international conference low-cost, electricity generating heat engines for rural areas university of...
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International ConferenceLow-cost, electricity generating heat engines for rural areas
University of Nottingham, 2 April 2012
Integrated planning of sustainable electricity services based on small scale biomass gasification
systems for Multi Functional Platforms in rural communities in Ghana
Pol Arranz-Piera, Ishmael Edjekhumene, Clement Nartey, Lawrence Darkwah, Enrique Velo
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• Motivation: Electricity access in SSA
• The MFP initiative in Ghana
• Strategic planning principles for sustainable decentralised rural electrification
• Progress of its application to small scale biomass-to-electricity systems introduction in MFP communities (started sept. 2011)
• Next steps
Contents
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Access to electricity
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5Electricity access in the world – Regional aggregates (source: IEA 2009)
Analysis - Access to electricity
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What is the Multifunctional Platform?
MFP is a source of mechanical and electrical energy meant to replace significant quantities of human labour, especially that of women in rural areas in West Africa
Typically, an MFP consists of an energy source (mainly a diesel engine – 8-12hp) mounted on a chassis which powers a variety of end-use equipment such as grinding mills, de-huskers, de-hullers, oil press equipment, water pumps and battery chargers
UNDP financed a pilot MFP programme in several West African countries between 1994 and 2005
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The MFP in Pictures
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The Ghana MFP Pilot Project
Pilot project was started in 2005 and was expected to install 40 MFPs in as many communities in Brong-Ahafo and Northern Regions
Project implemented by KITE in collaboration with 3 other NGOs and Community Based Organisations – NewEnergy, WACSO and Send Foundation
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Enterprise-centred approach used, under concession Project in Ghana offered the lowest subsidy in equipment cost
54% in group-owned and 65% for individuals Initial financing model was 10% payment for equipment cost
with the rest to be paid back in 5 years at a 10% interest rate in addition to constructing the building
32 MFP installed in 32 communities - average equipment cost per MFP @ US$5,522
basic configuration: a 10hp Lister engine, grinding mill, double screw press and cassava grater
5 MFPs had 10 kVA generators and static battery chargers mounted in addition to the basic configuration
Major drawback impact of the fuel price hikes/shortages (diesel price @ filling station 1 USD/litre – Feb 2012)
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The Ghana MFP Pilot Project
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• Lack of integrated evaluation approaches in rural electrification planning hinders RET success (Silva and Nakata, 2009).
• Previous projects (COOPENER) pointed out several needs:o Define and optimise roles and responsibilities in the public sectoro Improve intra- and inter- institutional communicationo Enable participatory processes, promote local and private
involvement via PPPo New approach, considering decentralised schemes (for RUR &
URB), with enhanced quality (standardisation of technological solutions vs flexibility to adapt to demand profiles )
• Importance of double perspective of electricity as service to cover basic AND productive uses (Brew-Hammond, 2009), (ARE, 2010)
Planning of DRE: lessons learnt
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Key components in for an integrated approach to rural electrification:
Programme Project Goal (as a service)
Biomass opp. (selection)
Social Development
Social Integration
Equity Local income generation throughout supply chain (SC). Replacement of Diesel
Technical Technological Reliability Development of certification / standards along SC
Institutional Organisational Empowerment Build-on existing SCs
Financial Economic Viability Low local (SSA) operational costs
Strategic planning principles: Programme / Project
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Biomass supply chain model for rural electrification to provide a useful approach for biomass supply chains optimality and sustainability in rural communities.
Green supply chain (LCA concepts) Mathematical formulation using multi-objective MILP techniques(Pérez-Fortes, M., Arranz-Piera, P., Laínez, J.M., Velo, E. and Puigjaner, L.
(2011) ''Optimal location of gasification plants for electricity production in rural areas'' in Computer-Aided Chemical Engineering 29. pp. 1809-1813
BiomassSourcing
Pre-treatment: Chipper and Dryer
Pre-treatment: Storage
Electricitygeneration:
GASIFICATION –GAS ENGINE MICROPLANT
Distribution: MICROGRID
Transportation
F
Consumption
Biomass Block Energy Block
Biomass-to-electricity SC
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Technical component Small scale gasification within a CHCP concept
At a small scale if a biomass gasifier is combined with a gas engine installation, its global efficiency may improve from 20% to 80% using heat recovery options.
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Critical factors in Reliability:
• Quality assurance throughout the system SC and operational life
• Realistic demand assessment (avoid oversizing, forecasting)
• Flexibility to adapt to demand modularity
Figura 1. Funciones principales de un sistema autónomo de provisión eléctrica
Store
Control
Register and inform
Power conditioning ConsumeManage
Generation Distribution
Generate
Technical – Technological component
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Technical component - microgrids
www.tramatecnoambiental.com
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16(*) Other studies in the Latin American context have shown that the majority of households (up to 70% of a community) would have a domestic electricity demand in the range of 8 to 20kWh per month, even with access to a 24h service scheme
Category Demand level - reference
1Basic Domestic* (lighting, communication)
up to 20 kWh/month - 500W (DC or AC) per household
2Medium domestic (1+ small low consumption fridge)
up to 50 kWh/month - 1000W (AC) per household
3Community (2+ community premises)
Medium domestic + school, health centre (50 kWh/month - 1000W) + public lighting (20kWh/month - 80W for each 200m2)
4 3 + small productive uses Above the previous values
Technical component - Demand
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Technical component – Demand in rural Ghana
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Pow
er (k
W)
average WTP 5-10 GHC
Demand assessment for GEDAP (World Bank) by KITE December 2011
Demand profile
Consumption Maximum expenditure% of households
kWh/month appliances GHC/month USD/month baseline+2% demography+20% expenditure
VL up to 10basic lighting + very small communications (radios or mobile phone chargers)
3,5 2,06 25,00% 25,00%
L 10 to 25 VL + fan 8,75 5,15 45,00% 45,00%
M 25 to 75 L + small refrigerator 26,25 15,44 30,00% 30,00%
H above 75 M + + > 26,25 > 15,44 0,00% 0,00%21,02%
10,24%
3,82%
11,99%1,59%
19,08%
25,80%
0,00%0,00%0,00%
0,00%
6,45% Lighting
RadioMusic Centre/ DVD player
TVCell phones charger
FanRefrigerator
Iron
Hair cut equipmentFreezer
Water pumpsComputer
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Technical component – Demand projections
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Pow
er (k
W)Demand assessment for
GEDAP (World Bank) by KITE December 2011
The diffusion of innovations according to Rogers (1962). With successive groups of consumers adopting the new technology (shown in blue), its market share (yellow) will eventually reach the saturation level
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Institutional component key roles!KEY ROLES MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES
1. PROGRAMME COORDINATOR I Plan, control and management of the programme over its whole life.
Ensure communication with and between the key roles
2. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPER I Defines objectives, strategies and mechanisms for the project
execution, according to the conditions set by the regulator.
3. REGULATOR IEstablishes the conditions for the infrastructure implementation and management of the service (licensing, permitting, tariffs, quality criteria, subsidies...).
4. STANDARDIZING AGENT R
Establishes the technical conditions for the infrastructure implementation and management of the electricity service (equipment certification and guarantee, quality criteria, safety)
5. FUNDER(S) I Provides economic resources (possibly financial options as well)
6. USERS I Beneficiaries from the service; must commit to the system conservation, and to the payment of a tariff for the service.
7. SOCIAL DEVELOPER I Represent and assist the users’ rights, mediate and communicate with other key roles..
8. TECHNICAL DIRECTOR or IMPLEMENTER
IControls the adequate execution of the infrastructure execution and the service start-up. Can provide further assistance to the service operator or the users, if required.
Built on IEC TS 62257-6 Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for RE. 19
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9. GENERATORS I Own the generation systems and produce electricity under the quality conditions set by the Regulator and Standardizing agent.
10. ELECTRICITY SERVICE OPERATOR
I Controls the sustained and correct operation of the system, the service management, financing (incl. users payments).
11. INSTALLER I Adequate installation, start-up and commissioning of the system equipment.
12. MAINTENANCE PROVIDER I Technical specialist, conducts maintenance of the system
infrastructure (spare parts, collection of used parts, etc.)
13. BIOMASS SUPPLIER(S), TRANSPORTER
IProduction and supply of the biomass resource, under the conditions and quality criteria set by the Regulator and Standardizing agent.
14. PROVIDER(S) I Supply materials and equipment (and corresponding guarantees)
15. TRAINER – COMMUNICATOR I
Conducts specific training and capacity building activities for local technicians, users, and other local entities involved in the management of the system.
16. EVALUATOR or INSPECTOR R
Periodical supervision of the infrastructure execution and service provision according to the conditions set by the regulator.Verifies the adequacy of the global performance in accordance to the objectives, strategies and mechanisms set by the project developer.
17. DISSEMINATION DIRECTOR R Conducts promotional and awareness raising activities related to
the infrastructure implemented and the service provided.
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Financial component Viability!
av. WTP
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• Environmental impacts – LCA, CBA. Adoption at planning level?• Social impacts? Example from (former) MIDEPLAN methodologies (Chile)
Private price diesel:1,000 USD/l filling station
Social price diesel (USD/l)put at consumption point
Litres bought
travelling hours (return) 10 50 100 300 500
0,5 1,050 1,010 1,005 1,002 1,001
1 1,100 1,020 1,010 1,003 1,002
5 1,500 1,100 1,050 1,017 1,010
10 2,000 1,200 1,100 1,033 1,020
20 3,000 1,400 1,200 1,067 1,040
Financial component – valorisation of social impacts
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Next steps
• Finalise electricity demand assessment in MFPs
• Select candidates for role fulfillment in each community
• Negotiate PPA with GEC and concessionaire utilities (under new Renewable Energy Bill) + Service Mgt. model
• Select sustainability indicators and Finalise feasibility studies for each MFP community
• Prepare a step by step guide with specific reference formats, both at programme and project level
And, in parallel, implement a small scale biomass gasification microplant in TEC-KNUST laboratory
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Project: Energy Access for the Poor in sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goals“ENERGY FOR ALL 2030”
Partners: Practical Action (UK), EDUCON (Czech Republic) Stockholm Environment Institute (SWE), UPC (ESP)
Acknowledgment
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Thank you very muchfor your attention
Pol Arranz [email protected]
http://grecdh.upc.edu/projects/other/e4a-2030