integrated pest management for fruit treesccag-eh.ucanr.edu/files/264983.pdfintegrated pest...
TRANSCRIPT
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Integrated Pest Management for Fruit Trees
International Master Gardener Conference July 13, 2017
Chuck Ingels
Farm & Horticulture Advisor
http://ccag-eh.ucanr.edu/
http://sacmg.ucanr.edu/
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Information was developed largely for California conditions;
control methods may vary in other regions.
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IPM for Fruit Trees General Considerations
• Use resistant species and varieties
• Use appropriate training & pruning
– Keep trees small for easier management
• Keep sprinkler water off trees
• The best thing to apply is your shadow
• Spray as a last resort, use organic/least toxic products (my emphasis in this talk)
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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Codling Moth Cydia pomenella
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Eggs and newly hatched larva
Pupating larvae
Codling Moth
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Codling Moth
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Codling Moth Characteristics
• Pest of apple, pear, quince, walnut
• Overwinters as larva in cocoon
• Mating begins during or just after flowering (temp. dependent)
• 1-4 generations per year
• Extremely difficult to control
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Codling Moth Selected Control Methods
• Take what you get, cut damage out
• Remove/destroy infested fruit early
• Mass trapping of:
Males (pheromone traps)
Males & females (vinegar/molasses solution)
• Organic products: Hort. oil, granulosis virus (Cyd-X), spinosad, kaolin clay (Surround)
Good coverage is essential
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Mass Trapping But Does it Work?
• Catches males & females (and many other insect species)
• Solution: 1 c cider vinegar 1/3 c dark molasses 1/8 tsp ammonia Water to make 1.5 qts.
• 2/3 of the moths are in the
upper 1/3 of the tree
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• Used by growers, too complicated for gardeners • Trapping to establish biofix date • Check traps 1-2 times a week until biofix is set,
weekly thereafter • 1st Biofix = The first date that moths are consis-
tently found in traps and sunset temperatures have reached 62° F
Codling Moth Phenology Model
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Pheromone Traps Place High in Tree
Not a Control Method
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Codling Moth Degree-Day Model
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• 1st Spray: 250 to 300 DD after biofix (egg hatch) • 2nd Spray: If significant moth catches continue
after the first treatment, 650 DD for the second peak of the first generation • Low trap catches – delay treatment
Codling Moth Degree-Day Model Spray Timing
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1A Peak 300 DD
1B Peak 650 DD
2A Peak 300 DD
Biofix 2 Biofix 1
2B Peak 650 DD 3A & B
Biofix 3
Typical Codling Moth Flight Pattern (Calif.)
4/1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 9/1
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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Soft Scale No Covering – Shell is Female Body
Lecanium scale
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Kuno Scale (Eulecanium kunoense)
(Mainly Northern Calif.)
Females in Winter
Females in Spring
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Kuno Scale
Females in Late Spring
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Kuno Scale Eggs in late May
Nymphs in June
Photo by Joyce Gross
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Armored Scales
Females - Cover removed
San Jose scale
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Scale Insects Characteristics
• Soft scale
Lecanium, brown, black, kuno, etc.
Covering is body of adult female
Excrete honeydew
• Armored scale
San Jose, red, etc.
Waxy covering over adult
No honeydew
• Cottony cushion scale
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Double Sided Sticky Tape Late Spring - Crawler timing for oil spray
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Scale Insects Control Methods
• Tanglefoot to prevent ants (soft scale)
• Promote natural enemies
– Avoid broad spectrum insecticides
– Provide pollen & nectar sources
• Dormant spray – Horticultural oil
• Monitor crawlers with sticky tape (May)
• Spray oil after crawlers emerge (early June)
– But foliage hinders good coverage
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Exclude ants with
Tanglefoot
–They protect
scales from
parasitoids
Soft Scale Management
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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Pacific Flatheaded Borer
(Chrysobothris mali)
Adult
Larva
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Shothole Borer
(Scolytus rugulosus)
(Bark Beetle)
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Flatheaded and Shothole Borers Control Methods
• Control methods:
–Keep trees healthy
–Prevent sunburn in hot climates
• Paint new trees and exposed branches white
• Proper dormant & summer pruning
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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female
male
Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii
• Gnat-sized
• Native to Asia
• Found in Calif., spread to PNW in 2009
• Infest mature and rotting fruit
• Overwinter as adults
• Active throughout the year
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SWD Damage (Maggots) Cherry
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D. simulans/ melanogaster
Spotted wing drosophila
D. suzukii
Unique Ovipositor
Photos by Martin Hauser, CDFA
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Crops Affected by SWD
• Cherries
• Berries – Raspberries, blackberries,
strawberries, blueberries
• Stone Fruits – Plums, pluots
– Nectarines
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• ½ to 1 gal plastic bottle baited with:
–1-2 inches of apple cider vinegar
• Replace solution weekly
• Monitor twice weekly from first color change
• Count flies with spots on wings (male SWD)
• Hand lens used to identify SWD females
Monitoring (Challenging)
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Monitoring (Challenging)
Yogurt Container
Rescue Fly Trap
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• Plant early maturing varieties
• Insecticides: Spinosad (malathion & others too)
2-3 sprays; begin at fruit color change (straw/pink)
Spray before fruit softening
• Cover trees Fruit bushes, espalier - Agribon, Fruit Shield, etc.
Clip edges together
For about 1 month before harvest
Spotted Wing Drosophila Control Methods
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Exclusion Fair Oaks Horticulture Center
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys)
Photos: Baldo Villegas
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Source:
http://www.stopbmsb.org
Current distribution in the US
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Two white bands
on antennae
Smooth
“shoulder” edges
Banded
abdominal edge
extending
beyond wings
Actual adult size
1/2 to 5/8 inch
Rust color with
broad brown
markings
Banded legs Mature nymph (5th instar)
Adult
Photo: UC IPM
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20-30 eggs (often 28)
Nymph (3rd of 5) Adult
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Major Host Plants Selected Ornamentals
• Butterfly bush
• Catalpa
• Chinese pistache
• Fruiting mulberry
• English holly
• Maple
• Princess tree (Paulownia)
• Redbud
• Tree of heaven
• Waxleaf privet
• Zelkova
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Host Plants Crops
• Stone fruits (esp. peach), pome fruits
• Berries
• Grapes (not a major host)
• Eggplant, tomato, okra, pepper, corn, beans, sunflower
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BMSB Damage 2014
Peach
Nectarine
Asian pear Plum – no damage Fig
Apricot
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BMSB - Apples Sept. 2015
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BMSB - Persimmons Sept. 2015
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Organically Acceptable BMSB Insecticides
Partial to fairly good control of nymphs only:
• Pyrethrins
• Azadirachtin
• Spinosad
• Sabadilla
• Insecticidal soap
• Some combinations
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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Peach Leaf Curl
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Peach Leaf Curl
• Affects peaches, nectarines
• Fungal spores spread by rain, wind
• Spores overwinter in buds and tree surfaces
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Control of Peach Leaf Curl
• Lime sulfur, Microcop no longer available
• Copper sprays
Tribasic or basic copper sulfate (hard to find)
Copper ammonium complex (e.g., Liqui-Cop)
Copper soap (e.g., Concern)
1. Early Dec.
2. In late winter, a bud swell
• Consider covering trees
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? Available Copper Products
Selected Brand Names (in CA)
Copper soap (liquid!) (copper octanoate)
Liquid copper (copper ammonium complex)
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2013 Research Project Individual Branches Treated
Sprayed branches
Agribon on branch
Untreated Lime sulfur & Microcop
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• Very effective:
Lime sulfur / Microcop
Agribon + Liquicop
• Somewhat less effective:
Copper soap, Liquicop, and Agribon
But still provided 60-80% control
2012 Peach Leaf Curl Trial Conclusions
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Best Delayed Dormant Peach Leaf Curl Spray Timing
Dormant First swell Green tip
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Peach Leaf Curl Why to Also Spray in Fall
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Peach Leaf Curl Why to Also Spray in Fall
Spray now
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Copper Spray Eva’s Pride (early!)
• Ripens in May
• Photos taken 1/20/2016
• New growth started - too late to spray
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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Fire Blight Erwinia amylovora
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Fire Blight Characteristics
• Bacteria – enters through flowers under warm, moist conditions
• Affects apple, pear (esp. Bartlett), Asian pear, flowering pear, quince, loquat, pyracantha, hawthorne
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Fire Blight Control Methods
• Plant resistant varieties
• Cut back to lateral branch, 12 in. below infection
– Sterilize shears between cuts (20% bleach)
• Soak for 1 min. or spray = more effective than dip
• Lysol or Pine Sol also work; not rubbing alcohol
– More important than steriliz.: avoid “short cuts”
• Spray copper twice – early bloom & full bloom
See: http://calag.ucanr.edu/Archive/?article=ca.v045n04p21
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Scraping Bark (Followed by bleach spray)
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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Gummosis Gummosis (“oozing”): The production & exudation of gum by a diseased or damaged tree
- Can result from environmental stress, mechanical injury, disease, or insect infestation
- Oozes mainly spring (soft), hardens in summer, may disappear with fall rains
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Bacterial Blast Pseudomonas syringae
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Bacterial Canker Pseudomonas syringae
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Bacterial Canker Red flecks early on;
Shallow canker
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Bacterial Canker Solutions
Choose less susc. rootstock
(Maheleb>Colt>Mazzard)
Summer prune only
Cover tree if frost during bloom
Avoid watering trunk/branches
Proper N fertilization
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Cytospora Canker
Sources: Utah State Univ. Penn. State Univ. Extension
Fungus enters through injuries, cuts, & buds
Infections occur winter, fall, early spring
Summer prune only
Remove branch 4+” below canker margin
Leave no stubs
Canker surgery
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Eutypa, Botryosphaeria Prune Apricots and Cherries in August
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Preventing Canker Diseases
• Prevent trunk damage
• Summer pruning; prevent winter injuries
• Large winter cuts - leave stump, remove in spring
• Keep trees healthy - adequate water, fertilizer
• Prevent insect boring damage
Paint south & west-exposed branches white before damage occurs
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Topics to be Covered
• Insects
Codling moth
Scale insects
Borers
Sp. wing drosophila
BMSB
• Diseases
Peach leaf curl
Fire blight
Gummosis and canker diseases
• At end, not in talk:
Aphids
Apple & pear scab
Brown rot
• Keeping Trees Small
Fruit bushes
Espalier
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Keeping Trees Small • Fruit bush or espalier training
• Easier, safer tree & crop management
• Easier for spraying, better coverage
Photo by Mary Flewelling Morris
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Excluding Pests Easier with Small Trees Fair Oaks Horticulture Center
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Bird Netting (Avigard)
Another pest management benefit with
small trees!
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Fruit Bushes Pruning – Years 1 & 2
• At planting, head trees to 18-24 in.
• Mid-spring – cut back new growth by half
• Mid-summer – cut subsequent growth back by half
• Thinning cuts for sunlight penetration
• May need to prune 1-2 more times
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Cutting New Shoots in Half Mid-Summer
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Summer Pruning a Mature Fruit Bush (Pluot in May)
Before After
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Espalier
Peach 360 fruits (4th year)
Cherry (4th year)
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Asian Pear Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center
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Questions?
• For more information: • The Home Orchard… (UC publication 3485)
(http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=3485)
• UC Integrated Pest Management Program (http://ipm.ucanr.edu/)
• Managing diseases and insects in home orchards (https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/ec631_0.pdf)
• Organic pest and disease management in home fruit trees and berry bushes (http://extension.wsu.edu/publications/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/publications/em066e.pdf)
• Fair Oaks Horticulture Center (http://sacmg.ucanr.edu/Fair_Oaks_Horticulture_Center/)
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Aphids on Plum
Egg near dormant bud
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Managing Aphids Cultural Control Methods
• Monitor foliage in early spring
• Promote natural enemies
– Avoid broad spectrum insecticides
– Provide pollen & nectar sources
• When localized, cut off infested shoots
• Avoid high N fertilization
• Forceful spray of water
• Use tanglefoot to control ants
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• In-season: Insecticidal soaps and oils
– Soap + pyrethrum formulations slightly better
– Petroleum-based or plant-derived (neem, canola)
– Early season, before leaves curl
– Thorough coverage essential, repeat sprays
• Bud swell: Horticultural oil
– Partial control
• Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Managing Aphids Chemical Control Methods
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Natural Enemies Predators
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Natural Enemies Parasitoids
Parasitized aphids
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Woolly Apple Aphid
Branch gall
Root galls
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Wooly Apple Aphids Eriosoma lanigerum
• Feed mainly on bark
• Become active in March & April
• Found on spurs & branches spring, early summer, especially around pruning wounds
• Nymphs move up & down trunk in summer, fall
• Move to roots in winter
• Less problematic on sandy soils
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Woolly Apple Aphid
Resistant rootstocks? M111, M106
Natural enemies Predators & parasitoids Promote earwigs with rolled cardboard
Soap or oil sprays (3x): Delayed dormant, petal fall, summer
M111 rootstock
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Peachtree Borer (Synanthedon exitiosa)
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• Monitor with pheromone traps
• Spray trunks with parasitic nematodes or insecticides (neem oil, pyrethrins, azadirachtin)
• Applications of beneficial nematodes
– Steinernema carpocapsae
– Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
• Clear vegetation away from base of tree
Peachtree Borer Control Methods
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Apple Scab Venturia inaequalis
Secondary lesions Primary
lesions
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Pear Scab Venturia pirina
Primary and secondary lesions
Primary lesion
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Apple and Pear Scab Characteristics
• Worst in regions with cool, wet springs
• Rapid infection at 55-75oF and 9 hrs. moisture
• Initial infections early spring, secondary infections 2 weeks later
• Spores overwinter on infected fallen leaves
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Apple and Pear Scab Control Methods
• Scab-resistant cultivars
• Avoid sprinklers hitting foliage
– Or irrigate in morning only
• Remove dropped leaves in fall or winter
• Add lime to leaf piles under trees
• Spray before spring rains starting at green tip
– Copper, sulfur, mineral or neem oil, or myclobutanil
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Brown Rot Monolinia spp.
Flower and Twig Infections
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Brown Rot Monolinia spp.
Fruit Infections
Mummy
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Brown Rot Control Methods for Stone Fruits & Almonds
• Plant resistant varieties, if available
• Fruit thinning, pruning for air circulation
• Remove infected fruit, pick all fruit when ripe, remove mummies and infected twigs
• Keep sprinkler water off trees
• If infections were serious, consider spraying copper starting at pink bud
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Simple Garden Sprayers
Backpack sprayer
Hose-end sprayer
-Excess liquid -Not ideal for fruit tree pest management
Hand-pump sprayer
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Sprayer with Extension
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Sprayer with Extension (H&G Promotions, UK)
See anything wrong in these photos?
Something missing?
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Mist Blower Backpack Sprayers