IRRIGATION ISSUESIRRIGATION ISSUESANDAND

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENTWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

OAS - Water Policy in the Americas OAS - Water Policy in the Americas RoundtableRoundtable

July 20, 2000

Jose Simas

CHALLENGES OF THE MILLENIUM AND DRIVING FORCES CHALLENGES OF THE MILLENIUM AND DRIVING FORCES PROMOTING GLOBAL CHANGES, WITH IMPLICATIONS ON WATER PROMOTING GLOBAL CHANGES, WITH IMPLICATIONS ON WATER

RESOURCES MANAGEMENT POLICIESRESOURCES MANAGEMENT POLICIES

PROBLEMS AND OVERALL

CHALLENGES

Possible Implications

WATER SHORTAGE Strategic development problem due to unbalanceddistribution of quantity and quality

ACCELERATEDWATERPOLLUTION

Serious problem affecting strategic sources of groundand surface waters, with negative externalities

FIGHT AGAINSTPOVERTY ANDUNEMPLOYMENT

Issue with implications on the definition of policies toallocate, invest in and provide services to the poor

UNSTABLEURBANIZATION BYDISADVANTAGEDPOPULATIONS

Implications on infrastructure needs for poorpopulations

FREQUENTFLOODS

Chronic situation with strong social, economic andfinancial implications that affect the most populousregions

GLOBAL CLIMATECHANGE

Will surely have medium-term implications on waterresources management, its monitoring and measures tomitigate impacts

CHALLENGES OF THE MILLENIUM AND DRIVING FORCES CHALLENGES OF THE MILLENIUM AND DRIVING FORCES PROMOTING GLOBAL CHANGES, WITH IMPLICATIONS ON WATER PROMOTING GLOBAL CHANGES, WITH IMPLICATIONS ON WATER

RESOURCES MANAGEMENT POLICIESRESOURCES MANAGEMENT POLICIES

FORCES DRIVING OVERALL CHANGES

Possible Implications and Opportunities

RAPIDDISSEMINATION OFINFORMATION ANDKNOWLEDGE

Opportunity to modernize monitoring, management andprovision of water services

TECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONS

Opportunity to improve economic efficiency, mitigateproblems, etc.

PRIVATIZATION OFURBAN SERVICESAND REDEFINITIONOF ROLE OF THEMODERN STATE

Opportunity with change in public authorities (federal andprovincial), “businessman” for role of promoter andregulator

OPENING OFINTERNATIONALCOMMERCE

Global and regional phenomenon (MERCOSUR) withimplications on comparative and competitive advantagesrequiring attention in water resources management

GLOBALIZEDFINANCIALINTERCONNECTIONS

Opportunities for international private sectorparticipation in investments and services

CHANGE INPOPULATION’SAGE COMPOSITION

Will surely affect working relations, social security andurban services, including water and sanitation

WATER USE PER ECONOMIC WATER USE PER ECONOMIC SECTORSECTOR

Annual Freshwater Withdrawals

CountryDomestic

%Industry

%Irrigation

%

Argentina 9 18 73Bolivia 10 5 85Brazil 22 19 59Caribbean 40 10 50Central America 40 10 50Chile 6 5 89Colombia 41 16 43Ecuador 7 3 90Mexico 10 10 80Paraguay 15 7 78Peru 19 9 72Uruguay 6 3 91Venezuela 43 11 46Region 18 23 65

LATIN AMERICA: IRRIGATED AREASLATIN AMERICA: IRRIGATED AREAS

Country Irrigated Area1999

1,000 ha

% Irrigated area oftotal cultivated land

1993%

Annual use of fertilizers1993kg/ha

Argentina 1,700 6 11Bolivia 80 7 6Brazil 3,169 6 85Caribbean 100 15 N.A.Central America 250 15 N.A.Chile 1,265 30 58Colombia 1,037 10 94Ecuador 240 18 31Mexico 5,700 30 60Paraguay 67 3 14Peru 1,753 37 44Uruguay 140 10 72Venezuela 185 5 65Region 15,450 12 59

LAC: CATEGORIES OF IRRIGATION LAC: CATEGORIES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

• MAJOR NETWORKS

(IRRIGATION DISTRICTS) 48%

• SMALL IRRIGATION 52%

LAC: CATEGORIES OF IRRIGATION LAC: CATEGORIES OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

• RICE FLOODING IN TROPICAL AND

SUBTROPICAL AREAS 16%

• ARID ZONES IRRIGATION 56%

• COMPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION 28%

MAIN IRRIGATION ISSUES TO MAIN IRRIGATION ISSUES TO ADDRESSADDRESS

• INSTITUTIONAL

• TECHNOLOGICAL

• ENVIRONMENTAL

• PRIORITIES

IRRIGATION INSTITUTIONAL ISSUESIRRIGATION INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES

• Land titling/ownership• Users’ empowerment on management• Water rights• Incentives to save water• Users’ organizations• Transfer of A, O&M to users’ organizations• Cost effectiveness of O&M• Sustainable fees

IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUESIRRIGATION TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES

• On-farm management• Off-farm management• Appropriate technology• Adaptive research• Training and capacity building• Cost-effective practices• O&M machinery mix• Drainage and salinity• Modernization

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

• SALINITY

• WATERLOGGING

• OVERDRAFT OF AQUIFERS

• DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS EFFLUENTS

• USE OF CHEMICALS IN AGRICULTURE

PRIORITIESPRIORITIES

• “FIRST THINGS FIRST”• SUSTAINABLE O&M• GOVERNMENT ROLE• STAKEHOLDERS’ EMPOWERMENT• MODERNIZATION• PROFITABILITY• WATER AND LAND RIGHTS• INCENTIVES TO SAVE WATER

KEY ROLES AND FUNCTIONS FOR THE KEY ROLES AND FUNCTIONS FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

43

INT EGRAT EDMANAGEM ENT &

MO NITO RING

F unctions

1. Pol icy form ula tion and overview

2. Stra tegic wa ter planning

3. Database managem ent

4. Supe rvision of river bas inm anagement

5. Supe rvision of wa te r res ources use(surface and ground wa te r)

6. E conom ic studies

7. L icensing new projec ts

8. Ana lytical bas e gathe ring

- Clim ate

- Hydrom etric measurements

- Groundwater

- Water quali ty

9. Supe rvision of uses

- Surface wa ter

- Groundwater

- Bulk wa te r fees

- Disposa l fees

10. Inform ation diss em inat ion

W ATER SERVICES

Funct ions

SU PE RVISIO N/REG UL AT ORY

E NFO RCEM EN T

- Hydropower

- Irriga t ion

- Water supply & s ani tat ion

- Naviga t ion

- Flood protec tion

- Land us e wa ter protec tion

rela ted

- Se tt ing water se rvice s tanda rds

CON ST RUCT ION/

OP ERA TIO N/MAIN TE NA NCE

- Hydropower gene rat ion- Irriga t ion

- Water & sanita t ion

- Flood protec tion

- Rural dra inage

- Urban/s torm dra inage

- Rive r navigation

Regula toryPubl ic

Prov ision o f Serv ices(Pub lic & Pr ivate)

W ATERADMINISTRATION

(Wat er Authority)

Funct ions

1. L ega l & regulatory funct ions

2. L aw & regulationsenforcem ent

3. Conflic t re solution

4. Reques ts & perm its fi ling

5. Authorizing/denying perm itsto:

-- withdraw w ate r

-- dispose of e ffluents

6. Managem ent and ope ration ofthe regis te r of wa ter rights anduses:

-- Upda ting da tabase

-- Consul tat ion

-- Diss em ination of use

-- Granting rights

7. Groundw ate r pe rm its

8. L icensing, perm its , sanct ions

9. W ate r rights t ransfe rs &cance lla tions

10. Abs trac tion & dis posa l feescollection

ENV IRO NM ENTA L

F unctions

- Conse rvancy

- Environm enta l Protec t ion

- Protec tion of S ources

- Waters hed managem ent

& e rosion control

- Se tt ing water-re lated s tanda rds

- Monitoring

- Da tabase m anagement

- Informa tion diss em inat ion

Funct ion: P ublic

Role: Natio na l

Funct ions: Public, P riv ate(Services

Roles: Na tional andProv incial

Funct ion: P ublic

Role: Prov incial

Funct ion: P ublic

Role: Natio na l,Prov incial and Civil

Society

Sour ce: J. Simas in “Plan ejam ento de Recu rso s Hidricos,” 1 988 , mod ified

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING - INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING - FunctionsFunctions

1. POLICY FORMULATION AND OVERVIEW

2. STRATEGIC WATER PLANNING

3. DATABASE MANAGEMENT

4. SUPERVISION OF RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT

5. SUPERVISION OF WATER RESOURCES USE (SURFACE AND GROUND WATER)

6. ECONOMIC STUDIES

7. LICENSING NEW PROJECTS

8. ANALYTICAL BASE GATHERING CLIMATE

HYDROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

GROUNDWATER

WATER QUALITY

9. SUPERVISION OF USES

SURFACE WATER

GROUNDWATER

BULK WATER FEES

DISPOSAL FEES

10. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

WATER SERVICES - FunctionsWATER SERVICES - Functions

REGULATORY

PUBLICSUPERVISION/

REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT HYDROPOWER IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION NAVIGATION FLOOD PROTECTION LAND USE WATER PROTECTION

RELATED SETTING WATER SERVICE

STANDARDS

PROVISION OF SERVICES

(PUBLIC & PRIVATE)

CONSTRUCTION/

OPERATION/MAINTENANCE HYDROPOWER GENERATION IRRIGATION WATER & SANITATION FLOOD PROTECTION RURAL DRAINAGE URBAN/STORM DRAINAGE RIVER NAVIGATION

WATER ADMINISTRATION (Water Authority) - WATER ADMINISTRATION (Water Authority) - FunctionsFunctions

1. LEGAL & REGULATORY FUNCTIONS

2. LAW & REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT

3. CONFLICT RESOLUTION

4. REQUESTS & PERMITS FILING

5. AUTHORIZING/DENYING PERMITS TO:

WITHDRAW WATER

DISPOSE OF EFFLUENTS

6. MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION OF THE REGISTER OF WATER RIGHTS AND USES:

UPDATING DATABASE

CONSULTATION

DISSEMINATION OF USE

GRANTING RIGHTS

7. GROUNDWATER PERMITS

8. LICENSING, PERMITS, SANCTIONS

9. WATER RIGHTS TRANSFERS & CANCELLATIONS

10. ABSTRACTION & DISPOSAL FEES COLLECTION

ENVIRONMENTAL - FunctionsENVIRONMENTAL - FunctionsCONSERVANCY

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

PROTECTION OF SOURCES

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT & EROSION CONTROL

SETTING WATER-RELATED STANDARDS

MONITORING

DATABASE MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION