interagency humanitarian coordination in peace operations
DESCRIPTION
INTERAGENCY HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION IN PEACE OPERATIONS. Col (Ret) Peter Leentjes Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance. New Realities in Complex Contingencies. Increasing demand for coherence in multidimensional interventions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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INTERAGENCY INTERAGENCY HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION
IN PEACE OPERATIONSIN PEACE OPERATIONS
Col (Ret) Peter LeentjesCenter of Excellence inDisaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
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New Realities in Complex Contingencies Increasing demand for coherence in Increasing demand for coherence in
multidimensional interventionsmultidimensional interventions Increasing donor government involvement in Increasing donor government involvement in
practical work of agencies and decision making practical work of agencies and decision making termsterms
Increased and more frequent military presence in Increased and more frequent military presence in essentially humanitarian activitiesessentially humanitarian activities
New frameworks guide the nature of the intervention New frameworks guide the nature of the intervention and the relationships between component and the relationships between component organizationsorganizations
Focus towards political and security oriented endsFocus towards political and security oriented ends Focus on sustainable peaceFocus on sustainable peace
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The Requirement
Manage both the relationship and Manage both the relationship and the separateness of the political / the separateness of the political / humanitarian community.humanitarian community.
Understand the civil-military Understand the civil-military interface is extremely dynamic interface is extremely dynamic and there is no one modeland there is no one model
Realize that the coordination Realize that the coordination structures will remain context structures will remain context dependentdependent
Stuart Gordon, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, 2001Stuart Gordon, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, 2001
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OUTLINE
The players in humanitarian The players in humanitarian operationsoperations
Model for civil – military operationsModel for civil – military operations Some principlesSome principles If time permits – some perception If time permits – some perception
issues and lessons learnedissues and lessons learned
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SUPPORT OPERATIONS
MILITARYMILITARYOPERATIONSOPERATIONS
MIL
ITA
RM
ILIT
AR
YYC
IVIL
IAC
IVIL
IANN
CRISISCRISIS STABILISATIONSTABILISATION
ECONOMICECONOMIC& SOCIAL& SOCIAL
LIFELIFESUPPORTSUPPORT
The Players in the Complex Emergency
LIFELIFESAVINGSAVING
POLITICALPOLITICAL
10 years
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SRSG – Head of SRSG – Head of Mission – a Mission – a political political diplomatic figurediplomatic figure
DSRSG – Head of DSRSG – Head of UN programs in UN programs in CountryCountry
International International Political Staff – Political Staff – support the SRSGsupport the SRSG
Election Monitors Election Monitors – drawn from – drawn from trusted observers trusted observers world-wide world-wide
The Players: Political/Diplomatic
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The Players: Civilian Organizations United NationsUnited Nations
– UNOCHAUNOCHA
– UNHCRUNHCR
– UNICEFUNICEF
– WFPWFP
– WHOWHO
International/International/Non-Non-GovernmentalGovernmental– ICRCICRC
– Red Cross/Red CrescentRed Cross/Red Crescent
– CARECARE
– MSFMSF Host NationHost Nation
– GovernmentGovernment
– Regional/Local authorityRegional/Local authority
– Tribal / traditional leadersTribal / traditional leaders
– BusinessBusiness
– VictimsVictims
DonorsDonors– GovernmentsGovernments
– Foreign vs. Foreign vs. IndividualIndividual
– ReligiousReligious
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United Nations: Lead Agency Autonomous and independent of the Autonomous and independent of the
Secretary General or the General AssemblySecretary General or the General Assembly
Lead agency is assigned by Secretary Lead agency is assigned by Secretary General:General: Prior to complex emergencies: Prior to complex emergencies: UNDPUNDP
Bosnia: Bosnia: UNHCRUNHCR
African drought: African drought: WFPWFP
Sudan/Kurdish Crisis: Sudan/Kurdish Crisis: UNICEFUNICEF
Angola: Angola: UNDHAUNDHA
Somalia: Somalia: no lead agencyno lead agency
Rwanda: Rwanda: UNHCRUNHCR
E. Timor: E. Timor: UNOCHA UNOCHA
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United Nations: Coordination UNOCHA - designated as the UNOCHA - designated as the
coordinator for the humanitarian coordinator for the humanitarian assistance but has no assistance but has no authorityauthority over the over the agenciesagencies
– single focal point of contact for single focal point of contact for humanitarian assistance in an emergencyhumanitarian assistance in an emergency
informationinformation
fundingfunding
accreditationaccreditation
– has coordination role with NGOs/IOshas coordination role with NGOs/IOs
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Non-Governmental Organizations
Broad definition:Broad definition:
Every organization in society which is not Every organization in society which is not part of government, and which operates part of government, and which operates in civil societyin civil society
Four defining characteristics:Four defining characteristics:1. Voluntary1. Voluntary
2. Independent2. Independent
3. Not-for-profit3. Not-for-profit
4. Not self-serving in aims and related 4. Not self-serving in aims and related valuesvalues
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NGO Facts and Figures International orgs deliver 80 % of International orgs deliver 80 % of
all aidall aid NGOs deliver large volumes of aid NGOs deliver large volumes of aid
per year – 20 % of totalper year – 20 % of total 7500 registered NGOs / 20,000 7500 registered NGOs / 20,000
existexist 90 % of all NGO delivered aid is 90 % of all NGO delivered aid is
delivered by 30 large NGOsdelivered by 30 large NGOs
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BASIC STRUCTURE PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS
Special Representative of the Secretary-General
Deputy SRSG
Force Commander
Chief Administrative Officer
Head Civilian Police Component
Head Humanitarian Assistance ComponentChief Military Observer
Head Election Component
Human Rights
Lead Agency
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Policy & Coordination
Level
Field Operational
Level
JOC
CombinedForce
Battalion/Region
Battalion/Region
Battalion/Region
Battalion/Region
Civil-Military Coordination Model
CMCC
Coord/Policy
CMCC
CMCC
CMCC
CMCC
CountryAMBASSADOR
CountryAMBASSADOR
Governmental Humanitarian Support
Governmental Humanitarian Support
HOC
REGION
REGION
REGION
LEAD AGENCY
HumanitarianCoordinator
Host Nation
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Humanitarians Seek From the Military
Security – environment, for personnel, Security – environment, for personnel, convoys & facilitiesconvoys & facilities
Reaction forces to assist personnel in Reaction forces to assist personnel in dangerdanger
Access to military ports, airfields and Access to military ports, airfields and facilitiesfacilities
CommunicationsCommunications Transportation assetsTransportation assets Emergency medical support & evacuationEmergency medical support & evacuation Emergency infrastructure repairsEmergency infrastructure repairs InformationInformation
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Humanitarians Provide to the Military
Humanitarian work that supports the Humanitarian work that supports the achievement of the force missionachievement of the force mission
Trained and experienced personnelTrained and experienced personnel A multiplier effect which allows the A multiplier effect which allows the
Commander to use resources for other Commander to use resources for other missionsmissions
Increased security as needs of the Increased security as needs of the population are metpopulation are met
A vital source of information and contactsA vital source of information and contacts
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REMEMBER!
There are those agencies and There are those agencies and NGOs that will never work with the NGOs that will never work with the Military Military
However they remain very However they remain very interested in what is happening.interested in what is happening.
They derive benefits from the They derive benefits from the established humanitarian / established humanitarian / military coordination and link military coordination and link indirectly into the system indirectly into the system establishedestablished
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Principles for Provision of Support
The decision to support any The decision to support any humanitarian activity is a command humanitarian activity is a command decision based on:decision based on:– Achieving the force missionAchieving the force mission– Ensuring force protectionEnsuring force protection– Supporting end state & exit strategySupporting end state & exit strategy– Meeting political factors deriving from Meeting political factors deriving from
the mandatethe mandate– Meeting measures of effectivenessMeeting measures of effectiveness
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Principles for Provision of Support
Last resort – which means all Last resort – which means all civilian / humanitarian alternatives civilian / humanitarian alternatives have been exhaustedhave been exhausted
Unique capability – which means no Unique capability – which means no appropriate civilian humanitarian appropriate civilian humanitarian resources exist which can do the taskresources exist which can do the task
Timeliness – the urgency demands Timeliness – the urgency demands immediate actionimmediate action
Maintain clear humanitarian direction Maintain clear humanitarian direction in the use of the assetsin the use of the assets
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APPROVAL - REQUESTS FOR ASSISTANCE
Need to confirm legitimacy of the Need to confirm legitimacy of the demanddemand
Is the support necessary or already Is the support necessary or already being provided by someone elsebeing provided by someone else
What is the priority in relation to other What is the priority in relation to other demandsdemands
This process is best done outside the This process is best done outside the military - it does not have the capacitymilitary - it does not have the capacity
Use the UN/IO/NGO interface Use the UN/IO/NGO interface
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Key Measures to Ensure Effectiveness
Clarity of MissionClarity of Mission Joint PlanningJoint Planning Establishment of a Coordinating Establishment of a Coordinating
CenterCenter Ability to adjust OrganizationsAbility to adjust Organizations Designation of Standby Designation of Standby
CapacitiesCapacities Joint Exercises and TrainingJoint Exercises and Training
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PERCEPTIONS
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Political/Diplomatic Civilian Administrators
– International Staff– Mission Staff– Local Employees– Contractors
NGO Personnel Humanitarians
– UN Agencies– Governmental Orgs
Human Rights– UN / Other
Civilian Police Election Officials
Military
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Commanders Staff Officers
– Headquarters– Contingents
Units Military Observers International Units
– Military Police Support Structures
– Logistics– Transport– Financial
External Military– Airlift
CIVILIANS
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COORDINATING ISSUES
Early Agreement on Responsibilities Familiarization with Mission and
Responsibilities Common AORs Establishing Communications
Protocols Liaison Joint Operations and Information Interagency Meetings
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AABB
CC
DD
EE
FFGG
HH
JJ
IIKK
D Administrative AreaAdministrative Area
AllstanAllstan
Center of ExcellenceHumanitarian ResponsibilityHumanitarian Responsibility
AllstanAllstan
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11
22
33
44
2 Military SectorsMilitary Sectors
AllstanAllstan
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1122
33
44
4 Police SectorsPolice Sectors
AllstanAllstan
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AllstanAllstan
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LESSONS LEARNED
• Successful Civilian-Military operations must start with the same mission
• vision and goals need to be established
• the context of the mission must be understood
• Decisions are made through discussion
• military are often in a supporting role
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LESSONS LEARNED - cont
• Success depends on the good will and desire of the players on the ground to make the mission work.
• developing understanding
• willingness to be educated
• quality of leadership is the key
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LESSONS LEARNED - cont
• Develop a joint strategy to prevent being Develop a joint strategy to prevent being manipulated on the ground. manipulated on the ground.
• consensus opinion on how to proceed consensus opinion on how to proceed
• do not strip individual agencies of their do not strip individual agencies of their independence and autonomyindependence and autonomy
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LESSONS LEARNED - cont
• The Operation will constantly changeThe Operation will constantly change• leaders collate and direct the leaders collate and direct the
changeschanges• technical experts provide inputtechnical experts provide input• establish what is doableestablish what is doable• the analysis will continue to changethe analysis will continue to change
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LESSONS LEARNED - cont
• Agree on common operating Agree on common operating proceduresprocedures• who is in charge in certain who is in charge in certain
situationssituations• How you will pass and accept How you will pass and accept
requests for assistancerequests for assistance