innate versus adaptive

7/30/2019 Innate Versus Adaptive

1/52

Francis Ian L. Salaver, RMT

BMLS 3CDE


2/52

Types of Immunity

1. Natural/Innate/Nonspecific Immunity

2. Adaptive/Acquired Immunity


3/52

The immune system

Immune system

Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous

membranes)

Physological barriers

(temperature, pH)

Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat

invaders)

Inflammatory barriers (redness,

swelling, heat and pain)

Antigen specificity

Diversity

Immunological memory

Self/nonself recognition

Innate (non-specific) immunity Adaptive (specific) immunity


4/52

Humoral and cellular immunity(antibody mediated or cellular)

SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003

Pierre [email protected]

Annette [email protected]

Andreas [email protected]


5/52

Innate Immune system

First line Second line

1) Physical Barrier A- cells2) Chemical & biochemical inhibitors 1- Natural killer

3) Normal flora 2- Phagocytes

4) Mechanical barrier B- Soluble factorsC- Inflammatory

barriers

Component of Innate Immunity


6/52

Important components of innate immunityFactors that limit entry of microorganisms into the body

Factor Mode Of Action

-Keratin layer of intact skin -Acts as mechanical barrier

-Lysozyme in tears and other secretions -Degrades peptidoglycan in bacteria

cell wall

-Respiratory cilia -Elevate mucus containing trapped organisms

-Low pH in stomach and vagina; -Retards growth of microbes

fatty acids in skin

--Defensins (cationic peptides) -Create pores in microbial membrane

-Normal flora of throat, colon -Occupy receptors which prevent

and vagina colonization by pathogens


7/52

1) Physical barriers

Intact skin

Cilia

Mucous secretion

First line of defense


8/52

1) Mechanical barriers

Blinking reflex and tears

Coughing and sneezing reflex

Urination

Defecation

Vomiting

First line


9/52

2) Chemical & biochemical inhibitors

- Sweat and sebaceous secretion

- Hydrolytic enzymes in saliva

- HCl of the stomach

- Proteolytic enzyme in small intestine

- Lysozyme in tears (damages cell wall)

- Acidic pH in the adult vagina

First line


10/52

3) Normal bacterial flora

- Competition for essential nutrients

- Production of inhibitory substances

First line


11/52

Done with the First line

Before we will proceed to the

Second line of defense


12/52

What if..


13/52


14/52


15/52

Important components of innate immunityFactors that limit growth of microorganisms within the body

Natural killer cells

Neutrophils Macrophages and dendritic

cells

Inferons

Complement

Transferrin and lactoferrin

Fever

Inflammatory response

Kill virus infected cells

Ingest and destroy microbes Ingest and destroy microbes, and present

antigen to helper T-cells

Inhibit viral replication

C3b is an opsonin, membrane attack

complex creates holes in bacterialmembranes

Sequester iron required for bacterialgrowth

Elevated temperature retards bacterialgrowth

Limits spread of microbes


16/52

A) cells

1- Natural killer (NK)

Definition: Large granular lymphocytesInnate cytotoxic lymphocytes

Function : Provides non specific response to viruses and tumor cells

Second line


17/52

Natural Killer Activation Receptor


18/52

Natural Killer Cell Inhibition

Receptor


19/52

B- Phagocytes

What are the two most important phagocytes ?

Second line


20/52


21/52


22/52


23/52

Mechanism of Phagocytosis

Macrophage


24/52

Opsonins


25/52

Types of Opsonins


26/52

Question!!

How does a phagocyte recognize self from

nonself???????


27/52


28/52

Killing (two microbicidal routes)a- Oxygen depended system (powerful microbicidal

agents)

Oxygen converted to superoxide, anion,

hydrogen peroxide, activated oxygen andhydroxyl radicals.

b- Oxygen-independent system (anaerobic

conditions)Digestion and killing by lysozyme. Lactoferrin,

low pH, cationic proteins and hydrolytic and

proteolytic enzymes

Phagocytosis


29/52

What if the Bacterium is

AEROBIC??


30/52


31/52

What if the Bacterium is

ANAEROBIC??


32/52

Reaction of tissues to injury, characterized clinicallyby: heat, swelling,redness, pain, and loss of function.

Pathologically by : vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation, stasis,hyperemia, accumulation of leukocytes, exudation of fluid, and

deposition of fibrin.

C) Inflammation


33/52

Pathogenesis: Three main processes occur at the site

of inflammation, due to the release of chemical

mediators :

Increased blood flow (redness and warmth).

Increased vascular permeability (swelling, pain &

loss of function).

Leukocytic Infiltration.


34/52

Inflammatory Response

Histamine &

prostaglandins

released

Capillaries dilate

Clotting begins

Chemotactic

factors attract

phagocytic cells

Phagocytes

consume

pathogens &

cell debris


35/52

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Redness : Hyperaemia.

Warm : Hyperaemia.

Pain : Nerve, Chemical

mediators.

Swelling : Exudation

Loss of Function: Pain


36/52

D- Soluble factors

1- Acute phase protein (Plasma protein, CRP=C

Reactive Protein, Fibrin.)

2- Complement (proteins in serum, body

fluids)

3- Interferons (Proteins against viral

infections)

4- Properdin (Complement activation)

Second line


37/52

B- Soluble factors

5- Beta lysine (Antibacterial protein from

Platelets)6- Lactoferrrin; Transferrin ( Iron binding protein)

7- Lactoperoxidase (Saliva & Milk)

8- Lysozyme (Hydrolyze cell wall)

Second line


38/52

Proteins usually produced by virally infected cells

* Types of interferons:

1- Alpha interferon Secreted by Macrophages

Induced by Viruses or Polynucleotide

2- Beta interferon Secreted by Fibroblasts, Viruses

3- Gamma interferon T- lymphocytes, Specific antigens

Interferons


39/52

Protective action of interferons:

1) Activate T-cells

2) Activate macrophages

3) Activate NK

Interferons


40/52

This is a specific response to a specific

pathogen/antigen.

The response involves the creation ofAntibodies.

Third Line of Defense Specific Immune

Response


41/52


42/52

SPECIFIC OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNE

RESPONSE

S ifi I R


43/52

Specific Immune Response

Characteristics

Specificity

Heterogeneity

memory

S ifi I R


44/52

Specific Immune Response

Mechanisms

Humoral Immune Response or

Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AMI)Cell

Cellular Immune Response or Cell-

Mediated Immunity (CMI)


45/52

The Pathway of Specific Immune Response

Pathogens

Pathogens eaten by Macrophage

Displays portion of Pathogen

on surface

Helper-T cell recognizesPathogen

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3


46/52

Carried out by T-Cells

Infected cells are killed by

Cytotoxic TCells.

Carried out by B-cells

Antibodies are produced

and dumped into blood

stream.

Antibodies bind to antigens

and deactivate them.

Cellular Immunity .vs. Antibody Immunity

Cellular Immunity Antibody or Humoral Immunity

Humoral (Antibody Mediated)


47/52

Humoral (Antibody-Mediated)

Immunity

I Involves production of antibodies againstforeign antigens.

Antibodies are produced by a subset of

lymphocytes called B cells.

B cells that are stimulated will actively

secrete antibodies and are called plasma

cells.

Antibodies are Produced by B Lymphocytes


48/52

Antibodies are Produced by B Lymphocytes

Antibodies are Proteins that Recognize Specific


49/52

Antibodies are Proteins that Recognize SpecificAntigens


50/52

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Consist of immune activities different

from antibody-mediated immunity

is moderated by the link between Tlymphocytes and phagocytic cells

(macrophages)

Cell Mediated Immunity


51/52

Cell Mediated Immunity

Involves specialized set of lymphocytes

called T cells that recognize foreign

antigens on the surface of cells,

organisms, or tissues:

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

T cells regulate proliferation and activity of

other cells of the immune system: B cells,macrophages, neutrophils, etc.


52/52

innate versus adaptive

Documents