Interpersonal Interpersonal BehaviorBehavior

017468017468

Murat ERCALLIMurat ERCALLI

ContentsContents

Conflict in OrganizationConflict in Organization

1-Nature of Conflict 3- Source of Conflict 5-Model of Conflict1-Nature of Conflict 3- Source of Conflict 5-Model of Conflict 2-Level of Conflict 4- Effects of Conflict 2-Level of Conflict 4- Effects of Conflict

Assertive BehaviorAssertive Behavior 1-Interpersonal Orientation 1-Interpersonal Orientation

2-Stroking2-Stroking

Power and PoliticsPower and Politics 1-Types of Power 3-Organizational Politics1-Types of Power 3-Organizational Politics 2-Effects of Power Bases 4-Influence and Political Power2-Effects of Power Bases 4-Influence and Political Power

Conflict in OrganizationConflict in Organization The Nature of ConflictThe Nature of Conflict: : Conflict occurs for a lot of Conflict occurs for a lot of

rreasons and misunderstanding each other in a party or in a easons and misunderstanding each other in a party or in a group. When conflict occurs, the needs, goals show difference group. When conflict occurs, the needs, goals show difference between humans.between humans.

In a group of people, one who is the leader or mediator of this In a group of people, one who is the leader or mediator of this group should resolve the conflict which is reallygroup should resolve the conflict which is really natural for natural for people, becpeople, becaause resolve conflict is important. use resolve conflict is important.

Level of Conflict: Level of Conflict: Conflict can occure between peopleConflict can occure between people

in groups or party when they have race.in groups or party when they have race.

-Intrapersonal Conflict: The most conflicts occure when a -Intrapersonal Conflict: The most conflicts occure when a person who is the leader of the group or team sends two or person who is the leader of the group or team sends two or more missions to member. **more missions to member. **

-Interpersonal Conflict: Interpersonal conflict is a really serius-Interpersonal Conflict: Interpersonal conflict is a really serius

problem between team or group because people affect problem between team or group because people affect emotionally. If the emotional effects occurs, the relationshipemotionally. If the emotional effects occurs, the relationship

between teams may mess up.between teams may mess up.

-Intergroup Conflict: Intergroup conflict is that there may be a -Intergroup Conflict: Intergroup conflict is that there may be a problem between people of different groups.**problem between people of different groups.**

Source of ConflictSource of Conflict-Organizational Change: To progress the achievements in works,-Organizational Change: To progress the achievements in works,

people need to use the resources and outcomes to success.people need to use the resources and outcomes to success.

-Different Sets of Value: The beliefs and the different ways of-Different Sets of Value: The beliefs and the different ways of

thoughts may cause a problem which can be resolved hardly.thoughts may cause a problem which can be resolved hardly.

-Threats to Status: The place of people may affect the others.-Threats to Status: The place of people may affect the others.

The conflict may occur when the people who has a statu createThe conflict may occur when the people who has a statu create

a treat to others.a treat to others.

-Contrasting Perceptions: People have different perception.-Contrasting Perceptions: People have different perception.

Sometimes they can feel that their perceptions are true, but Sometimes they can feel that their perceptions are true, but

the others may think other ways. If they don’t understand the the others may think other ways. If they don’t understand the

each other that way or don’t help them there may be a conflict.each other that way or don’t help them there may be a conflict.

-Lack of Trust: As all relationships, the groups work need trust,-Lack of Trust: As all relationships, the groups work need trust,

too. They have to trust each other whatever they say or do.too. They have to trust each other whatever they say or do.

-Personal Clashes: The characteristic and personal properties of a-Personal Clashes: The characteristic and personal properties of a

people of a people can shows a differences. People may think or people of a people can shows a differences. People may think or

feel other ways, because of that there may be a conflict betweenfeel other ways, because of that there may be a conflict between

people. people.

-Personal Differences: People have different properties for each-Personal Differences: People have different properties for each

other even they look like each other, but the mission of managerother even they look like each other, but the mission of manager

is to know the differences, between the people and to understandis to know the differences, between the people and to understand

them, so that some conflict can be prevented.them, so that some conflict can be prevented.

The different personality have been known but they areThe different personality have been known but they are

clustered five major factors; agreeableness, conscientiousness,clustered five major factors; agreeableness, conscientiousness,

openness to experience, emotional stability and extraversion.openness to experience, emotional stability and extraversion.

-Conscientious employees have less absenteeism than others.-Conscientious employees have less absenteeism than others.

-Emotionally stable people can cope with the stress.-Emotionally stable people can cope with the stress.

-People who are an openness to experience are no less against-People who are an openness to experience are no less against

to change a organization. to change a organization.

-Extroverted people can have a good dialog with customer.-Extroverted people can have a good dialog with customer.

-Agreeable people are patient and complaisant.-Agreeable people are patient and complaisant.

Effect of Conflict: Effect of Conflict: In fact, conflict is not a bed issue forIn fact, conflict is not a bed issue for

the product. There is always conflict in a team or group, butthe product. There is always conflict in a team or group, but

the best side of this is to see the results in different ways. Verythe best side of this is to see the results in different ways. Very

definitely, there are some disadvantages for about the conflict.definitely, there are some disadvantages for about the conflict.

If solving the conflict need too many time, there can be If solving the conflict need too many time, there can be

disruption on working. disruption on working.

A Model of Conflict: A Model of Conflict: Conflict occurs from differentConflict occurs from different

directions. The importance of conflict depends on emergence.directions. The importance of conflict depends on emergence.

Managers have to know the conflict and how to solve it.Managers have to know the conflict and how to solve it.

-Conflict Outcomes: Conflict can produce four outcomes.-Conflict Outcomes: Conflict can produce four outcomes.

Four Possible outcomes figureFour Possible outcomes figure

WinWin

Win-WinWin-Win

LoseLose

LoseLose WinWin

Win-Lose

Lose-WinLose-Lose

-Participant Intentions: Conflict outcomes are certainly a product-Participant Intentions: Conflict outcomes are certainly a productwhich depends on the intensions of people.which depends on the intensions of people.-Resolution Strategies: Intentions can help the workers to choose-Resolution Strategies: Intentions can help the workers to choosetheir strategies. There are at least four ways of strategies.their strategies. There are at least four ways of strategies. *Avoiding: A way to run from the conflict.*Avoiding: A way to run from the conflict. *Smoothing: A way to consider the others thoughts.*Smoothing: A way to consider the others thoughts. *Forcing: A way to use powerful strategy to success.*Forcing: A way to use powerful strategy to success. *Compromising: A way to gain something with common*Compromising: A way to gain something with common decision.decision. *Confronting: A way to cope with conflict face to face*Confronting: A way to cope with conflict face to face

However there are four strategy to get the goal,However there are four strategy to get the goal,

Just one of them is the best one to take a way, confronting,Just one of them is the best one to take a way, confronting,

because the conflict keeps on when people apply them, butbecause the conflict keeps on when people apply them, but

when confronting applied, the problem will be solved. when confronting applied, the problem will be solved.

-Negotiating Tactics--Negotiating Tactics- There some examples about tactics.There some examples about tactics.

-Agree on the common goal to solve the problem.-Agree on the common goal to solve the problem.

-Recognize the person’s, and your own possible need-Recognize the person’s, and your own possible need

for face-saving.for face-saving.

-Make sure that both parties have a vested interest in making-Make sure that both parties have a vested interest in making

the outcome succeed. the outcome succeed.

Assertive BehaviorAssertive Behavior

It is not easy confronting conflict for some people. FacingIt is not easy confronting conflict for some people. Facingwith others may make some feel depressed or vulgar. The bestwith others may make some feel depressed or vulgar. The bestway is to practice on assertive behavior. Assertive means gettingway is to practice on assertive behavior. Assertive means gettingbetter for feelings and thoughts. If a person is assertive, he or shebetter for feelings and thoughts. If a person is assertive, he or shecan feel him/herself more explanatory and honest.can feel him/herself more explanatory and honest. stagestage ExampleExample 1- Describe the behavior “When you do this..”1- Describe the behavior “When you do this..”2- Express you feelings “I feel… ”2- Express you feelings “I feel… ”3- Empathize “I understand why you..”3- Empathize “I understand why you..”4- Offer problem-solving alternatives “I want you to consider4- Offer problem-solving alternatives “I want you to consider changing to either..”changing to either..”5- Indicate consequences “If you do (don’t), I will” 5- Indicate consequences “If you do (don’t), I will”

Assertive behavior is connected with body language such asAssertive behavior is connected with body language such aseye contact, gestures, voice tones.eye contact, gestures, voice tones. Interpersonal Orientations: People want to show their most Interpersonal Orientations: People want to show their most important interpersonal orientations. Interpersonal orientationsimportant interpersonal orientations. Interpersonal orientationsconsist of two mark viewpoints. First of them how do peopleconsist of two mark viewpoints. First of them how do peopleview themselves? Second of them, how do they view otherview themselves? Second of them, how do they view otherpeople in general? *Show figure four interpersonal orientationspeople in general? *Show figure four interpersonal orientations

Positive I’m okPositive I’m ok You are okYou are ok

Negative I’m not okNegative I’m not ok You are okYou are ok

Negative PositiveNegative Positive

I’m okYou are ok

I’m okYou are not ok

Stroking: Stroking means recognition each other in a job. StrokesStroking: Stroking means recognition each other in a job. Strokesmay affect positively and negatively. There is a difference may affect positively and negatively. There is a difference between conditional and unconditional strokes. Conditionalbetween conditional and unconditional strokes. ConditionalStrokes means offering employees if they perform well.Strokes means offering employees if they perform well.Unconditional strokes none-offering employees.Unconditional strokes none-offering employees.

-Applications to conflict resolutions: The “ I am ok-you are ok”-Applications to conflict resolutions: The “ I am ok-you are ok”person can reach win-win outcome according to connectionperson can reach win-win outcome according to connectionbetween assertiveness and interpersonal orientation.between assertiveness and interpersonal orientation.Assertiveness and stroking are most powerful needs to successAssertiveness and stroking are most powerful needs to successinterpersonal effectiveness. interpersonal effectiveness.

Power and PoliticsPower and Politics Power and politics most important tools for leaders. Power isPower and politics most important tools for leaders. Power is

an ability to affect others.an ability to affect others.

Types of power: There are five main power.Types of power: There are five main power.

-Personal Power: Personal power is an ability of leaders to know-Personal Power: Personal power is an ability of leaders to know

and understand of people’s personalities.and understand of people’s personalities.

-Legitimate Power: Legitimate power comes from higher -Legitimate Power: Legitimate power comes from higher

authority. This higher gives leaders power to control resourceauthority. This higher gives leaders power to control resource

and the other employees.and the other employees.

-Expert Power: It depends on education and experience. It is-Expert Power: It depends on education and experience. It is

the most important type of power in modern society. the most important type of power in modern society.

-Reward Power: It arises from individual ability. It is also a-Reward Power: It arises from individual ability. It is also a

capacity to control items that are valued by another.capacity to control items that are valued by another.

-Coercive Power: It is a capacity to punish another. Managers-Coercive Power: It is a capacity to punish another. Managers

With coercive power may threaten other employee’s job security.With coercive power may threaten other employee’s job security.

Effect of Power Bases: Reward, coercive, and legitimate powerEffect of Power Bases: Reward, coercive, and legitimate power

are essentially derived from one’s position in organization.are essentially derived from one’s position in organization.

Expert and personal power reside within the person. ManagersExpert and personal power reside within the person. Managers

are to concern about employee’s motivation.are to concern about employee’s motivation.

Organization Politics: Five bases of power are acquired and usedOrganization Politics: Five bases of power are acquired and used

to achieve formal organizational. Organizational politics to achieve formal organizational. Organizational politics

means intentional behaviors which are designed to protect ameans intentional behaviors which are designed to protect a

person’s self interest. These behaviors can help to increase person’s self interest. These behaviors can help to increase

the promotion .the promotion .

To large extend the managers agreed that,To large extend the managers agreed that,

-- Politics is common in most organizations.-- Politics is common in most organizations.

--Managers must be good at politics to succeed.--Managers must be good at politics to succeed.

--Politics becomes more important at higher levels.--Politics becomes more important at higher levels.

-- Politics can detract from organizational effeciency.-- Politics can detract from organizational effeciency.

Influence and Political Power: Managers learn to produce Influence and Political Power: Managers learn to produce

results and make things happen without to reliance onresults and make things happen without to reliance on

traditional forms of powers. Knowing this, a person cantraditional forms of powers. Knowing this, a person can

Influence others by making mutually beneficial with them toInfluence others by making mutually beneficial with them to

gain their cooperation. gain their cooperation.

7 steps to increase your influence7 steps to increase your influence

1- Treat the other party as a potential ally1- Treat the other party as a potential ally

2- Specify your objectives2- Specify your objectives

3- Learn about the other party’s needs, interest, and goals3- Learn about the other party’s needs, interest, and goals

4- Inventory your own resources to identify something of4- Inventory your own resources to identify something of

value you can offervalue you can offer

5- Asses your current relationship with the other person5- Asses your current relationship with the other person

6- Decide what to ask for and what to offer6- Decide what to ask for and what to offer

7- Make the actual exchange that produce a gain for both7- Make the actual exchange that produce a gain for both

parties parties

If a leader use these steps as a tactic, leader can get a political If a leader use these steps as a tactic, leader can get a political

power. The two of most popular tactics are social exchangespower. The two of most popular tactics are social exchanges

and alliance of various type. Social exchange implies thatand alliance of various type. Social exchange implies that

““If you’ll do something for me ,I’ll do something for you”If you’ll do something for me ,I’ll do something for you”

Alliance is a tactic in which two or more people join in a Alliance is a tactic in which two or more people join in a

group to get better results.group to get better results.

Thank You Very MuchThank You Very Much