industrial revolution. industrial revolution began in the 18 th century in britain began in the 18...

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution


Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Began in the 18Began in the 18thth century in Britain century in Britain Rapidly spread to most European powers Rapidly spread to most European powers

and the United Statesand the United States Relied on the idea that countries needed Relied on the idea that countries needed

raw materials and new markets to fuel raw materials and new markets to fuel the growth of the Industrial Revolutionthe growth of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution is closely tied The Industrial Revolution is closely tied to the Age of Imperialismto the Age of Imperialism


Consequences of the Consequences of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Countries with Countries with

advanced technology advanced technology had advanced military had advanced military weapons which made weapons which made it easier for advanced it easier for advanced countries to take over countries to take over countries that did not countries that did not have the technologyhave the technology


Consequences of Consequences of the Industrial the Industrial RevolutionRevolution For the Industrial For the Industrial

revolution to revolution to succeed factories succeed factories needed access to needed access to raw materials, to raw materials, to make finished make finished goods, and new goods, and new markets to sell markets to sell those goods inthose goods in


BritainBritain The Industrial Revolution in Britain The Industrial Revolution in Britain

turned the British Empire into the most turned the British Empire into the most powerful empire in the 19powerful empire in the 19thth century century

Many other countries also industrializedMany other countries also industrialized• Germany, France, Belgium, Japan and the Germany, France, Belgium, Japan and the

United States who would surpass the BritishUnited States who would surpass the British• However since most developments during However since most developments during

the Industrial Revolution occurred first in the Industrial Revolution occurred first in Britain then Britain is acknowledged as Britain then Britain is acknowledged as representative of most other Industrial representative of most other Industrial RevolutionsRevolutions

Agrarian RevolutionAgrarian Revolution

In the 18In the 18thth century there was a new century there was a new agricultural revolutionagricultural revolution

During this time agricultural output During this time agricultural output increases dramatically and quickly increases dramatically and quickly for several reasonsfor several reasons High yield cropsHigh yield crops

• Potatoes, corn, were introduced from the Potatoes, corn, were introduced from the New World to EuropeNew World to Europe

• This created a population explosion because This created a population explosion because people now had better dietspeople now had better diets

The Agrarian RevolutionThe Agrarian Revolution

In the 1750’s most people still lived in In the 1750’s most people still lived in small villages and made their own clothes small villages and made their own clothes and tools. and tools. Cottage Industry.Cottage Industry.

The Agrarian Revolution changed the way The Agrarian Revolution changed the way people worked and lived.people worked and lived.

People began to move away from rural People began to move away from rural life.life.

There were new changes in farmingThere were new changes in farming


TechnologyTechnology The use of fertilizer to The use of fertilizer to

improve the soil.improve the soil. The invention of new The invention of new

tools and machines to tools and machines to improve farming.improve farming.

New technology New technology allowed farmers to allowed farmers to increase the land they increase the land they farmed while farmed while decreasing the decreasing the number of people number of people needed to farmneeded to farm

The Agrarian RevolutionThe Agrarian Revolution Crop RotationCrop Rotation

Science helped Science helped farmers save fields farmers save fields from becoming from becoming exhausted of soil exhausted of soil nutrients.nutrients.

Wheat = year oneWheat = year one Root crop = year twoRoot crop = year two Barley = year threeBarley = year three This allowed farmers This allowed farmers

to use all the land to use all the land each year increasing each year increasing crop outputcrop output

The Agrarian RevolutionThe Agrarian Revolution EnclosuresEnclosures

Large farmers took over Large farmers took over small pieces of land owned small pieces of land owned by peasants to create large by peasants to create large farms.farms.

Enclosure allowed farmers Enclosure allowed farmers to try new scientific methods to try new scientific methods of farming, boost crop of farming, boost crop production.production.

Drove off peasants forcing Drove off peasants forcing them to move to the cities.them to move to the cities.

Farm land was now fenced Farm land was now fenced off, public land became off, public land became private land and farmers private land and farmers could now make monetary could now make monetary gains on their cropsgains on their crops


Results of the Agrarian RevolutionResults of the Agrarian Revolution Led to rapid population growth.Led to rapid population growth.

• During the 1700’s the population grew from 120 During the 1700’s the population grew from 120 million to 190 million.million to 190 million.

Better diets, healthier people, stronger Better diets, healthier people, stronger babies.babies.

Food supplies increased. (More crops Food supplies increased. (More crops produced)produced)

Living conditions improved, better medical Living conditions improved, better medical care, better sanitation in the cities.care, better sanitation in the cities.

People moved from the rural areas to cities People moved from the rural areas to cities looking for work.looking for work.

The Agrarian RevolutionThe Agrarian Revolution UrbanizationUrbanization

An outgrowth of the An outgrowth of the Agrarian RevolutionAgrarian Revolution

Populations of most Populations of most European countries grewEuropean countries grew

In 1800 there were 20 In 1800 there were 20 cities in Europe with a cities in Europe with a population of 100,000 or population of 100,000 or moremore

In 1900 there were 150 In 1900 there were 150 cities with a population cities with a population of 100,000 or more-of 100,000 or more-London had a population London had a population of 5 millionof 5 million

New TechnologyNew Technology

Prior to the start of the Industrial Prior to the start of the Industrial Revolution most people worked atRevolution most people worked at HomeHome Small shops Small shops On FarmsOn Farms

This system was known as Cottage This system was known as Cottage Industries or the Domestic SystemIndustries or the Domestic System

Work was inefficientWork was inefficient Labor intensiveLabor intensive Little profitLittle profit


A series of new technological advancements in A series of new technological advancements in the 18the 18thth century changed the way people century changed the way people workedworked In 1733 John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle In 1733 John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle

speeding up the weaving processspeeding up the weaving process In 1764 John Hardgreaves invented the Spinning In 1764 John Hardgreaves invented the Spinning

Jenny which could spin large amounts of threadJenny which could spin large amounts of thread In 1769 Richard ArkwrightIn 1769 Richard Arkwright invented the Water invented the Water

Frame. The water frame used water from a near-by Frame. The water frame used water from a near-by stream to operate the spinning wheels. Result: stream to operate the spinning wheels. Result: spinning could be done by a machine instead of a spinning could be done by a machine instead of a person, so owners could spin more cotton with less person, so owners could spin more cotton with less workers.workers.


Results of this new technology Results of this new technology Fabric and weaving could and was now Fabric and weaving could and was now

taken out of the home and centralized taken out of the home and centralized in sites were water was abundantin sites were water was abundant

The new machines could be increased The new machines could be increased in size to produce more goods and in size to produce more goods and needed to be stored in larger buildings-needed to be stored in larger buildings-factoriesfactories

The Textile Industry became the first to The Textile Industry became the first to IndustrializeIndustrialize


In 1793 Eli Whitney In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the Cotton invented the Cotton GinGin

Now massive amounts Now massive amounts of cotton could be of cotton could be processed in the processed in the Americas-exported to Americas-exported to Europe and turned Europe and turned into finished productsinto finished products

Cottage Industries Cottage Industries could not handle the could not handle the raw materialsraw materials

SteamSteam Steam Does the WorkSteam Does the Work Soon factories were making cotton goods in Soon factories were making cotton goods in

greater quantities than ever before. But there greater quantities than ever before. But there was a problem.was a problem.

Not all factories could be located near a source Not all factories could be located near a source of water to run the machines. Factory owners of water to run the machines. Factory owners needed a new way to power their machinery.needed a new way to power their machinery.

Steam engines offered a way to power machinery Steam engines offered a way to power machinery without relying on water power. Steam engines without relying on water power. Steam engines has been tried for years as a way to power has been tried for years as a way to power pumps in coal mines. pumps in coal mines.

Inventions/InventorsInventions/Inventors James Watt figured out James Watt figured out

a way to make a steam a way to make a steam engine which got four engine which got four times as much power times as much power from the same amount from the same amount of coal. That was a big of coal. That was a big improvement, and a improvement, and a more powerful engine more powerful engine could do more work. could do more work.

Steam could now not Steam could now not only be used for only be used for Industry but also Industry but also transportationtransportation

TransportationTransportation In 1807 Robert Fulton In 1807 Robert Fulton

builds the 1builds the 1stst steamship steamship In the 1820’s the first In the 1820’s the first

steam powered steam powered locomotive is builtlocomotive is built

Because Britain had Because Britain had vast amounts of coal to vast amounts of coal to fuel the steam engines, fuel the steam engines, large amounts of large amounts of waterways, excellent waterways, excellent ports and harbors, ports and harbors, Britain could transport Britain could transport goods and people goods and people quickly and quickly and industrialize rapidlyindustrialize rapidly

Other TechnologiesOther Technologies

Over the next 100 years other Over the next 100 years other inventions that grew out of the inventions that grew out of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Telegraph-1837 allowed people to Telegraph-1837 allowed people to

communicate in secondscommunicate in seconds Telephone-1876 Alexander Graham BellTelephone-1876 Alexander Graham Bell Radio-1890’s Marconi GuglielmoRadio-1890’s Marconi Guglielmo Lightbulb-1879 EdisonLightbulb-1879 Edison Internal Combustion Engine-1885Internal Combustion Engine-1885 Airplane-1903Airplane-1903

Other TechnologiesOther Technologies

PasteurizationPasteurization VaccinationsVaccinations X-raysX-rays Charles Darwin and the concept of Charles Darwin and the concept of

Natural SelectionNatural Selection

Class QuestionClass Question

Discuss Discuss How could the factory system be both a How could the factory system be both a

blessing a curse for the working man and blessing a curse for the working man and woman?woman?

What are long term and short term What are long term and short term ramifications of rapid industrializationramifications of rapid industrialization

Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Improvement in TransportationImprovement in Transportation UrbanizationUrbanization Working ConditionsWorking Conditions The Rise of Big Business The Rise of Big Business Laissez-Faire EconomicsLaissez-Faire Economics Rise in Standard of LivingRise in Standard of Living Change in Social RolesChange in Social Roles New Class StructureNew Class Structure

Factories and Working Factories and Working ConditionsConditions

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution allowed for the creation allowed for the creation and invention of new and invention of new products from clothing to products from clothing to weaponsweapons

Products could be massed Products could be massed produced inexpensively produced inexpensively under the new factory under the new factory systemsystem

The invention of The invention of interchangeable parts by interchangeable parts by Eli Whitney meant that Eli Whitney meant that parts could easily be parts could easily be replaced if a a part broke replaced if a a part broke downdown


Assembly LineAssembly Line Henry Ford will create the assembly Henry Ford will create the assembly

line which meant that workers now had line which meant that workers now had specific jobs to do, work would move specific jobs to do, work would move quickly down the line and goods could quickly down the line and goods could now be produced in hours instead of now be produced in hours instead of days or weeksdays or weeks

This made the manufacturing very This made the manufacturing very profitableprofitable


Cost to the menCost to the men While new machines and new ideas on how to While new machines and new ideas on how to

produce goods were created it created a social produce goods were created it created a social problemsproblems

The value of handmade goods decreased-mass The value of handmade goods decreased-mass produced was cheaper and easier to createproduced was cheaper and easier to create

The assembly line allowed for no creativity. The assembly line allowed for no creativity. The individual had no place on the line The individual had no place on the line machines they were becoming parts of the machines they were becoming parts of the machinesmachines


Why was the factory system Why was the factory system inexpensive?inexpensive?

Workers were overworked-6 Workers were overworked-6 to 7 days a week-12,14,16 to 7 days a week-12,14,16 hours a dayhours a day

Underpaid-workers received Underpaid-workers received very low wages which kept very low wages which kept them locked in poverty them locked in poverty making only enough to feed making only enough to feed their families and to live in their families and to live in tenement housing.tenement housing.

Dangerous conditions-Dangerous conditions-machines often lacked safety machines often lacked safety guards-Interiors of factories guards-Interiors of factories were not well lit-There was were not well lit-There was no insurance to for workers no insurance to for workers that were hurt on the jobthat were hurt on the job


Why was the factory Why was the factory system inexpensive?system inexpensive?

Child labor-Children as Child labor-Children as young as the age of 6 young as the age of 6 worked in the factories.worked in the factories.

Children worked 6 to 7 Children worked 6 to 7 days a week 12 hours a days a week 12 hours a day.day.

Children were often Children were often beaten to get them to beaten to get them to work.work.

Factory workers would Factory workers would often splash water on often splash water on children or hit them with a children or hit them with a stick to keep them awake stick to keep them awake while working the long while working the long hourshours


Child LaborChild Labor Children had small hands and were good with Children had small hands and were good with

working with threadworking with thread Because children were smaller they were able to Because children were smaller they were able to

get under and around machines easier then adultsget under and around machines easier then adults Children could be trained to work at factory workChildren could be trained to work at factory work Children were cheap laborChildren were cheap labor Children were only paid 1/6 of what an adult male Children were only paid 1/6 of what an adult male

would makewould make Often times factory owners would hire children Often times factory owners would hire children

because they were cheaper then adultsbecause they were cheaper then adults Because of this children became the main money Because of this children became the main money

makers for the familymakers for the family

Living ConditionsLiving Conditions Living ConditionsLiving Conditions

People lived in areas called row housesPeople lived in areas called row houses People lived in overcrowded apartmentsPeople lived in overcrowded apartments Most apartments had no Most apartments had no

• Running waterRunning water• SewersSewers• Trash pick upTrash pick up

Sewers and open drains were common in most Sewers and open drains were common in most citiescities

Because cities could not get rid of human and Because cities could not get rid of human and animal waste, it rotted in the streetsanimal waste, it rotted in the streets• Cities smelled horridCities smelled horrid

With no fresh drinking water people often drank With no fresh drinking water people often drank from unsanitary waterfrom unsanitary water

Living ConditionsLiving Conditions DiseaseDisease

CholeraCholera Disease spread quickly. Disease spread quickly.

Cholera epidemics wiped Cholera epidemics wiped out large portions of the out large portions of the people living in the slumspeople living in the slums

An acute diarrhea disease An acute diarrhea disease of the intestines.of the intestines.

Caused by bacteria.Caused by bacteria. After contraction the After contraction the

person can show signs person can show signs after a few hours or up to after a few hours or up to 5 days later.5 days later.

If untreated a persons If untreated a persons chances of survival are chances of survival are about 40%about 40%

Living ConditionsLiving Conditions

TyphusTyphus Typhus carried by lice, fleas, or mites. Typhus carried by lice, fleas, or mites.

Often times these lice live in dirty, Often times these lice live in dirty, unclean bedding, clothing.unclean bedding, clothing.

People who can not wash their clothing, People who can not wash their clothing, clean themselves or have clean bedding clean themselves or have clean bedding will often times contract lice.will often times contract lice.

It kills up to 40 percent of its victimsIt kills up to 40 percent of its victims If not treated the person dies in about If not treated the person dies in about

two weekstwo weeks

Living ConditionsLiving Conditions

The cityThe city Life in the city was a big change from rural Life in the city was a big change from rural

lifelife Lack of fresh air-city air was often polluted Lack of fresh air-city air was often polluted

from the smoke (burning coal) from factories from the smoke (burning coal) from factories and railroadsand railroads

Smog and smoke filled skies lead to the lack Smog and smoke filled skies lead to the lack of sunshineof sunshine

Cities were overcrowded Cities were overcrowded Living and working conditions often lead to Living and working conditions often lead to

despair among the people despair among the people

Living ConditionsLiving Conditions Writers of the time like Charles Dickens often wrote Writers of the time like Charles Dickens often wrote

about the plight of the those living in the cities and about the plight of the those living in the cities and working in the factoriesworking in the factories

““It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye. . . .” smelling dye. . . .”

— — Charles Dickens, Hard Times Charles Dickens, Hard Times

Economics & Social Economics & Social ReformReform

Solutions to the Solutions to the

Problems Problems

Of the Of the


Rise of the Industrial ClassRise of the Industrial Class

Industrialization created new social Industrialization created new social classesclasses

A new class of society became very A new class of society became very rich off the success of the Industrial rich off the success of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

The idea of private ownership, a free The idea of private ownership, a free market system and laissez-faire market system and laissez-faire capitalism gave rise to a higher capitalism gave rise to a higher standard of living for most peoplestandard of living for most people

The Standard of LivingThe Standard of Living

The rich lived in nice neighborhoods The rich lived in nice neighborhoods at the edge of cities.at the edge of cities.

The poor lived in slums or near The poor lived in slums or near factories.factories.

Over time the poor would make Over time the poor would make some gains however it was still the some gains however it was still the investors who became rich.investors who became rich.

The Growth of the Middle The Growth of the Middle ClassClass

The middle class grew out of people The middle class grew out of people who had small sums of money to who had small sums of money to investinvest

These people were able to turn small These people were able to turn small sums of money into a larger profitsums of money into a larger profit

These new wealthy people were able These new wealthy people were able to buy their way into high societyto buy their way into high society

New Class StructureNew Class Structure

The Industrial Revolution created a The Industrial Revolution created a new class structure.new class structure. The upper classThe upper class

• Very rich industrial or business people.Very rich industrial or business people. The upper middle classThe upper middle class

• Business people and professionals, doctors, Business people and professionals, doctors, lawyers. Their standard of living was high.lawyers. Their standard of living was high.

• This was a new social class in society.This was a new social class in society.

New Class StructureNew Class Structure

The lower middle classThe lower middle class• Teachers, office workers, shop owners and Teachers, office workers, shop owners and

clerks.clerks.• These were the second part of the now These were the second part of the now

large middle class.large middle class.• Both upper and lower middle classes Both upper and lower middle classes

enjoyed a comfortable standard of living.enjoyed a comfortable standard of living. The lower classThe lower class

• Factory workers and peasants. They had Factory workers and peasants. They had harsh working conditions and lived in harsh working conditions and lived in overcrowded slums.overcrowded slums.

Adam SmithAdam Smith Believed in free Believed in free

market and free market and free economy.economy.

Wrote the book Wrote the book Wealth Wealth of Nationsof Nations..

Economic liberty Economic liberty guarantees economic guarantees economic progress.progress.

Believed the natural Believed the natural laws governed laws governed business and the business and the economy.economy.

Adam SmithAdam Smith

Smith wrote that prosperity and Smith wrote that prosperity and fairness were best achieved through fairness were best achieved through private ownershipprivate ownership

Under the free market system the Under the free market system the individual should own the means of individual should own the means of production and sell their services and production and sell their services and goods on a free and open marketgoods on a free and open market

Supply and demand from the public Supply and demand from the public would then guide the prices of goods would then guide the prices of goods and the availability of goodsand the availability of goods

Laissez-Faire CapitalismLaissez-Faire Capitalism

Under Smith’s idea of a free market Under Smith’s idea of a free market economy he believed economy he believed That businesses should operate with That businesses should operate with

little of no government interference.little of no government interference. This was a change from the Mercantilism This was a change from the Mercantilism

system and the favorable balance of system and the favorable balance of trade in which government regulated trade in which government regulated trade and industries.trade and industries.

Smith saw this government run Smith saw this government run Mercantilism as corrupt and inefficientMercantilism as corrupt and inefficient

Rise of Big BusinessRise of Big Business

Smith’s ideas gave rise to the idea of Big Smith’s ideas gave rise to the idea of Big BusinessBusiness

Large amounts of money were needed to Large amounts of money were needed to invest in the new industries.invest in the new industries. Business owners sold stock or shares in the Business owners sold stock or shares in the

company to raise money.company to raise money. Most of the money (capital) went back to the Most of the money (capital) went back to the

business man.business man. Companies like the British East India Company Companies like the British East India Company

became very profitable not only for the owners but became very profitable not only for the owners but also the investors also the investors

Rise of Big BusinessRise of Big Business

The idea that money is spent or The idea that money is spent or invested so that the investor can invested so that the investor can make a profit.make a profit.

More money spent more money More money spent more money made.made.

The private investor controls the The private investor controls the economy not the government.economy not the government.

Problems with this MethodProblems with this Method

While prices fell and wages rose not all While prices fell and wages rose not all people especially the poor and working people especially the poor and working class got richclass got rich

Business Cycles controlled the economyBusiness Cycles controlled the economy Hard times to recovery and growth and then Hard times to recovery and growth and then

back to hard timesback to hard times Workers found themselves employed and then Workers found themselves employed and then

unemployedunemployed The government did little to help the The government did little to help the

unemployedunemployed Workers had little money saved for hard timesWorkers had little money saved for hard times

Malthus and RicardoMalthus and Ricardo

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus Believed the Believed the

population increased population increased faster then the food faster then the food supply.supply.

Without war and Without war and disease the disease the population would not population would not die off.die off.

Need war and Need war and disease to kill off the disease to kill off the poor.poor.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo Believed the poor Believed the poor

would always be would always be poor.poor.

The more workers The more workers the more wages the more wages would be dropped would be dropped down.down.

The lower wages The lower wages the less the poor the less the poor made.made.

CaptialismCaptialism

Smith, Malthus and Ricardo all Smith, Malthus and Ricardo all believed that the government should believed that the government should not interfere with the economy.not interfere with the economy. Also that the government should not Also that the government should not

help the poor.help the poor.

DarwinDarwin

1859 Charles Darwin 1859 Charles Darwin produced the theory produced the theory that humans evolved that humans evolved over millions of years.over millions of years.

Natural selection.Natural selection. Members of each Members of each

species compete to species compete to survive.survive.

The most able survive The most able survive and improve the and improve the species.species.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Took Darwin's Took Darwin's

theories and theories and applied them to applied them to human society. human society.

Spencer, not Spencer, not Darwin, was the Darwin, was the first person to coin first person to coin the phrase "survival the phrase "survival of the fittest." of the fittest."

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

He believed that government He believed that government intervention such as welfare for the intervention such as welfare for the poor, public education, and poor, public education, and government healthcare, helped weak government healthcare, helped weak humans survive. humans survive.

Spencer believed that the poor Spencer believed that the poor should be allowed to die off thus should be allowed to die off thus making society stronger.making society stronger.

Social ReformistSocial Reformist Utilitarianism Utilitarianism

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

People should be People should be judged on the basis judged on the basis of their usefulness.of their usefulness.

Government should Government should promote the promote the greatest good for greatest good for the greatest the greatest number of people.number of people.

John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill Believed Believed

government should government should improve the lives of improve the lives of the poor.the poor.

Government should Government should create policies that create policies that make the division make the division of profits equal.of profits equal.

SocialismSocialism

Concentrate less on the lives of the Concentrate less on the lives of the individual and more on the needs of society.individual and more on the needs of society.

Government controls the distribution of Government controls the distribution of goods.goods.

Businesses and farms belong to all the Businesses and farms belong to all the people, not individuals.people, not individuals.

Factors of production are owned by the Factors of production are owned by the people.people.

Socialism was the belief in human nature, Socialism was the belief in human nature, progress, and a concern for social justice.progress, and a concern for social justice.

Utopian SocialismUtopian Socialism Self sufficient communities Self sufficient communities

where the work is shared.where the work is shared. All people would have All people would have

equal wealth.equal wealth. All fighting in the world All fighting in the world

would end.would end. Robert Owen set up a Robert Owen set up a

Utopian factory Utopian factory community.community.

Utopian Socialism was a Utopian Socialism was a failure because it was failure because it was found that a fair and equal found that a fair and equal system of sharing work system of sharing work could not be foundcould not be found

Marxist SocialismMarxist Socialism

Karl MarxKarl Marx German PhilosopherGerman Philosopher Promoted a radical Promoted a radical

theory of “scientific theory of “scientific socialism”socialism”

Worked with German Worked with German Economist Friedrich Economist Friedrich Engles.Engles.

Wrote the Wrote the Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto in 1848. in 1848.

MarxMarx

Marx had spent most of his adult life Marx had spent most of his adult life living in povertyliving in poverty

Marx believed that the factory Marx believed that the factory workers did have opportunities to workers did have opportunities to advance in the business world and to advance in the business world and to raise their standard of livingraise their standard of living

However Marx said that the workers However Marx said that the workers were being exploited by capitalismwere being exploited by capitalism

What is Communism under What is Communism under MarxMarx

Marx believed;Marx believed; In two social classes In two social classes The Bourgeoisie or the owners of The Bourgeoisie or the owners of

the factories and the raw materials the factories and the raw materials which are processed in them. which are processed in them.

The Proletariat, or the workers The Proletariat, or the workers who are forced to sell their labor who are forced to sell their labor to the Bourgeoisie.to the Bourgeoisie.

What is Communism under What is Communism under MarxMarx

Marx believed that the exploitation was Marx believed that the exploitation was not just at the hands of the factory owners not just at the hands of the factory owners but in the way capitalism was practicedbut in the way capitalism was practiced

According to Marx the idea of capitalism According to Marx the idea of capitalism was flawedwas flawed

Marx said that the only way society could Marx said that the only way society could become equal if is the workers rose up become equal if is the workers rose up and overthrew the owners.and overthrew the owners. ““The proletarians have nothing to lose but their The proletarians have nothing to lose but their

chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen of chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen of all counties, unite.”all counties, unite.”

The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto Marx and Engles pointed out in their book the Marx and Engles pointed out in their book the

Communist Manifesto Communist Manifesto History was a class struggle between wealthy History was a class struggle between wealthy

capitalist (bourgeoisie) and working class capitalist (bourgeoisie) and working class (proletariat)(proletariat)

In order to make profits the capitalist took In order to make profits the capitalist took advantage of the working class (Lower wages).advantage of the working class (Lower wages).

The proletariat must take over all means of The proletariat must take over all means of power, the government, courts, police and power, the government, courts, police and church-all of which were on the side of the richchurch-all of which were on the side of the rich

Once the revolution was over then these Once the revolution was over then these instruments of power would no longer be instruments of power would no longer be neededneeded

Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto

Marx and Engles predicted that the Marx and Engles predicted that the revolution would occur as followsrevolution would occur as follows

The proletariat would The proletariat would Rise up and overthrow the capitalist Rise up and overthrow the capitalist

system system Create their own government.Create their own government. Take control of the means of production.Take control of the means of production. Establish a classless, communist, Establish a classless, communist,

society.society. Wealth would be shared. Wealth would be shared.

Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto The Communist Manifest was not just a The Communist Manifest was not just a

theory it was something that Marx and theory it was something that Marx and Engles had observedEngles had observed

In the early 1800’s a group of workers in In the early 1800’s a group of workers in England known as the Luddites protested England known as the Luddites protested poor working conditions and low wages by poor working conditions and low wages by destroying equipment in factoriesdestroying equipment in factories

The government (and instrument of the rich The government (and instrument of the rich according to Marx) sided with the owners-according to Marx) sided with the owners-executed some of the Luddites and enacted executed some of the Luddites and enacted harsh laws against those who might want to harsh laws against those who might want to revolt against factory ownersrevolt against factory owners

Marxism/CommunismMarxism/Communism

The Communist Manifesto produced only The Communist Manifesto produced only a few uprisings in 1848 which were a few uprisings in 1848 which were quickly put down.quickly put down.

However Marxist thought will However Marxist thought will inspire revolutionaries like inspire revolutionaries like Lenin-Russia (1917)Lenin-Russia (1917) Mao Zedong-China (1930’s)Mao Zedong-China (1930’s) Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam (1950’s)Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam (1950’s) Fidel Castro-Cuba (1950’s)Fidel Castro-Cuba (1950’s)

ReformsReforms

With the growth of Middle Class having With the growth of Middle Class having a say in politics many began to speak out a say in politics many began to speak out about the evils of the factory systemabout the evils of the factory system

Many of these people believed that while Many of these people believed that while capitalism was a positive for the capitalism was a positive for the economy laws were needed to keep economy laws were needed to keep abuses from rising up in the systemabuses from rising up in the system

Government needed to act to protect Government needed to act to protect both the factory owners and the factory both the factory owners and the factory workersworkers

ReformsReforms

In places like the United States and In places like the United States and Britain enlightenment ideas were strong Britain enlightenment ideas were strong and guided each country to make and guided each country to make reformsreforms

In countries like Russia were the In countries like Russia were the absolute monarch still ruled the peasant absolute monarch still ruled the peasant class remained oppressed and reforms class remained oppressed and reforms were nonexistentwere nonexistent

Because of this Marxist ideas not Because of this Marxist ideas not democratic-capitalism ideas would democratic-capitalism ideas would become popular with peasantsbecome popular with peasants

ReformsReforms

Command EconomiesCommand Economies Controlled by strong, centralized Controlled by strong, centralized

government government Usually focuses on industrial goods Usually focuses on industrial goods Little attention paid to agriculture and Little attention paid to agriculture and

consumer goods consumer goods Marxism/CommunismMarxism/Communism Soviet Union/ChinaSoviet Union/China

ReformsReforms

MixedMixed Combination of Market (Capitalism) and Combination of Market (Capitalism) and

Command (Marxist-Communism) economic Command (Marxist-Communism) economic systems systems

Market forces control of most consumer Market forces control of most consumer goods goods

Government directs industry in need areas.Government directs industry in need areas. After World War Two most major economies After World War Two most major economies

of Europe and the United States adopted a of Europe and the United States adopted a mixed socialist/communist and capitalistic mixed socialist/communist and capitalistic type economytype economy

ReformsReforms

In the later part of the 19In the later part of the 19thth century century people began to see the social people began to see the social consequences of the Industrial consequences of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution PoorPoor Long hours little payLong hours little pay Child laborChild labor Slums in citiesSlums in cities

It was clear that social reforms were It was clear that social reforms were needed!needed!

ReformsReforms

Advances in EducationAdvances in Education Public schools are set up.Public schools are set up.

Michael Sadler (The Sadler Report)Michael Sadler (The Sadler Report) Lead to the Factories Regulation Act of Lead to the Factories Regulation Act of

1833.1833.• Prohibitive children under 9 from being Prohibitive children under 9 from being

employed.employed.• Limited the number of hours worked for Limited the number of hours worked for

children under 18.children under 18.

Factory Act of 1833Factory Act of 1833 In 1833 the Government passed a Factory Act to In 1833 the Government passed a Factory Act to

improve conditions for children working in factories. improve conditions for children working in factories. No child workers under 9 years of age No child workers under 9 years of age Employers must have a medical or age certificate for child Employers must have a medical or age certificate for child

workers workers Children between the ages of 9-13 to work no more than 9 Children between the ages of 9-13 to work no more than 9

hours a day hours a day Children between 13-18 to work no more than 12 hours a day Children between 13-18 to work no more than 12 hours a day Children are not to work at night Children are not to work at night Two hours schooling each day for children Two hours schooling each day for children Four factory inspectors appointed to enforce the law Four factory inspectors appointed to enforce the law

throughout the whole of the country. throughout the whole of the country. Make conditions safer in the factoriesMake conditions safer in the factories

However, the passing of this Act did not mean that However, the passing of this Act did not mean that overnight the mistreatment of children stopped. overnight the mistreatment of children stopped.

NationalNational Child Labor Child Labor CommitteeCommittee

By 1904 reformers ended child By 1904 reformers ended child labor.labor.

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

During the Industrial Revolution During the Industrial Revolution workers had rioted or went on strike workers had rioted or went on strike usually whenusually when food prices were too highfood prices were too high High unemploymentHigh unemployment

Most of these riots often lead to no Most of these riots often lead to no change in the working conditionschange in the working conditions

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

By the 1830’s-1840’s however By the 1830’s-1840’s however workers understood that if they workers understood that if they stood together during strikes they stood together during strikes they might change their plight in the might change their plight in the factory systemfactory system

Labor UnionsLabor Unions Unions were developed to support workersUnions were developed to support workers

Unions assisted inUnions assisted in• Gaining better working conditionsGaining better working conditions• More payMore pay• Shorter work days Shorter work days • Shorter work weeksShorter work weeks• Safety in the workplaceSafety in the workplace• PensionsPensions• Health InsuranceHealth Insurance

In Britain the labor unions often times formed In Britain the labor unions often times formed political parties. The most famous was the political parties. The most famous was the Labour Party which is still a force in politics Labour Party which is still a force in politics in Britain today.in Britain today.

Labor UnionsLabor Unions Towards the end of the Industrial Towards the end of the Industrial

Revolution factory owners realized that Revolution factory owners realized that HealthyHealthy HappyHappy Well paid work forceWell paid work force

Meant Meant More productivityMore productivity Loyal workersLoyal workers

Soon people were actually able to Soon people were actually able to increase their standard of living and work increase their standard of living and work their way up from one class to anothertheir way up from one class to another

WomenWomen

Men began to earn more moneyMen began to earn more money Women left the factories and took on roles Women left the factories and took on roles

as homemakersas homemakers However they also took on a more political However they also took on a more political

role role Women became reformistWomen became reformist

• Serviced the poorServiced the poor• Fought against slaveryFought against slavery• Fought for the rights of womenFought for the rights of women

It would not be until 1928 that women It would not be until 1928 that women would be given the right to votewould be given the right to vote

WomenWomen

Women as ConsumersWomen as Consumers Women who were at home began to Women who were at home began to

become societies consumersbecome societies consumers They bought sewing machine, clocks, They bought sewing machine, clocks,

stoves, and items that made housework stoves, and items that made housework easiereasier

Women fueled the growth of the Women fueled the growth of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Global EffectGlobal Effect While in Europe there were reforms and an While in Europe there were reforms and an

increase in the standard of living there was increase in the standard of living there was still a repression of the lower classesstill a repression of the lower classes

By 1900 many Europeans decided to try to By 1900 many Europeans decided to try to make a new life somewhere elsemake a new life somewhere else

Between 1800 and 1920 50 million Between 1800 and 1920 50 million Europeans migrated to North and South Europeans migrated to North and South AmericaAmerica Millions left Ireland due to the potato famineMillions left Ireland due to the potato famine Thousands more left Russia and other European Thousands more left Russia and other European

countries for Anti-Semitic reasonscountries for Anti-Semitic reasons Millions left to escape a life of povertyMillions left to escape a life of poverty

industrial revolution. industrial revolution began in the 18 th century in britain began in the 18...

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