Integumentary System

Classifications of Body Membranes

2 Main Categories of Body Membranes:

•Epithelial membranes – epithelial & connective tissue

•Connective tissue membranes – various types of connective tissues

3 Types of Epithelial Membranes

1.Cutaneous Membrane – “the skin”

• Primary organ of Int. System

2.Serous Membrane – on surfaces within closed cavities

• Parietal Layer – lines the walls of a body cavity, like wallpaper

• Visceral Layer – inward layer covering the surface of organs

3.Mucous Membrane

• Line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior

• Mucus – thick, slimy material; fxn: keep membranes moist/soft

Connective Tissue Membranes

• Do NOT contain epithelial components

• Synovial Membranes – line the joint capsules

• Synovial Fluid – thick, colorless fluid; fxn: lubricate jnts.

• Bursae – small sacs between moving body parts

SKIN - Functions

ProtectionSensory perceptionRegulation of body temperatureStorageAbsorptionExcretionProduction

Components of the Skin

Layers of the Skin

1. Epidermis—outermost layer2. Dermis—“true skin”Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis— the innermost layer

The Layers of Skin

Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)Sebaceous glands (oil glands)HairNails

Glands & Other Parts of the Skin

Hair Functions

• Varies by location• Scalp: insulates head; grows @ 1 mm/day• Nostril: filters• Eyebrow/lash: protects; keeps dust and

perspiration out of eyes• Body: none• Arrector pili: pilomotor muscle; stimulated

by cold and emotions. Attached to base of dermal papilla and side of follicle. Contraction = goose bumps. • Alopecia = hair loss

NAILS

• Protects the distal ends of phalanges

• Provides ability to grip, pick up tiny objects

• HCW observe for cyanosis to assess blood O2 if pulse ox not available

Skin Color—PigmentationSkin color is inherited and is determined by pigments in the epidermisa. Melaninb. Carotene

Skin Color—Albino•Absence of skin pigments•Skin has pinkish tint•Hair is pale yellow or white•Eyes are red in color and sensitive to light

Skin Color—Abnormal

Erythema

Jaundice

Cyanosis

Skin Lesions

Any measurable variation in tissue structure

Not always a sign of disease

Can be flat, depressed or elevated

Depressed Lesions Excoriation: scratch exposing the dermisLaceration: tearing of the skin

Abrasion: scraping

Pressure Ulcer: Decubutis ulcer bedsore

Fissure: deep crack

Skin Eruptions

• Macules (macular rash)

• Papules (papular rash)

• Vesicles

• Pustules

• Crusts

• Wheals

• Ulcer

Elevated LesionsPapule: firm, raised; wart

Plaque: large,raised region; psoriasis

Vesicle: fluid filled; blister

Pustule: filled w/ pus; acne

Crust: scab

Wheal/hive: firm, raised, reddened w/ whiter center; insect bite

Chicken Pox

Skin infections• Impetigo: staph,

strept. Erythema then vesicles. Contagious. Tx: antibiotics

• Tinea: Mycoses (fungal). Erythema, scaling and crusting. Ex: Ringworm (tinea capitis), athletes foot (tinea pedis). Tx: antifungal

• Warts: verruca, caused by papilloma virus. Contagious. Tx: removal

• Boils: furnacle. Staph inf of hair follicle. Lg pustule. Tx: topical antibiotic

• Scabies: itch mite. Contagious. Tx: scabicide and antihistamine

Impetigo

Ringworm

Inflammatory Conditions Scleroderma: autoimmune.

Affects blood vessels & connective tissue that causes hardening. Localized or SystemicPsoriasis: chronic inflammation. Scaly patches. Tx: topical steroidsEczema: most common. Papules, vesicles and crusts. Symptom of underlying condition. Tx: cause & topical steroidsHives: urticaria (transient wheals) due to allergy or irritant. Pruritits (itching). Tx: varies, treat the cause

BURNS Caused by fire, ultraviolet rays, electricity,

chemicals. Cause will influence tx

Severity: extent (total body surface area involved-%) + depth (layers involved)

Extent of injury: Rule of 9’s to determine; 11 body areas 9% each

Depth of inj: 1st, 2nd, 3rd degree

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/burns/htm/_no_50_no_0.htm -

Rule of 9’s• Estimation of body surface area involved

Ant head: 4.5% / Post head:4.5%

• Ant arm: 4.5% / Post arm 4.5%

• Ant leg: 9% / Post leg 9%

• Ant trunk: 18% / Post trunk 18%

• Modified in infants due to larger head size

Rule of 9’s

1st DEGREE BURN

• Surface layers of epidermis

• Some reddening and discomfort

• No blistering

• Sunburn

• Partial thickness

2nd Degree• Deep epidermal and upper dermis

• Severe pain and blistering

• May damage hair, sweat and oil glands

• Swelling (edema) and fluid loss occurs

• Scarring results

• Partial thickness

• Partial thickness

2nd Degree

3rd Degree

• Complete destruction of epidermis and dermis; may extend to SQ layer: full thickness burn (4TH degree if underlying bone/muscle tissue destroyed)

• Little pain d/t destruction of nerve endings

• Severe fluid loss

• If it covers a large extent, the pt is critically ill; ultimately may die due to sepsis

3rd Degree

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Peritonitis

Dermatitis what is this??

Eczema

Impetigo

Psoriasis

Ringworm

Verrucae/warts/plantar warts

Diseases and Abnormal ConditionsAcne vulgaris

Athlete’s foot

Burns

Skin cancerBasal cell carcinomaSquamous cell carcinomaMelanoma