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INDOOR AIR '93
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate
Volume 1. Health Effects
UB/TIB Hannover 89
111 005 191
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
KEY NOTE LECTURES
Indoor air pollution: a public health perspective 3
Samet JM, United States ofAmerica
Allergy and environmental hypersensitivity related to the indoor environment 13
Pickering CAC, United Kingdom
Irritation and odor: symptoms ofindoor air pollution 21
Cain WS, Cometto-Muniz JE, United States of America
PERCEPTIONS AND SENSORY REACTIONS AS INDICATORS OF INDOOR
AIR QUALITY
Oral presentations
Integration and adaptation in eye irritation 35
Molhave L, Hempel-Jorgensen A Kjaergaard SK, Denmark
Objective human conjunctival reactions to dust exposure, VDT-work and 41
temperature in sick buildings
Kjaergaard S, Brandt J, Denmark
The effect of room temperature on symptoms and perceived indoor air quality in 47
office workers. A six week longitudinal studyReinikainen LM, Jaakkola JJK, Finland
The effect ofvarying level ofoutdoor air supply on neurobehavioural performance 53
function during a study of sick building syndrome (SBS)Nunes F, Menzies R, TamblynRM, Boehm E, Letz R, Canada
Neurobehavioral and subjective reactions ofyoung men and women to a complex 59
mixture ofvolatile organic compounds
Otto D, Hudnell K, House D, Prah J, United States of America
Sensory evalution of perceived air quality, a comparison of the threshold and the 65
decipol method
Bluyssen PM, Walpot JI, Netherlands
Poster presentations: Odors
Ammonia odor concentration in toilets by ion chromatograph 71
Kim H-S, Choi B-K, Republic ofKorea
VIII
Evaluation ofkitchen odors through sensory odor tests 77
Matsui S, Narasaki M, Yamanaka T, Japan
Research on the indoor air quality between the odor occurrence source and 83
human odor sensation in office buildingsMinamino O, Ando K, Tsuesaki J, Japan
Estimation of the odor emitted in kitchen through self-administered questionnaire 89
Narasaki M, Matsui S, Yamanaka T, Japan
Performance ofa panel trained to assess perceived air quality 95
Pejtersen J, Mayer E, Denmark
The effect of humidification on perceived indoor air quality assessed by an 101untrained odor panelReinikainen LM, Finland
Poster presentations: Sensory reactions
A bisensory testing procedure suitable for odorous irritants and emissions from 107
building materials
Berglund B, Shams Esfandabad H, Sweden
Influence of low air humidity (AH) on skin roughness (SR) assessed in a climatic 113
chamber
Eberlein-K6nig B, Spiegl A, Kiihnl R Kleinschmidt J, Przybilla B, Germany
Objective eye effects and their relation to sensory irritation in a 'sick building' 117
Kjaergaard S, Berglund B, Lundin L, Denmark
Irritative symptoms in museum personnel - a complex environmental exposure 123
Kolmodin-Hedman B, Flato S, Akerblom M, Sweden
Symptom patterns and air quality in a sick library 127
Lundin L, Sweden
Big air quality complainers - are their office environments different from workers 133
with no complaints?
Tamblyn RM, Menzies RI, Nunes F, Leduc J, Pasztor J, Tamblyn RT, Canada
ALLERGIC AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES DUE TO INDOORENVIRONMENT
Oral presentations
NKB-report on chemicals and hypersensitivity in the airways. I: Classification of 141
chemicals
Bakke JV, Aas K, Andersen I, Knudsen BB, Lindvall T, Nordman H, Wahlberg JE,
Norway
IX
NKB-report on chemicals and hypersensitivity in the airways. II: Known and 147
suspected initiators ofasthma and potential harmful exposures
Bakke JV, Aas K, Andersen I, Knudsen BB, Lindvall T, Nordman H, Wahlberg JE,
Norway
The role of sensitization to dust mites and moulds in explaining the relationship 153
between home dampness and childhood respiratory symptomsBrunekreef B, Verhoeff AP, Van Strien RT, Van Wijnen JH, Netherlands
Indoor airborne fungal spores in the homes of allergic and non allergic subjects 159
Cosentino S, Fadda ME, Palmas F, Italy
Respiratory symptoms and housing characteristics 165
Spengler JD, Neas L, Nakai S, Dockery D, Speizer F, Ware J, Raizenne M, United
States of America
Respiratory symptoms and infections among residents in dwellings with moisture 171
problems or mold growth
Husman T, Koskinen O, Hyvarinen A, Reponen T, Ruuskanen J, Nevalainen A,
Finland
Respiratory effects due to the presence ofpets in the home environment: an 175
epidemiological evaluationBaldacci S, Viegi G, Carrozzi L,ModenaP,Pedreschi M, DiPede F, Paoletti P, Giuntini
C, Italy
Poster presentations: Allergy and hypersensitivity
Exposure relevant mould antigens/allergens - a necessary tool for reliable 181
demonstration of immunological response
Ahlen C, Skanke F, Norway
A link between asthma and the indoor environment? An investigation of the 185
dwellings of60 young asthmatics
Ekstrand-TobinA Sweden
Mite antigen concentrations in house dust and the occurrence ofwheezing in 191
children with dust mite allergyHenderson FW, Lindstrom AB, Beck MA, Barnes DM, Henry MM, United States of
America
Allergens in buildings. A proposal for classification ofchemicals causingallergic 197
eczema
Knudsen BB, Aas K, Andersen I, Bakke JV, Lindvall T, Nordman H, Wahlberg JE,
Denmark
Individuals attributing hypersensitivity symptoms (HS) to indoor air pollution 203
(IAP): What do they suffer from?
Kuhnl P, Golling G, Eberlein-Konig B, Przybilla B, Germany
X
Examination of mechanisms responsible for organic dust related diseases: 209mediator release induced by microorganisms, a review
Norn S, Denmark
Modification of histamine release (HR) by molds 215Thomas P, Sedlmeier F, Korting H-C, Przybilla B, Germany
Poster presentations: Infectious diseases
Throat infections by enteric gram-negative bacteria and home evaporative cooler 219air conditioners
Camann DE, Guenzet MN, Graham PJ, Jakubowski W, United States of America
Clinical-epidemiological investigation of health effects caused by Stachybotrys 225atra building contamination
Johanning E, Jarvis BB, Morey PR, United States of America
Respiratory symptoms and infections among children in a day-care center with 231mold problemKoskinen O, Husman T, Hyvarinen A, Reponen T, Ruuskanen J, Nevalainen A,Finland
Symptoms, perceived air quality, allergic diseases and respiratory infections 237
among the workers of the underground caves
Lehtomaki K, Miettinen P, Jaakkola JJK, Finland
Epidemiological study on the association between some indoor factors and the 243acute respiratory morbidity of children in Szazhalombatta, HungaryRudnai P, Sarkany E, Benedek L, Katona I, Agocs MM, Hungary
Poster presentations: Miscellaneous effects
Indoor air disinfection. Its history and present significance for healthcare 247facilities
Bencko V, TichacekB, Melicharcikova V, Czechoslovakia
A follow-up study on health complaints of patients with "hypersensitivity to 253
electricity"Hillert L, Sweden
Effect of indoor microbial metabolites on ciliary function in respiratory airways 259Joki S, Saano V, Reponen T, Nevalainen A, Finland
Changes in indoor air and human response induced by electric heating units 265Raunemaa T, Sammaljarvi E, Finland
XI
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME
Oral presentations
Sick building syndrome in the general Swedish population - the significance of 273
outdoor and indoor air quality and seasonal variation
Norback D, Edling C, Wieslander G, Sweden
The California healthy building study, phase 1: a summary 279
Fisk WJ, Mendell MJ, Daisey JM, Faulkner D, Hodgson AT, Macher JM, United
States of America
The Helsinki office environment study: the type ofventilation system and the 'sick 285
building syndrome'Jaakkola JJK, Miettinen P, Tuomaala P, Seppanen O, Finland
Effects ofman-made mineral fibres in settled dust on sick building syndrome in 291
air-conditioned offices
Hedge A, Erickson WA Rubin G, United States of America
Prevalence ofthe sick building syndrome among office workers before and after 297
moving in a building with above standards ventilation system
Bourbeau J, Brisson C, Allaire S, Beaucage C, Guimont C, Canada
The office illness project in Northern Sweden -a study of offices with high or low 303
prevalences ofSBS: electromagnetic fields in our indoor environment
Sandstrom M, Berglund A Mild KH, Sweden
Poster presentations
Seasonal mood changes and building-related symptoms 309
Alderfer R, Burr GA Ward EM, Wallingford KM, United States ofAmerica
Indoor air quality and health symptoms in town halls in Athens, Hellas 315
Balaras CA, Santamouris M, Dascalaki E, Argiriou A, Assimakopoulos D,TselepidakiI, Loizidou M, Greece
The frequency of building related health complaints in Norway 321
Blom P, Skaret E, Levy F, Norway
Interaction between low level contaminants and organizational factor in indoor 327
air quality complaints
Camp J, Lawson B, McDonald B, Morgan M, United States of America
The office illness project in northern Sweden. The significance of psychosocial 333
factors for the prevalence of the "sick building syndrome". A case referent studyErikson N, Hoog J, Sweden
Sick building survey of seven non-complaint university buildings 339
Godish T, Dittmer J, United States of America
XII
Psychosocial correlates of sick building syndrome 345
Hedge A, Erickson WA, Rubin G, United States of America
A survey of"sick offices" at a military air force base 351
Kling H, Kristensson J, Sweden
Gender and hypersensitivity as indicators of indoor-related health complaints in 357
a national reference populationLevy F, Blom P, Skaret E, Norway
Impact of exposure to multiple contaminants on symptoms of sick building 363
syndromeMenzies R, Tamblyn RM, Hanley J, Nunes F, Tamblyn RT, Canada
Sick-building syndrome and atopy 369
Molina CI, Caillaud D, Molina N, France
Prevalence of irritative symptoms in a non-problem air-conditioned building 375
Muzi G, Abbritti G, Accattoli MP, Dell'Omo M, D'Alessandro A, Italy
Sex differences in sick building syndrome 381
Raw GJ, Grey A United Kingdom
Sick building syndrome - an objective or subjective category? 387Sega K, Kalinic N, Croatia
The office illness project in northern Sweden - an interdisciplinary study ofthe 393sick building syndromeStenberg B, Eriksson N, Hansson Mild K, Hofig J, Sandstrom M, Sundell J, Wall S,Sweden
Why do females report "sick building symptoms" more often than males? 399Stenberg B, Wall S, Sweden
Indoor air humidity and the sensation ofdryness as risk indicators of SBS 405Sundell J, Lindvall T, Sweden
Results of a sick building syndrome prevalence study in Johannesburg 411Truter RM, De Beer M, Held O, South Africa
Prevalence ofsick building syndrome symptoms in the general population of the 417Vaal triangleTruter RM, Opperman L, Terblanche AP, South Africa
Health consequences of working in air-conditioned offices 423
Vincent D, Annesi I, Pradalier A, Lambrozo J, France
Association of personal and workplace characteristics with reported health 427
symptoms of6771 government employees in Washington, DCWallace LA, Nelson CJ, Glen G, United States of America
XIII
HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
Oral presentations
Residential exposures to nitrogen dioxide and respiratory illnesses in infants 435
Lambert WE, Samet JM, Skipper BJ, Cushing AH, Hunt WC, Young SA Schwab M,Spengler JD, United States ofAmerica
Indoor air quality and child exposures in highland Guatemala 441
Smith KR, Liu Y, Rivera J, Boy E, Leaderer B, Johnston CS, Yanagisawa Y, Lee K,United States ofAmerica
Effects of indoor air pollution on respiratory illness ofschool children 447
Qin YH, Zhang XM, Jin HZ, Liu YQ, Fan DL, Cao ZJ, China
Passive smoking and development of respiratory symptoms in young adults. An 453
eight-year longitudinal studyJaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJK Becklake MR, Ernst P, Finland
Prevalence ofrespiratory symptoms and diseases in schoolchildren as related to 459
ETS and other combustion products
Goren A, Hellmann S, Brenner S, Israel
Specificity of asthmatic responses to side-stream cigarette smoke challenge in a 465
dynamic test chamber
Lehrer SB, MusmandJJ, Rando RJ, Lopez M, McCants M, United States ofAmerica
Poster presentations: Fuel combustion products
Evidence for mild inflammation and change in alveolar macrophage function in 471
humans exposed to 2 ppm NO2
Becker S, Devlin R, Horstman D, GerriryT, Madden M, Biscardi F, KorenH, United
States of America
The effect ofindoor air pollution on human health 477
Jin H, Zheng M, Mao Y, Wan H, Hang Y, China
Objective effects of nitrous acid gas on eye epithelium in healthy subjects 483
Kjaergaard S, Rasmussen TR, Pedersen OF, Brauer M, Denmark
A study on relation between indoor exhaust and lung cancer 489
Liu J-Z, Hu H-S, Hu Y-H, Lu P, Hao L-Y, China
The extent of exposure and health effects of household coal burning in urban 493
residential areas in South Africa
Nel CME, Terblanche APS, Opperman L, Kock D, Nyikos H, South Africa
Studies on the effects ofair pollution and the environmental intervention 499
Xiaoming Z, China
XIV
Effects ofindoor air pollution on pulmonary function and COHb of school pupils 505in Wuhan City (China)Yang X, Shang C, Xia J, Wang H, Denmark
Poster presentations: Environmental tobacco smoke
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and female lung cancer in Guangzhou, 511
China
Du YX, Chen XZ, Wu JM, China
Effects of restrictive smoking policies on indoor air quality and sick building 517
syndrome: a study of 27 air-conditioned offices
Hedge A, Erickson WA, Rubin G, United States of America
Multiple measures of personal ETS exposure in a population-based survey of 523
nonsmoking women in Columbus, Ohio
Ogden MW, Davis RA, Maiolo KC, Stiles MF, Heavner DL, Hege RB, Morgan WT,United States of America
How much does environmental tobacco smoke contribute to the building symptom 529index?
Raynal A, Burge PS, Robertson A Jarvis M, Archibald M, Hawkin D, United
Kingdom
Respiratory particle burden on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) 535
Scherer G, Ruppert T, Daube H, Tricker AR, Adlkofer F, Germany
Dosimetry of environmental tobacco smoke and "attached" thoron progeny 541
Strong JC, Black A, McAughey JJ, Knight DA United Kingdom
HEALTH EFFECTS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Oral presentations
The hypersusceptible individual 549
Miller CS, Ashford NA, United States of America
Human response to different mixtures ofvolatile organic compounds 555
Molhave L, Kjaergaard SK, Pedersen OF, Jorgensen A, Pedersen T, Denmark
Nasal irritation and odor from homologous series of chemicals 561
Cometto-Muniz JE, Cain WS, United States of America
Time course of odor and irritation effects in humans exposed to a mixture of22 567
volatile organic compoundsHudnell K, Otto D, House D, United States of America
Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the general Swedish population 573
and its relation to perceived indoor air quality and sick building syndromeNorback D, Edling C, Wieslander G, Ramadhan S, Sweden
XV
TVOC and formaldehyde, as riskindicators of SBS 579
Sundell J, Andersson B, Andersson K, Lindvall T, Sweden
Poster presentations
Dose-response study offormaldehyde on nasal mucosa swelling. A study on 585
residents with nasal distress at home
Falk J, Juto J-E, Stridh G, Sweden
Electronically enhanced measures of eye irritation for use in studying subjects 591
exposed to VOC's
Goldstein GM, Cohen KL, Tripoli NK, Ogle JW, Prah JD, United States of America
Formaldehyde exposure in kindergartens 597
Kalinic N, Sega K, Croatia
Judging the possible influence ofindoor air contaminants on thehealth ofchildren 601
Koppova K Mihalikova E, Puskailerova D, Slotova K, Klement C, Lacko L, Hruba
F, Slovak Republic
Pulmonary, respiratory, and irritant effects ofexposure to a mixture ofVOCs at 607
three concentrations in youngmen
Prah J, Hazucha M, Horstman D, Garlington R, Case M, Ashley D, Tepper J, United
States of America
The evaluation of the possible adverse effects of nonoccupational exposure to 613
formaldehydeVargova M, Simko M, Egnerova A Wsolova L, Slovak Republic
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND TESTS IN INDOOR AIR RESEARCH
Oral presentations
Bioresponse testing ofsources ofindoor air contaminants 621
Tucker WG, United States of America
Immunomarkers of aero-allergen exposure and pulmonary responses 627
Lebowitz MD, O'Rourke MK Burrows B, Paoletti P, Sears M, FlanneryEM, Baldacci
S, United States ofAmerica
The relationship between indoor nicotine concentrations, time-activity data, and 633
urine cotinine creatinine ratios in evaluating children's environmental tobacco
smoke exposure
Chan C, ChenSJ, Wang JD, Taiwan (China)
Estimated reduction in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke through 639
removing smoking in the workplace
RaynalA Burge S, RobertsonA,Jarvis M, Archibald M, Hawkin D, UnitedKingdom
XVI
Contribution of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to non-occupational benzene 645
exposure
Ruppert T, Scherer G, Tricker AR, Angerer J, Adlkofer F, Germany
Toxic emisssions from carpets 651
Anderson RC, United States of America
Poster presentations
Influence of the domestic environment on household dust components and their 657
association with the pollutant burden of subjects
Bernigau W, Chutsch M, Henke M, Krause C, Schulz C, Schwarz E, Germany
Passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in 434 14-year-old 663
schoolchildren
Bono R, Arossa W, Russo R, Scursatone E, Gilli G, Italy
Cotinine elimination following ETS exposure in young children as a function of 669
age, sex, and race
Collier AM, Goldstein GM, Shrewsbury RP, Davis S, Kock G, Zhang C-A, Benowitz
NL, Lewtas J, Williams RW, United States of America
Supercritical fluid chromatography with the salmonella micro-suspension 675
mutagenicity assay: environmental tobacco smoke
Eatough DJ, Francis ES, Parrish TD, Booth GM, Lee ML, United States of America
The role of urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) as indicator of exposure 681
to benzene in smokers and non smokers in urban environment
Ghittori S, Maestri L, Imbriani M, Italy
Analysis of nicotine in hair as a biological marker for ETS exposure 687
Li Y, Cheng L, China
Interactions offMLP and PMA with six different fungi and two actinomycete 693
strains on the production of reactive oxygen metabolites in human leukocytesTuomala M, Hyvarinen A, Nevalainen A, Savolainen K, Finland
Six different fungi and two strains of actinomycete induced production ofreactive 699
oxygen metabolites in human leukocytesTuomala M, Hyvarinen A, Nevalainen A, Savolainen K, Finland
Evaluation of passive smoking under chamber test 705
Zhou SW, Wei YX, Li SM, China
xvii
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHINVESTIGATIONS
Oral presentations
Optimizing research on office worker symptoms: recommendations from a criticalreview of the literature
Mendell MJ, United States of America
Experimental studies in the assessment of the determinants ofthe sick buildingsyndromeJaakkola JJK, Finland
A new method to identify different types ofsensory irritation reported from sick
buildingsLundin L, Sweden
The development ofa questionnaire suitable for the surveillance of office
buildings to assess the building symptom index a measure ofthe sick buildingsyndrom
Burge PS, Robertson A Hedge A United Kingdom
Comparison of an EPA and a UK air quality questionnaireHodgson M, Turner W, United States of America
An indoor climate survey of the Swedish housing stock (The ELIB study)Norl6n U, Andersson K, Sweden
Poster presentations: Methodology
Some new view points oflaboratory measurements with subjects 749
Banhidi L, Antalovits M, Izso L, Magyar Z, Molnar L, Hungary
Assessing components and determinants of the building illness syndrome (BIS) 755
Bullinger M, Frick U, Kirchberger I, Mackensen SV, Hasford J, Germany
Comfort evaluation in hospital: an iconographic questionnaire 761
Capelli G, Damiani G, Volpe M, Berloco F, Pignataro R, Italy
A comparative evaluation ofindoor environment human response measures 767
Hart PF, Edwards PK, Woods JE, Olesen BW, United States of America
Work stress, illness behaviour, and mass psychogenic illness and the sick-building 773
syndromeHodgson M, United States ofAmerica
Comparison of three IAQ questionnaires 779
HodgsonMJ, OlesenB, Leung W-Y, Muldoon S, Collopy P, United States ofAmerica
713
719
725
731
737
743
XVIII
A characterization of methodologies for assessing human responses to the indoor 785
environment
Sensharma NP, Edwards PK, Woods JE, Seelen J, United States of America
Validating a standardized protocol for estimating individual's exposure to 791
contaminants in mechanically ventilated office buildings
Tamblyn RM, Menzies RI, Nunes F, Leduc J, Pasztor J, Tamblyn RT, Canada
Probability density estimation ofthe levels ofindoor air quality variables 797
Waller T, Hogberg H, Sweden
Poster presentations: Study design
A nationwide survey on health-related problems in dwellings 803
Loewenstein JC, Creuzevault D, Cluzel D, Cohas M, Fauconnier R, France
Exposure assessment in the Oslo environment and childhood asthma study 809
Nafstad P, Oie L, Kongerud J, Botten G, Norway
The Po River delta (North Italy) indoor epidemiological study: organization and 815
study methods
Sapigni T, Simoni M, Biavati P, Ziliani GL, Ioannilli E, Matteucci G, Carrozzi L,Baldacci S, Angino A, Viegi G, Italy
EPA Base Program - collecting baseline information on indoor air quality 821
Womble SE, Axelrad R, Girman J, Thompson R, Highsmith R, United States of
America