chemical building block for a large number of applications in the
petrochemical and refining industries. The overall thermal efficiency of gasification process is
more than 75%. Gasification can accommodate a wide variety of gaseous, liquid, and solid
feedstocks and it has been widely used in commercial applications for more than 50 years in the
production of fuels and chemicals. Conventional fuels such as coal and oil, and wastes such as
petroleum coke, heavy refinery residuals, secondary oil-bearing refinery materials, municipal
sewage sludge, hydrocarbon contaminated soils, and chlorinated hydrocarbon byproducts have
all been used successfully in gasification operations.
The facility will process residual commercial, industrial and municipal waste, which will
be continuously fed into a gasifier that is also supplied with oxygen and nitrogen via an air
separation unit. The waste is pre-shredded to avoid blockages. Once in the gasifier the waste is
thermally treated by the system's plasma torches to generate a synthetic gas (syngas) which is
then put through a gas cleanup stage.
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The end product is a clean syngas consisting of carbon monoxide and hydrogen which is
used to fuel a Solar Turbines gas turbine driven generator. Gasification uses a relatively small
amount of oxygen or water vapor to convert the organic compounds into a combustible gas. It
has two inherent advantages over combustion: The volume of process gas per unit of MSW is
much lower than that in combustion. Also, gasification generates a fuel gas that can be integrated
with combined cycle turbines or reciprocating engines and thus convert fuel energy to electricity
more efficiently than the steam boilers used in combustion of MSW. For long term effect, the
facility has the potential to generate renewable hydrogen which could be deployed for
commercial use, such as fuelling public transport.
In Sri Lanka, 40 MW plasma gasification facilities is planned to treat 1000 tonnes per day
of waste, is reported to be under construction with the cost for $248 million. In United Kingdom,
the company of Air Products has begun construction of a 50 MW plasma gasification facility in
Teesside. Air Products has chosen to build a 50 MW plasma gasification facility in Teesside in
the North East of the country. According to Air Products, the facility - currently under
construction at the New Energy and Technology Business Park, near Billingham - will be used to
generate enough electricity for 50,000 homes. The plant is also expected to divert up to 350,000
tonnes of non-recyclable waste from landfill per year, which is helping to meet the UK's waste
diversion targets.
The gasification becomes more popular nowadays in the developed country because of
gasification plants produce significantly lower quantities of criteria air pollutants instead it seems
costly. In addition, most developed country are agree that gasification is the best ways to reduce
the risk of polluted environment compared with combustion of MSW. Gasification reduce the
environmental impact of waste disposal because it can use waste products as feedstocks
generating valuable products from materials that would otherwise be disposed as wastes.
Gasification's byproducts are non-hazardous and are readily marketable. Gasification offers the
cleanest, most efficient means of producing electricity from coal and the lowest cost option for
capturing CO2 from power generation. The layout below shows how the gasification benefits our
society and our environment in order to dispose the municipal solid waste into renewable energy.
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3. (Craig Freudenrich, n.d), How Landfill work.http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/landfill6.htm
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