introduction to metabolism. metabolism includes all of the chemical reactions in an organism. ...
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ENERGYIntroduction to Metabolism
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Metabolism
Includes all of the chemical reactions in an organism.
Reactions are ordered in metabolic pathways (sequence of steps)
Each step is controlled by an enzyme that converts a specific molecule into a product.
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Metabolism Through metabolic
pathways, the cell transforms and creates the organic molecules that provide energy for life.
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Metabolism
Catabolic Pathways release energy stored in complex molecules through breaking down these molecules into simpler compounds.
Proteins, Carbs &
Lipids
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Metabolism
Anabolic Pathways require energy to combine simpler molecules into more complicated ones. (Building up)
Amino Acids Proteins
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Metabolism
The energy released from catabolic pathways drives anabolic pathways in the cell.
RESPIRATION BIOSYNTHESIS Glucose CO2 + H2O Monomers
Macromolecules
CATABOLIC REACTIONS ANABOLIC REACTIONS
(Exergonic) (Endergonic)
ATP
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Forms of Energy
Energy is the ability to cause change. Some forms of energy can do work such
as moving matter against an opposing force.
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Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy is the energy of Motion. Falling rocks, orbiting planets, air
molecules.
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Forms of Energy
Potential Energy is stored energy as a result of location or arrangement of matter.
A rock perched on ledge, standing on a diving board.
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Forms of Energy
Chemical Energy is a form of potential energy stored in the arrangement of atoms in molecules.
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Forms of Energy
Light Energy/ radiative energy carried by light.
Light can alter molecules in our eyes allowing us to see.
Light is the only energy we can see.
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Forms of Energy
Energy can be converted from one form to another.
Plants convert light energy to chemical energy ( the potential energy of ATP).
When climbing up a hill kinetic energy of muscle movement becomes potential energy.
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Thermodynamics
The laws of energy transformation. 1st Law of Thermodynamics – the total
amount of energy in the universe or any process remains constant. Energy can change form but can neither be created nor destroyed.
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Thermodynamics
2nd Law of Thermodynamics – in any process, the amount of energy available to do work decreases, such as when heat is released.
Heat is the random movement of molecules.
As a process occurs heat is the energy that can no longer do work.
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Thermodynamics
An organism takes in large molecules to use for energy and releases Heat and smaller molecules like CO2 and water into the environment.
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Free Energy
Free Energy (G) is the energy available to do work
Each chemical has a certain amount of free energy.
Each chemical reaction involves a change in free energy. ∆G
∆G = Gproducts - Greactants
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Free Energy
Exergonic reactions release energy and the free energy decreases. -∆G
Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously.
Downhill Reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
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Exergonic Reaction
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Free Energy
Endergonic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, and stores the free energy in molecules. +∆G
Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous and require ENERGY
Uphill Reaction
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Endergonic Reaction
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Exergonic vs. Endergonic
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Free Energy
Free energy, energy available to do work depends on the concentration of molecules.
The greater the difference in concentration of molecules on either side of a barrier (Cell Membrane) the more work that can be done.
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Concentration Gradient
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Equilibrium
Eventually, in a closed system, reactions reach equilibrium and then can do no more work ∆G = 0.
A cell that has reached metabolic equilibrium is DEAD!
Metabolism as a whole is never at equilibrium.
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Equilibrium
The constant flow of materials in and out of the cell is essential to LIFE.
As long as our cells have a steady supply of glucose, other fuels and oxygen and are able to get rid of waste, their metabolic pathways never reach equilibrium.
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ATP
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.
Exergonic reactions are used to power endergonic ones.
A cell uses ATP as immediate energy.
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ATP
Structure of the ATP molecule
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Hydrolysis of ATP
Can be hydrolyzed to ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate.
Releases 7.3 kcal of energy.
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + ENERGY
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Hydrolysis of ATP
In a cell, the free energy released from the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule is used to transfer the phosphate group to another molecule producing a phosphorylated molecule that is more reactive (less stable).
This phosphorylation forms the basis for almost all cellular work.
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Hydrolysis of ATP
Phosphorylation of a Glucose molecule traps glucose inside of the cell.
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Regeneration of ATP
A cell regenerates ATP constantly. The formation of ATP from ADP and Pi is
endergonic (+∆G) Cellular Respiration provides the energy
for the regeneration of ATP. Plants can also produce ATP using light
energy.
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