INTRODUCTIONhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwdPCWT

stBs&feature=relmfu

Developed by D. Ann Currie , RN, MSN2012

Nutritional Comparison: Breast Milk

90% waterSame weight gain or greater during first 3-4

monthsFat is variablePrimary carbohydrate is lactose, trace

amounts of other carbohydrates

Components of Breast MilkWhey/Casein ratio changes according to

infant needsWhey components include alpha-lactalbumin,

serum albumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, and lysozyme

Low in vitamin D, adequate vitamin C & B complex

Mineral content similarIron absorption: 50-60%

Advantages of Breastfeeding

Species specificCholesterol in breast milk plays a role in

myelination and neurologic developmentMore efficient metabolism of cholesterolComposition varies according to gestational

ageIron is more readily absorbed

Infant Benefits Reduced risk of

Type I or type II diabetes mellitusLymphoma, leukemia, & Hodgkin’s diseaseObesityHypercholesterolemiaAsthma

Protection fromRespiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract

infectionsNecrotizing enterocolitisUrinary tract infectionsOtitis mediaBacterial meningitis

Maternal Physical Benefits Decreased postpartum bleedingMore rapid uterine involutionBurns additional caloriesDecreased risk of developing

Breast and ovarian cancer Postmenopausal osteoporosis

Maternal Psychosocial Benefits

Improved maternal-infant attachmentSkin-to-skin contactTactile communicationLearn behavioral cues and needsProlactin increases feelings of relaxation and

euphoriaOxytocin heightens responsiveness and

receptivity toward infant

Disadvantages to Breastfeeding

Pain due to nipple tendernessLeaking milk when breasts are fullEmbarrassment about breastfeedingFeeling tied down to the demands of

breastfeedingUnequal feeding responsibilities/fathers left outPerceptions about diet restrictionsLimited birth control options Vaginal drynessConcerns about the safety of medications and

breastfeeding

Feeding Interventions: Birthing Room

Assess for signs of readiness to feedPlace newborn on mother’s chestBreastfeeding may begin in birthing roomAssess infant physiologic status during

feeding

Feeding Interventions Monitor progressEducationAnticipatory guidanceEvaluate the need for follow-up after

discharge

Infant Feeding EducationOn Demand” feeding patternInfant feeding cuesNormal feeding/sleeping patternsSatiety behaviorsGrowth patterns

Breastfeeding Education PositioningLatchingBreast milk pumping and storage Supplementation

Nutritional Comparison: Formula

90% waterGreater weight gain after 3-4 monthsLactose is only carbohydrate

Components of Formula Whey/Casein ratio is 60:40Whey components are beta-lactoglobulin and

alpha-lactalbuminAdequate amounts of vitaminsMineral content similar

Formula Feeding Education Intake and output expectationsPreparation and storage of formulaFeeding techniqueEquipmentSafety precautions

Growth Rates Both breastfed and formula-fed infants

experience growth spurts requiring increased feedings

Breastfeeding mother should nurse more frequently

Formula feeding mother should slightly increase amount of feeding

Influence of Culture on Infant Feeding

Perception of breasts as sexual organPerceptions of colostrumLanguage

The End of Part IV

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