information systems - copy

8/3/2019 Information Systems - Copy

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In ormation Systems

Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh


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Data Vs Information

DATAProcessingDATA Information

INPUT Processing OUTPUT



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Refers to details, facts about

any event.Disorganized &

Refers to only those events

which concerned with entity.Properly arranged, classified

Differences

.

In raw form.

Cant be understood or used

by users.

Does not depend upon

information.

.

In finished form.

Understood & used by the

users.

Based upon & derived from

data.Prepared By: Gurpreet Singh


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Data, Information, and KnowledgeData: Raw Facts.

Information: Collection of facts organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts themselves.

Knowledge: Awareness and Understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or

reach a decision.



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Data, Information, and KnowledgeTypes of Data:



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Defining and Organizing Relationships Among Data

Creates Information.

Data, Information, and Knowledge



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The Process of Transforming Data into Information.

Data, Information, and Knowledge



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Action Vs No-action

Recurring Vs Non-recurring

Internal Vs External

Classification of Information



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Action: E.g. No Stock report calling a Purchase Action

No-action: E.g. Stock Ledger showing Store Transactions

Recurrin : E. . Monthl Sales Re ort.

Classification of Information

Non-recurring: E.g. Financial Analysis, Market Research Study.

Internal: E.g. Internal Sources of Org.

External: E.g. External Sources of Org. i.e. Government Reports, Industry Survey.



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Organization & Information

TOP MGT

EXTERNAL LOW

MIDDLE MGT

OPERATIONAL MGT

SOURCE OFINFORMATION

INTERNAL

STRUCTUREDINFORMATION

HIGH

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE



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COI-In Terms Of ApplicationPlanning Information

Control Information

Knowledge Information

Organizational Information

Database Information

Functional/Operational Information



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Planning Inf.: E.g. Time or Design Standards.

Control Inf.: E.g. Reporting the status of an activity.

Knowledge Inf.: E.g. Knowledge base.

COI-In Terms Of Application

rgan zat ona n .: E.g. Used by all in org.Database Inf.: E.g. Multiple use information.

Functional/Operational Inf.: E.g. Information used in operations of a business.



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Why Information System Are ImportantInformation System Resources & Technologies

An End User PerspectiveAn Enterprise Perspective

A Global Societ Pers ective

People

Data

Software

Networks

Hardware



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Information QualityTimelines

Accuracy

Relevance

Adequacy Completeness

Explicitness

Exception-based



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Information QualityTimelines: Information must reach recipient at right time.

Accuracy: Information free from mistakes and errors.

Relevance: Relevant to users, may be for one not for others.

Adequacy: Information sufficient in quantity.Completeness: Information should be complete.

Explicitness: Information which doesnt require further analysis.

Exception-based: Only particular information to be used by manager.To the point.



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Utilities Of InformationForm Utility: Form (type) should match with user requirements.

Time Utility: Information available when needed.

Place Utility: More value of information if it can be accessed or delivered

easily.Possession Utility: Person who had the information influences its value.



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Information SystemA set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and

disseminate data and information, and provide feedback to

meet an objective.

Examples: ATMs, Airline Reservation Systems, CourseReservation Systems etc.



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Characteristics Of Information System1. Management Oriented/Directed

2. Business Driven/Justified

3. Integrated

.

5. Heavy Planning Element

6. Subsystem Concept

7. Flexibility & Ease Of Use8. Data Base

9. Distributed Systems

10. Information As A ResourcePrepared By: Gurpreet Singh


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1. Management Oriented/Directed: IS for all in organization.

2. Business Driven/Justified: Must be linked to business plan of org.

3. Integrated: Integration of IS Subsystems.

Characteristics Of Information System

4. ommon a a ows: ecause o ntegrat on common ata ows.

5. Heavy Planning Element: IS doesnt come overnight, 3-5 years.

6. Subsystem Concept: No. of departments = Subsystems.

7. Flexibility & Ease Of Use: For future modification & easy to use.8. Data Base: It is the central objective.

9. Distributed Systems: E.g. Banking System.

10. Information As A ResourcePrepared By: Gurpreet Singh


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Levels Of ManagementRobert B. Anthony in 1965 described 3 Levels Of Business

Activities Carried Out In Operating An Organization :

Top Management

(Strategic Planning)Middle Management

(Management Control)

Operational Management(Operational Control)



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Management Levels

StrategicPlanning

Top Mgt.

Policies Plans Budgets Procedures


Operational Control

ManagementControl Middle Management

Schedules Measurements

Goods Services Performance

Revenue Cost Profit

Operating Management


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Fundamental Role of ISSupport of strategic competitive advantage.

Support of business operations.

Support of managerial decision making.



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Support of

Fundamental Role of IS

Strateg c A vantage

Support of ManagerialDecision making

Support of Business Operations



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Globalization

Globalization

Technology

c en o aMarket

o a us ness& Alliances

e wor e o aCorporation



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IT Initiative Process Changed Business Benefit

Individual Laptop System Sales Call Increased Sales

Business Process Reengineering

Work Group Product Database ProductDistributionGreater Customer

SatisfactionBusiness

UnitProduct Mgt.

SystemMarketing ChannelCommunications

Improved CompetitivePosition



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Competitive AdvantageCompetitive Advantage = Using IT for Globalization

and BPR

It includes:Cost Strategies

Differentiation Strategies

Innovation Strategies



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Control Of System Performance

Components of an Information System

Network Resources

Communications Media & Network Support

Input of DataResources

Processing DataInto Information

Output of Information

Products

Storage of Data Resources



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People Resources:End Users

IS SpecialistHardware Resources:Computer SystemsComputer Peripherals


Software SystemApplication SoftwareProcedures

Data Resources:Data Bases

Knowledge BasesNetwork Resources:Communication MediaNetwork Support



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People Resources:End Users: E.g. Accountants, Salesperson, Customers, Clerks etc.

IS Specialist: E.g. System Analyst, Programmers, Computer Operators etc.Hardware Resources:Computer Systems:Computer Peripherals:


Software System: E.g. Operating System.Application Software: E.g. Sales Analysis Program, Word Processing etc.Procedures: E.g. Operating Instructions for using a Software Package.

Data Resources:Data Bases: E.g. That hold Processed and Organized data.

Knowledge Bases: E.g. That holds Knowledge in a variety of forms.Network Resources:Communication Media: E.g. Twisted Pair Wire, Fiber Optics, Microwave etcNetwork Support: E.g. Modems, Internet Access Package etc.



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Major Types of Systems in OrganizationKind of Information

Systems StrategicLevel

Seniors

Managers

Groups Served

Level

KnowledgeLevel

OperationalLevel

Managers

Knowledge & Data Workers

OperationalManagement

Functional Areas Sales & ManufacturingMarketing

Finance Accounting Human Resources



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Different Kinds Of SystemsOperational-Level Systems

Knowledge-Level Systems

Management-Level Systems

Strategic-Level Systems



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Different Kinds Of SystemsOperational-Level Systems:

This system supports Operational manager by keeping track of theelementary activities and transactions of the organization, such as sales,

, .

E.g. ATM machine, System that track the no. of hours worked each day

by employees on a factory floor.

Knowledge-Level SystemsThe purpose of KLS is to help the business from integrate new

knowledge into the business.



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Different Kinds Of SystemsManagement-Level Systems:

These system serve monitoring, controlling, decision making andadministrative activities of middle manager.

operations.

Strategic-Level Systems:These systems help senior management tackle and address strategic

issues and long term trends.



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An Example:The sales functional generally has a sales system on

the operational level to record daily sales figures andto process orders.

A knowledge level system designs promotionaldisplays for the firms products.A management level system tracks monthly salesfigures by sales territory and reports on territories where sales exceed or fall below the benchmark.



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ESS - Executive Support Systems

DSS - Decision Support Systems

MIS - Management Information Systems

Six Major Types of Information Systems

KWS - Knowledge Work SystemsOffice Systems

TPS - Transaction Processing Systems



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Characteristics of Information Processing Systems

Types ofSystem Information Inputs Processing

InformationOutputs Users

ESS Aggregate data, External,InternalGraphics, Simulations,Interactive

Projections, responsesto Queries Senior Managers

DSS

Low-Volume Data ormassive databasesoptimized for data

Interactive,Simulations,

Special reports,Decision analysis, Professional Staff

analysis, analytic models

& data analysis tools

analysis

Responses to queries

MISSummary TransactionData, High-volume data,Simple Models

Routine Reports,Simple Models, LowLevel Analysis

Summary & ExceptionReports Middle Managers

KWSDesign Specifications,Knowledge Base

Modeling Simulations Model Graphs Professional TechnicalStaff

Office System Documents, SchedulesDocumentmanagement,SchedulingCommunication

Documents Schedules,Mails Clerical Workers

TPS Transaction Events Sorting, Listing,Merging, Updating

Detailed Reports, Lists,

Summaries

Operations personnel,

supervisors
