"inspection and rehabilitation | moffatt & nichol"
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Inspection and Rehabilitation
Moffatt & Nichol, internationally recognized
experts in waterfront structural engineering
and marine design, provides clients with
engineering services directed towards the
extension of service life. The focus of these
efforts is on existing marine structures,
bridges and other engineered structures for
port, military, and transportation clients. The
firm offers service life/durability modeling
capabilities to provide significant added value
to projects.
Services are performed by registered
engineers and engineer-divers who understand
the structural significance of observed
degradation and damage. The result is
effective assessments and engineered
solutions for cost-conscious clients. The
recommendations are commonly translated
into construction projects resulting in
rehabilitation and/or facility modernization.
Inspection and Rehabilitation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Above Water Inspection 2
Below Water Inspection 4
Material Sampling and Testing 6
Service Life Modeling 7
Bridge Inspection 8
Rehabilitation and Upgrade Engineering Design 9
Construction Phase Services 10
Inspection and Rehabilitation in Action 11
Inspection and Rehabilitation - a Global Practice 16
2 Inspection and Rehabilitation
Above Water Inspection
Moffatt & Nichol personnel approach each inspection and re-habilitation project with a solid methodical and analytical
engineering-based process. Experienced in a wide variety of struc-tures and diverse environments, the company is well equipped to carry out inspections from simple, straightforward tasks to more intricate projects that require complex material sampling and test-ing regimens.
Inspection of structures requires a safe, well thought-out approach, particularly in difficult-access scenarios commonly found underneath pier and bridge structures; with in-roadway inspection; and other hard-to-access locations.
Services include concrete degradation surveys; above and below deck inspection of piers, wharves and bridges; material sampling and testing; excavation and testing of buried structures; inspection of mechanical and electrical utilities; and cathodic protection system inspection.
Hard-to-access Structures
Below Deck Inspection
Using a man-lift to perform underdeck inspection – portion of field notes shown below
Confined-space entry and bridge snoopers are commonly used during inspection
Navy Pier Rehabilitation, Unified Port of San Diego
Inspection and Rehabilitation 3
Above Water Inspection
Corrosion-related concrete damage surveysAbove and below deck inspection of piers, wharves and bridges
Material sampling/mooring hardware inspection
Inspection of mechanical and electrical utilities
Excavation and testing of buried structures
Examination of cathodic protection systems
Typical utilities include steam, compressed air, waste water, potable water, oily waste, electrical switchgear and transformers
Hands-on inspection and testing of structural members
Manlift for access to timber pier
Extracting concrete cores for petrographic analysis
Excavating to expose a closed-cell steel sheet pile cofferdam
Inspection of mooring hardware and foundations
Inspection of tie-rods and deadman structures
Inspection and assessment of coatings and life-cycle perfor-mance of steel structures in the marine environment
Documenting below deck damage
4 Inspection and Rehabilitation
Below Water Inspection
Below water structural engineering inspections are con-ducted with a dual emphasis - safe diving operations and
the placement of experienced structural engineers in the marine environment. Moffatt & Nichol maintains a team of more than 40 strategically-located engineer-divers, ready to respond to below water inspection assignments throughout the U. S. and around the globe.
The firm’s personnel perform dive operations with a careful assessment of safety, environmental and task requirements in a wide variety of above and below water climatic conditions, including limited visibility (turbid water), currents, confined conditions and extremely cold water. Moffatt & Nichol maintains strategically located dive vessels and support craft to enable personnel to gain access to most operational facilities.
Below water inspections are conducted in strict accordance with the firm’s in-house “Safe Diving and Vessel Operations Manual.” Moffatt & Nichol is certified by the Association of Diving Contractors International (ADCI) and performs diving operations in compliance with ADCI, OSHA and Army Corps of Engineer requirements.
LEVEL III INSPECTIONMaterial sampling and/or testing
LEVEL II INSPECTIONClose visual examination (removal of marine growth) of structural elements
LEVEL I INSPECTIONGeneral reconnaisance (“swim-by”) of structure
Moffatt & Nichol places
engineers in the water
to evaluate engineering
problems. The firm’s
divers have the expertise,
equipment and experience
to safely inspect and assess
submerged structures.
These inspections produce
innovative repairs leading
to rehabilitation and extension of service life of vital infrastructure.
Below Water inspection work is based upon The American
Society of Civil Engineers Standard Practice Manual No. 101,
“Underwater Investigations.” Three Moffatt & Nichol principals
were contributing authors.
Engineer-Divers
Inspection and Rehabilitation 5
Moffatt & Nichol’s engineer-divers routinely perform inspections of piers and wharves; seawalls and bulkheads; graving docks; cable arrays and ranges; rock structures (revetments and breakwaters); marinas; debris surveys; outfalls; and miscellaneous marine facilities.
Below Water Inspection
Timber Structures Concrete Structures Steel Structures
Timber pile remnant after marine borer attack.
Remnants of a hollow pre-stressed concrete pile damaged by delayed ettringite formation.
Uneven corrosion pattern on steel H-pile.
Portion of demolished ship superstructure located as part of a debris survey.
Debris Survey
Locating steel beams, cable and rope to be removed prior to sheet pile installation
6 Inspection and Rehabilitation
Material Sampling and Testing
The effect of the marine environment on structural mate-rials can be harsh and unforgiving. The service life and
structural capacity of elements composed of reinforced con-crete, structural steel, timber, and composites are affected by limited inspection and lack of routine maintenance. Moffatt & Nichol’s engineers are highly skilled in the above and below water sampling, testing and assessment of materials. This Inspection and Rehabilitation (I&R) skill-set, coupled with structural engineering expertise, allows for the evaluation and diagnosis of material degradation - ultimately resulting in innovative rehabilitation schemes aimed at maintaining or increasing load capacity; extension of service life; and return-on-investment.
Sampling and testingtechniques include:
Concretecore sampling• compressive strength testing• chloride ion testing• petrographic analysis• scanning electron microscopy• concrete chemistry• transport properties• corrosion mapping (ASTM C-876)• reinforcing bar location and concrete • cover readingscorrosion damage assessment• reinforcing bar sampling and testing• corrosion rate measurement•
Structural Steel ultrasonic thickness measurements• coating evaluations• half-cell potential measurements• coupon extraction and testing• cathodic protection system inspection • and evaluation
Timberdissolved oxygen testing• core sampling• creosote retention• wood type / property / strength testing•
Inspection and Rehabilitation 7
Service Life Modeling
Moffatt & Nichol uses Stadium®, a service life prediction modeling software, as a design
tool. This validated software achieves a reliable and quantifiable estimate of service life for new concrete infrastructure and the remaining service life of existing structures. Tailored design recom-mendations can be produced to suit clients needs, assuring optimum return on their investments. Using state-of-the art inspection and forensic techniques, Moffatt & Nichol can reliably forecast future performance of a given concrete structure.
Stadium® software combines the ion migration of chlorides with solid phase concrete degradation mechanisms. Through field sampling and laboratory testing, existing and potential degradation mechanisms can be identified, and intervention alternatives determined. These tools supplement detailed condition assessments and help predict service life, allowing life cycle costing of future maintenance and repairs that meet client expectations.
This work typically involves:
Field Sample Collection and Testingcoring for chloride ion sampling• corrosion measurements • coring for petrographic analysis• coring for transport properties•
Laboratory Testingchloride ion testing• petrographic / scanning electron microscopy• concrete transport properties•
Deterioration Mechanismschloride ion - induced corrosion • carbonation - induced corrosion• external sulfate attack• delayed ettringite formation•
Identification of Intervention Alternativessealants• cathodic protection system• internal coatings• external coatings / jackets / wraps• chloride extraction•
Drying test apparatus
Typical screen menu from “STADIUM®” service life modeling software
8 Inspection and Rehabilitation
Bridge Inspection
Admiral Clarey Bridge to Ford Island, Pearl Harbor, HIFort Madison Bridge, IA
Shockoe Bottom Viaduct, Richmond, VA
Moffatt & Nichol provides bridge inspec-tion services to the U. S. Navy, numer-
ous departments of Transportation (DOTs) and other infrastructure owners. This work typically involves aspects of above and below water inspection; material sampling and test-ing; and specific inspection related to fracture-critical members and bridge scour. The firm has numerous engineering personnel holding National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) certification as Inspection Team Leader as de-veloped by the National Highway Institute.
This work is often accomplished in association with Moffatt & Nichol’s well-established Transportation Practice – the firm having developed significant experience in bridge design throughout the United States and internationally as represented by landmark projects such as San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge and Virginia Dare Bridge. Highway 24 Bridge over the Columbia River, WA
Use of bridge snooper for below deck inspection
Inspection and Rehabilitation 9
State-of-the-art PS&Es are prepared by the same engineer-divers that performed investigations. These qualified personnel are in a unique position to expertly and efficiently translate findings and deliver cost-effective PS&E - ensuring that nothing is lost in the process. These materials can be used for soliciting construction services to execute the work in either conventional “design-bid-build” or “design-build” procurement methods.
Rehabilitation and Upgrade Engineering Design
Rehabilitation and Upgrade Engineering Design Services include:
structural repair - timber/steel/concrete• complete facility rehabilitation / modernization• structural analysis / load capacity of existing • structures (pile-supported structures, cranes/forklifts and mooring hardware)berthing and mooring analysis (mooring • hardware load-testing)preparation of design/build RFP solicitation • packages existing facility assessment•
Once Moffatt & Nichol engineer-diver personnel
have established the above and below water condition of a structure, and have overseen any necessary follow-on ma-terial sampling and testing, the same personnel are in a position to prepare reports, plans, specifications and cost estimates (PS&E) for execution of repairs. These repairs are made on the basis of facility sustainment, reha-bilitation or modernization.
10 Inspection and Rehabilitation
Inspection and Rehabilitation in ActionRailConstruction Phase Services
The repair methodology that is developed after the inspection process involves the application of unique processes in adverse locations and environments. This work is typically associated with above and below water construction – often in response to fluctuating tidal and weather conditions. The same personnel that are responsible for the inspection, assessment and design of repairs supervise the rehabilitation process. Moffatt & Nichol engineer-divers routinely monitor the progress and quality of contractor efforts in the field to verify that the work is in compliance with the plans and specifications, removing uncertainty from the construction process. Efforts are made to ensure economical use of unit-price materials and protection of the environment – resulting in effective repairs designed to extend the service life of the structure.
This work may involve:
confined space entry• below water inspection• night-time tide-related observation• rapid deployment of engineer-divers• quick response to emergent conditions• general construction observation•
Inspection of concrete repair and restoration is a specialty of the firm and includes:
mark-out of concrete repair areas• measurement of demolition and repair quantities• “28-day” follow-on inspection•
Inspection and Rehabilitation 11
RailInspection and Rehabilitation in Action
The projects illustrated on the following pages showcase facilities where the Moffatt & Nichol Inspection and Rehabilitation process has been successfully implemented…
Partial List of Clients
US Navy
US Coast Guard
City of Norfolk
Port of Los Angeles
The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
Port of Long Beach
Port of San Diego
Port of Seattle
North Carolina State Port Authority
Port Metro Vancouver
Port of Tacoma
Tampa Port Authority
Georgia Port Authority
Philadelphia Regional Port Authority
New York City Economic Development Corporation
Washington State Department of Transportation
ExxonMobil
ConocoPhillips
BP
Chevron
British Gas, Tunisia
Kuşadasi Port, Turkey
Atlantic LNG, Trinidad
Repair, Rehabilitation & Preservation
Inspection and Rehabilitation 13
1
2
3
45
6
7
89
1011
Repair Process
Drill 20” diameter hole
Drive 30’ long steel H-pile
Form and place below water concrete
Remove marine growth
Set steel sheet pile
Drill and place steel wale
Place cementitious backfill
Form and cast concrete cap
Place new foam-filled fenders
Dredge to -42.0 MLLW
Place closed-cell concrete mat
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
Inspection and Rehabilitation in Action
12
The Port of San Diego’s 10th Avenue Marine Terminal was constructed in 1956 by placing a mass rock and concrete
wall (cyclopean seawall) to retain a 96-acre land mass.
Forty years later, the seawall was found to be severely compromised with 3 – 4 ton rocks falling out of the face - creating large voids. Moffatt & Nichol Blaylock engineer-divers performed Inspection & Rehabilitation services to define the problem, assess the severity, develop the solution, and monitor the construction.
This $16 million award-winning project was completed six months ahead of schedule and $1 million under budget. The I&R-based engineering solution resulted in a 50 year
extension of service life as opposed to costly demolition and replacement.
Project highlights included:
engineer-divers• materials testing• engineering reports• plans specifications and cost • estimatesconstruction period services• concrete placed below water • using anti-washout mixture
I&R Services Extends Service Life of Port of San Diego’s 10th Avenue Marine Terminal
14 Inspection and Rehabilitation 15
Repair, Rehabilitation & Preservation
Pier 4 After
The result of this process was the modernization of mission critical pier facilities with extended service life at a fraction of the cost associated with demolition and construction of new piers.
1 Repair existing pile cap and piles
Abandon existing concrete deck and beams
Place new pile cap dowels
Remove existing top side utilities. Place new concrete deck
Install new electrical/mechanical utilities
Place new fender systems
2
1
3
4
5
6
1
3
The Naval Facilities Engineering Command had scheduled Pier 1 for conventional “cut and patch” concrete repairs. This was done to address extensive reinforcing steel corrosion-related damage and general deterioration of the facility. Moffatt & Nichol performed above and below water field investigations and, after preliminary engineering analysis, proposed an alternate engineering solution that consisted of the following:
Rehabilitation of substructure (piling and pile caps)• Construction of new reinforced concrete deck (on top • of the old deck)Improvement of pier deck load capacity for mobile • truck cranesUpgrade of utility services (steam, potable water, • compressed air, waste water and electrical). Upgrade of mooring hardware and fender systems•
Inspection and Rehabilitation in Action
“New Deck Approach” Rehabilitates World War II-Era Piers 1, 3, 4 and 5 at Naval Base San Diego
Pier 4 Before
repair
inspection
new deck
Repair Process
2
5
6
4
16
Inspection and Rehabilitation, A Global Practice
LNG Facility, Cove Point, MD Marine Oil Terminal, Clifton Ridge,Lake Charles, LA
Embarcadero Facilities, Unified Port of San Diego, CA
Pearl Harbor, HI
Victor Wharf, GuamLNG Dock, Tunisia
Moffatt & Nichol engineer-divers are strategically located to mobilize on a local or global basis
June 2010
Corporate Office:
3780 Kilroy Airport Way, Suite 750
Long Beach, California 90806
phone: 562-590-6500
fax: 562-590-6512
www.moffattnichol.com