instructional design jma 503. 1. review principle review principle 2. toolbook (data) toolbook...
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INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN JMA 503
1. Review Principle
2. Toolbook (Data)
3. M-Learning
Objectives
Analysis
Analysis: Understanding problem1. You’ve examined:
1. Problem | Need | Learning context | Environment2. Learners3. Tasks4. Goals and objectives
2. You’ve thought about instructional strategies:
1. Events of instruction2. Sequence of instruction3. Presentation, questioning, practice, discovery,
etc.
3. Begin to design
From Analysis/Problem Space
Conceptualizing design space
Source: www.theaterxtremeseattle.com/
Flowchart symbols
Source: Hannafin & Peck
Blueprint/specifications
PROTOTYPE | MODEL
Prototyping and construction •Different kinds of prototyping
low fidelityhigh fidelity
•Compromises in prototypingvertical horizontal
Macro Flowchart vertical
Lesson 1
Begin Lesson
Lesson Menu 1 - 6
Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6No No No No No
Begin Lesson 1 Begin Lesson 2 Begin Lesson 3 Begin Lesson 4 Begin Lesson 5 Begin Lesson 6
Present 1
Question 1
Correct ?
Lesson Menu
Negative Feedback
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Etc. Etc. Etc. Etc. Etc.
Present 2
No
Yes
Glossary
Quit
End Program
No
Yes
Macro Flowchart
Horizontal
Lesson 1
Begin Lesson
Lesson Menu 1 - 6
Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6No No No No No
Begin Lesson 1 Begin Lesson 2 Begin Lesson 3 Begin Lesson 4 Begin Lesson 5 Begin Lesson 6
Present 1
Question 1
Correct ?
Lesson Menu
Negative Feedback
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Etc. Etc. Etc. Etc. Etc.
Present 2
No
Yes
Glossary
Quit
End Program
No
Yes
Flowchart Horizontal
Site Map
Horizontal
Vertic
al
Low-fidelity Prototyping
• Uses a medium which is unlike the final medium, e.g. paper, cardboard
• Is quick, cheap and easily changed
• Examples:• Sketches of screens, task sequences, etc.• Post-it notes• Storyboards
Low-fidelity Prototype
Source: Heim, S. (2008), p. 188
Prototypes Wireframe (web)
• Sketches of basic screen design and layout.
• Sketches of how users might progress through a task.
• Developed from flowcharts and low-fidelity prototypes
• Illustrator, PowerPoint, etc.
Prototypes Wireframe (web)
Source: Heim, S. (2008), p. 190
Wireframes
High-fidelity prototyping
• Uses materials that may be in final product.
• More like final system than low-fidelity.
• For a high-fidelity prototype, common
environments include Adobe Director, Flash.
ToolBook, and Visual Basic, Dreamweaver.
PRINCIPLES
Users | Design Issues
Users see what they expect to see. Users have difficulty focusing on more
than one activity at a time. It is easier to perceive a structured
layout. It is easier to recognize something than
to recall it. For the interface (not content) recognition is
better than recall Context is important.
It is easier to recognize something than to recall it. Who was the second president of the US?
____________
OR
Who was the second president of the US? Thomas Jefferson John Adams Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant
C T
T E
Context is important
Users see what they expect to see We interpret the letters as two meaningful words that go
together rather than meaningless characters.
Why not : TAE CHT
The context of the other characters with our prior knowledge enables us to interpret the middle letter as “A” and “H”.
Prior knowledge of the world helps us to make sense of it.
We are not very good at handling unexpected situations. (Stone, et al., 2005, p. 91)
Users see what they expect to see Principle of consistency: Since users find it
difficult to handle the unexpected, it is important to be consistent throughout the interface.
Principle of exploiting prior knowledge: As the user perceives the screen using their prior knowledge, it provides user opportunity to draw on their prior knowledge. (i.e., calculator) to make sense of environment.
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Closure
People look for patterns to make sense of things.
Hello World
Hello world
Navigation
Section Headings
Page 1 of 54
Navigation
Hello world
Navigation
Section Headings
Page 1 of 54
Navigation
It is easier to perceive a structured layout.
Hello World
Hello World
Remember: Design based on a grid layout.
1. Divide screen into rows and columns
2. Divide screen into functional regions
3. Identify elements that are common throughout
4. Essential and common elements are made to fit within the grid
5. Group related elements together
6. Create sample and get feedback.
Orientation
Navigation
Tools Main content More content
Navigation
Remember: Help users understandDivide screen up based on the following guide:
User should be able to glance around and point to different areas of the page and say:
1. Things I can do.2. Where am I or my location in the program
is?3. Important content.4. What is here or I can see what is available.5. Navigation or I can see how I can get to the
rest of the program.
•http://www.miniusa.com/#/MINIUSA.COM-m
Gutenberg Diagram
• Eyes tend to move from upper left to bottom –right• Top left = Primary Optical Area• Bottom right = Terminal anchor• Layouts that support diagonal balance - considered examples of good design.
