iran naqsh-i rustam 2 tomb of king darius the great

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Page 1: Iran Naqsh-i Rustam 2 Tomb of king Darius the Great

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/michaelasanda-1461057-naqsh-rustam2/

Page 2: Iran Naqsh-i Rustam 2 Tomb of king Darius the Great

The practice of rock carving as a form of artistic expression, already known in ancient Persia, found a new and splendid lease of life during the Sassanid period. These carvings are notable not only for their great number but also for their enormous dimensions and compositional excellence.

Basoreliefurile sculptate în stâncă, formă majoră de exprimare artistică practicată în Persia antică, a cunoscut în perioada Sasanidă o înflorire deosebită. Aceste sculpturi sunt notabile, nu numai datorită numărului mare, dar, de asemenea, pentru dimensiunile lor de-a dreptul enorme şi pentru excelenta realizare şi compoziţie

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Naqsh-i Rostam is a precipitous cliff at the south side of the Husain Kuh, located north of Persepolis, Iran, with rock reliefs ranging from Elamite (second millennium BCE) to Sasanian times (fifth century CE). Surrounding it are other rock installations and some Achaemenid and Sasanian architecture, most of which lies under several meters of debris and has not yet been excavated.

Naqsh-i Rostam este o stâncă abruptă situată în partea de sud a munţilor Kuh Husain, la nord de Persepolis. Aici se găsesc basoreliefuri Elamite săpate în stâncă (mileniul II î.Hr.), morminte ahemenide şi reliefuri Sasanide (secolul V d.Hr). Există şi alte basoreliefuri în împrejurimi precum şi unele construcţii ahemenide şi sasanide la o adâncime de câţiva metri în pământ, care nu au fost încă scoase la lumină.

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Naqsh-i Rustam, probably the ancient Nupistaš, is situated about five kilometers northwest of Persepolis, the capital of the ancient Achaemenid empire. As is shown by a pre-Achaemenid relief and several old graves, Naqsh-i Rustam was already a place of some importance when king Darius I the Great (522-486) ordered his monumental tomb to be carved into the cliff, which is known as the Huseyn Kuh.High above the ground there are four crosses carved in to the sheer rock face. 

Naqsh-i Rustam, probabil vechiul Nupistash, este situat la aproximativ cinci kilometri nord-vest de Persepolis, capitala imperiului antic ahemenid. După cum indică un basorelief pre-ahemenid, Naqsh-i Rustam era deja un loc de o anumită importanţă atunci când regele Darius I cel Mare (522-486) a ordonat să-i fie sculptat în stânca numită azi Kuh Husein mormântul monumental.Mult deasupra solului, există patru „cruci” sculptate în faţa stâncii.

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Tomb III (Darius 522-486)

Known locally as the Persian Crosses, these are the tombs of Achaemenid monarchs.  This realm, also known as the Persian Empire, persisted until the third century BCE and its rulers included names we still recognize today, such as Cyrus, Xerxes and Darius (all referred to as The Great).  At the center of each of the crosses the entrance to each of the tombs is still visible. 

Cunoscute pe plan local drept crucile persane, acestea sunt mormintele regilor ahemenizi. Acest Imperiu, cunoscut sub numele de Imperiul Persan a rezistat până în secolul III î.Hr când a fost cucerit de Alexandru cel Mare, devenind o parte a lumii elenistice. Printre conducătorii săi se numără nume pe care le recunoaştem şi astăzi, cum ar fi Cyrus, Xerxes sau Darius (toate denumite în continuare „cel Mare”). În centrul fiecărei cruci se vede intrarea în fiecare dintre morminte.

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Darius I king of ancient Persia, whose reign lasted from 522 to 486. He seized power after killing king Gaumâta, fought a civil war (described in the Behistun inscription), and was finally able to refound the Achaemenid empire, which had been very loosely organized until then. Darius fought several foreign wars, which brought him to India and Thrace. When he died, the Persian empire had reached its largest extent. He was succeeded by his son Xerxes.

Darius I, regele Persiei antice, a cărui domnie a durat de la 522 la 486, a preluat puterea după uciderea regelui Gaumâta, a luptat într-un război civil (descris în inscripţia de la Bisotun), şi apoi a reorganizat administraţia regatului (foarte slab organizat înainte) şi a extins sistemul de satrapii. Întregul regat va fi împărţit în 20 de satrapii, a construit drumuri, a schimbat moneda de circulaţie, introducând una nouă - dareicul, a încurajat comerţul şi a mutat capitala la Persepolis. Darius a luptat în mai multe războaie, care l-au adus până în India sau Tracia dar cele două expediţii ale lui Darius care au vizat cucerirea Greciei din 492 şi 490 î.Hr. s-au încheiat cu un eşec. Când a murit, imperiul persan atinsese expansiunea maximă. El a fost succedat de fiul său, Xerxes.Darius I of Persia, also known as Darius the Great,

the one who established the Persian Empire

Achaemenid Empire around the time of Darius the Great and Xerxes

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The stairs from the palace of Darius in Persepolis to the interconnecting terrace belong to the best-preserved part of the complex. The central part of these stairs show Ahuramazda (not Faravahar, as is often claimed), flanked by two sphinxes, an inscription and several soldiers, which are sometimes called "apple bearers" or Immortals.

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Tomb III Darius the Great

Darius was buried at Naqš-i Rustam. A double inscription on his tomb begin as follows:A great god is Ahuramazda, who created this earth, who created yonder sky, who created man, who created happiness for man, who made Darius king, one king of many, one lord of many.

Mormântul III Darius cel Mare

Darius a fost înmormântat la Naqsh-i Rustam. O inscripţie dublă pe mormântul lui începe, după cum urmează:Mare zeu este Ahuramazda, cel care a creat acest pământ, care a creat cerul minunat, care l-a creat pe om, care a creat fericirea pentru om, care l-a făcut pe Darius rege, un rege dintre cei mulţi, un domnitor dintre cei mulţi. ( Ahuramazda este considerat fondatorul Persiei, fiind socotit părintele luminii)

Tomb II. Artaxerxes I?

Tomb III. Darius I

Tomb I. Darius II?

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I am Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries containing all kinds of men, king in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage.

King Darius says: By the favor of Ahuramazda these are the countries which I seized outside of Persia; I ruled over them; they bore tribute to me; they did what was said to them by me; they held my law firmly; Media, Elam, Parthia, Aria, Bactria, Sogdia, Chorasmia, Drangiana, Arachosia, Sattagydia, Gandara, India, the haoma-drinking Scythians, the Scythians with pointed caps, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, Armenia, Cappadocia, Lydia, the Greeks, the Scythians across the sea, Thrace, the sun hat-wearing Greeks, the Libyans, the Nubians, the men of Maka and the Carians.

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The central part is very interesting because it shows what the columns discovered at, for instance, the Apadana of Persepolis must have looked like. Representations like these have helped archaeologists to reconstruct the façades of Achaemenid palaces.

Partea centrală este foarte interesantă pentru că arată cum trebuie să fi fost coloanele de la Apadana din Persepolis. Reprezentări asemănătoare acestora au ajutat arheologii să reconstituie faţadele palatelor ahemenide.

The lower inscription

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In the upper register Darius is standing in front of an altar, praying to the supreme Ahuramazda and sacrificing to the holy fire. In his right hand, the king has his bow, the royal attribute par excellence. Again, the plaform is carried by people that represent the subject nations.

În registrul superior Darius este în picioare în faţa unui altar, rugându-se zeului suprem Ahuramazda şi aducând jertfe focului sacru. În mâna dreaptă are arcul, atribut regal prin excelenţă. Plaforma pe care se află regele este purtată pe umerii oamenilor care reprezintă popoarele supuse.

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Each tomb could contain three to nine people. The later Achaemenid kings, Artaxerxes II Mnemon, Artaxerxes III Ochus and Darius III Codomannus were probably buried in tombs at Persepolis.Archaeologists are almost certain that the  tombs were closed after the burial. After Alexander the Great had overthrown the Achaemenid empire, the doors were smashed and the tombs were looted. 

În fiecare mormânt s-au aflat trei, până la nouă persoane. Regii ahemenizi de mai târziu, Artaxerxes II Mnemon, Artaxerxe III Ochus şi Darius al III-lea Codomannus au fost probabil îngropaţi în mormintele de la Persepolis.Arheologii sunt aproape siguri că intrările în morminte au fost zidite după înmormântare.După ce Alexandru cel Mare a cucerit imperiul ahemenid, uşile zidite au fost sparte, iar mormintele au fost jefuite.

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The entrance leads in to a small chamber in which the king would be laid in his sarcophagus.  To indicate that it was a king’s tomb, the horizontal arch at the top of the relief is thought to be a reproduction of the one which lay above the entrance to the palace located in Persepolis.  Yet the tombs are empty now – and have been for a considerable time.  When the Persian Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great they were desecrated and their precious contents stolen. Perhaps they were too obvious a target to remain unspoiled for long.

Intrarea conduce la o încăpere mică unde se afla sarcofagul regelui. În partea superioară a basoreliefului este un arc orizontal (considerat a fi o reproducere a celui aflat la intrarea în palatul din Persepolis) care indică faptul că este vorba de un mormânt regal. În prezent mormintele sunt goale şi au fost aşa o perioadă considerabilă de timp. Atunci când Imperiul Persan a fost cucerit de către Alexandru cel Mare ele au fost profanate şi conţinutul lor preţios jefuit. Poate au fost un obiectiv prea evident pentru a rămâne intact

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Traces of stone cutting

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Traces of stone cutting

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Text : InternetPictures: Sanda Foişoreanu Nicoleta Leu InternetCopyright: All the images belong to their authors

Arangement: Sanda Foişoreanuwww.slideshare.net/michaelasandaSound: Shahmirza Moradi & Reza Moradi - The Music Of Lorestan - Sangin Se Paa