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M.MICHELLE SUJATHA PARMAR KALPANA JOKHIO SAI KRISHNA RINOSH CHERIAN THOMAS TIKHAM SINGH

HISTORY(source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008)

RURAL WATER SUPPLY

1ST GENERATION (1950)

INSTALLED RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES (1950)

ARWSP (1972-73)

CENTRALIZED PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING SYSTEM (1972-1986)

ADEQUATE DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

2ND GENERATION

LAUNCH TECHNOLOGY MISSION (1986-87)

RENAMED AS RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL DRINKING WATER

MISSION (1991-92)

WATER QUALITY

TECHNOLOGY INTERVENTION

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCE OTHER ACTIVITIES

3RD GENERATION (1999-2000)

SECTOR REFORM PROJECT

INTRODUCED

PLANNING

IMPLEMENTATION

MANAGEMENT OF RWS SCHEMES

SWAJALDHARA (2002.)

4TH GENERATION (SINCE 2007-08)

PRIS & COMMUNITY ORG

SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER

AVAILABILITY

PORTABILITY

ADEQUACY

CONVENIENCE

AFFORDABILITY

EQUITY

• India has the largest drinking water program in the world serving nearly 742 million people

• The constitution of India ,article 47 tells about providing clean drinking water in 1999 proposed a paradigm shift in rural water supply

govt

peop

lecentralized

Decentraliz

ed

local

govt

Supply driven

Demand driven

Main traditional sources of rural drinking water.

Open wells Private wells Ponds Small-scale irrigation reservoirs

(source :-Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Gota, Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad)

RURAL DEVELOPMENT PANCHAYAT RAJ DEPARTMENT (RDPR)

NODAL AGENCY

PLANNING

IMPLEMENTING

MONITORING

EVALUATING

DISTRICT AND LOWER LEVELS

PANCHAYAT RAJ IMPLEMENTING

ZILLA PANCHAYAT

PLANNING AND MONITORING UNIT

DISTRICT PROJECT MONITORING UNIT

TECHNICAL

ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL

SOCIAL SCIENTIST

PWD.

PLAN, IMPLEMENT & MONITOR

TALUK PANCHAYAT

IMPLEMENT & MONITOR OF

DEVELOPMENT WORK

GRAMA PANCHAYAT

PREPARES OWN PLAN & IMPLEMENT

COLLECTING WATER CHARGES

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

VILLAGE WATER AND SANITATION COMMITTEE

INVOLVE LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

WORLD BANK ASSISTED

PLANNING

IMPLEMENT

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

RURAL WATER SUPPLY

INSTITUTIONS

• National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Program was implemented in February 2006

• The Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) provides financial support for the state government.

• National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) was introduced as one of the five Societal Missions in 1986. 

• NDWM was later known as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) in 1991

• The prime objectives of this Mission are:

1. To ensure coverage of all rural habitations, especially to reach the unreached, with access to safe drinking water.

2. To ensure sustainability of the systems and sources; and

3. To tackle the water quality problems in affected habitations.

PROJECT FINANCE

WORLD BANK50%

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (EXCLUDING THE NRDWP

FUNDING)33%

STATE GOVT CONTRIBUTION (AS PER NRDWP GUIDELINES)

16%

COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION 1%

(Source: Bihar state water and sanitation mission state project management unit)

• Till the 10th plan, an estimated total of Rs.50 crore had been spent on providing safe drinking water, despite such expenditure lack of safe and secure drinking water continues to be a major hurdle and a national economic burden (source: kasthuri mandal article-nistads,2008)

FINANCEOTHER INSTITUTIONS• Various government agencies

are involved in supplying drinking water to the rural people.

• Besides, the efforts of the Central and State governments ,international organisations such as the  World Bank, WHO, UNICEF (Water and sanitation programme-South Asia), UNDP and the European Union (i.e.)External Support Agencies (ESA) have made invaluable contributions to the sector

PARADIGM SHIFT

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Submitted by

M.MICHELLE SUJATHA PARMAR KALPANA JOKHIO SAI KRISHNA RINOSH CHERIAN THOMAS TIKHAM SINGH

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES(source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008 & water aid background paper, 2008)

GOVT OF INDIA (CENTRAL)

MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

DEPT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

DEPT OF LAND RESOURCES

DEPT OF DRINKING WATER

SUPPLY

ACCELERATED RURAL WATER

SUPPLY PROGRAMME

(ARWSP) (1972-1973)

TECHNOLOGY MISSION WAS LAUNCHED IN

(1986)

RENAMED AS RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL DRINKING WATER

MISSION (1991-92 )

NATIONAL RURAL DRINKING WATER

PROGRAMME (NRWDP)

SAFE DRINKING WATER FOR ALL

DEPT OF DRINKING

WATER SUPPLY (1999)

DEPT OF DRINKING

WATER AND SANITATION

(2010)

RENAMED AS MINISTRY OF

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

(2011)

NODAL DEPARTMENT

POLICY

PLANNING

FUNDING

COORDINATION OF

PROGRAMMES

FUNCTIONS (source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008)

SCHEMES AND PROGRAMMES

(CENTRAL)

PLANNING

IMPLEMENTATION

MONITORING

R&D INITIATIVES

PARTNERSHIP

OTHER SECTOR PARTNERS

ORGANIZATION

UN AGENCIES

NGOS

R&D INSTITUTIONS

CIVIL SOCIETY

ASSIST STATES

RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

SEMINARS

INTERACTIONS

DOCUMENT OF BEST PRACTICES

INNOVATIONS

PROVIDE INPUTS TO DEPTS/ MINISTRIES

FORMULATION OF POLICIES

AWARD PANCHAYATS &

ORGANIZATIONS

EXCELLENT WORK

GOVERNMENT BODIES( Source: water aid background paper, 2008)

TO BE NOTED-HAZARDOUS RURAL WATER SUPPLY(source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008)

The approach paper for the 11th Five Year Plan calls for a comprehensive approach which encompasses individual health care, public health, sanitation, clean drinking water, access to food and knowledge about hygiene and feeding practice. It also states the need to upscale more schemes related to community management of water reducing the maintenance burden and responsibility of the state. It is envisaged to provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there are no slip-backs by the end of the 11th Plan.

WHAT TO EXPECT?(source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008)

launched with technical support from UNICEF and Rs.254.90 crore is spent during this phase, with 1.2 million bore wells being dug and 17,000 piped water supply schemes being provided.

1949: The Environment Hygiene Committee

Early Independence (1947- (1947---1969)

recommends the provision of safe water supply to cover 90 per cent of India’s population in a timeframe of 40 years.

1950: The Constitution of India

confers ownership of all water resources to the government, specifying it as a state subject, giving citizens the right to potable water.

1969: National Rural Drinking Water Supply programme

Central Water Commission (CWC):

Responsible for regulating the use of surface water

Central Groundwater Board (CGWB):

Monitors and checks for the quality of ground water National Rivers Conservation Directorate (NRCD):

Implements action plans to protect rivers in IndiaCentral Pollution Control Board (CPCB):

Deals with pollution control and treatment

Department of Drinking Water Supply (DDWS):

Formulates policies, sets standards, and provides funds and technical assistance to the states for rural water supply Ministry of Agriculture (MoA):

Monitors and reviews various watershed based developmental project activities.Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI):Monitors health conditions in the country

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):

 Is responsible for drafting of standards pertaining to drinking water quality.

• The 2001 Census reported that 68.2 per cent of households in India have access to safe drinking water. According to latest estimates, 94 per cent of the rural have access to safe drinking water.

• 1.6 million rural habitations in the country, 1.06 million are fully covered (FC), 0.34 million are partially covered (PC) and 0.19 are not covered (NC).  

• Coverage refers to installed capacity, and not average actual supply over a sustained period or the quality of water being supplied which is the most essential part.

• A 2006 World Bank report notes that piped, treated water is available only for short periods daily, leaving poor populations vulnerable to other generally polluted sources.

• India ranks 120th out of 122 countries, in poor potable water-quality.• The most serious malfunction in India’s water-supply system is its hazardous quality and

gigantic cost to human health.

Percentage of chemically contaminated habitations-not covered(NC) and partially covered (PC) (as per ASWP norms) (Source:www.Ddws.Nic.In)

Source: National Family Health Survey  3

COLLECTION TIME

Water on premises 42.1

LESS THAN 30 MINS 43.3

30 MINS OR LONGER 14.4

PERSON WHO ACTUALLY COLLECTS DRINKING WATER

ADULT FEMALE 15+ 82.7

ADULT MALE 15+ 10.7

FEMALE CHILD UNDER AGE 15 4.7

MALE CHILD UNDER AGE 15 1.1

OTHER 0.4

Percent distribution of rural households across states not treating the drinking water in 2000-08 (Source: NFHS 2)

ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Percent distribution of rural households by treatment of drinking water in 1998-99 and 2005-06 respectively (Source: NFHS 2&3)

BARC intervention for setting up purifiers in rural india (source: Drinking water supply vis-a-vis  technological  interventions  for  social empowerment  of  Rural  India  article  by  India science technology in 2008)

(source:  Drinking  water  supply  vis-a-vis  technological  interventions  for social  empowerment  of  Rural  India article  by  India  science  technology  in 2008)

These figures show the role of technological intrusion in purifying water is very minimal in rural India and hence the people are not accessible to portable water although there are numerous low cost technologies available in the country to purify water.

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M.MICHELLE SUJATHA PARMAR KALPANA JOKHIO SAI KRISHNA RINOSH CHERIAN THOMAS TIKHAM SINGH

UTTARAKHAND: Case Study

• Uttarakhand state is the first state in the country to implement the paradigm of Sector-wide Approach (SWAP) for water supply

• The project is facilitated by the Department of Drinking Water, GoUK and executed by three agencies namely Uttarakhand Peyjal Nigam (UJN), Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS) and Project Management Unit (Swajal).

• The Project period is November 2006 to June, 2014• The project aims to benefit about 1.2 million people or about

20% of the rural population

• COMMUNITY • UWSSC(ONLINE REPORTING

SYSTEM)• GRAM PANCHAYAT• NGO• SOCIAL AUDIT COMMITTEE

VILLAGE LEVEL

• DIAs • DWSC• DWSM DISTRICT LEVEL

• State PMU/ UJN/UJS

• SWSM• DWD

STATE LEVEL

UNIQUENESS OF THE PROJECT

Striving to give the community a voice

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS (Source: national seminar on decentralized governance in water & sanitation in rural India by kapil lal)

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42

Phas

e

Months

IMPLEMENTATION

PRE PLANNING

PLANNING

O&M

PROCESSES FOLLOWED

Monitoring & Public Disclosure

Awareness Creation, Organizing Community into Groups, Trainings

Preparation of Community Action Plan

Feasibility & Agree-To-Do Meeting

DPR & Implementation Phase Proposal

Collection of Upfront

Contribution

Signing of IPQA

Record Keeping by UWSSC Wall Writing/Hoardings

Monthly Progress Report by SO to DIA

Community Wide Meeting

UWSSC Formation & Opening Capital

and O&M Account Continuous monitoring by DIA

Concurrent monitoring by Third Party.

Web based monitoring system.

SO

YesYesReview by

DWSCApproval by

DWSM

PLANNING PHASE

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

Funds Release to GP by DIA

Quality Control Supervision by

Third Party

Preparation of IPCR

Start of O&M Phase

Vetting of IPCR by GP/UWSSC

Account Settlement

by DIA/DWSM

Transfer to Funds from GP to UWSSC

UWSSC/GP• Material Procurement & Construction• Collection of balance Contribution• Utilization of Fund• Record Keeping

Fulfillment of Payment Conditions by GP/UWSSC SO

• Training & Capacity Building• Management Support to GP/UWSSC

O&M PHASE

UWSSC/GP• O&M of Scheme• Collection of O&M Tariff• Enforcing Bye Laws• Sanction new connection• Record Keeping

SO• Refresher Training• Handholding on Maintenance of Account• Establishment Of O&M System• Exit

DIA• Exit from the village after 4 months• Technical Support to UWSSC

IMPA

CTSBUILDING LOCAL CAPACITIES

ELIMINATING LAYERS OF BUREAUCRACY

SAVINGS FOR STATE EXCHEQUER

GREATER AVAILABILITY OF TIME FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS