iraq operationalizing equity mics analysis & dissemination workshop, belgrade nov 2011...

IRAQOperationalizing Equity

MICS Analysis & Dissemination Workshop, Belgrade Nov 2011

Multidimensional Deprivation Analysis

IRAQMapping Child Well-being

Life-Cycle Multidimensional AnalysisUNICEF Iraq Country Office - December 2011

Erbil

Al Anbar

Al Basrah

Al S ulaymaniyah

Al Qadissiya

Al Muthanna

Babil

Baghdad

Dahuk

Najaf

Diyala

Thi-Qar

S alah Ad Din

Kerbala

Kirkuk

Missan

Ninewa

Wassit

4

Purpose and Structure of PresentationPurpose: To present Iraq methodology and

results for Equity Analysis using MICS4 2011 dataset.

Structure:1. Conceptual Framework2. Quantitative Methodology3. Overall Results4. Profiles of Deprivation Groups5. Patterns & Overlapping Deprivation6. Proximity and geography of deprivations7. Target achievement8. Next Steps

Conceptual Framework

6

Objectives of the Methodology1) Build quantitative analysis on a clear conceptual framework

founded on CRC, MDG, WFFC and Iraq’s context

2) Operationalise UNICEF´s global equity focus

3) Accurately identify the most deprived children (and their deprivation patterns) without ignoring less deprived ones

4) Obtain results easily understandable and communicable to stakeholders

5) Provides an equity-focused quantitative assessment for Iraq’s Situation Analysis (SitAn)

7

UNICEF Equity Focus• Human Development Report (HDR) 2010: The past 20 years have seen

substantial progress in many aspects of human development and achievement of MDG targets.

• However, these years have also seen extreme inequality in progress -both within and across countries- and this is identified as a powerful brake on accelerated progress towards the MDGs.

• Definition of Child Equity: equal opportunities for all children to survive, develop and reach their full potential without discrimination, bias or favouritism.

• Why Equity?1. Right in Principle: moral imperative to respond to most disadvantaged and in-need

children2. Right in Logic: accelerates development towards attainment of national

development targets3. Right in Practice: Brings higher returns to investments in improving children’s lives

8

Iraq Equity Analysis Guiding Principles1. Manifestations of Child Rights Violations: Deprivations faced by a child flag a

violation of one or more of his/her rights.

2. Multiple Deprivations: Children face multiple deprivations, interconnected and often caused by common causes. “When sorrows come, they come not single spies. But in battalions”.

3. Life-cycle Stages: Children have different needs during the different stages of their lives – an infant requires different care than an adolescent.

4. Intra-stage and Inter-stage effect: The more deprivations a child faces, the worse the child’s situation will be both within a life-cycle stage and over stages

5. Spill-over effect: By reaching the most deprived children, the less deprived may be expected to benefit from an overall improvement in conditions.

6. International Standards & Context: selection and definition of dimension and deprivation thresholds through (1) CRC, MDG, WFFC (2) availability of data in MICS (3) critical issues at each stage of the child's life (4) adaptation to country context (Iraq)

Issue vs Child Centred Approaches

Out of School

Child Labour

Ahmed

Manal Sahar

Manal Amina

Manal Ahmed AminaSahar

Issu

e Ce

ntre

d 30% Deprived

20% Deprived

Child

Cen

tred

All ok (60%)

1 Deprivation 30%)

2 Deprivations (10%)

Out of School

Child Labour

9

10

Out of School Child Labour Violent Discipline Unsafe Water No Improved

Sanitation

Child-Centred Approach• A Child-Centred Approach is concerned with multiple overlapping deprivations.

• Instead of taking each indicator and measuring every relevant child;take every child and measure him and her against every relevant indicator.

Ahmed

Sahar

Mohammed

Amina

Issa

Manal

Hewa

Muna

Sadiq

Sulafa

X X XX

X

XX XX

XX XXX

X

X

Child-Centred Approach: Equal Rights

No child has any deprivation!

• What does a child-centred approach mean for Equity?

11

Child-Centred Approach: 1 IndicatorOut of School:

All ok (80% of Population)

1 Deprivation (20%)

• 2 children out of the 10 are out of school.

12

Child-Centred Approach: 2 IndicatorsOut of School:

Child Labour:


1 Deprivation (30%)


• 3 children out of the 10 are involved in child labour.

13


Child Labour:

Violent Discipline:


1 Deprivation (20%)


3 Deprivations(10%)

• 4 children out of the 10 suffer violent discipline.

14


Child Labour:

Violent Discipline:

Unsafe Water


1 Deprivation (20%)

3 Deprivations(20%)


• 3 children out of the 10 have unsafe water.

15


Child Labour:

Violent Discipline:

Unsafe Water

No Improved Sanitation


1 Deprivation (30%)



• 4 children out of the 10 don’t have improved sanitation.

16

Child-Centred Measure of Inequity

Best off 40% of all childrenHave no deprivations

Middle 30% of all childrenHave only 1 deprivation

Worst 30% of all childrenHave 4 or more deprivations

17


1 Deprivation (30%)



Quantitative Methodology

Water

Sanitation

Mat

erna

l Car

e

Child

Care

Nutrition

Violent Discipline

Access to

Information

Child La

bour

Schooling

Access to Information

Female Genital

Mutilation

Child Marriage

Birth & EarlyChildhood(0-59 mo)

Middle Childhood (5-14 yr)

Late Adolescence(15-17 yr)

Motherhood

Viol

ent

Disc

iplin

eSchooling

Children Life-Cycle

Birth & EarlyChildhood(0-59 mo)

Middle Childhood(5-14 yr)

Late Adolescence

(15-17 yr)

Motherhood

Shelter

Water & Sanitation

Mat

erna

l Car

e

Child

Care

Nutrition

Violent Discipline

Access to

Information

Child La

bour

Schooling


Female Genital

Mutilation

Child Marriage

Viol

ent

Disc

iplin

e

Schooling

Children Life-Cycle (0-17 years)

UNICEF Iraq Country Office - December 2011

Water

Sanitation

Mat

erna

l Car

e

Child

Care

Nutrition

Violent Discipline

Birth & Early Childhood(0-59 mo)

Dimension Indicators Moderate Severe

Maternal Care

* Antenatal care coverage 4+* Skilled attendant at delivery

Not ANC 4+ or No Skilled attendant at delivery

Not ANC 4+ and No Skilled attendant at delivery

Child Care

* Immunization coverage for DPT (1,2,3) according to age* Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding (Imp.)* Care-seeking for suspected pneumonia (Imp.)

(no DPT immunization) or (no appropriate treatment of diarrhoea or pneumonia)

(no DPT immunization) and (no appropriate treatment of diarrhoea or pneumonia)

Nutrition* Underweight* Stunting* Wasting

Stunting or Wasting or Underweight (all moderate <2SD)

Stunting or Wasting or Underweight (all severe <3SD)

Violent Discipline

* Psychological discipline* Physical discipline(Imp.)

Child suffered psychological abuse or any physical form as form of discipline

Child suffered severe physical abuse (hit with a stick, burned or bitten)

Birth & Early Childhood (0-59 months)

Water

Sanitation

Access to

Information

Child La

bour

Middle Childhood (5-14yr)

Viol

ent

Disc

iplin

e

Schooling

Dimension Child Labour Violent Discipline Access to Information Schooling

Indicators * Child Labour* Psychological discipline (Imp.)* Physical discipline

* Household assets ownership

* Attendance to early childhood education* Appropriate grade for age* Primary/Intermediate school attendance

Moderate

"Child is involved in labour for:* Age 5–11 years: At least 1 hour of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week.* Age 12–14 years: At least 14 hours of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week"

Child suffered psychological abuse or any physical form as form of discipline

Child does not have electricity, telephone (landline or mobile) or radio/TV - At least 2 of these.

* Child is 5 years old and not attending an early childhood education programme* child is 6-14 years old and in lower grade for age

Severe*Age 5–11yr: > 7 hours of economic work or> 28 hours of domestic work per week. * Age 12–14yr: >21 hours of economic work or >28 hours of domestic work per week"

Child suffered severe physical abuse (hit with a stick, burned or bitten)

Does not have electricity and telephone and radio/TV - All simultaneously.

* Child is 5 years old and not attending an early childhood education programme nor primary school* Child is 6-14 years old and not attending school at all;

Middle Childhood (5-14 yrs)

Water

Sanitation

Schooling


Female Genital

Mutilation

Child Marriage

Late Adolescence (15-17 yr)

Dimension Indicators Moderate Severe

Child Marriage and Domestic Violence

* Marriage before 18* Wife Beating Justified

Girl is 15-17 years old and currently or ever married

Girl is 15-17 years old and currently or ever married and reports wife beating is justified by any one reason

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

* Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) among women

* 15-17 years old girl reports to have undergone any form of female genital mutilation/cutting

* 15-17 years old girl reports to have undergone any form of FGM/C and thinks practice should be "continued" or "depends”


* Household assets ownership

Child does not have electricity, telephone (landline or mobile) or radio/TV - At least 2 of these unavailable.

Child does not have electricity and telephone (landline or mobile) and radio/TV - All simultaneously.

Schooling* Appropriate grade for age* Secondary school attendance

Child is not in appropriate grade for age

Child is not attending secondary school at all or in Level below (Primary or Intermediate) at least 2 years late

Late Adolescence (15-17 yrs)

Water

Sanitation

Water & Sanitation (0-17 yr)

Dimension Safe Water

Indicators* Use of improved drinking water sources * Treatment of water to make safe for drinking

Moderate Household using unimproved drinking water sources

SevereHousehold using unimproved drinking water and does not use treat water to make safe for drinking

Dimension Improved Sanitation

Indicators * Use of improved type of sanitation facility

Moderate Household using unimproved sanitation facility

Severe Household using No facility, Bush, Field as sanitation facility

Household (0-17 yrs): Water & Sanitation

25

Counting Deprivations (Moderate + Severe)5-14 yrs Education Child Labour Discipline Access to

Information Safe Water Improved Sanitation

Count(Mod +

Sev)

Sev Count

Child1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 2

Child2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Child3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Child4 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 6 3

Child5 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0

Child6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Child7 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 1

Child8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Child9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Child10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 4 2 6 2 2 0 2 1 4 0 4 1 Child >2=4

Child >0=3

Overall Results

Actual Results from MICS4 (All Children)

All Children: 16.6 million children

1.7 million (10%)All ok (No deprivations)

4.6 million (28%)Low (1 deprivation)

5.8 million (35%)Med (2 deprivations)

4.5 million (27%)High (3+ deprivations)

= 250,000 children

27

28

Overall Results

Deprivation Level0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

27%

35%

28%

10%

45%

0%

100%

200%

300%

400%

500%

600%

700%

4.5

5.8 4.6

1.7

29

Severity to Number of Deprivations

0 1 2 3 4 5 60

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.00

0.190.24

0.30

0.37

0.420.43

LF 1 (0-59 mo)Number of Deprivations & Mean of

Severity Ratio

Number of Deprivations (DSumScore)

Mea

n of

Sev

erity

Rati

o

Correlations (Pearson) 0.586

0 1 2 3 4 5 60

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.00

0.15

0.21

0.30

0.40

0.470.50

LF 2 (5-14 yr)Number of Deprivations & Mean of

Severity Ratio


Mea

n of

Sev

erity

Rati

o


0 1 2 3 4 5 60

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.00

0.59

0.49

0.59 0.62

0.63

0.83

LF 3 (15-17 yr)Number of Deprivations & Mean of

Severity Ratio


Mea

n of

Sev

erity

Rati

o


30

Life-Cycle Stages

LF1 (0-59 mo) LF2 (5-14 yr) LF3 (15-17 yr)0%

100%

200%

300%

400%

500%

600%

700%

800%

900%

1000%

1.1

3.0

0.4

1.7

3.1

1.0

1.8

2.1

0.7

1.0

0.5

0.2

Deprivation Levels by Life-Cycle Stage

Profile Characteristics

32

Deprivation Levels by Urban/Rural

Rural Urban0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

41%

18%

34%

36%

20%

33%

5%13%

Deprivation Levels by Area

33

Deprivation Levels by Wealth Quintile

Q5 (Poorest) Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 (Richest)0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

53%

30%21% 16%

9%

30%

40%

39%36%

30%

13%

23%30%

35%

41%

3% 7% 10% 13%20%

Deprivation Levels by Wealth Quintile

34

Deprivation Levels by Mother’s Education

None Primary Secondary+0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

34%27%

15%

34%37%

33%

24% 27%

36%

8% 9%16%

Deprivation Levels by Mother's Education

35

Deprivation Levels by Sex

Girls Boys0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

27% 27%

35% 35%

28% 28%

10% 10%

Overall Deprivation Levels by Sex

LF1 0-59 mo LF2 5-14 yr LF3 15-17 yr45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

50%

69% 65%

50%

71%

60%

Percentage Multiple-Deprived by Sex and Life-Cycle Stage

Girls Multiple DeprivedBoys Multiple Deprived

37

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

19%

50% 45%

16% 19%

30% 46%

34%

35%

13%

28%

29%

17%

2%8% 7%

High Dep (3+) Med Dep (2) Single Dep (1) Well-Off (0)

Deprivation Levels by Age (year)

Patterns * Overlap

39

Schooling & Deprivation: by Sex and Age

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100% High Dep (3+) Severity (1+)Boys (Mod+Sev) Girls (Mod+Sev)Boys (SEV) Girls (SEV)

40

Patterns of Deprivation All GroupsM

ater

nal C

are

Child

Car

e

Nut

rition

Disc

iplin

e

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

Disc

iplin

e

Child

Lab

our

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

FGM

Child

Mar

riage

Safe

Wat

er

Imp.

Sani

tatio

n

Birth & Early Childhood (0-59 mo)

Middle Childhood (5-14 yr) Late Adolescence (15-17 yr) HH WatSan (0-17yr)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

41% 42%

25%32%

49%

68% 67%

7%

81%

65%

3% 6%

16%

5%8% 6%

11%

2%

32%

3% 5% 3%

70%

2% 1%4%

14%

1%

Specific Deprivation Levels by Life-Cycle StageTotal (Mod+Sev)

Total (SEV)

Prev

alen

ce o

f Dep

riva

tion

wit

hin

Gro

up (%

)

41

Patterns of Deprivation Well-OffM

ater

nal C

are

Child

Car

e

Nut

ritio

n

Dis

cipl

ine

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

Dis

cipl

ine

Child

Lab

our

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

FGM

Child

Mar

riag

e

Safe

Wat

er

Imp.

Sani

tatio

n

Birth & Early Childhood (0-59 mo) Middle Childhood (5-14 yr) Late Adolescence (15-17 yr) HH WatSan (0-17yr)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Specific Deprivation Levels by Life-Cycle Stage(Well-Off 1.7m / 10%)

Well-Off (0)

Prev

alen

ce o

f Dep

riva

tion

wit

hin

Gro

up (%

)

42

Patterns of Deprivation Low Dep (1)M

ater

nal C

are

Child

Car

e

Nut

ritio

n

Dis

cipl

ine

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

Dis

cipl

ine

Child

Lab

our

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

FGM

Child

Mar

riag

e

Safe

Wat

er

Imp.

Sani

tatio

n


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

26% 27%

15%

25%

15%

37%

46%

1%

67%

30%

2% 0%3% 1%

Specific Deprivation Levels by Life-Cycle Stage(Low Dep 4.6m / 28%)Single Dep (1)

1D Severe (1+)

Prev

alen

ce o

f Dep

riva

tion

wit

hin

Gro

up (%

)

43

Patterns of Deprivation Med Dep (2)M

ater

nal C

are

Child

Car

e

Nut

ritio

n

Dis

cipl

ine

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

Dis

cipl

ine

Child

Lab

our

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

FGM

Child

Mar

riag

e

Safe

Wat

er

Imp.

Sani

tatio

n


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

54% 56%

30%

40%44%

75%71%

3%

97%

88%

3% 4%9%

2%

Specific Deprivation Levels by Life-Cycle Stage(Med Dep 5.8m / 35%)Med Dep (2)

MD Severe (1+)

Prev

alen

ce o

f Dep

riva

tion

wit

hin

Gro

up (%

)

44

Patterns of Deprivation High Dep (3+)M

ater

nal C

are

Child

Car

e

Nut

ritio

n

Dis

cipl

ine

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

Dis

cipl

ine

Child

Lab

our

Scho

olin

g

Acce

ss to

Info

FGM

Child

Mar

riag

e

Safe

Wat

er

Imp.

Sani

tatio

n


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

80% 81%

53%56%

86%93%

89%

17%

100%97%

8%

26%

43%

15%

Specific Deprivation Levels by Life-Cycle Stage(High Dep 4.5m / 27%)High Dep (3+)

HD Severe 1+

Prev

alen

ce o

f Dep

riva

tion

wit

hin

Gro

up (%

)

45

Overlaps of Deprivation (LF1 0-59 mo)

No Deprivations

Child Care

Maternal Care

Discipline

Nutrition

Water

Sanitation

Maternal Care + Child Care +++

(Maternal Care) + Child Care + Nutrition ++

Maternal Care - (Child Care) + Nutrition ++

Discipline + Child Care

Others

-1

Dep

rivati

onM

ultip

le

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

17%

9%

9%

8%

5%

2%

0%

20%

5%

5%

5%

15%

42%

41%

32%

25%

16%

5%

17%

33%30%

20%

46

Overlaps of Deprivation (LF2 5-14 yr)

No Deprivations

Access to Info

Discipline

Schooling

Safe Water

Child Labour

Improved Sanitation

Discipline + Access to Info + Schooling ++

Discipline + Access to Info - (Schooling) ++

Discipline - (Access to Info) + Schooling ++

(Discipline) + Access to Info + Schooling ++

Others

-1

Dep

rivati

onM

ultip

le

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

6%

9%

11%

4%

0%

0%

0%

24%

21%

9%

11%

5%

68%

67%

49%

16%

7%

5%

6%

24%

36%

34%

47


No Deprivations

Schooling

Access to Info

FGM

Safe Water

Improved Sanitation

Child Marriage

Schooling + Access to Info +++

Others

-1

Dep

rivati

onM

ultip

le

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

8%

20%

9%

1%

0%

0%

0%

55%

7%

81%

65%

3%

15%

4%

6%

8%

30%

45%

17%

48


8%

30%

45%

17%

GIRLS 15-17 yrs Deprived by FGM (Moderate/Severe)

GovernorateNot Deprived

(Mod)Deprived

(Mod/Sev) Total

Duhuk 98.5% 1.5% / 0.7% 100%Nainwa 99.8% 0.2% / 0.0% 100%Sulimania 72.6% 27.4% / 5.6% 100%Kirkuk 90.5% 9.5% / 1.7% 100%Arbil 57.8% 42.2% / 14.8% 100%Diala 100% 100%Anbar 100% 100%Baghdad 100% 100%Babil 100% 100%Karbala 100% 100%Wasit 100% 100%Salahaladin 100% 100%Najaf 100% 100%Qadisya 100% 100%Almuthana 100% 100%Thiqar 100% 100%Misan 100% 100%Albasrah 100% 100%Total 93.7% 6.3% / 1.8% 100%

* Severe: believes should be continued

* Little overlap with Marriage (> 4% in KR)

•Example Erbil overlap (total 42.2%):- 7% Only FGM- 31.6% with Schooling ++- 19.9% with Access to Info ++

Proximity * Geography

Proximity of Multiple Deprivation

50

= 1 million children

27% Multi-Dep (4.5 m)

35% of all Households

35% of all Households have no multiple deprived children

35% Multi-Dep (5.8 m)

30% of all Households

38% Not Multi-Dep (6.3 m)

51

Overall Results

Deprivation Level0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

27%

35%

28%

10%

45%

0%

100%

200%

300%

400%

500%

600%

700%

4.5

5.8 4.6

1.7

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,0000%

20%

40%

60%

DohoukSuleymaniya

Kirkuk

Erbil

AnbarBabil

Kerbala

Muthana

Thi Qar

Misan

Basrah

Higher Number of Children High Deprived (3+)

Hig

her %

of C

hild

ren

Hig

h D

epri

ved

3+

Bagh-dad

(673,000 / 18%)

650,000

Nineveh(608,000 /

38%)

Geography of Multiple Deprivation

52

E rbil

Al Anbar

Al Basrah

Al S ulaymaniyah

Al Qadissiya

Al Muthanna

Babil

Baghdad

Dahuk

Najaf

Diyala

Thi-Qar

S alah Ad Din

Kerbala

Kirkuk

Missan

Ninewa

Was s it

Low

Med Low

High Low

High Med

Very High53

Mapping Multiple Deprivation

BASRAH 280,000 (28%)

MISSAN 200,000 (43%)

THI-QAR 294,000 (32%)

54

Drilling Down Sub-Governorate

Low

Med Low

High Low

High Med

Very High

55

Drilling Down Sub-Governorate

Low

Med Low

High Low

High Med

Very High

Target Achievement

57

Target Achievement Estimation

Maternal ...

Child Care

Nutrition

Discipline

Schooling

Access to Info

Discipline

Child Labour

Schooling

Access to Info

FGM

Child Marr...

No Safe W...

No Improve...

Mid

dle

Child

hood

(5-1

4 yr

)H

H W

atSa

n (0

-17y

r)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

104%

103%

133%

107%

117%

102%

98%

353%

86%

102%

83%

554%

139%

96%

28%

28%

34%

39%

9%

15%

19%

10%

29%

16%

15%

0%

7%

3%

Target Gap Covered by Targeting Deprivation GroupsAchieve Single-Dep (1)

Achieve Multi-Dep (2+)

Target

Thank you!

58

iraq operationalizing equity mics analysis & dissemination workshop, belgrade nov 2011...

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