Guidelines and Tools for Rural Water Supplies

Rural Water Supply Network RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series

Volume 3

Jen Smith and Sean Furey

2012

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RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series

The Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) and the International

Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) have prepared a se-

ries of five publications which bring together the key aspects of

rural water supply programming. Each volume is a stand-alone

document, but as a set, they cover the programme cycle from

understanding the issues right through to implementation and

reporting (see figure below).

Volume 1: People, Politics, the Environment and Rural Water

Supplies reflects on rural development, politics, environmental

sustainability and how these relate to rural water supply ser-

vices.

Volume 2: A Virtuous Cycle for Rural Water Supplies presents a

variety of support and implementation aspects, from sector coor-

dination to mapping and more, that can contribute towards sus-

tainable rural water service delivery.

Volume 3: Guidelines and tools for Rural Water Supplies provides

a structured annotated directory of over 40 useful guidelines

and toolkits on rural water supplies.

Volume 4: Finding information on rural water supplies is an

overview of current information sources with respect to access

to water supply sources, the national context, the natural envi-

ronment and finance.

Volume 5: National Monitoring of Rural Water Supplies docu-

ments experiences of national performance measurement for

rural water supplies in Uganda and provides guidance for those

interested in establishing such a process.

All RWSN references are available on http://www.rural-water-supply.net

Contents

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series .................................................. 2

Summary ............................................................................................................. 2

Acronyms ............................................................................................................ 2

1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 2

2 How to use this document ............................................................... 3

3 International Guidelines ..................................................................... 4

4 National Guidelines ............................................................................. 7

5 Organisational Guidelines ............................................................... 14

6 Miscellaneous Guidelines ................................................................ 17

7 Guidelines and Tools Summary Tables ..................................... 21

8 Technical Notes ................................................................................... 24

9 In the Pipeline ...................................................................................... 24

Summary

This document is a directory of 42 sets of guidelines, manuals

and toolkits about the delivery of rural water supply services.

Each resource has been categorised by whether its primary au-

dience is international, national, organisation or other. Icons and

summary table are used to help you find guidelines relevant to

your task. Links and references are provided to help you find the

original documents quickly and easily.

Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

GDWQ Guidelines on Drinking-Water Quality

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre

IWA International Water Association

IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations

O&M Operation and Maintenance

RWSN Rural Water Supply Network

RWSSI Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

WatSan Water and Sanitation

WEDC Water, Engineering and Development Centre

WHO World Health Organisation

WSP Water Safety Plans

WUGs Water User Groups

1 Introduction

A country may have the best laws and policies in the world, but

without the tools and guidance to implement them they will just

remain hopeful paper dreams. Guidelines, Frameworks and

Toolkits have been created by those wanting to turn policies

into a tangible reality that improves lives and livelihoods. This

document brings together many of those to help you find the

right tool for planning your rural water supply service.

The documents and processes here were identified through

internet searches and by members of RWSN, the Community

Water and Sanitation Network (largely Cranfield University

alumni), the Small Community Water Supply Network, as well as

a range of WASH professionals. The authors would like to thank

those that took the time to respond and contribute.

The documents reviewed for this report represent a range of

guidance relating to all aspects of water supply. Attempts were

made to be as inclusive as possible. For example, different guid-

ance has been reviewed for donors, project planners, and on the

ground practitioners. These documents vary significantly, rang-

ing from ‘high-level’ guidance for policy-makers and donors,

through to diagrammatic, more practical documents to guide

practitioners in day-to-day activities.

Each document has been given a code, e.g. I9 or N2. The letter

represents International, National, Organisational or Miscellaneous.

The numbers are sequential.

Basic analysis of the documents was conducted in broad terms:

‘would it be useful to the intended target audience?’ and ‘is any of

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RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

it transferrable?’ With these questions in mind, of the 42 reviewed

documents, it is worth identifying some of the better ones:

Linking Technology Choice with Operation and

Maintenance in the context of Community Water

Supply and Sanitation [I10], and Technical Guide-

lines for the Development of Water and Sanitation

Infrastructure [N7]. These documents provide excel-

lent technology descriptions which should help when

selecting a sustainable option.

National Water Policy [N2], and Code of Practice

for Cost Effective boreholes [M8]. These two very dif-

ferent documents are valuable to policy-makers. [N2] is

a good example of a National Water Policy and [M8]

offers guidance to policy-makers in more specific as-

pects of water supply (boreholes).

Handbook for Community-Based Water Supply

Organizations [N4] and A Community Resource

Book for the Water and Sanitation Sector [N9]. The-

se documents offer excellent guidance for on the

ground practitioners. They are complete with exam-

ples, calculations, figures and definitions.

Technical Guidelines for the Development of Wa-

ter and Sanitation Infrastructure [N7]. This docu-

ment is useful from a project planning perspective as it

relates to all aspects of a project cycle.

Water and Sanitation Sector [N11] and Towards

Better Programming [O7]. These two very different

documents offer complete guidance for a water supply

project. They cover all aspects and offer specific guid-

ance. [N11] is targeted to Uganda but there are many

transferable elements.

Managing Water locally [M1]. Guidance on water

resource management was not included in enough de-

tail in most of the generic water supply guidance doc-

uments. This document offered the best reviewed re-

source management guidance.

Hygiene and Sanitation Software [M7]. This docu-

ment offered substantial guidance on software ap-

proaches for water supply projects.

It should be noted that we have focused this publication on

English language guidelines and tools. There is clearly scope to

expand this to other languages in the future.

2 How to use this document

Each guideline or tool has been presented in a box that summa-

rises its key features and bibliographical information so that you

can find it easily. In addition, a series of icons are used to classi-

fy the topics that the guideline covers and the continent that

the guideline has come from, or is targeted at. An overall sum-

mary table is provided in Section 7.

Please note that the authors have made every attempt to make

sure that the information and links are correct, although links to

third-party websites are likely to change over time. If the web-

site is no longer there, it is worth inserting part of the title and

author into a search engine.

Geographical Area Topic Subject mentioned but

with limited guidance

Specific guidance

provided

Global

Technology

Africa

Project Planning &

Management

Asia

Community Participation

& Equity

Europe

Monitoring & Evaluation

North America

Policy/Legislation

Oceania

Water Resource

Management

South America

Water Safety Plans &

Water Quality

Building Capacity

Operation &

Maintenance

Financial Planning

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Sustainability

3 International Guidelines

I1

Title Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality – Fourth Edition (2011)

Reference World Health Organisation. 541pp.

Audience Water supply practitioners, national governments

Weblink www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/dwq_guidelines/en/

Description

The Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality build on over 50 years of guidance by WHO on drinking-water quality. They have

become an authoritative basis for governments to set national standards for water safety with the main purpose of protecting

public health. They are based around the framework for safe drinking water, with ‘water safety plans’ forming the main

component of the guidance.

Guidance relating to rural drinking water supply is found throughout the document, but no explicit section is dedicated to rural

supplies. Instead, supporting documents relating explicitly to Water Safety Plans are found in documents I2 & I9.

I2

Title Water Safety Planning for Small Community Water Supplies

Reference World Health Organisation. 66pp

Audience Water supply practitioners

Weblink whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241548427_eng.pdf

Description

This document is based on the Water Safety Plan manual (WHO/IWA, 2009, see I9), which gives step-by-step guidance for the

planning, design and implementation of water safety plans. This document is targeted explicitly towards water supplies in remote

communities, including communities with piped schemes, those served by point sources and community-wide water supply

services using various technical options.

I3

Title Operation and Maintenance of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Systems: A Training Package for Managers

and Planners (2000)

Reference Brikké F, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre; and WHO. 287pp

Audience Managers and planners responsible for operations and maintenance of rural water supplies

Weblink www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/omruralsystems/en/index.html

Description

This document is essentially a training package for managers. It not only focuses on the traditional components of operation and

maintenance but also highlights the importance of community participation and gender equality to ensure a more efficient use of

local human resources to increase project sustainability. It is of limited use as a guidance document as its intended application is

in a workshop situation.

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I4

Title Guidelines for User Fees and Cost Recovery – For Rural, Non-networked Water and Sanitation Delivery (2010)

Reference Water Partnership Program, African Development Bank. 100pp

Audience all stakeholders involved in the implementation of water supply services

Weblink www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-

Operations/2011_03%20Guidelines%20for%20User%20Fees%20Cost%20Recovery_Rural.pdf

Description

This document covers the financial aspect of water supply, sanitation and irrigation projects. Smaller summary documents

(~14pp) are available for each of the three areas (supply, sanitation, irrigation). A major challenge in scaling up sustainable

services is the constraint of financial resources, for both investment and operations and long-term maintenance purposes. The

guidance presented in this document focuses on five steps which relate to the policy, economic, and institutional environment;

setting cost recovery and service objectives; investment planning, costing and appraisal; determining revenue requirements and

the basis for charging user fees; and implementation of user fees.

These guidelines are useful when considering the sustainability of a water supply project in regard to finances.

I5

Title Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative (RWSSI) – Framework for Implementation (date unknown)

Reference African Development Bank. 62pp.

Audience AfDB staff.

Weblink www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/10000008-EN-RURAL-WATER-

SUPPLY-AND-SANITATION-INITIATIVE-FRAMEWORK-FOR-IMPLEMENTATION.PDF

Description

This document outlines the Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Initiative RWSSI (2002) which relates to accelerating the coverage of

water and sanitation services in Africa in order to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This document is essentially a

road-map for RWSSI and is therefore not explicitly guidelines for water supply projects. However, section 2.2 gives a brief outline

of the principle RWSSI guidelines – for example, gender equality, community ownership.

I6

Title Change of Water and Sanitation Services Management Model in Small Towns with a Participatory Approach –

A Summary of Guidelines (2008)

Reference McGregor J, Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank. 36pp

Audience Implementers of water supply projects with public-private partnerships

Weblink www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/527200810601_PPPLfin.pdf

Description

This document is based largely on case-study experience from Peru. It details a management model which can provide a

framework for roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders in water supply and sanitation services. It builds on empowering local

institutions, and creating social partnerships. It is hoped that this approach will make service providers more accountable to

citizens.

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I7

Title Water for All – The Water Policy of the Asian Development Bank (2003)

Reference Asian Development Bank. 50pp.

Audience All stakeholders with an interest in water for agriculture, domestic, industry or commercial uses –primarily in

Asia

Weblink beta.adb.org/documents/water-all-water-policy-asian-development-bank

Description

This dated (2000-2010 vision) policy document attempts to promote the need for clear management of water resources to enable

all users and uses to be considered. It is intended to guide national water policy reforms by highlighting the need to integrate

management and development of water resources in a cross-sectoral approach. In general, the policy seeks to: “promote water as

a socially vital economic good that needs increasingly careful management to sustain equitable economic growth and reduce

poverty; and advocate a participatory approach in meeting the challenges of water conservation and protection in the region.”

As a guidance document it is reasonably high-level with useful insights into the broad themes which needs to be considered, but

with less attention given to how to implement the changes. It is noted that it should accompany the ‘country implementation

strategy’ documents for more practical guidance.

I8

Title Water Operational Plan 2011-2020 (2011)

Reference Asian Development Bank. 28pp.

Audience ADB regional department and all stakeholders focused on water provision in the Asia and Pacific region

Weblink beta.adb.org/documents/water-operational-plan-2011-2020

Description

This recent document lays out the Asian Development Bank’s vision for water provision in the region. It identifies current and

emerging water issues in ‘The strategic approach’ section, and then describes approaches that may address the issues and

challenges in ‘The operational plan’ section.

The plan provides guidance to the ADB’s regional departments but does not give detailed instructions for the exact approach to

water operations.

I9

Title Water Safety Plan Manual (2009)

Reference International Water Association and the World Health Organisation. 103pp

Audience All stakeholders involved in the supply of drinking water

Weblink www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publication_9789241562638/en/index.html

Description

The Water Safety Plan (WSP) manual was developed to enable water suppliers to implement the principles of WSPs. WSPs

became an internationally accepted way of ‘ensuring’ safe drinking water. It is a risk-based approach, where multiple barriers exist

to protect the public from any water quality incident. WSPs are currently promoted by the International Water Association (IWA)

and the World Health Organization (WHO). The new guidelines for drinking-water quality are written with WSPs forming the main

body. This document covers 11 modules which make up WSPs, with case studies, actions, challenges and outputs explicitly

detailed for each stage. The manual is also accompanied by a training package which is to be published later in 2012.

As a guidance document, it is useful for water quality aspects of water supply projects, and the principles of WSPs can be

transferred to other elements of water supply, i.e. to use a risk-based approach to manage water quantity in community water

resource management, but the focus is too narrow to use as a stand-alone guidance document for any water supply project.

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I10

Title Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the context of Community Water Supply and

Sanitation – a Reference Document for Planners and Project Staff (2003)

Reference Brikké F and Bredero M, World Health Organisation and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre. 142pp.

Audience Planners and project staff

Weblink www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153.pdf

Description

This guidance document is written to help WASH project planners to choose the most appropriate technology for water supply

and sanitation projects. The document discusses the importance of correct technologies in relation to project sustainability and

notes what factors may be influential when selecting certain technologies, e.g. community acceptability. The document is divided

into chapters explicitly providing detail on certain technology types, e.g. water lifting devices. An overview of the technology (i.e.

how it works), cost, operation and maintenance requirements, and potential problems are provided for each technology. There

are also chapters on water treatment options, distribution and safe storage. The material is designed for use in developing

countries.

As a guidance document, it is very thorough in its intended area. It also notes the importance of considering the financial,

institutional, social and environmental aspects of a project, but does not offer guidance in this area.

4 National Guidelines

N1

Title Small Communities Water and Sanitation Policy (2005)

Reference Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Ministry of Works and Housing, Government of Ghana. 20pp

Audience All relevant stakeholders in Ghana’s water supply provision

Weblink (Ministry of Water website offline at time of publishing)

Description

This document provides detailed guidance for implementing water and sanitation projects. It covers the basic standards which

are required, discusses the selection of appropriate technologies and sourcing of spare parts and covers capacity building. In

addition to the operational guidance, it gives specific implementation strategies from community mobilisation through to post

project support.

N2

Title National Water Policy (2007)

Reference Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing, Government of Ghana. 70pp.

Audience Water users, managers, practitioners, investors, decision-makers and policy makers within government and

non government organisations and international agencies

Weblink epa.gov.gh/ghanalex/policies/NATIONAL%20WATER%20POLICY.pdf

Description

Ghana’s National Water Policy provides an overview of the current institutional and international policy architecture and then

focuses on strategic actions in i) water resource management, ii) urban water supply, and iii) community water and sanitation.

Within each division, a number of focus areas are identified. For example, in community water and sanitation, one focus area is

‘capacity building’. For each focus area identified, the policy challenges, objectives and measures are explicitly documented.

As a guidance document it provides a good foundation for what issues need to be considered and offers helpful guidance to

policy-makers.

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N3

Title National Rural Drinking Water Programme, Movement towards Ensuring People’s Drinking Water Security in

Rural India - Framework for Implementation (2010)

Reference Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. 91pp.

Audience All stakeholders involved in the management of water supply in India

Weblink ddws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/RuralDrinkingWater_2ndApril.pdf

Description

This high-level document lays out India’s framework or vision for ensuring drinking-water security. There are twenty chapters

under four main sections; policy framework, the programme, delivering mechanisms, planning, finance and monitoring. Within

the document, the vision of 24/7 supply is detailed, along with ensuring gender equality and active community participation.

Much guidance is given on which agencies are responsible for which aspects of WASH project implementation at the various

different regional levels, and targets are provided for water coverage.

As a hands-on document it provides only high-level guidance. The common concepts of good WASH project planning can be

found within the document, but they are not readily accessible.

N4

Title Handbook for Community-Based Water Supply Organizations - Multi-Village Pooling Project in Indonesia

(2011)

Reference Ministry of Public Works and Water and Sanitation Program. 117pp

Audience Indonesian water user associations and local government

Weblink www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-multi-village-poolingproject-Indonesia_0.pdf

Description

This handbook is designed to assist water user associations with the management of their water supply. It was written as a

reference of best practice because it was found that success of water supply projects post-construction was largely determined

by how they were managed and how the community participated.

Within the handbook are details of several concepts which should result in more sustainable water supply systems. The concepts

covered include: institutional frameworks for water supply provision, regulatory requirements to establish a water supply service

organisation, the organisational structure and management systems of water user associations, the components of small-scale

piped water supply systems, basic operation and maintenance, recording system, financial reporting for water supply

management associations, and preparation of investment development plans.

As a guidance document, it is comprehensive and user friendly. For example, equations are given to help calculate how much

power is needed for a pump, diagrams are used to explain some of the more technical aspects, and tables are provided for quick

comparisons between different types of source water.

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N5

Title Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy and Strategy (2004)

Reference Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Water Supply and Sanitation Division, His Majesty’s Government of

Nepal. 25pp

Audience Nepalese government staff and stakeholders

Weblink www.newah.org.np/index1.php?option=information&id=103

Description

The document is split into two main sections: Policy and Strategy. Within the Policy section, the principle objectives of water

supply and sanitation are laid out. This is followed by policy relating to planning and programming, technical arrangements,

water quality, institutional management, legal and financial aspects, operation and maintenance, and policy monitoring and

information management.

Within the Strategy section, there is information about: policy formulation, planning and budgeting, implementation

arrangements, operation and maintenance, and monitoring and evaluation. There are also sections which deal with how to select

technologies, be inclusive to women and people with disadvantages, how best to promote health, hygiene and sanitation, and

how to consider the environment.

As a guidance document, it covers most of the components that need to be considered when starting a water supply project, but

it lacks detail in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that water user committees should be made up of at least 30% women,

but does not give guidance on how to sensitise a community to be able to ensure that level of commitment.

More practical guidance is likely to be found in the publications available on the URL link below. However, other than the title,

some of these are not translated into English and are not available for download.

http://www.rwss.org/publication.php?mainid=57

N6

Title Protocol for Centralised Drinking Water Systems in First Nations Communities - Standards for Design,

Construction, Operation, Maintenance, and Monitoring of Centralised Drinking Water Systems (2010)

Reference Indian and Northern Affairs, Canada. 48pp.

Audience First Nations staff responsible for drinking water systems

Weblink www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ/STAGING/texte-text/dwp_1100100034999_eng.pdf

Description

This protocol document details standards for the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring of centralised

drinking water systems in First Nations (Indigenous) communities (a centralised system is a piped system with a centralised

treatment plant). It is relevant for systems in which there are five or more households connected to the water supply.

The protocol is predominately focused on the safety of drinking water and follows the multi-barrier approach (i.e. water safety

plans). It details how source waters should be protected; abstracted water treated, how distribution is protected, and monitoring

carried out. The protocol refers to other Canadian documents, e.g. Health Canada’s Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water

Quality (which stipulates water quality criteria).

Following on from the standard water quality risk management protocols detailed, the document outlines what to do in

emergencies, how communication should work and what the emergency plan should be, and again refers to supplementary

documents and procedures.

As a guidance document, it is useful for more developed nations where water quality is perhaps the highest priority. It covers

more than WSPs by including how systems should be designed, but lacks the softer side of water project implementation, e.g.

guidance on community mobilisation and ensuring equity for users.

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N7

Title Technical Guidelines for the Development of Water and Sanitation Infrastructure – 2nd Edition (2004)

Reference Department of Rural Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. 122pp

Audience Municipal officials, planners and designers of water and sanitation systems, South Africa

Weblink www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/tkc/default.asp?nStn=res_detail&ID=156&OrganisationID=3

Description

This document offers reasonably comprehensive guidance on the design of water and sanitation projects in South Africa. It is

country specific and as such the reference to national legislation cannot be applied generically. Within the document, details are

given of what ‘basic water supply’ is. It covers quantity, quality, distance from home and availability.

Details of a project development life cycle are also given, with reference to relevant legislation and institutional arrangements.

The guidance provided is user friendly with example calculations where necessary, for example, on how to cost a project, how to

calculate future water consumption, and how to select the correct sized pump. There are also chapters dedicated to providing

guidance on technologies, for example; boreholes, dams, water treatment works, pumping stations, electricity, telemetry,

pipelines, reservoirs and consumer connections.

As a guidance document, it is more suited to the larger (perhaps urban) water supply systems. There is no focus on community or

user groups but rather, attention is given to the process of getting a project started and selecting appropriate technology. There

are some ‘softer’ guiding principles within the document. These relate to how to staff a project (e.g. numbers, skills) and what

facilities are required in a laboratory.

N8

Title National Framework for the Operation and Maintenance of Rural Water Supplies in Uganda (2011)

Reference Ministry of Water and Environment, Directorate of Water Development, Republic of Uganda. 63pp

Audience Ugandan project operators

Weblink www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=87&Itemid=122

Description

This document is the outcome of a research project funded by UNICEF which aimed to identify what critical issues were affecting

the effectiveness of community-based maintenance systems for rural water supply facilities in Uganda. The 2004 National

Framework for operation and maintenance (O&M) of Rural Water Supplies was then updated to include changes in policy and

planning.

The guidance is specifically geared towards O&M and as such is not a comprehensive reference document for all stages of a

water supply project. The document begins by clearly setting the international and national scene of policy and then leads into

the main body of how community based projects are managed. The research findings show that schemes fail because of a lack of

willingness or ability to pay, a low priority placed on repairing broken systems and a lack of capacity. Eleven areas are highlighted

for change in Section 4, ranging from sourcing local spare parts through to ensuring gender equality.

Guidance is then given on how to plan for better O&M at the beginning of a project, with issues such as community sensitisation

and mobilisation through to post-project refresher training courses for the water user committee and other key stakeholders.

Guidance is also given on the financial management of O&M.

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N9

Title A Community Resource Book for the Water and Sanitation Sector (2007)

Reference Ministry of Water and Environment, Directorate of Water Development, Republic of Uganda. 82pp.

Audience Water user groups

Weblink http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/388

Description

This document is designed to provide good knowledge to Water User Groups (WUGs) in matters concerning the planning,

management and maintenance of water supply and sanitation facilities. There are nine chapters which cover the lifespan of a

project. The chapters relate to: 1) local policy, 2) planning WatSan services, 3) community requirements for improved water supply

(e.g. formation of WUGs, drafting of MoU), 4) construction of water supply facilities, 5) O&M, 6) financial management, 7) hygiene

and sanitation, 8) managing conflicts, and 9) gender equality.

The guidance is simple to follow, user friendly, contains lots of illustrations and is well targeted to its intended audience. It is

explicit about how to go about the suggestions made in the book. For example, it gives advice on how to select a WUC and then

clearly defines the WUGs roles.

N10

Title Steps in Implementation of Water and Sanitation Software Activities (Final 2004)

Reference Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment, Directorate of Water Development, Republic of Uganda. 12pp.

Audience District-level stakeholders involved in water supply and sanitation projects

Weblink http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/387

Description

This document provides detailed guidance on all software aspects of WASH projects. It is written specifically for Uganda, and as

such, some of the material is not relevant in other regions. The document details 19 steps under four stages of project

development: planning and advocacy; pre-construction and training; construction; and post-construction. Some examples of what

is written include: within the planning stage, information is given about who should be involved in meetings and what to discuss;

during the pre-construction stage base-line surveys should be carried out and committee members trained; during construction

the community should actively participate; and regular follow-up is required post-construction.

The document is short, easily accessible and provides a valuable check-list of things which need to be considered besides

hardware when designing a WASH project.

N11

Title Water and Sanitation Sector – District Implementation Manual Version 1 (2007)

Reference Ministry of Water and Environment, Government of Uganda. 114pp.

Audience District-level stakeholders involved in water supply and sanitation projects

Weblink www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=87&Itemid=122

Description

The District Implementation Manual provides a comprehensive overview of the workings of the WASH sector in Uganda. It gives

clear guidance for practicing and new WASH professionals. The emphasis is on rural water supply and sanitation at district level.

It extensively cross-references to other published material and has many annexes available in softcopy through hyperlinks. It has

ten chapters and covers all aspects of WASH projects from setting the scene in a policy and institutional framework introductory

chapter through to choice of technologies and providing detail on Integrated Water Resource Management.

Specific guidance is given in most cases. For example, rather than saying that gender equity should be ensured, it specifies that

committees should be made up of at least 50% women.

As a transferable guidance document, it is very useful. The contents page itself could act as a check-list for things to consider

when designing a water supply project.

Note: At the time of writing (August 2012), the DIM was being revised, and a new version is due later in the year.

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N12

Title 25 Steps to Safe Water and Sanitation – Experience and Learning in International Cooperation (2000)

Reference Leermakers M, Helvetas. 42pp.

Audience Target audience: all stakeholders involved in water supply projects at community level

Weblink www3.helvetas.ch/Vietnam/wEnglish/Documents/Water_and_Sanitation_25_steps.pdf

Description

This document gives an account of the first seven years of a project in Nepal called the Self-Reliant Drinking Water Support

Programme (SRWSP). Notable successes of the project were social in nature with improvements in gender equality and

participatory decision making. Helvetas attribute the successes to a step-wise approach to community water supply schemes, and

this document provides details of that approach. The 25 steps are summarised in one figure, which is a useful overview.

As a guidance document, this report provides an interesting, if slightly dated, account of what approaches can work at

community level. The document is user friendly with key concepts extracted from the body of text in bold with many simple

pictures to support the explained concepts.

N13

Title Operation and Maintenance Manual for Rural Water Supplies (2011)

Reference Ministry of Rural Development, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India. 56pp.

Audience Operational and maintenance staff

Weblink www.ddws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdf/O_M_manual_0.pdf

Description

This document gives an overview of what should be considered in an operation and maintenance programme of work for five

different types of rural water supply schemes. The following example shows the level of detail given in this document. Guidance

relating to daily operation and maintenance activities at a dug well include: checking for any debris in the well, cleaning the

concrete apron and drains, checking that the gate is closed, and checking the condition of the rope, pulley, bucket and fence.

Templates are provided for additional support with reference to financial surveying, water safety plans, operating plans and

improvement plans, and for measuring performance indicators.

N14

Title Implementation Guidelines for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (2010)

Reference Government of the Republic of Malawi, Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development. 33pp.

Audience District-level community, government, NGO and development workers

Weblink www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/389

Description

This document provides mid-level guidance on water supply and sanitation schemes in Malawi. It is designed to be used

alongside a further 13 documents which are referred to in the introduction. Four phases of a project are identified; sensitisation,

training, construction, and monitoring and support. Within each stage, guidance is provided to the relevant stakeholders, with

tables detailing roles and responsibilities for numerous committee and key stakeholders.

As a guidance document, it provides a good overview of various factors which need to be considered, but lacks some detail on

‘how’ the principles should be carried out. For example, it specifies that projects should consider HIV and AIDS but does not

provide detail beyond ‘collaborate with other agencies’ as a way of implementation.

13

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

N15

Title DFID Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes (1998)

Reference WEDC Loughborough University. 338pp.

Audience DFID staff involved in all stages of a programme

Weblink www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/guidance-manual/guidance-manual.htm

Description

This comprehensive document provides guidance to assist DFID staff and partner organisations to develop effective and

sustainable WatSan programmes. There are three chapters and appendices which, combined, provide a valuable overview of the

sector with specific recommendations given for each stage of the project cycle.

In Chapter 1, emphasis is paid to the importance of cooperation and partnerships when working in the sector. In Chapter 2,

factors for consideration are highlighted as well as recommendations made in the following seven areas of WatSan projects:

social development; health; environmental sustainability; economic and financial perspectives; institutional perspectives; technical

aspects; and hygiene promotion. Chapter 3 explicitly presents eight stages of a project cycle and then provides guidance on the

seven areas identified in Chapter 2 for each of the eight stages.

As a guidance document, it is exceptionally detailed and is well suited as a reference material for any WASH manager. The

material is broken up with case studies and tables, but it is still a lengthy document thus reducing its ease of use for on-the-

ground WASH workers.

N16

Title National Water Quality Management Strategy - Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6 (2011)

Reference National Health and Medical Research Council, Government of Australia. 1244pp.

Audience Australian water supply stakeholders

Weblink www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines/publications/eh52

Description

This document can in some ways be likened to a national equivalent of the WHO Guidelines on Drinking-water Quality. There are

ten chapters within this document which cover the following areas: Australia’s water quality management framework which is

made up of twelve elements (essentially a water safety plan framework); specific guidance for small communities (Chapter 4);

microbial, physical, chemical and radiological water quality descriptions; water treatment chemicals; monitoring; and evaluation.

The main document is 213 pages in length, with the remaining pages being made up of information sheets and appendices.

Chapter 4 is the most relevant part for community water supply projects. In essence, it describes how to carry out a water safety

plan for systems where less than 1,000 people are served. It provides examples of potential hazards and corrective measures

which could be taken.

14

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

N17

Title Rural Water Supply – Volumes 1-3 Design Manual (2012)

Reference Water Partnership Programme, World bank. 212pp.

Audience Water supply owners, operators, managers, technicians, consultants, planners and contractors

Weblink siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/RWSVolIDesignManual.pdf sitere-

sources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/RWSVolIIConstructionSupervisionManual.pdf

siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/RWSVolIIIOperationMaintenanceManual.pdf

Description

This comprehensive document forms Part 1 of three related documents. It offers practical guidance on how to design water

supply (distributed, not point source) systems. It aims to be a reference manual for designers and to provide general knowledge

for managers. The manual covers the supply of water from source through to tap (not user). An introduction to water and the

hydrological cycle is given, then the following subjects are covered, some in more detail than others: water demand, identification

of water source, water quality, source development, wells, measuring capacity, preventing pollution, treatment, hydraulics,

transmission and pumps. In most chapters, there are calculations which are supplemented by helpful example boxes.

As a guidance document, it is quite lengthy, with a tendency to come across more as an engineering / geography text book. It

could benefit from more Philippine-specific information and guidance and less generic MSc level engineering lessons. Notably,

there is little guidance on financing the design of water supplies and nothing on water safety plans (i.e. risk management). There

is also very little mention of water supply management.

Volume 2 opens with specifying what the main roles and functions of a site inspector are. Useful generic forms are provided to

clarify the text guidance. The subsequent nine chapters cover: pipe installations, pump installations, concrete construction, metal

works, reservoir construction, wells, commissioning and testing, paints, and public (health and) safety. The manual has good large

figures to aid with the description of parts, e.g. pipe joints, and is easy to read. The manual also provides step by step guidance

on what to do when, for example, setting a submersible pump or mixing concrete.

As a guidance document, it is readily accessible. Arguably, the material covered may not be comprehensive, whilst at the same

time covering some more obscure components of construction (e.g. choice of paints). However, the contents page and sub-

sections accurately reflect the material covered so it is easy to establish if it is relevant to the reader. It should also be noted that

whilst some of the figures are excellent quality, others are very poor and unreadable. It is applicable to many locations where

similar types of water supply systems are implemented.

5 Organisational Guidelines

O1

Title Sustainability Framework (2011)

Reference WaterAid. 38pp.

Audience WaterAid staff and other stakeholders involved in WaterAid projects

Weblink www.wateraid.org/documents/sustainability_framework_final.pdf

Description

WaterAid have published five framework documents; equity and inclusion, sanitation, urban, water security and sustainability.

They are drafting a further two on hygiene promotion, and disaster management. The Sustainability [O1] and Equity and Inclusion

[O2] are the ones most relevant to projects focusing on community drinking-water.

The Sustainability Framework lays out WaterAid’s position and approach to sustainability. A conceptual framework is presented

which highlights what WaterAid believe is needed for projects to be sustainable. It details 14 points and includes, for example:

establishing a need, full user participation, on-going support, and technical assistance. As a guidance document, its focus is

deliberately narrow, but when viewed as one part of a seven-part set of frameworks, its application could be widespread with

guidance provided implicitly throughout the documents.

15

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

O2

Title Equity and Inclusion – A Rights-based Approach (2010)

Reference WaterAid. 34pp.

Audience WaterAid staff and other stakeholders involved in WaterAid projects

Weblink www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/equity_and_inclusion_english.pdf

Description

This document is one part of a seven part set (only five published to date) of frameworks developed by WaterAid. The Equity and

Inclusion framework details the change in approach, from a needs-based to a rights-based approach. It lays out WaterAid’s

position of recognising that safe water, sanitation and health are a right to all – including those who are particularly poor and

marginalised, without discrimination. In order to implement this approach, WaterAid stress the importance of working with

governments and other stakeholders, capacity building, monitoring and evaluation, communication, and environmental, political

and social factors. As a stand-alone document, it offers only narrow guidance within the framework, but when considered

alongside the other six frameworks, valuable guidance can be found.

O3

Title Water Security Framework (2012)

Reference WaterAid. 34pp.

Audience WaterAid staff and other stakeholders involved in WaterAid projects

Weblink www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/water_security_framework_2012_final_lr.pdf

Description

This is the most recent WaterAid Framework document to be published, at the time of writing. It goes to lengths to stress that

there is no commonly accepted definition of water security, but that in general it is about linking the issues of water supply

services and water resources. The document highlights the challenges of water scarcity, stress, climate change and the

contributing social and economic factors that make these environmental considerations and problem in many areas. The

Framework for addressing these issues is based around a cycle of A = Assessment, B = Bargaining, C = Codification, D =

Delegation, E = Engineering. Each step is then explained concisely but without sufficient detail to be directly usable.

O4

Title Project Cycle Management – ROOTS 5 (2003)

Reference Blackman R, Tearfund. 81pp

Audience Tearfund staff

Weblink tilz.tearfund.org/webdocs/Tilz/Roots/English/PCM/ROOTS_5_E_Full.pdf

Description

This internal Tearfund document details how to effectively manage projects. It is not written specifically with the WASH sector in

mind, but the principles can be applied to all WASH projects. There are three main sections: Needs assessment, project design,

and implantation and evaluation. Guidance is given for each of the three sections.

Needs assessment: establish whether there is a need, possibly through; listening, interviewing, focus group discussion, and/or

community mapping. Following on from a needs assessment, it is necessary to establish the human, physical, social, natural,

spiritual, and economic capacity of the area in consideration.

Project design: this essentially has six components; stakeholder analysis, research, log frame development, risk analysis, action

planning, and budgeting.

Implementation and evaluation: during implementation, the project needs to be continually monitored and updated, with any

changes made as necessary. A time of reflection should be built in to reassess the projects aims and objectives and their validity.

Evaluation typically occurs at the end of a project. A template evaluation table is provided in the document.

As a guidance document it is very useful as a means of checking whether the project has been carefully prepared. Reading

through the document would greatly benefit less experienced project managers.

16

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

O5

Title Tearfund Key Learning – Water and Sanitation (2009)

Reference Greaves F, Tearfund. 3pp

Audience Tearfund WASH staff

Weblink www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/390

Description

This short word document identifies nine specific areas for action or recommendations. These are: 1) Community participation

should be incorporated into WASH projects at every stage of relief intervention; 2) Help beneficiaries to create appropriate

community-based management structures for WASH facilities; 3) WASH interventions must be based on an integration of water

provision and safe excreta disposal and hygiene promotion; 4) Adopt mechanisms for cost-recovery of WASH projects

appropriate to the context; 5) Ensure the project links with local government through, influencing, advocating and supporting

local policy development for improved access to WASH, besides ensuring that local government agencies make appropriate

contributions to the project; 6) Consider environmental sustainability in WASH projects; 7) Ensure that effective supply chains are

in place for spare parts for pumps, generators, treatment equipment and consumables, and water testing equipment; 8) Where

possible, adopt social marketing processes in WASH; 9) Adopt Water Safety Plans.

Each recommendation is supplemented by detailed reasons and benefits. As a guidance document, this brief report would be

useful as a check-list for existing projects and an excellent starting point for future ones.

O6

Title Understanding the WASH Sector - How to Carry out an Analysis of the Capability, Accountability and

Responsiveness (CAR) of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector in your Country (2010)

Reference Tearfund. 28pp.

Audience NGOs, INGOs, civil society

Weblink tilz.tearfund.org/webdocs/Tilz/Research/Understanding_the_WASH_sector_web.pdf

Description

This guide is concerned with ‘governance’ and its measurement using DFID’s CAR (Capability, Accountability and Responsiveness)

framework. Tearfund have sub-divided the three components of CAR into a set of questions which should enable analysis (from a

civil society view) of the WASH sector’s governance. Tearfund have trialled CAR in several of the disaster management teams.

This guide is designed to help INGOs, NGOs and civil society to use the CAR framework. As a guidance document, it is a useful

evaluation tool which could produce results to enable better targeted advocacy work.

O7

Title Towards Better Programming – A Water Handbook (1999)

Reference UNICEF Technical Guidelines Series. 116pp.

Audience UNICEF staff and NGO partners

Weblink www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf

Description

This handbook is user friendly and includes many of the current best-practices despite being thirteen years old. The international

policy section which forms part of the introduction is dated with no mention of MDGs. The handbook covers technology choices,

community participation, operation and maintenance, finance, and suitability aspects of a WASH project. It also provides

background information on the links between health and water quality.

The handbook may be critiqued as being a UNICEF textbook to explain concepts (e.g. community participation), but equal space

is given to guidance on what action is required (e.g. how to improve community participation). Note that there is also a

companion handbook on sanitation (http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/San_e.pdf).

17

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

08

Title Plan’s Approach to Water and Environmental Sanitation (2004)

Reference Plan. 56pp

Audience Plan staff

Weblink plan-international.org/about-plan/resources/publications/water-and-sanitation/plans-approach-to-water-

and-environmental-sanitation

Description

The document lays out Plan’s approach in the WASH sector. Plan’s focus is on improving the life of children, and as such there is

a focus on matters affecting children. For example, school environments. Plan has eleven guiding principles which they apply to

WASH projects; these are summarised on three pages and are a useful check-list for any staff involved in developing and

managing a WASH project.

The document focuses on seven challenges which Plan has identified. These are: 1) access to safe water; 2) depletion of water

sources; 3) environmental cleanliness; 4) responding to disasters; 5) hygiene behaviours; 6) gender equality; 7) school

environment. The document then details the approach Plan will take to meet the challenges.

As a guidance document it is limited in application as it only focuses on seven areas of WASH projects. However, their

approaches are considered to be good-practice, and the document is user friendly with case-study examples provided

throughout.

6 Miscellaneous Guidelines

M1

Title Managing Water locally – an essential dimension of community water development (2011)

Reference ICE, Oxfam and WaterAid, 96pp.

Audience water sector practitioners, policy-makers and donors

Weblink policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/managing-water-locally-an-essential-dimension-of-community-

water-development-165794

Description

This report reviews how local water resources can be successfully managed, drawing on concepts from Integrated Water

Resource Management (IWRM). IWRM has been promoted as the only solution to managing nations’ water resources, but

practically it is challenging to implement because of scale. This report discusses other options for resource management,

primarily looking at community based management. The eight chapters review what management options exist, why resource

management is important, how to build on and utilise existing management practices, and how to align policy with field practice,

and they provide case study examples.

Though the report is not considered to be an explicit guidance document, the content is extremely valuable as it highlights the

shift from community care of water supply hardware (e.g. looking after pumps) to the current approach of involving the

community in management and resource planning (e.g. communities monitoring rainfall and collective abstraction). The report

also gives useful insight into how to link up policy and practice, with paragraphs on how to engage local water users and how to

work with local-level institutions.

18

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

M2

Title WASHTech Africa wide Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Technology Review – Deliverable 2.1 (2011)

Reference Cranfield University, SKAT, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. 94pp.

Audience WASH project developers

Weblink washtechafrica.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/washtech_wp2-

1_africa_wide_water_sanitation_hygiene_technology_review.pdf

Description

This report consists of a review of technologies used in the WASH sector (primarily Africa) for long-term development. Fourteen

technologies are presented; firstly with a description, then with notes on their application and finally with an analysis of their

success. Success is defined within the report for each subsection – technical, financial, social and institutional.

As a guidance document, this report is useful when considering what technology best fits a particular WASH project. In the

recommendations section, the report discusses a miss-match between ‘popular appeal’ technologies and those which are actually

fit for purpose.

M3

Title Water Supply Well Guidelines for use in Developing Countries (2011)

Reference Schneider S. 46pp

Audience All stakeholders involved in groundwater in developing countries

Weblink aquadoc.typepad.com/files/water-supply-well-guidelines--first-edition-printii.pdf

Description

This document provides detailed minimum requirements for the basic protection of a groundwater resource. The guidelines

follow basic well construction, pumping, equipment, and maintenance issues. Guidance is given on how to select a well location,

through to casing, well development and finally decommissioning. The document includes useful figures and tables.

This document may be most useful as an educational resource for those working in well development and may also act as a basis

for the development of standards when there are none.

M4

Title Technology Options for Water - Handpumps, Mechanised Pumps and Surface Water; (2005)

Reference Baumann E., RWSN/Skat, 43pp.

Audience WASH practitioners and developers

Weblink www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/292

Description

This document provides an overview of technology options for rural water supply. It describes 21 different types of pumps from

common handpumps (e.g. India Mark II) through to solar powered pumps. It also gives some basic information on surface water

sources, providing guidance on river intakes through to rainwater harvesting.

Its use as a guidance document is probably in its clear compassion between pumps, which should enable appropriate selection

for in a given situation.

19

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

M5 Fragile

States

Title Delivering Water Supply and Sanitation in Fragile States: The transition from emergency to development

(2011)

Reference Water and Sanitation Programme Conference Report. 44pp.

Audience Academics, donors, NGO practitioners

Weblink www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Delivering-WSS-in-Fragile-States.pdf

Description

This report is based on discussions at a conference (Nairobi 3-5 May 2011) where the problems associated with water supply and

sanitation in fragile states were considered. The report summarises the main problems, such as a lack of institutional memory and

ineffective transition between donor-led emergency situations to country-led development. The aim of the discussions was to

develop an action plan to address the problems. Four opportunities were identified for sector transformation in post-crisis

situations: 1) build on state strengths; 2) provide sector leadership; 3) Start talks with ministers early; 4) use aid monies to

promote linkages between sector and country systems.

As a guidance document its focus is narrow – not only on just fragile states, but also in the guidance provided. Essentially, it is

management-level guidance. However, there are a number of excellent case studies in the report which offer valuable learning

opportunities.

M6

Title Critical Evaluation of Planning Frameworks for Rural Water and Sanitation Development Projects (2011)

Reference Barnes R, Roser D, Brown P. Development in Practice, 21:2, 168-189. 21pp.

Audience academics and WASH practitioners

Weblink www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09614524.2011.543269

Description

This paper explains that poor initial planning processes may be linked to the high failure rate of rural water and sanitation

development projects. The paper critically examines 17 existing planning frameworks in an attempt to discover the extent to

which planning relates to sustainability. It identifies new sustainability-related factors (e.g. interpersonal relationships) from the

sector and makes recommendations to practitioners wishing to employ such frameworks.

This paper provides a matrix similar to that provided in this report.

M7

Title Hygiene and Sanitation Software – An Overview of Approaches (2010)

Reference Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council. 156pp.

Audience new or experienced practitioners wanting knowledge on software approaches.

Weblink www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/publications/wsscc_hygiene_and_sanitation_software_2010.pdf

Description

This document provides clarification on the sector terminology in relation to software. Software is defined as activities which

enable a project to take place, e.g. promotional activities, training, and policy development. The document refers to the most

commonly used approaches and can be considered as a resource tool or reference document for practitioners. The document is

written in three parts: 1) An introduction to software and overview of contextual factors with may influence software choice; 2)

description of common software approaches, when and where they are used and their perceived positive and negative aspects; 3)

a review of combined approaches which have been adopted at national or global level.

This document is extremely useful to practitioners and project developers who know to include software, but are unsure why,

how and what options are available.

20

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

M8

Title Code of Practice for Cost Effective boreholes (2010)

Reference Rural Water Supply Network. 36pp.

Audience national policy-makers, donors, practitioners

Weblink www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/128

Description

This code of practice document provides a framework in which national protocols in borehole provision can be developed. It is

focused on ‘cost-effective’ boreholes, which means optimum value for money invested over the long term. The report stresses

that a cost-effective option is not always the cheapest. The report presents nine principles, which, if adhered to, should result in

sustainable boreholes. Each principle is broken down into sub-principles, and recommended procedures are detailed. The

principles cover the entire cycle of a borehole project.

As a guidance document, it is user friendly and well written. Almost all aspects of a water supply project are covered from

planning through to evaluation. It is targeted to boreholes, but some of the principles are transferable to other hardware. The

annexes are particularly useful for on-the-ground practitioners.

M9

Title Designing Water and Sanitation Projects to Meet Demand in Rural and Peri-urban Communities - Book 1,

Concepts, Principles and Practice (2002)

Reference WEDC. 184pp.

Audience Practitioners responsible for water provision in rural and peri-urban areas

Weblink www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/391

Description

This book is divided into two parts. Part 1 looks at all aspects of ‘demand’ for a service. Demand is assessed in several ways and

affected by many external factors. Some factors will affect the options which are available to the users, such as ability to pay for a

service. These issues are discussed in detail in Part 1. Part 2 of the book is concerned with ‘practice’. It offers guidance to

practitioners with respect to ‘demand’ to enable them to: develop a project strategy; identify peoples in risk of exclusion;

prioritise communities’ activities; appraise a community plan; develop a range of service options; support local management to

ensure sustainability.

As a guidance document, it is a valuable resource for project planners. It provides detailed help, along with case study examples,

of what factors need to be considered from the very beginning of a project.

21

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

7 Guidelines and Tools Summary Tables

Table 1: Summary of guidance provided in the reviewed international guidelines and frameworks

Gu

ideli

nes

Reg

ion

or

co

un

try

T

ech

no

log

y

Pro

ject

pla

nn

ing

&

man

ag

em

en

t

Co

mm

un

ity

part

icip

ati

on

& e

qu

ity

Mo

nit

ori

ng

&

evalu

ati

on

Po

licy &

/or

leg

isla

tio

n

Wate

r re

sou

rce

man

ag

em

en

t

Wate

r sa

fety

pla

ns

&/o

r w

ate

r q

uali

ty

Bu

ild

ing

cap

acit

y

Op

era

tio

n &

main

ten

an

ce

Fin

an

cia

l p

lan

nin

g

Su

stain

ab

ilit

y

[I1] GWDQ

(WHO,2011) Global - - - -

[I2] WSP

(WHO, 2011) Global - - - - -

[I3] O&M

(Brikke,2000) Global - - -

[I4] Fees

(AfDB, 2010) Global - - - - - - -

[I5] RWSSI (AfDB,?) Global - - - -

[I6] Peru (McGregor,

2008)

Peru &

Global - - - - -

[I7] Water for all

(ADB,2003) Asia - - - - -

[I8] Operational

plan (ADB,2011) Global - - - - -

[I9] WSP manual

(WHO,2009) Global - - - - -

[I10] Tech. O&M

(IRC,WHO,2003) Global - - -

Key: specific guidance provided

subject mentioned but with limited guidance

- little or no mention of subject – no guidance provided

22

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

Table 2: Summary of guidance provided in the reviewed national guidelines and frameworks

Gu

ideli

nes

Reg

ion

or

co

un

try

Tech

no

log

y

Pro

ject

pla

nn

ing

&

man

ag

em

en

t

Co

mm

un

ity

part

icip

ati

on

& e

qu

ity

Mo

nit

ori

ng

&

evalu

ati

on

Po

licy &

/or

leg

isla

tio

n

Wate

r re

sou

rce

man

ag

em

en

t

Wate

r sa

fety

pla

ns

&/o

r w

ate

r q

uali

ty

Bu

ild

ing

cap

acit

y

Op

era

tio

n &

main

ten

an

ce

Fin

an

cia

l p

lan

nin

g

Su

stain

ab

ilit

y

[N1] WatSan

(Govt,2005) Ghana -

[N2] Policy

(Govt,2007) Ghana - -

[N3] W.security

(Govt,2010) India

Annex

-

[N4] Handbook

(Govt,2011)

Indone-

sia - -

[N5] Policy

(Govt,2004) Nepal - -

[N6] Protocol

(Govt,2010) Canada - - - - -

[N7] Technology

(Govt,2004)

South

Africa - -

[N8] Framework

(Govt,2011) Uganda - -

[N9] Resource book

(Govt,2007) Uganda - - -

[N10] Software

(Govt,2004) Uganda - - - - - -

[N11] DIM

(Govt,2007) Uganda

[N12] 25 steps

(Helvetas,2000) Nepal - -

[N13] O&M

(Govt,2011) India - - - -

[N14] WatSan

(Govt,2010) Malawi - - - - - -

[N15] Manual

(DFID,1998) UK

[N16] W.quality

(Govt, 2011) Australia - - - - -

Key: specific guidance provided

subject mentioned but with limited guidance

- little or no mention of subject – no guidance provided

23

RWSN-IFAD Rural Water Supply Series - Volume 3

Table 3: Summary of guidance provided in the reviewed organisational and miscellaneous guidelines and frameworks

Gu

ideli

nes

Reg

ion

or

co

un

try

Tech

no

log

y

Pro

ject

pla

nn

ing

&

man

ag

em

en

t

Co

mm

un

ity

part

icip

ati

on

& e

qu

ity

Mo

nit

ori

ng

&

evalu

ati

on

Po

licy &

/or

leg

isla

tio

n

Wate

r re

sou

rce

man

ag

em

en

t

Wate

r sa

fety

pla

ns

&/o

r w

ate

r q

uali

ty

Bu

ild

ing

cap

acit

y

Op

era

tio

n &

main

ten

an

ce

Fin

an

cia

l p

lan

nin

g

Su

stain

ab

ilit

y

[O1] Sustainability

(WaterAid,2011) Global -

[O2] Equity

(WaterAid,2010) Global - - - -

[O3] Water Security

(WaterAid,2012) Global - - - -

[O4] ROOTS 5

(Tearfund,2003) Global - - - -

[O5] Key WatSan

(Tearfund,2009) Global - - - - -

[O6] CAR

(Tearfund, 2010) Global - - - - - -

[O7] Handbook

(UNICEF,1999) Global -

[O8] Approach

(Plan,2004) Global - - - - - -

[M1] IWRM

(ICE et at,2011) Global - -

[M2] WASHTech

(Cranfield,2011) Global - - - - - -

[M3] Wells

(Schneider,2011) Global - - - - - - - - -

[M4] Technology

(RWSN, 2003) Global - - - - - - -

[M5] Fragile state

(WSP, 2011)

Fragile

states - - - -

[M6] Frameworks

(Barnes et al,2011) Global - - - -

[M7] Software

(WSSCC,2010) Global

Software

-

[M8] Boreholes

(RWSN,2010) Global

Boreholes

[M9] Demand

(WEDC,2002) Global

Key: specific guidance provided

subject mentioned but with limited guidance

- little or no mention of subject – no guidance provided

8 Technical Notes

A plethora of technical notes are available for rural water sup-

plies. However, there are several websites and documents which

are worth noting for further reading and guidance in this area.

The following section presents some good examples.

Oxfam’s Policy and Practice website has a publications

library with excellent search facilities. Within this site, there

are 33 technical guides – ranging from ‘composting’ to

‘spring protection’.

policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications

Tearfund’s International Learning Zone (TILZ) website has a

publications tab with a basic search facility. A search for

‘technology’ brings up 189 articles, with perhaps 10-20 re-

lating to water supply technologies ranging from rainwater

harvesting through to slow sand filtration. The publications

are less formal technical guides than Oxfam’s.

tilz.tearfund.org/Publications/

WaterAid has published a ‘Technology Notes’ document

which reviews seven water supply technologies, sanitation,

and water treatment. It is 47 pages long, easy to read and

offers sensible guidance. www.wateraid.org/documents/

plugin_documents/technology_notes_2008.pdf

UNICEF has a Water and Sanitation Technical Guidelines

series, which has five documents. These offer guidance on

different aspects of water and sanitation. The Water (sup-

ply) handbook was reviewed [O5] as part of this report.

www.unicef.org/wash/index_documents.html

WEDC’s discontinued WELL resource centre still has an

accessible website with a range of valuable factsheets re-

lating to water supply technologies. They also publish Wa-

terLines technology briefs which offer best-practice guid-

ance on many WASH issues.

www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Publications

%20list.htm

IRC’s library is publically available and has a reasonable

search facility. A search for ‘technology’ resulted in 2628

articles therefore it is necessary to know what technology

guidance is sought before searching the library.

www.washdoc.info/page/53887

RWSN has several publications relating to certain areas of

water supply: boreholes; handpumps; self supply; and sus-

tainable rural water supplies. Their website has a basic

search facility. www.rwsn.ch/documentation/prarticle_view

9 In the Pipeline

A number of projects are producing helpful guideline and

toolkits, but were not published at the time of writing this doc-

ument:

Human Rights Toolkit: A methodology for implementing

the Human Right to Water and Sanitation. Being imple-

mented by Aguasan, the Swiss WASH community of prac-

tice.

WASHCost: Producing tools and methodologies for esti-

mating, planning and using lifecycle costs for WASH ser-

vice provision. A Gates Foundation project being imple-

mented by IRC and pilot country partners.

WASHTech: A Technology Assessment Framework (TAF)

for assisting the uptake of new WASH technologies. An

EU-funded project being implemented by WaterAid, Skat,

IRC, Cranfield and pilot country partners.

Water Services that Last (Triples-S): A broad project

producing tools for transforming the rural water sector

from a project-based approach to a service-based ap-

proach - to ensure greater sustainability and reduced fail-

ure rates of water systems. A Gates Foundation project be-

ing implemented by IRC and pilot country partners.

Water Source Protection Guidelines: A framework and

guidelines for developing ‘Water Source Protection Plans’

for public water supply abstraction points, point water

sources, multi-purpose reservoirs and small-medium hy-

droelectric dams. A Ministry of Water & Environment of

Uganda project, being implemented by Skat.

About the Authors Support and Acknowledgement

Jen Smith is an independent consultant based in the UK with

many years experience in the WASH sector

Sean Furey is a Water & Sanitation Specialist based at Skat, in

Switzerland. He has over 12 years of experience in water man-

agement and advocacy.

This publication was made possible by the Swiss Agency for

Development Cooperation (SDC). The publication was pre-

pared as part of a mandate to provide knowledge products

for the International Fund for Agricultural Development

(IFAD).

The publication was reviewed by Kerstin Danert and Joe

Narkevic.

Layout: Sean Furey and Martin Laeng

ISBN: 978-3-908156-39-0

Contact

The Rural Water supply Network

(RWSN) is a global knowledge network for promoting sound practices in rural water supply.

RWSN Secretariat Phone: +41 71 228 54 54 SKAT Foundation Fax: +41 71 228 54 55

Vadianstrasse 42 Email: ruralwater@skat.ch CH-9000 St.Gallen Web: www.rural-water-supply.net Switzerland

This publication can be downloaded from http://www.rural-water-supply.net