introduction to astronomy - iniciotpuzia/puc/2014b-ia-lectureexercises_files/... · diurnal...
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Introduction to Astronomy !AST0111-3 (Astronomía)
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Semester 2014B
Prof. Thomas H. Puzia
1. Celestial Sphere
2. Diurnal Movement
3. Annual Movement
4. Lunar Movement
5. The Seasons
6. Eclipses
Theme Our Sky
Precession
• The axis of the Earth (and of the celestial sphere) precesses like the axis of rotation of a top (trompo). The period of this movement is very long: P = 26000 yr.
• The Earth is not perfectly spherical, it is wider at the Equator by ~43 km. The inclination of the rotational axis and the asymmetric gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon produce a change (“torque”) in the axis direction.
• Thus the Earth's equatorial plane changes position gradually. This precession of the equinoxes was discovered by Hipparchus in the second century BC.
• Example: Today, the spring equinox is in Pisces, but in the year 2600 it will be in Aquarius.
• Nutation: a small oscillatory motion superimposed on the Earth's axis precession.
The Nutation of Equinoxes
Nutation (discovered by James Bradley in 1748) is generally described as the sum of higher-order terms of Earth’s polar motion due to some time-variable nature of tidal forces that act on Earth’s body (“Precise Geoid”). !Nutation is generally:
split into vector terms parallel and perpendicular to the direction of precession split into short- and long-period terms due to various effects, such as time-dependent distances of moon, sun, jupiter et al., variable tilt of orbits e.g. moon vs. earth orbit, ocean currents, location of Earth crust relative to her NiFe core, etc. largest nutation component (17x9 arcsec) has a period 6798 days or 18.6 years, while the second-largest (1.3x0.6 arcsec) has a period of 183 days. For unknown reasons nutation terms appear to avoid periods in the range of 34.8 to 91 days.
Sun
View of Earth from Mars
Mean distance: 385000 km Mass ratio: 81:1 !Double planet? No: Barycenter is 1750 km under Earth’s surface
Lunar Movement! We observe that the Moon also changes position with
respect to the “fixed” background stars. " This is the result of the Moon’s orbit around the Earth.
! Additionally, we observe that the Moon has phases: new(nueva), 1st quarter (creciente), full (llena), 3rd quarter (menguante). " This is the result of the relative position of the Sun, which
illuminates the Moon, as seen from the Earth. ! The Moon always shows the same “face” to the Earth: thus
its period of rotation = its period of revolution. " This is a result of the tidal forces (of the sea) between the
Earth and the Moon. Note: this does not mean that the opposite “face” of the Moon
is always dark (just that we cannot see it).
Phases of the Moon
! Sidereal month = 27.3d is the time that takes the Moon to orbit once around the Earth. ! Sinodic Month = 29.5d is time it takes lunar phases to repeat themselves
Phases of the Moon
Eclipses! The plane of the lunar orbit is inclined ~5 degrees with respect to the ecliptic plane
Eclipses
Eclipses of the Moon! Eclipses of the Moon are more frequent that those of the Sun ! Additionally, the time duration is longer than those of the Sun ! This demonstrates that the Earth > Moon in size.
Eclipses of the Sun
! Depending on the type of occultation, eclipses of the Sun can be total, partial, or annular.
Eclipses of the Sun
! Depending on the type of occultation, eclipses of the Sun can be total, partial, or annular.
Eclipse of the Sun! Solar Eclipse: as seen from the Earth and the Moon.
simulation!
15
Eclipses Solares
Solar Eclipses
Saros Cycle
every ~18 yrs eclipse geometry repeats (but not same as viewed from Earth)
Solar Eclipses
Saros Cycle
every ~18 yrs eclipse geometry repeats (but not same as viewed from Earth)
Moon Affects TidesCaused by slight differential gravitational forces on near and far side of Earth facing the Moon. !Daily effect relatively small: 0.1% change in gravity force between near and far sides. !During course of 1 day, Earth rotates through 2 high and 2 low tides. !Compare height of typical high/low tides to pole and equator radius difference due to rotation.
“effective” net force
The Sun also produces tides (~5x weaker than Moon). These can add or cancel with those of the Moon.
“Spring”
“Neap”strong
weak
Sun Also Affect Tides
Why does the Moon look dramatically larger sometimes and smaller others?
A. In its orbit around the Earth, it occasionally gets really close or really far B. It expands and contracts due to tidal forces C. The atmosphere acts as a magnifying glass so it is bigger sometimes D. It is an optical illusion
Why does the Moon look dramatically larger sometimes and smaller others?
A. In its orbit around the Earth, it occasionally gets really close or really far B. It expands and contracts due to tidal forces C. The atmosphere acts as a magnifying glass so it is bigger sometimes D. It is an optical illusion
Can the Moon’s distance change much in 6 hrs?
“Movements” of the Moon
Moon distance varies +/- 5% from apogee to perigee over ~7 yrs ➠ ~20% gravitational force variation (causes perigean tides)
“Movements” of the Moon
Key Concepts:
Celestial Sphere + coordinates (more later)
Times (days, months, years). Sidereal vs. Solar/Synodic (more later)
Seasons.
Phases of the Moon.
Eclipses.
Tides.
Theme
Coordinate Systems
Different types
How to use
Coordinate System Fundamental Plane
Poles Coordinates Zero Point
Geographic (Earth) Equator Poles latitude longitude
Greenwich, UK
Local = Horizontal (also Alt/Az or Az/El)
Horizon zenith/nadir elevation (or altitude) azimuth
Your meridian
Equatorial celestial equator celestial poles declination right ascension/hour angle
Vernal Equinox Epoch (J2000)
Ecliptic ecliptic ecliptic poles ecliptic latitude ecliptic longitude
Sun + VE Epoch (J2000)
Galactic galactic plane galactic poles galactic latitude galactic longitude
Galactic Center
Supergalactic supergalactic plane
supergalactic poles
supergalactic latitude supergalactic longitude
Intersection of Galaxy plane and supercluster plane
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate System Fundamental Plane
Poles Coordinates Zero Point
Geographic (Earth) Equator Poles latitude longitude
Greenwich, UK
Local = Horizontal (also Alt/Az or Az/El)
Horizon zenith/nadir elevation (or altitude) azimuth
Your meridian
Equatorial celestial equator celestial poles declination right ascension/hour angle
Vernal Equinox Epoch (J2000)
Ecliptic ecliptic ecliptic poles ecliptic latitude ecliptic longitude
Sun + VE Epoch (J2000)
Galactic galactic plane galactic poles galactic latitude galactic longitude
Galactic Center
Supergalactic supergalactic plane
supergalactic poles
supergalactic latitude supergalactic longitude
Intersection of Galaxy plane and supercluster plane
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate System Fundamental Plane
Poles Coordinates Zero Point
Geographic (Earth) Equator Poles latitude longitude
Greenwich, UK
Local = Horizontal (also Alt/Az or Az/El)
Horizon zenith/nadir elevation (or altitude) azimuth
Your meridian
Equatorial celestial equator celestial poles declination right ascension/hour angle
Vernal Equinox Epoch (J2000)
Ecliptic ecliptic ecliptic poles ecliptic latitude ecliptic longitude
Sun + VE Epoch (J2000)
Galactic galactic plane galactic poles galactic latitude galactic longitude
Galactic Center
Supergalactic supergalactic plane
supergalactic poles
supergalactic latitude supergalactic longitude
Intersection of Galaxy plane and supercluster plane
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate System Fundamental Plane
Poles Coordinates Zero Point
Geographic (Earth) Equator Poles latitude longitude
Greenwich, UK
Local = Horizontal (also Alt/Az or Az/El)
Horizon zenith/nadir elevation (or altitude) azimuth
Your meridian
Equatorial celestial equator celestial poles declination right ascension/hour angle
Vernal Equinox Epoch (J2000)
Ecliptic ecliptic ecliptic poles ecliptic latitude ecliptic longitude
Sun + VE Epoch (J2000)
Galactic galactic plane galactic poles galactic latitude galactic longitude
Galactic Center
Supergalactic supergalactic plane
supergalactic poles
supergalactic latitude supergalactic longitude
Intersection of Galaxy plane and supercluster plane
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems
Equatorial Coordinates
R.A. = right ascension!Dec. = declination
Coordinate Systems
GalacticHorizontal
Equatorial
The arc of C-Υ-R-D is the curve of the of Celestial Equator
R-S corresponds to a segment of the great meridian circle N-Z-R-S Υ is the vernal equinox or “first point of constellation Aries” (actually in Pisces now). The direction of Υ is nominally “fixed” relative to the stars (but precesses slowly).
!X position of the star: arc between X-C is star’s declination δ (+90°,-90°) arc between Υ-C is star’s right ascension α (0-24h)
α increases to the East of Υ.
!Hour angle, H, time since the object crosses the meridian. !If H = 0, object on the meridian (N-Z-R-S), transit, ⇒ ST = α (object passes meridian)
Equatorial Coordinates
WestEast S
HRD
Motion!of Y
Y
X
Motion!of X
Cα
δ Υ
Horizon
Equator
With respect to object X, object Y will
A. Transit before object X. B. Transit after object X. C. Transit at the same time. D. None of the above
A. Appear to move faster on the sky B. Appear to move slower on the sky C. Appear to move at the same speed D. None of the above, since stars do not move
What are the highest/lowest declinations which are visible from Santiago?
WestEast S
HRD
Motion!of Y
Y
X
Motion!of X
Cα
δ Υ
Horizon
Equator
http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/Planets/planetchart.htmlCheck out animation of this at:
0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 20h 21h 22h 23h 24hRight Ascension
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0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 20h 21h 22h 23h 24h
Locations of visible planetsD
eclin
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Locations of visible planets