1

INTRODUCTION 3

WATER INTRUSION 6

COMBO OVERVIEW 7

CATEGORIES 10

CLASSES OF LOSS 11

SAFETY 12

THOROUGH DOCUMENTATION 16

DRY STANDARD 19

PSYCHROMETRIC CALCULATIONS 24

AIR MOVERS 27

DEHUMIDIFIER CALCULATIONS 29

EXTRACTION 34

TOOLS 35

WHY IS EXTRACTION SO IMPORTANT? 37

A QUICK LOOK AT MICROBIOLOGY 40

EVAPORATE 43

DEHUMIDIFY 45

TYPES OF DEHUMIDIFIERS 45

WHAT DRYING SYSTEM IS BEST? 48

OTHER TYPES OF AIRFLOW DEVICES 50

WATER AND MATERIALS 54

WOOD 54

CEILINGS AND WALLS 58

THE SCIENCE OF DRY 60

2

EXPRESSIONS OF HUMIDITY 62

VAPOR PRESSURE (VP) 63

AIRFLOW IMPACT 65

TEMPERATURE’S ROLE 65

DEW POINT 65

PSYCHROMETRY APPLICATION 66

BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER 68

3

Introduction

Welcome to WRT/ASD COMBO CLASS!

This course will span the next five days. We will be uncovering

concepts and techniques which apply to water damage restoration

and structural drying work. Hands on exercises and demonstrations

are built-in to provide opportunities for students to make learning

and retaining this information more easily. The trick with a course

like this is to ENGAGE. If you come each day with an eagerness to

learn, then you will.

We will spend time on principles of restoration as well as calculations

specific to drying projects. You will have many chances to work do

group activities with your classmates, as well as self-study time.

Sufficient breaks will be given throughout the course and are usually

no longer than 15 minutes. Restrooms are for use at anytime. Lunch

is provided for you and we will break at approximately noon.

Be considerate

We all understand the need for taking care of business and phone

calls are a normal part of that. Please “silence” your phone and if you

must take a call, please do so outside of the classroom environment to

avoid disruption to the class. Smoking is permitted only in the

designated areas. Remember that this class is being hosted by the

location and we should be respectful of their wishes. We encourage

you to ask questions and do your best to get clarity on the concepts

taught. You are usually not the only one wondering about something,

and it helps the rest of the class to learn.

Who are you?

Please give us some details about yourself. How long have you

worked here? Do you have experience in this field? Married?

Children? Share anything you would like us to know about you.

4

IICRC info

This course is taught according to the IICRC guidelines. A brief

IICRC introduction video will be shown to provide information

about certification, CECs and Certified Firms. This course manual

will contain everything in the examination, but we do not “teach to

the test”. It is important that you review and study the course manual

and notes each day to prepare for the exam. Also, in the back of this

manual, there is information regarding the IICRC. Two exams will be

given during this course to gain. Passing each will gain you WRT and

ASD certification.

Paperwork

Each day, sign-in sheets will need to be completed. This is to prove

your attendance in this course. Also, on Day 3, accompanying the

exam will be an application packet. These forms are important and

must be completed in a specific way. Please write clearly to avoid any

delay in the processing of your exam. Upon completion of the

paperwork, a test fee of $50 is required in order to continue.

Chew on this

This course is designed to give you the tools to go into the field and

perform quality service. It is overflowing with good information that

you can reference for years to come. However, none of it is any good

if you don’t understand one important rule as a restorer:

Your customer is in distress from water intrusion in their home!

What they need is a CARING, SINCERE PROFESSIONAL who can

respond quickly and help them in this time. You can score a perfect

100% on the exam and still provide awful service.

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Think about some of the things in your home for a moment. Do you

have anything that you would hate to lose? So do your clients. Be

mindful of this at all times during restoration work. Your customer

will appreciate it and more projects will be completed smoothly.

They don’t care how much you know until they know how

much you care!

Your Future

As a (soon to be) certified water damage restorer, you are held to a

high-level of professionalism and expertise. The industry- wide

recognized document considered to be the Standard of Care in water

damage restoration is the IICRC S500 3rd Edition. It encompasses all

of the best practices related to water damage work. Using the

standard as the guide as it was intended is invaluable to any restorer.

With procedure in mind, the standard uses language to assist in

making good decisions. For example, the word ‘shall’ is used to mean

that something is mandatory. When the word ‘should’ is used, it

means that something is accepted, but not mandatory.

‘Recommended’ means that a procedure would be

advised, but not required.

The simple idea behind restorative work is to bring the structure as

close to pre-loss condition as possible. Paying attention the standard

will help you to get there more often.

This course is designed with exactly that in mind. As you move

forward in your career as a restorer, you are charged with the care of

property that belongs to others. You will be shown principles directly

from the S500 so that you will be able to successfully complete water

damage restoration projects. This course will also prepare you for the

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next level of IICRC education. IICRC courses offer many industry-

relevant courses to promote better service, professionalism and

understanding within specific fields. As well, this industry is ever

changing and the IICRC continues to revise and update instruction

requirements. Beyond classes, you are encouraged to research and

learn more about your field. This is a good start!

Water intrusion

Frozen water pipe bursts

Rivers flood

Natural disasters bring heavy rain

Dishwasher breaks

Plumbing backs up

Fire causes suppression “sprinkler” activation

These are some of the reasons we are called for work. With time you

will experience a wide range of water intrusion. A very important

lesson you will learn is that:

Water will find a way.

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Most of the time, it isn’t the visible water, but that which we CAN’T

SEE that presents the biggest challenge. You will be given the

opportunity to use different devices and instruments to assist in

finding the invisible water. Thoroughness prevails in water damage

work. You must check everywhere for possible moisture affected

areas. Doing this will keep you ahead of the project. If you fail to find

all moisture, you are inviting problems into the job.

COMBO overview

Let’s think about this in terms of logical flow. If you are to dry a

structure successfully, you must consider, and follow, a strategic

plan. In order to do that you must understand how water affects

everything in the building. Once you grasp that, think about how it

must be removed. Really your only two choices are extraction and

dehumidification. You also need to understand how time affects

water.

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1. Inspecting the structure is critical in identifying all moisture-

affected areas, material and air. Then you can make a drying

plan.

2. Extraction follows to remove as much water as possible.

3. Any water left behind must be evaporated (converted into

vapor).

4. Once in the air, dehumidification removes water vapor.

5. Temperature affects evaporation, so it must be managed.

Inspect

Extract

Evaprorate

Dehumidify

Control Temperature

9

Okay, so now you are ready to hit the road and start drying jobs,

right?

Not so fast! Before you can even think about performing a thorough

inspection, we have to get you up to speed on some principles. We

can use the illustration as our flowchart. Let’s start at the beginning.

First and foremost, we must be prepared for the initial call for

service. This isn’t about simply getting an address, name and

number. Remember, the person on the other end of the line is not

exactly in the best emotional state. They want a company who is able

to respond quickly, reducing drying time, damage and stress.

We can begin the restoration process right over the phone. It all boils

down to first impression and our ability to remain calm, even if they

aren’t.

Some pointers for a smooth call:

Assure them that you will do everything possible to help

Ask good questions.

Do you know how long it has been wet?

Has the intrusion source been located and stopped? Does anyone in

the home suffer from allergies or immune deficient condition?

Will an insurance company be involved. If so, have you called them?

These questions help you to gain information as well as engage the

client. This provides a sense of action and sincerity on your part.

You should bring the call to a close by explaining the process and

things they can expect during this experience.

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CATEGORIES OF WATER

Describe the level of contamination present in the water loss

area. Determining which materials should be dried, as well as safety

decisions can be made when the category is known.

Category 1- This category of intrusion poses no significant

threat of sickness from ingestion inhalation or dermal exposure. It is

considered “clean” water. In place drying could be performed here if

further damage will not result and if equipment is available.

Category 1 water intrusion normally involves sanitary water supply

sources. As a rule of thumb, 72 hours is the maximum time that a

loss can remain Category 1. Also, odors present could be an

indication that the loss is NOT Category 1. Further investigation is

necessary.

Category 2- This intrusion does carry a significant risk of

chemical, biological, and/ or physical contamination. Toilet bowl

overflows containing pathogens, waterbed leaks, aquariums,

dishwasher discharge, washing machine leaks and any water

intrusion from below grade are considered Category 2. In this loss,

IICRC S500 recommends carpet cushion must always be removed

and disposed of, and carpet thoroughly cleaned with HWE. Special

steps should be taken to clean the areas prior to continuing drying.

Category 3- This intrusion is from a grossly unsanitary source,

carrying pathogens, or when water has been in the structure for more

than 120 hours. Toilet water coming from beyond the trap or septic

system, as well as floodwaters would be Category 3 losses. When

dealing with sewage in a Category 3 loss, health risks are elevated.

This must be the most important consideration. Communication is

critical in a Category 3 situation! If a materially interested party

disagrees with carpet removal, the decision to stop work may be

necessary until the conflict can be resolved. Carpet, cushion, and any

other affected porous materials must be contained for proper

disposal.

Note: As you can see, the longer water dwells in the structure,

the greater decline in conditions. Growth can begin in as few as 48

11

hours in the right conditions. Restorers must keep in mind that the

single most efficient way to prevent, or slow microbial growth is to

SPEED DRY the affected materials.

Once we know what kind of water has intruded, we need to think

about how it has impacted the building and materials initially.

CLASSES OF WATER LOSS

Describe the rate of evaporation. Normally, we base the

equipment needs and setup on the class of the loss.

Class 1- This loss involves the least amount of water,

absorption and evaporation.

There is very little, if any, wet carpet and/or cushion (underlay).

Class 2 – This loss involves a large amount of water, absorption

and evaporation by highly porous materials. Water has saturated

entire areas of carpet and cushion and has migrated up walls less

than 24”. Water remains in structural materials like plywood, drywall

and concrete. Drying can usually be accomplished if no insulation

exists between drywall and block walls with wood framing.

Class 3 – This involves the greatest amount of water, absorption

and evaporation. Water may have come from overhead through

ceilings, saturating insulation, walls, carpet, cushion, and subfloor.

Class 4 – These losses present specialty drying conditions.

Longer drying times and special techniques are necessary to address

bound or trapped water. This is due to the low rate of evaporation

characteristics of the saturated materials. Hardwood floors, stone,

brick, and plaster often require low specific humidity.

Note: Classes of loss are really only helpful for Day 1. Why?

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Now that we some idea of the type of water loss we have,

dealing with it safely should be the number one objective.

Safe Restorers

As explained in the above section, there is a risk at ALL water

loss projects. As a restorer, one of your PRIMARY concerns is to

prevent, identify and manage potential safety risks. Obviously, it

depends on the situation, but you must consider safety precautions

constantly. Injury from improper techniques or lack of safety protocol

is completely preventable. Effective restoration firms have specific

safety programs in place to protect employees and unnecessary

exposure. On going instruction and coaching is the only way to

ensure compliance and prevention.

Effective company safety programs include:

Frequently overlooked risk- When standing water is present at

Class 1 or 2 losses, slip and fall accidents are possibly the most

common hazard. Restorers must use caution on even the simplest

projects and educate occupants of the risks. Prior to starting the job,

performing a walk through with occupants is a good idea. It affords

the restorer an opportunity to point out potential risks.

Water is heavy! It weighs in at 8.34 lbs. per gallon. One cubic

foot of water contains 7.48 gallons. That’s over 62 lbs of water. Many

water losses involve intrusion from above. Trapped water in a ceiling

could cause a serious bump on your head.

Encouraging good health- Contact with infectious diseases is a

very real possibility in water loss work. All active restoration

employees should consider consultation with their Primary Health

Care Provider (PHCP) for immunization information.

Personal protective equipment, or PPE, is a huge part of a safe project.

Protecting the respiratory systems of restorers shall include restorers

undergoing medical evaluation, proper training, and fit testing for

respirators. Exposure to pathogenic agents, microorganisms, and

other risks can be minimized with the proper PPE. It is important to

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match the PPE to the risk. A “paper” mask respirator simply will not

offer much protection in a serious Category 3 sewage backup water

loss. During a restoration job, technicians may discover microbial

growth. When this happens, they must use appropriate protective

measures. You also must think in terms of potentially making the

matter worse.

Circulating air where visible contamination is present will increase

the possibility of contaminating unaffected areas. If growth is located,

a good practice is to close off airflow of any kind and contain the

growth.

This can be done with heavy plastic sheeting secured with tape

to completely cover the area.

Emergency service providers should be prepared with PPE that

provide from all potential exposure to the body. These items can

mean the difference between success and injury:

Hard Hat Rubber Boots Chemical Resistant Rubber

Gloves

Fire Extinguisher First aid kits

Leather Gloves Tyvek Suits Knee Pads Vapor

Respirator

Chemical agents- Many times, restorers need to use chemicals

to treat surfaces. You must be mindful of the surroundings when

applying any product. Normally, the guidelines for safe use can be

found on the label. Restorers must follow label directions when using

government -registered biocides (agents formulated to kill microbes).

Most biocides on the market will suggest an application rate for

maximum effectiveness. Since the product is to be discharged from a

sprayer, it is recommended that animals be removed from the

application site during application.

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Electricity- Until wireless drying equipment is introduced,

restorers must rely on corded air movers, dehumidifiers, AFDs, etc.

to get the job done. That said, electrical safety is a priority. Restorers

should be aware of the condition of all electrical devices throughout the

project. Internal parts of air movers should be cleaned regularly with

high-pressure air. This prevents spreading dirt and dust.#A95

They should be equipped with a 3-prong plug, as well as safety

screens covering inlet and outlets. All drying equipment should be in

good working condition. If at any time a piece of equipment is found

to have frayed wires or damaged cords, it must be removed

immediately and repaired properly. It is also a good idea to keep

equipment maintenance logs. Routine, scheduled upkeep of

equipment prolongs its useful and safe operational life.

HAZMAT- It is not a rarity during a water loss project to come

into direct contact with regulated hazardous materials (requiring

strict compliance when handling). Two of the most common

materials used in and on many homes are Asbestos and Lead-based

paint. Asbestos Containing Materials ACM can be found in a wide

variety of structural components.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) guidelines have been

established to promote the safe, disturbance demolition, and/ or

disposal of these materials. The ANSI/IICRC S500 3rd edition refers to

water damage restoration projects involving hazardous or regulated

materials as SPECIAL SITUATIONS. Restoration safety programs

are REQUIRED to show compliance when working in buildings

where these substances are found. Reference material in the index of

this manual will provide information on these materials.

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Third party assessment for safety- When restorers encounter a

situation that is beyond the normal scope of work, or when potential

health risks are elevated, they may require an Indoor Environmental

Professional. The ANSI/IICRC S500 refers to this person as IEP. These

are highly qualified personnel with expertise in assessment of interior

areas of structure. They are often invaluable in providing insight to

restorers and interested parties in water losses.

Many times, restorers encounter microbial growth and/or raw

sewage in Category 3 intrusion where occupants are considered high-

risk individuals. IEPs can conduct pre-restoration or pre-remediation

assessment. Another advantage to using IEPs is that they are

independent parties who conduct objective testing and analysis.

Their reports can be posted on site to inform of possible indoor risks.

This is especially helpful in particularly sensitive projects.

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Good documentation

Once the category and class have been established and safety

considerations have been made, we can begin to build the project file.

This project file starts and ends with complete involvement of those

materially interested or responsible for the property. Before we can

begin work, we must secure a signed written agreement. It should

detail the entire scope of work for the drying project. Each drying job

is unique. It is necessary to specify payment terms and those

responsible on the contract.

You will have time to work on building project files throughout this

course.

Inspect

Extract

Evaprorate

Dehumidify

Control Temperature

17

It starts with recording initial atmospheric meter readings.

Prior to entering the building, take readings outside. This will

help us to compare against the affected areas.

S500 3rd edition states that conditions, moisture content, and

equipment performance should be recorded daily.

Remember, we are looking for all possible moisture. Once

inside, it is critical that we take good readings

Simply performing a “digital” (hand) test on a wall or floor

isn’t going to cut it. We need precision instruments designed to

detect moisture. Several types of meters are necessary to find

moisture. From the initial readings, you will take daily meter

records that include HVAC, equipment and all air readings that

apply.

Thermo Hygrometer-

o This is the meter you will use to read atmospheric

conditions at the beginning of the job.

o Can also help in evaluating dehumidifier output

performance.

o It is a digital instrument that can show air temperature

and (RH). Some can read GPP and DP.

o You must allow for acclimation of the environment it is

reading.

o Be careful to avoid humidity from your breath and skin

o Pay attention to battery strength, and keep probe clean to

avoid inaccurate reading

18

Moisture sensor-

o This tool can be helpful in determining water migration

perimeter

o Can penetrate materials

o An audible beep sounds when both contacts encounter moisture

and light

o IS NOT A METER - Cannot show MC of materials

o Sensitive enough to detect urine salts

Non-Penetrating (Non-Invasive) Moisture Meter-

o Is used to detect moisture in materials without damage

o Can detect moisture on wood floor below vinyl

o Best tool used to find moisture behind ceramic tile

o Reads level of moisture absorbing into walls or other porous

and semi-porous materials

o When measuring moisture, meters are providing a comparative

reading on non-wood materials

o Has two capacitor “pads”, should be held horizontally or

parallel to water lines on walls for accuracy

o Moisture Meters assist with DRYING GOAL

Meter has 3 settings depending on material:

1. Wood- (Can read to ½” maximum)

2. Drywall- (3/4” maximum)

3. Plaster- (1/4” maximum)

Non- penetrating meters will give false readings if they are

used over metal materials, such as corner bead, HVAC

ducting, plumbing and nails. Pay attention as you meter the

area.

Note: This meter cannot be used to read the air conditions.

When measuring moisture, meters are providing a comparative reading on

non-wood materials.

19

Digital cameras-

o Are used to support documentation and readings

o Take pictures of building, materials, and meter

readings throughout the job

o Photos help when making notes on the job file,

eliminating the need to remember details.

o Pre existing damage can also be documented with a

camera

Thermal imaging devices-

o Great tool for showing temperature levels and

change across surfaces

o Data can be stored or uploaded to file

Penetrating moisture meter

o With pins, these meter are capable of detecting moisture

in porous materials using electrical conductivity

o Hammer probe attachments can be uses to check different

depths of wood flooring

o Hammer probe will cause holes that will require repair

Be sure to make holes only on the dark winter wood for

easier repair

DRY

Once metering is sufficient, you are able to determine the dry

standard. Moisture content is the term used for the amount of water

in materials in weight as compared to an oven-dried sample.

Take readings in areas known to be dry, or at an acceptable range of

equilibrium moisture content of materials. The dry standard is the

level to which materials need to be dried.

This information is what you use to calculate equipment needs,

drying system setup and basic scope of the project. A dry standard of

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all materials is the most reliable method in creating a drying goal.

The project is incomplete until this goal has been met. Monitor the

goal throughout the project. Continue to dry the affected material

until moisture meter readings are the same as the goal.

This is the single most effective and reliable course to ensure true

drying is happening.

Moisture content recording

Use the MC spreadsheet throughout the project to ensure proper

drying of all materials. By logging each set of readings, you will be

able to track progress on each material you are drying. Air records

alone will not prove that you have done your job. You must supply

these records at the very least. You can assign each meter site a

different number, letter or symbol for quick identification. Subsets of

each site can reflect different levels up a wall or surface. This helps to

track drying of wicked moisture. Do everything possible to use the

same meters each time. They differ across brands. Dry all material to

within 4% of EMC.

With respect to wood material, continue to dry down to below

16%MC to reduce risk of fungal growth. Wood rot is supported

above 20% MC.

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22

23

Make notes and be thorough as you record all initial

atmospheric data. Draw accurate scaled moisture map(s) of

each area. Moisture maps should include dimensions, and

detailed area information. Use this map to record moisture

content on areas. Offsets, closets, bay windows, etc. should all

be clearly drawn on the map. The map shows moisture content

of materials and other required information. Once you illustrate

the area, the map can be used to show equipment placement.

Using symbols for each item, draw your drying system.

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Psychrometric calculations

When you are conducting your moisture and atmospheric

readings, temperature and relative humidity are used to

calculate specific humidity. It is stated in Grains per pound

(GPP). This is the grains of moisture per pound of air or how

much water the air is holding. Using a psychrometric chart, you

can determine GPP, and dew point (DP). These are critical data

and will be used as the basis for the drying job.

25

26

Record all readings, construct a moisture map and atmospheric

records, you can figure out how much equipment will be

necessary. As stated before, inspect, then extract, then

evaporate, dehumidify, and control temp.

For extraction of standing water, it is fairly basic. You need to

calculate dimensions of the affected area. Calculate cubic footage (

LxWxH ). Then multiply cubic footage by the 7.48 (gallons of water

per cubic foot) to arrive ate the total volume of water. We will get to

extraction tools later in this manual.

How many gallons of water are in a depth of 1ft, 3inches in a living

room with dimensions of 22x18?

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To promote evaporation, you must establish airflow. Using an

Equipment Calculation Worksheet to accurately determine what will

do the job.

Air mover(AM) Types and application

Centifugal

Should be placed every 10 to 16 linear feet along walls

15 to 45 degree angle

counter clockwise configuration draws air from center

No more than 1 AM per 50-60ft2 for in place drying

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Axial Fan

Every 10-16 linear feet

15-45 degree angle to drywall

No more than 1 AM per 50-60 ft2

For floating method

Can be used to dry carpet by direct ambient air closely to

the surface

Edges must be secured to prevent flapping

At least 1 AM per 300 ft2 or area

Note: Class 2 or 3 losses require more aggressive drying. Use

more Air Mover in these cases. Place the AM in such a way

that inlets are not blocked.

After we calculate AM needs, we must figure initial dehumidification

requirements. This can be done with a simple formula chart. Air

mover ratings are important factors in selection. Amp draw indicates

how much electricity used by the unit. CFM (ft3 per minute) is the

volume of air processed.

FPM ( feet per minute) is the velocity or airspeed of the unit.

FPM is important in evaporation.

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To calculate initial dehumidification:

Step 1 – Calculate the volume (cubic feet) of the affected area.

Step 2 – Determine the type of dehumidifier that will be used.

Step 3 – Find the Class and dehumidifier type number to be used

from the chart provided or from below.

Step 4 – Use the number from the chart and the volume to work the

appropriate formula

Step 5 – Use the equipment listings to figure the appropriate number

of units that will be needed on the job site.

Step1 Length x Width x Height = Cubic Feet (ft³)

Add ft³ of All Areas = Total Cubic Feet (ft³)

Step 2 Dehumidifier Conventional

Refrigerant

Low Grain

(LGR)

Refrigerant

Desiccant

Dehumidifier

Step 3 ↓ ↓ ↓

Class 1 100 100 1 ACH

Class 2 40 50 2 ACH

Class 3 30 40 3 ACH

Class 4 N/A 50 2 ACH

Step 4

Dehumidifier

Formula

ft³ ÷ Class = Pints

ft³ x Class

factor =

Pints Needed CFM Needed

Step 5 Total Units

Needed

Pints needed ÷ Rating = Units(From Chart)

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PRACTICE TIME:

1. What is the AHAM capacity requirement for conventional

refrigerants in a Class 3 loss in a space of 10,000 ft3?

_______________

2. How many 144 pint rated LGR dehumidifiers do you initially

need at a Class 2 loss with 6,000 ft3?

________________________________

3. What is the initial 115 pint rated conventional refrigerant

dehumidifier requirement for class 1 loss on

12,000ft3?___________________

4. On a 11,000 ft3 class 4 loss with 12 foot ceilings, for desiccant

dehumidification, what is the initial CFM

requirement?________________________

5. How many ft3 are in a house that is 40’x50’ with 8 ft.

ceilings?________________________

6. What is the initial AHAM requirement for Class 2 loss with

7200 ft3?___________________

7. When using LGR in a class 3 loss, what is the AHAM

requirement for 30,000 ft3?________________________

8. How many AHAM rated 100-pint LGRs are initially installed

on a Class 2 loss with 25,000 ft3?______________

9. How many AHAM rated 60-pint conventional dehumidifiers

are needed on a Class 1 loss with 6,000 ft3?___________

10. At a Class 3 loss with 5400 ft2 and 10’ ceilings, what is the

AHAM initial LGR requirement?________________

11. On a Class 4 loss with 24,000 ft3, what is the initial CFM

requirement for desiccant

dehumidification?___________________

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12. How many air movers would you need on 1100 ft2 on a class 2

loss?______________

13. 400cfm Air Filtration devices can process how much air per

hour?_________________

14. How many 500 CFM air filtration devices are required to

produce 4 ACH in 14,000 cubic feet?___________

AFDs

Air Filtration Devices are often equipped with HEPA “air-

scrubbing” filters. AFDs will control aerosolized soil and

contaminants during the drying job. To calculate AFD

requirements, you will need to:

Calculate volume of the affected area.

Use a minimum of 4 ACH

Refer to the chart below for units

needed

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Manufacturer - Type/Size AHAM Pints/liters Units CFM Amperage/Voltage

Dri-Eaz - Drizair 80 conventional refrigerant 40 pints/18 liters 150 cfm 8 amps/110-120v

Ebac - BD-80-XE conventional refrigerant 40 pints/18 liters 360 cfm 8 amps/110-120v

Dry Air - Dry Pro 5000 Deluxe conventional refrigerant 54 pints/26 liters 200 cfm 6 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz - Drizair 110-pint conventional refrigerant 58 pints/29 liters 150 cfm 5 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz - Drizair 1200 conventional refrigerant 64 pints/31 liters 227 cfm 6.4 amps/110-120v

Dry Air - Dry Pro 7000 conventional refrigerant 70 pints/33 liters 200 cfm 6 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz – Evolution low-grain refrigerant (LGR) 70 pints/33 liters 160 cfm 5 amps/110-120v

Phoenix – R175 low-grain refrigerant (LGR) 92 pints/44 liters 230 cfm 6.1 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz – Drizair 200 conventional refrigerant 108 pints/51 liters 450 cfm 12 amps/110-120v

Ebac Orian low-grain refrigerant (LGR) 100 pints/47 liters 450 cfm 8 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz – Drizair 2000 low-grain refrigerant (LGR) 110 pints/52 liters 320 cfm 8 amps/110-120v

Phoenix – 200 Max low-grain refrigerant (LGR) 124 pints/61 liters 250 cfm 7.2 amps/110-120v

Phoenix 200 HT low-grain refrigerant (LGR) 140 pints/66 liters 325 cfm 7.5 amps/110-120v

Dry Air – Atlantic low-grain refrigerant (LGR) 140 pints/66 liters 330 cfm 7.5 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz – Drizair 2400 low-grain refrigerant (LGR) 148 pints/70 liters 365 cfm 11 amps/110-120v

Phoenix – 300 low-grain refrigerant (LGR) 176 pints/83 liters 540 cfm 12 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz – Dritec Pro 150 desiccant 27.5 pints/13 liters 88 cfm 8.7 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz – Dritec 150 desiccant 48 pints/23 liters 110 cfm 10 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz – Dritec 325 desiccant 135 pints/64 liters 250 cfm 16 amps /220-230v

Phoenix – D385 portable desiccant 116 pints/55 liters 385 cfm 22 amps (11 amps/cord)/ 110-120v

Phoenix – Arctic Max Portable Air Conditioner (1 Ton) 100 pints/47 liters 430 cfm 11.7 amps/110-120v

Phoenix - Mini-Guardian HEPA System (AFD) N/A 415 cfm 2 amps/110-120v

Dri-Eaz – DefendAir HEPA 500 (AFD) N/A 500 cfm 3 amps/110-120v

Abatement – Mini-Predator HEPA (AFD) N/A 600 cfm 2 amps/110-120v

Abatement – HEPA-AIR PAS600 (AFD) N/A 600 cfm 2 amps/110-120v

Abatement – HEPA-AIR PAS1200 (AFD) N/A 900 cfm 4 amps/110-120v

Abatement – Predator HEPA (AFD) N/A 1000 cfm 3.5 amps/110-120v

Phoenix – Guardian HEPA System (AFD) N/A 1400 cfm 12 amps/110-120v

Abatement – HEPA-AIR PAS1800 (AFD) N/A 1800 cfm 10 amps/110-120v

Abatement – HEPA-AIR PAS2400 (AFD) N/A 2100 cfm 12 amps/110-120v

Abatement – HEPA-AIR PAS5000 (AFD) N/A 4000 cfm 30 amps/220-230v

* Manufacturer test specifications: approximately 90ºF @ 95% RH or 200 gpp. ** Association of Home Appliance Manufacturer: approximately

80ºF @ 60% RH or 92 gpp.

Psychrometric Formulas

Refrigerant Dehumidifiers Cubic Feet ÷ Class = Total Pints Needed

Example: Class 2 water loss: 16,000 ft³ ÷ 50 pts (LGR) = 320 pints at AHAM rating

Desiccant Dehumidifiers Cubic Feet x ACH ÷ 60 Minutes = Total CFM Needed

Example: Class 3 water loss: 16,000 ft³ x 3 ACH = 48000 CFH ÷ 60 min. = 800 CFM

AFD (Air Scrubber) Cubic Feet x ACH ÷ 60 Minutes = Total CFM Needed Minimum of 4 ACH for AFD’s

Example: Class 2 water loss: 16,000 ft³ x 4 ACH = 48000 CFH ÷ 60 min. = 800 CFM

Electrical

Consumption: Amps x Volts = Watts

Heat Production: Amps x Volts x 3.4 = BTU/hr

BTU (British Thermal Unit) = heat energy measurement

Cost of Usage: Amps x Volts x 24 hr/day ÷ 1000 W x cost / kWh = $/day Dehumidifier Grain

Depression & CFM converted

to Pints of Water Removed

per Day

CFM of equipment x 60 min. = Cubic Feet per Hour

CFH x 24 hours = Cubic Feet per Day

CFD ÷ 14 = Pounds of air processed per day

Pounds of dry air x Dehumidifier Grain Depression = Total grains removed per day

Total grains ÷ 7000 = Pounds of water per day

Type of Dehumidifier Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 This chart has recommended figures used to

determine initial dehumidifier requirements.

They may change based on psychrometric

readings and types of materials present. All

calculations are based on industry standards and

consensus as outlined in the ANSI/IICRC S-500.

Conventional Refrigerant 100 pts 40 pts 30 pts N/A

Low Grain Refrigerant (LGR) 100 pts 50 pts 40 pts 50 pts

Desiccant 1 ACH 2 ACH 3 ACH 2 ACH

WATER DAMAGE RESTORATION FORMULAS

33

Pounds of water ÷ 8.34 = Gallons of water per day

Gallons of water x 8 = Estimated water removal pints per day

Excess Water in Wood

Flooring

Square feet of affected flooring ÷ 32 (4x8 sheet) = Number of sheets of plywood

Number of sheets x 55 lbs. = total lbs. typical flooring weight at 10% MC

EMC% - Normal Avg. MC% = MC Differential %

Total lbs. typical x MC Differential % ÷ 8.34 x 8 = Total excess pints to be removed

Typical Conversions

Grains of H2O ÷ 7000 (7000 grains in a pound) = Pounds of H2O

Pounds of H2O ÷ 8.34 (Gallon weighs 8.34 lbs.) = Number of Gallons

Gallons x 8 (8 pints in a gallon) = Number of Pints

Cubic Feet of H2O x 7.48 (7.48 gallons per cubic foot) = Total Gallons

Tons of HVAC x 12000 (12000 BTU per ton) = BTUs

What is the cost/day of 5-amp air mover on a 115 Volt circuit at 10 cents/ KW

hour?_____________

How many BTUs are produced by an air mover that uses 2 amps on a 115 Volt circuit?

______________

How many cubic feet per hour are processed by a 300-CFM Air Filtration Device?______

34

Extract

Estimate of work is explained. Consent and payment

authorization have been secured. Without a written contract,

work should not begin. Dry standard is understood. It looks

like we can begin work!

Our next major step in the drying project is Extraction.

However, we cannot overlook the contents in the affected areas.

Here are some things to work out:

Furniture may have a finish or metal legs, which can

bleed, swell, split or rust. Pads or blocks must be used to

lift furniture to avoid damage

Using sliders or guides will reduce stress on moisture

affected furniture and secure skirts

When it is feasible, keep salvable items in the affected

area to dry.

Drapes should be gently hung away from work area.

Inspect

Extract

Evaporate

Dehumidify

Control Temperature

35

Paper based materials such as book, magazines, and

documents should be freeze-dried quickly (usually within

the first 24 hours)

Removing moisture from these materials can be achieved

through a process called sublimation. This is when solids

change directly to vapor, skipping the liquid step, thus

preserving the paper.

Tools of the trade

Now that we have evaluated and protected the contents, we

can begin extraction. Many tools are available for performing

extraction of water. A good rule to follow is to choose a tool

with maximum hose diameter while minimizing hose length.

This will promote greater vacuum efficiency. Here are some

types of extraction equipment out there:

Light wand

This tool is used for initial extraction to contain migrating

water. It is quite operator friendly. Light wands are extremely

effective in glue down carpet.

Weighted Extraction Wand

This tool creates a higher level of lift through a superior seal on

carpet. It is capable of removing far more water than light

wand.

Stationary Extraction Equipment

These tools are designed to work under the weight of the

operator. A vacuum hose is attached and the carpet and

cushion is compressed. This encourages water to flow to the

tool. It is much slower process, but can still be effective.

36

Hard Surface Equipment

These are tools designed to remove standing water from tiled,

wood, vinyl and non carpet surfaces. They are fitted with

rubber boots to protect the surface from scratches.

Self –propelled , Automatic Extractors

These units can be driven and maneuver very well. They can

turn in a relatively small radius. Excellent for in-place drying

on a large area.

Truck Mounted Extraction Units

These units usually generate great vacuum efficiency. They are

equipped with an automatic pump discharge system.

Normally, they hold much longer hose than other units.

Portable extraction units

They are equipped with a tank to collect water. They must be

manually dumped when full. They are ideal for jobs that cannot

be reached by truck-mounted units.

Pumps

Submersible pumps can be used to move large quantities of

water in areas such as basements or crawlspaces. They can

deliver as many as 3000 GPH. Their low profile design allows

them to be placed in small spaces. The inlet is usually on the

bottom, allowing them to pump down to less than 1” deep.

(LxWxH) x 7.48= total gallons. Use this formula to decide which

extraction method.

37

Why is extraction so important?

If we do not extract the water first, then we have to rely on

evaporation/ dehumidification to remove it. Physical extraction

is the single most efficient way to remove water. Let’s think

about this for a moment. You can expect roughly 60 gallons per

minute, with the most efficient extractors. If you are trying to

reduce drying time, then extraction is a must. At peak

performance the most efficient dehumidifier can remove about

32 gallons per day!

That puts extraction somewhere around 1200 times faster at

removing water. Extraction dramatically reduces the need for

evaporation, which influences the total drying time.

Without extraction, you should not have a very positive

outlook with respect to the materials and contents. It would

literally take days or even weeks to dry with evaporation alone.

Also, it is critical to perform thorough extraction. The most

important thing to check when extracting in place is how much

moisture is being left behind. Many passes with the extractor

are required to remove maximum moisture.

So how do you know if the extractor did its job?

When drying in place, extraction can be assessed by

disengaging the carpet. Then, wearing gloves, pull back 4 sf of

cushion from a corner and squeeze firmly. Use this test when

using the deep extraction tool. After one pass, test the pad. It is

complete when no water drips from pad. Do as many paths as

necessary.

Keep in mind that to decrease drying time when extracting

water from any surface, including carpet or cushion, It is

essential to know how much water is being left behind.

38

Every drop of water you do not extract must be

evaporated!

On carpeted surfaces, efficiency is key. However, you must pay

attention to signs of delamination. This is the separation of

primary and secondary backings on tufted carpet.

Some factors contributing to delamination are:

Improper installation

Handling improperly

Incorrect cushion

Prolonged saturation

Overly aggressive extraction

You must be mindful of the condition of the carpet prior to

choosing an extraction technique. Its integrity has been

compromised and improper technique can cause greater

damage. If delamination is discovered, it is important to inform

materially interested parties that replacement is necessary.

You will encounter different methods of installation of the

carpet. It may have been directly glued to the floor with latex.

You may discover carpet that has been installed over other

carpet. The most common installation method is stretched in.

This is tufted carpet installed over cushion and secured to

tackless strips along the walls.

Also, the type of carpet will affect extraction. Face weight refers

to the carpet’s yarn. Stated in ounces, a higher face weight will

require more extraction. Also, since extractors need a good seal

to work, a cut pile carpet with lower face weight will more

easily give up moisture. Therefore a 26-ounce nylon cut pile

would release water quicker than a 65-ounce multi-level loop

“berber” style.

39

Which would be the most difficult to extract,

70oz. wool cut pile, glue down or 40 oz. multi level loop/ 8lb

cushion? ________

You can perform a “corner inspection” to get important

information the carpet. This inspection uses a knee kicker and

carpet awl to disengage the carpet from the strip. Then the awl

lifts the corner away without damage. A closer look will tell

you what you need to know.

You can also inspect areas where carpet meets a different

surface, such as vinyl flooring. Remove any floor vents to

reveal subfloor materials. Sometimes you will discover

hardwood flooring under carpeted areas. The carpet must be

removed in this case in order to dry the wood properly. If the

carpet can be saved, then it is to be dried in another area or off

site. Drying the hardwood is far more important than carpet!

Remember the vapor pressure discussion from earlier. Wood

floors often require specialty techniques. One such technique is

called “tenting”, which contains the floor while hot air can be

forced to the wood. Extreme temperature increases can drive

up vapor pressure in the wood and enhance faster evaporation.

Can you think of the source for this heat?

Upon restoration of the hardwood, it is recommended that it

has appropriate acclimation time before it is refinished.

While extracting in place on areas where contents are present

extract the center of the room first. Then move furniture and

extract the perimeter. As the extraction process continues, we

must be on the lookout for damage that was there before we

started work. If pre-existing damage is discovered, you must

document details of the damage, take good photos, and contact

interested parties immediately.

40

When carpet looks suspicious, it may be necessary to cut carpet

so you can inspect the backing and subfloor. An important rule

to follow is that you should only cut only at the seams when

absolutely necessary. Take your time and try to cut through the

seam as evenly as you can. This saves a great deal of time

during reinstallation.

A quick look at microbiology

While inspecting, you may notice microbial amplification. If

you suspect mold to be present, you must take a few precautions.

1. Air Movers promote cross contamination and possible

spread of the growth. Turn off any airflow devices until

contained or corrected.

2. Avoid contaminating unaffected areas

3. Don the proper PPE to protect against risk

Some good information on microorganisms

Living things are divide into five distinct kingdoms. Plant, nimal,

bacteria, Protista and

FUNGI- This kingdom includes molds, mildews, mushrooms and

yeasts.

Mold is a fungi which develops and colonizes on damp organic,

especially cellulosic, materials. Some molds develop defense

mechanisms which are potentially deadly to humans. These

substances called mycotoxins are produced by toxigenic molds

BACTERIA- This is a kingdom of single celled organisms that are

capable of extreme reproduction when food and temperature are

ideal. Endotoxins produced by gram-negative bacteria are capable of

causing illness in humans, including death.

41

VIRUSES are organisms that rely on a living host to thrive. Many

virus strains can be present in water-affected areas. They can cause

major sickness and threaten the lives of humans.

Microbial management measures

Physical removal of the source is the only way to truly control

microorganisms. Clean up the area prior to treatment. Use of

chemicals is only recommended when it is absolutely necessary for

control. Drying Category 1 water intrusion rapidly is the best way to

reduce or retard microbial growth, instead of resorting to chemical

application.

If it is deemed necessary to use chemicals, it is recommended to gain

customer authorization. Then apply the product according to label

directions (this is especially important for EPA-registered products).

Remember to evacuate all animals and occupants during application

of antimicrobials.

Which does what?

Sterilizers are products that eliminate at a rate of 100% all forms of

microbial organisms (bacteria, virus, fungi). However, there is a

difference between sterilizing and applying a sterilizer. Proper rate of

application, mix ratio and the porosity of the material being treated

are all factors.

Biostats limit or control growth of a substance to which it applied.

**STAT = LIMIT OR CONTROL**

Biocides kill any microbial substance to which they are applied.

**CIDE = KILL**

Sanitizers reduce the microbial level to a safe range as defined by

public health requirements.

42

Things to remember: For maximum effectiveness, treatment of only

clean surfaces is recommended. Label directions MUST BE

FOLLOWED. Only refer to claims made by the product manufacturer

on the stated on the label as to its effectiveness.

Many antimicrobials use formulations of

Gluteraldehydes Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Phenols Alcohols Strong oxidizers (bleaches)

With all that is contained in the water and materials in a water

intrusion, you must consider that all of the water being extracted has

to end up somewhere. Pathogenic agents, microbial organisms, soils,

chemicals from wet materials, and antimicrobial chemicals are all

being extracted. So what should you do to be certain that it is headed

to the correct place?

Find a way to discharge the wastewater into a sanitary sewer system.

It is wise to know what is mandatory by local, state or provincial

laws. Wastewater treatment facilities are also an option. This is not

really specific to the category of water loss. The S500 3rd Edition states

that Category 2 or 3water is to be disposed in a sanitary sewer. Just

do it right. If you started with a category 1 loss, the only way to tell

what is coming out of your discharge line is testing. You don’t have

that kind of time. Assume it is all at least category 2 and discharge it

accordingly.

43

Evaporate

Extraction is complete. Contents and materials have been protected

and now it is time to get equipment into the structure and setup.

Time is of the essence to put together the drying system.

Airflow is critical to the drying system, so you will want to install air

movers as soon as you can. Evaporation is promoted and drying time

is significantly reduced. Obstructed airflow is wasted airflow. Be sure

to carefully remove doors when possible. This eliminates airflow

restriction.

When using air movers, it is important to remember these key points

They should be equipped with 3 prong ground plugs. They should be

in good working condition. During placement, do not block intakes.

Clean the machines regularly.

Inspect

Extract

Evaporate

Dehumidify

Control Temperature

44

Types of air moving equipment

Centifugal fans are very common in restoration projects because they

are versatile. They can be used to exhaust air or to dry carpet. An

issue is power consumption. At 4 to5 Amps, they can create a serious

draw on the system.

Axial fans are capable of moving about twice as much air as

centrifugal fans. They can be high or low-pressure type. The

advantage to a low-pressure axial fan is the lower amp draw of 1.5-

2.5 amps. They promote a more efficient drying system. High-

pressure axial fans are normally used with ducting to move air under

pressure. They require 9-10 amps of current. They are often used as

negative air machines (NAM) when growth is present.

Specialty wall and cavity drying machines are used when it is

necessary to create pressure differentials to encourage evaporation

behind walls, hardwood floors, and behind cabinets. Many systems

are available on the open market, which come with attachments for

theses specialty purposes.

Once you have air movers installed, you can use the area at the

bottom of walls directly in front of air movers for monitoring each

day. This is the best place to check and will give you information as

to whether the structure is drying properly.

45

Dehumidify

Air movement has been established. This means that evaporation has

begun. Liquid is changing to vapor and it must be removed from the

affected air. FAST!

Understanding Dehumidification

Basically, these machines are taking vapor from the air to an

acceptable RH for living conditions. This is somewhere between 30

and 50% in most areas. Units are tested to standards in order to state

dehumidifier performance. The Association of Home Appliance

Manufacturers (AHAM) uses test conditions of 800 F at 60% RH for a

24 hour period to determine and records total pints removed.

Remember that if the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of

dehumidification, there is a significant risk of microbial amplification

and secondary damage.

Inspect

Extract

Evaporate Dehumidify

Control Temperature

46

Refrigerants The principle behind this type of machine is condensation.

Air moves through a cold evaporator coil, dropping the temperature

below the DP. Water develops and drips into a pan. That water is

then pumped away through a hose. Before exiting the unit, the air

passes over a hot condenser coil. This produces a warm air output.

And what do we know about warmer air? That’s right. It encourages

efficient drying. Optimal operational temperature is between 70 and

90 degrees. Below 68 degrees, you will notice a decline in

performance.

There are 3 types of refrigerant dehumidifiers.

1. Consumer grade units are available to homeowners. They

have low capacity for water removal. Ice forms on coils below 68

degrees. These machines are not designed for large areas or

restoration projects.

2. Conventional refrigerants are capable of removing larger

quantities of vapor from the air volume. They employ a hot-gas

bypass, defrost system. They can work down to 33 degrees but also

perform best from 70 to 90. One drawback to conventional

refrigerants is that they are only capable of removing moisture down

to around 55 GPP.

3. Low Grain Refrigerants (LGR) are capable of lowering RH to

30% at 80 Degrees. LGRs also remove significantly more water vapor

than conventional. LGRs can go below 40 GPP, to around 34.

They also employ hot gas bypass.

From an electrical draw perspective, LGR dehumidifiers are the

most energy efficient because they can remove greater amounts of

moisture with less consumption. Consider the number of pints/ amp

when calculating for equipment.

Quiz: Which atmospheric condition would cause you to choose

refrigerant dehumidification?

850F/ 73% RH or 500 F/ 35%RH

47

Desiccants

Adsorption is the concept behind desiccant dehumidification. That’s

right. ADSORPTION. Air moving through these machines enters the

intake and is directed over a wheel (honeycomb design). A coating of

silica gel covers the wheel. The adsorbent gel attracts moisture from

the air. Latent heat increases the temperature of the outlet air as it

passes through a reactivation chamber. Then, the air is pushed the

wheel to release trapped water from the gel. The reactivation air

being exhausted is wetter than the intake air and is pumped outside

of the structure.

Key points on desiccants:

Can bring RH down to less than 10%

Lowest GPP capability

Creates the lowest VP differential

Usually greatest air pressure differentials

Operate from 0 – 104 deg.

They need cool dryer air inlet conditions for peak performance

Lowest GPP in cold dry conditions

Are used when project poses challenge of moisture removal

Desiccants are excellent for drying:

Wood flooring Paper goods (books, documents)

Brick Cabinets, wall units

For example, desiccant dehumidification would be ideal in

drying a crawlspace when outdoor temperature is 45 deg. And heat

was not an option. Cool ambient air is easily processed by this type of

dehumidifier. Heat and air exchanges between crawlspace and

outside atmospheres can be calculated in Grain depression. Humidity

ration reduction is optimal. Simply calculating GPP will tell whether

the system is effective.

How much moisture is being removed in a crawlspace when outdoor

conditions are 98o/36%RH and crawlspace air shows

100o/45%RH?_________

48

Another example would be when it is 60deg F and 50%RH outside,

but 80deg F and 30%RH inside. Installing a desiccant using indoor air

will give a better Grain Depression. Why?

Try this one:

Which is better for the desiccant intake:

Outdoors with 40deg F and 70%RH or indoors with 80deg F and

60%RH?

If outside air is 70deg F/60%RH and indoor air is 60deg F/60%RH

which is best for desiccant intake?

Which way would the water vapor want to move in the above case?

In the following scenario, which air would be ideal for

desiccant dehumidifier production if atmospheric conditions on

a drying job are 70° and 65% RH inside, 30°F and 40% RH

outside, and HVAC readings are 77°F with 40% RH?

What type of drying system is best?

Open

Using outside air to reduce indoor humidity is referred to as an open

drying system. You must consider the possibility of making it worse.

Open drying systems will work when the outdoor temperature and

RH are lower than that of the affected areas. Use psychrometric

findings to base your decision.

Exhaust fans or open windows would be beneficial only the

psychrometry supports it. Think about the customer when making

this decision. Ask a few questions prior to using an open drying

system.

How much energy will be lost?

Is the GPP and DP favorable? Is it safe to leave it open?

Will weather affect setup?

49

Which outdoor conditions lower GPP the most in an open system?

65deg F/30%RH or 60deg F/90%RH?

Closed

Closed drying systems are the most common type. This system

involves using airflow, dehumidifiers and science to control an

environment. Rapid drying can be achieved through evaporation,

and dehumidification or ventilation. You must be accurate in you

calculations for equipment needs in order to be successful. Promoting

evaporation and dehumidification balance is critical in drying

without fungal growth risk. You should consider this system when

outdoor temperature is low, below 30 degrees. When a structure is

cold, it is best to increase temperature. If there is a challenge securing

the building, closed systems are a good choice. Also, if your

psychrometry shows GPP higher outside than inside, this system is

necessary.

Which outdoor conditions would be the obvious choice for a closed

system?

50deg F/70RH or 70deg F/ 70%RH?

Sometimes drying systems can involve both types during a project. If

conditions become favorable, it is effective to temporarily open a

closed system. This allows you to take advantage of the conditions

outside of the area. As you can see, there are options when drying

structure, and each has a specific benefit at certain times. Regardless

of system type, you should strive to setup a science-based drying

system with daily readings of all atmospheric conditions and

equipment performance.

What do your readings tell you about the HVAC system when the

affected air is 92o/30%RH and HVAC vent is65o/60%RH?_______

What type of system could be used when outside conditions show

90o/30%RH and HVAC vent shows 65o/70%RH?__________

50

Other types of airflow machines

Air conditioning units can be utilized as temperature control devices.

They work on evaporator coils and as air passes over, it is cooled and

passes out at lower temperatures. Do not confuse air conditioning

units with LGRs. AC units can actually work against a project in

some cases.

LGR units can condense water at much lower coil temperatures,

which promotes dehumidification. AC units can also run

continuously, promoting higher RH and reaching DP. Secondary

damage could result. It is wise to use these machines for temperature

only.

Heating systems are particularly useful in drying structure. They come

in many sizes and designs. These machines can literally “bake” a

structure to remove moisture. After thorough extraction direct heat

application should be combined with controlled airflow and

Inspect

Extract

Evaporate

Dehumidify

Control Temperature

51

temperature to dry concrete. Trapped water below flooring, or in

crawlspace situations where heat can be directed form below can be

dried efficiently with heating systems. Also, direct heated airflow and

low humidity air can enhance drying of wet wood substrates covered

by stone or tile. Manage temperature throughout the project to avoid

damage related to extreme heat. Heat can assist with improving

temperature conditions of a structure. For example, in a basement

where indoor temperature is 36 deg., it would be necessary to use

supplemental heating along with dehumidification for drying.

PROTECT THE UNAFFECTED

Air Filtration Devices (AFD) are simply air processing units capable of

removing particulate contaminants. High Efficiency Particulate Air

(HEPA) units provide a significant level of air “scrubbing”, filtering

99.97% and down to .3 microns. AFDs can act as Negative Air

Machines to exhaust air from affected areas. Their use is common in

water loss work. Note: To prevent cross contamination, remember to

seal the intake before turning off the AFD.

AFDs are equipped with a 3-stage filtration system (Primary,

Secondary, and HEPA filters). Protection of unaffected areas is highly

important.

Ozone generators can be used for deodorization work. They are

common in fire and smoke damaged areas. They process oxygen (O2 )

in and convert it to ozone (O3 ), am oxygen radical. It is highly

effective at destroying odors. The issues with ozone gas it that it is

potentially lethal to humans. Prolonged exposure to it can lead to

death.

Pressurizing

When dealing with contaminants in a structure, your must control

them. You can use air pressures to your advantage, but you have to

monitor them closely. Determine a pressure plan that works for the

project. Then, stay on top of it through monitoring.

This will prevent airborne contaminants from going where you do

not want them.

52

Consider this:

Infiltration

Negative pressure is caused when you move any volume of air form

a space. “Make up “ air and vapor enters the space from outside

through cracks and crevices in the structure. It will carry

contaminants and airborne particulate with it. Odors can be

prevented from entering the structure form a wet crawlspace by

creating negative pressure.

The result is controlled contaminated airflow away from unaffected

areas. For example, negative pressure would be used in a crawlspace

to keep odor from making its way into the structure.

Exfiltration

Positive air pressures occur when you add air to a space. Forcing the

air into that space will cause exfiltration. This is air moving from

inside to the outside of a space. What you get is airflow exiting

through cracks and crevices, into unaffected areas. Just as with

infiltration, the air and vapor moving carries particulate and

contaminants.

A safety note on air pressurization: Carbon monoxide can enter the

structure through infiltration of appliance vents or flues if the

negative pressure is sufficient. Be careful!

53

Electricity

All of this equipment is going to need electricity to power it. Let’s

look at some important points on electrical systems.

Portable power- In a flood scenario where power is completely

unavailable, it is necessary to use portable generators. Many sizes of

generator are available and can get you up and running with a few

gallons of gasoline. Diesel models may be the way to go if you plan

on longer running duration.

Power distribution units can be invaluable when using excess drying

equipment. Sometimes called spider boxes, they allow you to tap into

220-volt outlet and deliver multiple 110V power outlets, depending

on the model. They keep the guesswork out of circuits. These units

also allow equipment to run continuously, even when other circuits

are being used in the building.

When working with electrical equipment, it is wise to error on the

side of caution. Calculate electrical demands of equipment on a

circuit. Give yourself a 20% cushion on amps needed. Rooms usually

are designed on 1 or 2 circuits. For example, if a structure has

available 220 Amps, then 176 Amps would be the safe maximum. If

the system cannot deliver the amps, then consider a spider box.

Avoid using small gauge extension cords. Lightweight cords pose a

serious fire hazard when connected to unattended equipment.

12-gauge or heavier is recommended to prevent voltage drop. The

minimum 12-gauge cord at a 100 ft. length can only support 2 air

movers at 5 amp ratings. Give yourself the added safety of

heavy- duty cord.

54

The damage water can do

Materials in the building react differently to moisture. As we covered

earlier, water will find a way, either in liquid or gas form. If it has to

go through materials, then it will. The movement of vapor through a

material is called vapor diffusion. Many building materials are rated

with what is known as a permeance factor. This measures how much

water vapor will pass through a solid material in one hour.

A rating below 1.0 would indicate a barrier or vapor-retarding

material.

Terms describing permeance usually refer to the porosity of a

material:

o Non-porous material will have a factor of less than 1.0, giving

up moisture easier (vinyl, gloss paints)

o Semi-porous material allows moisture to pass through slowly

(concrete, hardwood)

o Highly porous readily accepts moisture. Also readily releases it.

Greatest permeance (Carpet, cushion, flat latex paint)

WOOD

You will encounter wood materials on almost every drying job. It is

critical that you know what happens when water and time get

involved.

We can start with the structural components of wood. When it is

forming, wood cells develop cellular walls. This is how the plant

processed nutrients and water during its life.

When wood material is moisture affected, it retains the water in two

forms:

Bound water becomes trapped within the cellular walls. This can be

as much as 30% MC. This is the saturation point for most wood.

55

Free water is exactly that. Wood can reach as much as 200% MC with

all but 30% (this is the saturation pint for most wood) being free

water. The type of wood is a factor in its ability to hold water and

will vary. Moisture content will also vary within a material at

different reading locations. This is known as moisture content

gradient. This information is useful in understanding that the

material may not be saturated throughout. It will also assist you

when deciding on whether a technique is too aggressive.

When dealing with hardwood flooring systems, you should be

prepared to deal with the conditions that can develop.

Cupping is a term used when the edges become higher than the

center width. This is caused by absorption of water from below the

strip or plank. To dry this condition, it is best to address it from

below. This can be accomplished by using inter-air devices to direct

airflow under the flooring system. Also, desiccant dehumidification

can be highly effective in removing bound water from hardwood

flooring. Time is critical when drying hardwoods. Perform

monitored drying until readings reflect an acceptable range of pre-

loss EMC (this is the Equilibrium MC at which wood neither absorbs

or releases moisture). Below 16% will prevent the potential for fungal

growth. Dry cupped hardwood to within 2-4% of normal EMC.

If no standard is available, then use the US hardwood standard of

10% MC. Once deemed acceptable, drying goals for hardwood

should be observed and managed.

In order to quickly dry the wood, it is recommended to get the RH to

below 40 in as fast a manner as practical.

56

Other wood based materials

Oriented strand board (OSB

More absorbent than plywood, weakens but regains strength,

Particleboard is highly absorbent, will warp and swell

Vinyl may be installed over particleboard. It should be removed before

drying. Plywood has greater resistance than particleboard. Laminate

flooring should be removed because of construction and installation

materials. It is comprised of multiple plies of wood veneers under a finished

layer.

57

Hardwoods, plywood, and other materials that accept moisture

readily are called hygroscopic. They will retain moisture until they

reach equilibrium with the conditions of the surrounding

environment. Increases in humidity cause hygroscopic materials to

take on more water as they continue to equalize.

Vapor pressure and material temperature directly affect the rate of

evaporation in hygroscopic materials. Swelling, distortion and

secondary damage become a major problem when conditions exceed

60% RH.

58

Secondary damage is the caused by prolonged moisture contact, or

failure to control high humidity by improper drying. Hygroscopic

materials are the most common victims of secondary damage. Again,

when 60%Rh conditions are present, hygroscopic materials can

absorb water vapor well beyond safe limits.

Can you think of some hygroscopic materials?

HVAC

When floor vents or ducting is involved, you need to consider

damage to the HVAC system. Do whatever you can to remove water

and dry it initially. Once dry, it should be inspected by a qualified

contractor. They normally would disassemble and perform cleaning,

or recommend replacement.

Ceilings and moisture-affected walls can be dried when the correct

techniques are used. The outer surface of the wall should be of little

challenge to a restorer. But when water makes its way behind the

wall, or if it came from above, then specialty systems should be

considered. Wall construction material can also affect how the wall is

to be dried. Plaster and walls with wire lath, for example, must

involve a controlled drying to prevent damage. It is usually necessary

to remove baseboards to gain access to the wall cavity. Remove

baseboards gently along the wallboard. Drywall becomes fragile

when wet and then becomes stable after drying. Mark each section of

trim board so that it may be reinstalled. Forcing airflow inside the

cavity will promote evaporation rate to encourage drying. However,

for in place drying, baseboards can be dried with direct airflow and

low humidity. Walls and ceilings can be dried by inserting tubes.

Airflow is established and drying is achieved.

Note: HEPA-equipped should be used when drying walls if cross

contamination is a concern. To increase drying, it may be necessary to

drill more access holes.

59

If the wall is covered by a vapor barrier, like enamel paints or vinyl

wallpaper, special drying methods will be required.

If water is causing sagging and saturation of ceilings, weep holes

must be drilled to drain and reduce drying time. Inside walls or

ceilings, there may be insulation material. Some insulation types may

be salvaged. However, all blown in insulation must be removed

because it loses its R-value when wet. When water was above the sill

plate, physical inspection is necessary to check insulation for

moisture. Also, walls may have metal studs. They may have beeped

when you used the non-penetrating meter. You may discover them

when removing baseboards. They can present challenges because

there is a “c” channel that can hold water. Pay attention to this when

you see metal studs.

Spread of contaminants may be a concern when drying cavities. The

use of HEPA filtration on a negative pressure system will help to

prevent this.

60

The science

Structural drying requires the use of Psychrometry. It is the

application of formulas to evaluate and manage atmospheric

conditions. Water vapor pressures on the air, the degree of air

saturation, and humidity ratios can be determined using

psychrometry.

HAT

The three determining factors for influencing evaporation during a

drying project are

Humidity

Airflow

Temperature

The relationship among these driving forces must be understood to

effectively dry a structure. Your goal is to create a balanced drying

system that removes moisture from the air (dehumidifies) at least as

fast as it evaporated.

Temperature and Evaporation

Evaporation is directly linked to heat. As the temperature rises, so

does the level of evaporation. This is because warmer air is capable of

holding more water vapor. Relatively speaking, the warmer air is

drier air. The highest temperature is the magic number where

evaporation rate is the fastest, assuming all other things are equal.

When dealing with wet contents and building materials, higher

temperature is your friend. If you applied direct heat to materials,

you will promote the fastest rate of evaporation.

Which one of the following surface temperatures would cause the

fastest evaporation rate?

80o ,70o, 55o or 90o?

61

However, all moisture that you cause to evaporate must be

dehumidified. This is where the science becomes interesting. Most

refrigerant dehumidifiers operate in a range from 70-90 degrees. This

means that when you are outside of that range, the dehumidification

is far less effective. When you reach the 24 hour point in the job, your

psychrometric calculations will help you determine if the drying

system is acceptable. This is the trick to becoming a great restorer.

Mastering the science is what will help you out together the puzzle

more often.

This is exactly why daily monitoring and documentation of the

project’s progression is so important. Evaluating the conditions

throughout the project will allow you to make adjustments as needed

and dry the building as efficiently as possible. Be sure to record all of

the data on logs for the sake of documentation. A daily humidity

record can be used to determine atmospheric drying conditions.

Lets talk about the principles associated with Psychrometry. You

should view the atmospheric conditions in a drying job as

controllable. Understanding some basic rules about air and moisture

will help you to manipulate, and control the outcome. It is really

about pulling moisture from where it has intruded. When vapor

pressure differential is achieved between air and materials, then

movement occurs. Raising temperature promotes the moisture to

become vapor in the volume of air.

Earlier we mentioned HAT as the driving forces for drying. Time is

also considered to be the final factor as it impacts the total damage

associated with water intrusion.

62

Let’s explore HAT a bit closer:

Humidity

Simply stated, this is the water vapor present an a volume of air. As

with evaporation, as the temperature increases, the air is capable of

holding more water vapor. More thermal energy is present in

warmer air, so more vapor can be evaporated into it than cooler air.

3 Expressions of humidity

A. Relative Humidity (RH)

RH is the moisture suspended in a volume of air stated as a

percentage of the total capacity of that air.

When the air reaches the point at which the air cannot hold any

more vapor, it has become saturated. Decreasing temperature

equals increasing RH. Temperature increase equals decreasing

RH. They are directly related. So it stands to reason that with all

other factors being equal,

LOWER RH PROMOTES EVAPORATION.

60% RH is the magic number to avoid. For prolonged periods

of time @ 60%RH, microbial contamination and damage to

contents may occur.

What is the RH of when GPP is 25 and

temperature is 65oF?_______

Hygroscopic materials will seek equilibrium with the

atmosphere. Wood flooring, wood building materials,

particleboard, etc. will swell in high Moisture content

situations.

A key to controlling the conditions is to get the RH to 40% or

below during the first day. Closely monitor equipment

performance to keep it within acceptable range. A thermo

hygrometer should be used. Each dehumidifier should be

checked for grain depression (GD), which is the GPP of the air

entering the machine compared to the air exiting it. During

63

monitoring, the dehumidifier output should show a lower GPP

than its intake.

The best way to check for water removal on a dehumidifier is to

calculate grain depression.

What is the grain depression when entering air is 85o F/ 50%RH

and exiting air is 95o F/ 35%RH?______________

Grain depression can be used with Dehumidifier CFM rating in

order to determine performance.

B. Specific humidity (Humidity Ratio)

This expresses actual weight of moisture in the volume of air.

It is stated in grains per pound of air.

7,000 grains are contained in one pound of air. (Many substances are

measured in terms of GPP. A pound of gunpowder also contains

7,000 grains). At sea level, roughly 14 ft3 of air are contained in 1

pound in VAPOR FORM.

GPP are used to make drying decisions because it is more specific to

actual suspended moisture in the air. RH alone cannot be used to

pinpoint specific humidity.

C. Absolute humidity

Commonly expressed in grams/ ft3Absolute Humidity is the

quantity of water in a volume of air in terms of mass.

Condensation (vapor to liquid state by removing heat) could be

weighed to determine absolute humidity.

Vapor Pressure (VP)

When water is in gas or liquid form, its molecules act upon the

atmosphere or surfaces. This is known as Vapor Pressure. The

more moisture that is present, the higher the vapor pressure. In

psychrometric terms, it is expressed in inches of mercury, and it

is DIRECTLY RELATED to GPP and dew point. When these

conditions change, so does the VP. Wet always seeks dry, even

to the point of moving through materials do so.

64

For example, air movers are initially set along walls to increase

vapor pressure in that material and reducing the specific

humidity of the air. This is because of the relationship of Vapor

Pressure to GPP and Dew Point. Furthermore, increasing a

material’s temperature will increase vapor pressure, thereby

increasing its evaporation potential. If a material has a higher

vapor pressure than the ambient air, the outcome must be rapid

drying through evaporation. When vapor pressure is high in an

area it will mix with areas of lower VP if possible. Temperature

and vapor pressure influence evaporation in a wall drying

system more than any other factors. Directing warm air with

low humidity will promote evaporation. Evaporation potential

in hygroscopic materials is also affected most by temperature

and vapor pressure.

QUIZ: Where is evaporation potential in material greatest?

When temp is 20o warmer than dew point or

30o cooler than dew point

As wet seeks dry, equilibrium with its environment is

constantly the nature of moisture.

Drying systems must be designed to reduce VP through

dehumidification. This is only possible at temperatures that

promote evaporation. Understanding vapor pressure

differential is an important tool in evaluation of evaporation

potential from materials.

How would you calculate the vapor pressure of a material?

Think about RH of the material….

Now use that to answer this:

If saturated wall is 87°F and the ambient air is 110°F with 20%

RH, what is the vapor pressure differential between the wood

and the air?

65

Airflow impact

Evaporation is the changing of water from a liquid to a vapor.

Directing air movement over a surface is an important technique in

the drying project. Air promotes evaporation of moisture within

materials. Wicking occurs when moisture flows upward to the

surface. Evaporation follows as the air takes in the vapor.

Establishing airflow definitely encourages the drying of materials.

However, it can works against you. Be careful not to allow the

evaporation rate to exceed dehumidifier performance. This can

result in longer drying times, which could lead to moisture related

damage.

Temperature’s role

Moisture that is evaporating from wet materials will tend to

lose heat or begin to cool. There is a lower potential for

microbial growth. However, if the area reaches a temperature

too low, it can adversely impact the rate of evaporation.

Thorough monitoring and attention to affected area air

temperature is imperative.

Temperature can be stated in Dry bulb or wet bulb. Which one

do you use? If you said dry bulb, then you are correct. It is

measured in either Celsius or Farenheit on a thermometer. Wet

bulb temperature is normally not used in water damage

restoration. Dew Point

When humidity contacts cooler surfaces, it condenses. The

temperature at which this happens is known as the dew point.

Reaching dew point in a drying job is not ideal. Secondary

damage is a big concern when dew point is reached.

Temperature must stay above dew point temperature to avoid

condensation as air nears saturation. One way to control dew

point is by lowering the humidity ratio (GPP) in affected areas.

This will force the dew point temp and Vapor Pressure to

decrease. If you can work at a temperature above the dew

point, then evaporation potential is always greater.

66

At what temperature will condensation occur on materials

when contacted by air that is 80deg F/ 60%RH? ___________

Psychrometry application

With 2 atmospheric readings, you can use the chart to calculate other

conditions related to the volume of air.

67

1. Of 300F /70% RH or 500F/ 50%RH, which atmospheric condition has

the lowest VP? ______________________________

2. If indoor conditions are 750/40%RH with no heat available, what

outdoor conditions would be necessary for using an open drying

system?___________________________________________

3. Which temperature, with a RH of 40%, would reflect a humidity

ratio of 60GPP? ________________________________________

4. What is the humidity ratio at a temperature of 650 F and

60%RH?__________________________________________

5. Condensation on a surface would occur at what temperature when

contacted by air at 850 F with

40%RH?__________________________________

6. On a drying job, if indoor conditions are 700 F/75%RH, what

temperature is needed to bring RH to

30%?_____________________________

7. When outdoor temperature is 750 and humidity ratio is higher than

indoor conditions, how could you take advantage?

____________________________________________________

8. At what temperature will condensation occur when conditions are

980 F/ 40%RH________________________________________

9. Of 630 F/ 32%RH and 700 F/46%RH which environment would

have a faster rate of evaporation from 700 wet

materials?_______________________________________

10. What is the VP of a material with surface temperature of

850?__________________

68

Now you have assembled a drying system that is working. Drying

Science principles have been applied to the setup of your project. You

have made thorough note, documenting everything. Equipment is

running and the client is pleased. You are on the way to a successful

future as a water damage restorer.

As this project moves forward, expect to make adjustments to

equipment. It is not uncommon for removal of equipment as areas

dry. That equipment can either be used in different affected areas or

simply pulled from the project. The concept is to return to pre-loss.

Take readings daily to ensure that your system is working properly.

Don’t forget to closely monitor dehumidifier output performance.

While taking readings, if you notice that grain depression on a LGR

unit is not significant, what does this mean?

Once dried, the equipment can be removed.

Secure a signed job completion form and finalize all paperwork.

Then the building repairs, reinstall, and reconstruction can begin.

If carpet is to be reinstalled, then CRI 105 installation standard should

be followed. This calls for the use of power stretcher with cushion

“skin side up” to aid in installation.

69

70

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Revised Rules and Regulations for the IICRC Certifications Available by Examination

Academic: All course examinations must be passed with 75% or higher to achieve certification. Carpet Cleaning Technician (2 Days) (CCT) Exam 101 Rug Cleaning Technician (2 days) (RCT) Exam 141

Prerequisites: IICRC Certification in CCT or CCMT, and UFT Commercial Carpet Maintenance Technician (2 Days) (CCMT) Exam 201 Floor Care Technician (2 Days) (FCT) Exam 231 Stone, Masonry & Ceramic Tile Cleaning Technician (2 Days) (SMT) Exam 241 Resilient Floor Maintenance Technician (2 Days) (RFMT) Exam 251

Prerequisites: IICRC Certification in FCT Upholstery & Fabric Cleaning Technician (2 Days) (UFT) Exam 301 Leather Cleaning Technician (2 Days) (LCT) Exam 311 House Cleaning Technician (2 Days) (HCT) Exam 321 Odor Control Technician (1 Day) (OCT) Exam 401 Health And Safety Technician - US (2 Days) (HST) Exam 451 Health And Safety Technician – Canada (2 Days) (HST) Exam 452 Health And Safety Technician – AU/NZ (2 Days) (HST) Exam 453 Water Damage Restoration Technician (3 days) (WRT) Exam 501 Applied Structural Drying Technician (3 days) (ASD) Exam 511

Prerequisite: IICRC Certification in WRT Applied Microbial Remediation Technician (4 days) (AMRT) Exam 521

Prerequisite: IICRC Certification in WRT Applied Microbial Remediation Specialist (AMRS)

Prerequisites: AMRT: and HST or an OSHA 10-hour General Industry Health and Safety course, or other suitable program subject to IICRC approval (There are no HST equivalents in Canada or Australia/New Zealand); and one year verifiable microbial remediation experience after the date of issuing the AMRT certification; and one of the following within one calendar year immediately before AMRS qualification: 10 verifiable microbial remediation projects or 1000 hours verifiable microbial remediation experience. Verification is by written Witness Statement under penalty of perjury, plus an appropriate Project Sheet(s).

Water Restoration/Applied Structural Drying Combo (5 days) (WRT / ASD) Exams 501 & 511

This course must be attended in its entirety along with passing both WRT and ASD exams during that same five (5) day period. If any portion of the course and exam are not completed during the five (5) day period, the student is required to re-attend the entire five (5) day course to receive both certifications. No portion of the five (5) day course can be applied to either a WRT or ASD course being taught separately.

Commercial Drying Specialist (4.5 days) (CDS) Exam 541

Prerequisites: IICRC Certification in WRT Special note to Participants: Commercial drying projects frequently have many more potential hazards and safety risks that are not generally encountered on residential projects. These hazards may include but not be limited to higher voltages, confined spaces, energized machinery, hazardous chemicals, heavy equipment and forklifts. The CDS course is not intended to be a health and safety course, nor will it cover all of the potential hazards that may be encountered on commercial projects. It is required of participants to comply with all applicable local, state/provincial and national safety rules and regulations. The participant is strongly advised to research and complete appropriate training programs (e.g. HST, OSHA 10-hour, Canadian HST) prior to participating in the CDS course.

Carpet Repair & Reinstallation Technician (2 days) (RRT) Exam 601 Color Repair Technician (2 days) (CRT) Exam 701

Prerequisites: IICRC Certification in CCT or CCMT Carpet Inspector (5 days) (SCI) Exam 801

Prerequisites: Current Clean Trust Certification in CCMT or CCT, and RRT. During the first year after passing IICRC inspector exam, students are required to submit a minimum of ten (10) inspection reports, which will be reviewed by the Inspector Committee. Inspector status will not be awarded until such time as these reports are approved by committee.

Introduction to Substrate Subfloor Inspection (3 days) (ISSI) Exam 811 Marble & Stone Inspector (3 days) (MSI) Exam 821

Prerequisite: IICRC Certification in SSI or ISSI. During the first year after passing IICRC inspector exam, the individual is required to submit a minimum of ten (10) inspection reports which will be reviewed by the Inspector Committee. Inspector status will not be awarded until such time as these reports are approved by committee

Resilient Flooring Inspector (4 days) (RFI) Exam 831

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Ceramic Tile Inspector (4 days) (CTI) Exam 841

Prerequisite: IICRC Certification in SSI or ISSI. During the first year after passing IICRC inspector exam, the individual is required to submit a minimum of ten (10) inspection reports which will be reviewed by the Inspector Committee. Inspector status will not be awarded until such time as these reports are approved by committee.

Wood Laminate Flooring Inspector (4 days) (WLFI) Exam 851 & 852

Prerequisite: IICRC Certification in SSI or ISSI. During the first year after passing IICRC inspector exam, the individual is required to submit a minimum of ten (10) inspection reports which, will be reviewed by the Inspector Committee. Inspector status will not be awarded until such time as these reports are approved by committee.

Fire & Smoke Restoration Technician (2 days) (FSRT) Exam 901

Advanced Designations (No Examination) Designations are automatically awarded after attaining the proper credits

Journeyman Textile Cleaner (JTC) A minimum of twelve (12) months after original Clean Trust certification date plus attainment of certifications as listed below.

Certification in (CCT or CCMT) and UFT and either (OCT, CRT or RRT) Journeyman Fire & Smoke Restorer (JSR) A minimum of twelve (12) months after original Clean Trust certification date plus attainment of certifications as listed below.

Certification in UFT, OCT and FSRT Journeyman Water Restorer (JWR) A minimum of twelve (12) months after original Clean Trust certification date plus attainment of certifications as listed below.

Certification in (CCT or CMT), WRT and RRT Master Textile Cleaner (MTC) A minimum of three (3) years after original Clean Trust certification date plus attainment of specific certifications as listed below.

Certification in (CCT or CCMT), UFT, OCT, (RRT or BRT) and CRT Master Fire & Smoke Restorer (MSR) A minimum of three (3) years after original Clean Trust certification date plus attainment of specific certifications as listed below.

Certification in (CCT or CCMT), UFT, OCT, FSRT and (HST or equivalent) (There are no HST equivalents in Canada or Australia/New Zealand)

Master Water Restorer (MWR) A minimum of three (3) years after original Clean Trust certification date plus attainment of specific certifications as listed below.

Certification in (CCT or CCMT), RRT, WRT, ASD, AMRT/S and (HST or equivalent) (There are no HST equivalents in Canada or Australia/New Zealand)

IICRC Testing Fee Structure

All Technician Exams (excluding AMRT & Inspector): $ 50.00 OZ/NZ $70.00 AU AMRT and Inspector: $150.00 Retest: $ 25.00 OZ/NZ $50.00 AU

Only two retakes are allowed. Exam must be retaken within 90 days of receiving test results; otherwise, re-attendance will be required before testing can be done again.

Annual Registration Fee

After one (1) year, registrant will receive annual renewal billing. If certified in 1 or 2 categories, fee will be $30 annually, 3 and 4 categories is $40 and 5 or more categories is $50 annually. Master status will be an additional $10.00. Applied Microbial Remediation certification will be $60.00 annually. If registrant lets certification lapse for a period of over twelve (12) months, he or she will be required to re-attend an approved school, retake exam and pay appropriate fees. If registrant wishes to reinstate certification within the twelve (12) month period, outstanding fees and fulfillment of continuing education credits will be required. Registrants must follow the Code of Ethics or be subject to sanctions up to and including loss of certification. ANNUAL REGISTRATION FEE SPECIFIC TO EUROPE Annual renewal for one (1) to more than five (5) is £46.00. Master levels are an additional £10.00. AMRT and inspector fees are an additional £100.00. Credentialed Carpet Inspector is an additional £50.00. All fees include the applicable standard VAT rate. (01.2009) ANNUAL REGISTRATION FEE SPECIFIC TO AUSTRALIA/NEW ZEALAND If certified in 1 or 2 categories, fee will be $60 annually, 3 and 4 categories is $70 and 5 or more categories is $80 annually. Master status will be an additional $30.00. Applied Microbial Remediation certification will be $90.00 annually. A

practicing inspector is an additional $150.00 whether certified in one or more inspection categories. Credentialed carpet inspector is $70.00 annually. All are figured in Australian dollars. Registrants must maintain all prerequisite and required courses to attain and maintain certifications requiring prerequisites and advanced designation status. (For example, WRT must be maintained to first attain and then to maintain ASD, and all supporting designations must be maintained to attain and to maintain Journeyman, Master, and Inspector status according to current Clean Trust policies). Certified Inspector: Once the inspector has passed the probationary requirements, he or she may choose to be listed as “Practicing” or “Credentialed”. Practicing inspectors will pay $80.00 annually for fees with listing on the 800# Clean Trust Referral System and the web site, while Credentialed will pay $40.00 per year with no listing. Hard Surface inspectors are only listed as Practicing with fee as $80.00 annually. Certified Firms: A Certified Firm Application Request Form must be sent to IICRC with a nonrefundable $25.00 processing fee. Upon approval of the request form, the firm will be sent an Application for Certified Firm. The Application for Certified Firm must be forwarded to headquarters with the annual fee of $125.00. This is a separate fee from the $25.00 processing fee and is also nonrefundable. Once Certified Firm status is granted, the firm is immediately listed on the 800# Clean Trust Referral System as well as IICRC web site at www.iicrc.org. The Certified Firm is also eligible at this time to use the registered trademark for advertising purposes.

IICRC Reserves the Unqualified Right to Change and Revise the Policies, Procedures and Requirements. You may review the Privacy Policy at www.iicrc.org/privacypolicy

Revised 3/16/12