istanbul 2008 olympic bid volume 01
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ÂTRANSCRIPT
1Table des matières Table of Contents
Prologue
Introduction
Caractéristiques nationales, régionales et locales
Aspects Juridiques
Douanes et formalités d’immigration
Protection de l’Environnement et Meteorologie
Finances
Marketing
Prologue
Introduction
National, Regional and Candidate City Characteristics
Legal Aspects
Customs and Immigration Formalities
Environmental Protection and Meteorology
Finance
Marketing
2
6
81
222
323
404
565
706
Prologue 3
Istanbul is a city with Olympic aspirations. It is aware of the many benefits that derive from
playing host to the Olympic Games. It is also convinced that the staging of the Games in Istanbul
will enhance the power of Olympism.
This is Istanbul’s third consecutive bid to host the Olympic Games. Each bidding phase gives rise
to a greater accumulation of experience on the part of the Istanbul Olympic Bidding Committee
(IOBC) and to further development of the city’s capability in preparing to host the Olympic
Games.
Every candidate city enjoys relative strengths in certain areas and relative weakness in others.
Istanbul is no exception. However, rather than trying to disguise or overlook its weaknesses,
Istanbul has chosen the course of realistically assessing and confronting them. In fact, Istanbul’s
bidding effort may best be seen as a competition where the city is its own contender and
constantly struggles to improve its performance. In that sense, Istanbul’s bidding experience
resembles that of an athlete training to participate in the Olympic Games.
What are the strong points of Istanbul’s candidacy?
Istanbul enjoys vigorous governmental support. The Turkish Olympic Law, enacted in 1992,
provides unequivocal evidence of the financial and administrative support of the State towards
preparations for and the organisation of the Olympic Games in Istanbul.
Istanbul’s candidacy also benefits from the strong backing of local government. The Mayor, as
well as two other representatives from the Greater Istanbul Municipality, is on the Istanbul
Olympic Bidding Committee that is responsible for the city’s candidacy.
The National Olympic Committee of Turkey, which will celebrate its centennial year in 2008, is
another body that provides the city with vital support. Istanbul benefits from the organisational
expertise that the NOC has built up over nearly a century, as well as from its concentrated
efforts to enhance Olympism in the country.
Equally significant is the solid public support of Istanbul’s candidacy. A nationwide survey
conducted by an independent international research company in November-December 2000
indicates that 90 percent of the public in Istanbul and in the country as a whole favour the
staging of the Olympic Games in Istanbul.
Established by the Turkish Olympic Law, the IOBC is responsible for Istanbul’s bidding effort at
present. It is a public body that has been constantly developing and implementing Istanbul’s
Olympic Project for the past eight years. The IOBC will immediately transform into the Istanbul
OCOG when the city is awarded the Games.
Under the same law, the Treasury of the Republic has allocated the IOBC 584 hectares of land
for the development of the Olympic Park. The Olympic and Media villages are located to the
immediate south of the Olympic Park, almost within walking distance.
Istanbul’s telecommunications infrastructure is among the most highly developed of the cities
of the world. Added to this, Turkey is one of only 16 countries to have their own national satellite
system.
Istanbul has extensive accommodation and outstanding congress facilities. With the planned
construction of the Media Village, the city can meet Olympic accommodation requirements with
its existing capacity.
Istanbul would be an ideal host city for the Olympic Games, with the wealth of its history, its
natural features and geographic location. It is a city of culture where religions and languages
have merged over thousands of years of co-existence. It is also a city that can host all 28 of the
Prologue 5
sports on the Olympic Summer Games programme. This is summarised in our key concept of
"one city – one village". Geographically, the term "central" that characterises Istanbul’s location,
also associates the city’s location with the centre of the world. Thus, Istanbul is ideally located
with respect to live coverage of the Games.
On the other hand, Istanbul also faces difficulties that it is consciously striving to overcome.
Istanbul, like all other large cities in the world, has to cope with heavy traffic. The Municipality
of Greater Istanbul is addressing this issue by developing and implementing comprehensive
infrastructure projects. As detailed under the transport theme of this candidature profile,
completion of the rapid transit system, and the LRT network in particular, will introduce
permanent solutions to the city’s traffic problems. Meanwhile, the IOBC is itself implementing
projects to meet the specific transport needs of the Olympic Games.
Another relative disadvantage is found in the need to develop Istanbul’s sports infrastructure.
Keenly aware of this need, the IOBC, the General Directorate of Youth and Sports, and the
Greater Istanbul Municipality, as well as private bodies, are investing heavily in the city’s sports
infrastructure. The IOBC, which also functions as an investment concern, has invested nearly
US$140 million in sports facilities over the past eight years. A case in point is the 80,000-seat
Olympic Stadium, of which 70 percent of the physical construction work has been finalised and
will be opened in December 2001. Likewise, the 22,000-spectator capacity Ataköy Dome is
about to be completed. Furthermore, the IOBC is able to carry out its task without recourse to
any additional taxes on the citizens.
Though Istanbul, as well as the country as a whole, has had wide experience in organising
European and World Championships in specific sports, the city has not organised any multi-
sport events so far. The IOBC is aware of this limitation and attaches special importance to
equipping the city with adequate facilities during the bidding process and to building experience
in hosting multi-sports events.
Despite the fact that the Olympic Games constitute the single greatest sporting event in the
world, their significance for Istanbul has additional depth. Research confirms that international
public opinion places the Olympics in a position of very high esteem, comparable to that of some
socially oriented institutions such as the Red Cross or UNICEF. Within the context of Istanbul,
the Olympic Games also have the character of a social project.
Turkey has the youngest population in Europe. With 20 million youngsters under the age of 14
and a mean population age of 26, it is a country that stands to benefit immensely from
developing the educational opportunities of sports. Awarding the Olympic Games to Istanbul will
add an exceptionally strong momentum to the city’s efforts towards this end. For Turkey, the
enduring legacy of the Games will lie in the development of a sporting culture and the
establishment of sports as a way of life, in addition to the enhancement of the country’s physical
sports infrastructure.
It is also worth emphasising that Istanbul’s candidacy has major significance not only for Turkey,
but also for the whole region of which the country is a part. At present, Istanbul is the largest
city of a country that is preparing for membership in the European Union. Throughout its
history, the city has bridged the cultures and civilisations of Asia and Europe. Istanbul’s being
awarded the honour of hosting the Olympic Games will greatly contribute to a swift flourishing
of the principles of the Olympic Truce in a region of the world that is so urgently in need of
peace.
Istanbul is competing in a long-distance race. Staying in the race, the city upholds the sporting
spirit of John Stephen Akhwari of Tanzania. We started the race, and our country expects us to
finish it.
1Volume Introduction 7
The ancient city of Istanbul is bidding to host the Youthful Games of the XXIX Olympiad 2008.
The historic capital of three empires, the only city in the world that bridges two continents,
and the pillar of merging civilisations, Istanbul continues to be the economic and cultural hub
of the modern Republic of Turkey, as well as the much wider region around it. Istanbul’s age-
old cosmopolitan character is termed "global" in our times, and as a global city Istanbul has
the benefit of political, economic and social conditions that will ensure due celebration of the
Olympic Games.
Throughout its three consecutive bidding processes, Istanbul has enjoyed the very strong
support of the general public, of all political parties represented in the Grand National
Assembly, and of national and the local governments, despite several elections that resulted
in changes in power. No institution or organisation, governmental or non-governmental, has
voiced opposition to Istanbul’s candidacy. Surveyed respondents who did voice opposition
mainly pointed to the inadequacy of the city’s sports infrastructure and lack of experience in
organising international multi-sport events.
Support for Istanbul’s candidacy found early expression in law. In 1992, the parliament
unanimously enacted the Turkish Olympic Law, establishing the Istanbul Olympic Games
Preparation and Organisation Council (IOBC) and making the Olympic Charter a part of
national legislation. The law not only equips the IOBC with all necessary administrative powers
and financial means, but also recognises the supreme authority of the IOC in all matters
relating to the Olympic Games.
The IOBC is keenly aware of the complexity of matters that relate to the Olympic Games. It co-
operates with various ministries and departments of central and local government on a range
of issues including the environment, customs and immigration formalities and Olympic work
permits, to name a few. With respect to environmental issues, it also benefits from NGO and
academic collaboration. Overall, it employs nearly 200 persons, 67 (aday adayl›¤›) of whom
are professional staff. Over the eight years of its existence, it has accumulated far-reaching
expertise that, by law, directly aims at organising the Istanbul Games.
The Turkish Olympic Law obliges all public bodies to provide priority service to the IOBC in its
preparations for and organisation of the Olympic Games in Istanbul. Furthermore, it commits
the Treasury of the Republic as the absolute guarantor for the entire cost of the Games. Under
the law, the IOBC itself is more than a mere bidding committee. A tri-partite public body
enjoying highest-level representation of the national government, the local government of
Istanbul and the NOC of Turkey, it is structured to transform into the Istanbul OCOG upon the
awarding of the Games.
Continuity of organisation, as well as support, marks Istanbul’s candidacy.
Political Institutional Systems 1.1
Support for Candidature 1.2
Election Calendar 1.3
Political Parties 1.4
Major Economic Resources 1.5
Per Capita Income 1.6
Inflation Rate 1.7
Bodies Represented in the IOBC 1.8
Popular Support 1.9
Other Localities 1.10
1.1 Les systèmes politiques institutionnels1.2 Soutien de la candidature1.3 Calendrier des élections1.4 Les partis politiques 1.5 Principales ressources economiques 1.6 Revenu par habitant1.7 Taux d’inflation1.8 Organismes représentés dans le CCOI1.9 Soutien populaire1.10 Autres localités
1National, Regionaland Candidate CityCharacteristics
Caractéristiquesnationales,
régionales et locales
1 1Volume Caractéristiques nationales, régionales et locales10
1 1Volume National, Regional and Candidate City Characteristics 11
1 1Volume National, Regional and Candidate City Characteristics 13
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONAL
SYSTEMS
The Republic of Turkey is a
parliamentary multiparty democracy. The
principle of secularism, the rule of law, and
a unitary system of government form the
basic tenets of her political constitution.
Parliamentary government is based on a
principle of separation of powers, under
which the executive is responsible to the
legislative and both are subject to the
supervision of the judiciary.
Executive authority is mainly vested in the
cabinet (the Council of Ministers) appointed
by the President of the Republic, subject to
the vote of confidence of a unicameral 550-
member parliament (the Grand National
Assembly). The president is elected by the
parliament every seven years, and shares
several executive powers with the cabinet.
The parliament itself is elected by universal
adult suffrage for a five-year term and
holds the power to go to the polls for early
elections. The independence of the
judiciary, including the Constitutional
Court, is assured by the constitution.
Local branches of the central government
are organised under governorships in
Turkey’s 81 provinces and more than 850
subordinate districts. Governorships are
responsible for the provision and
maintenance of common public services in
their respective administrative divisions
and have no administrative autonomy.
Provincial and district governors, appointed
by the cabinet, are the highest government
authorities in their respective divisions.
There is no level of regional government
between the central and provincial tiers.
Community services in all urban and
suburban settlements, on the other hand,
are administered by elected local
government bodies, that is, municipalities.
Besides local branches of the central
government therefore, every provincial and
district centre has as well their own elected
mayors, decision-making city councils, and
executive municipal councils. Furthermore,
local government in metropolitan areas is
controlled by greater municipalities that
have precedence over lesser municipalities
in the area as regards several decision-
making and executive powers.
The Greater Istanbul Municipality is Turkey’s
largest local government body, serving an
area that includes 27 lesser district
municipalities and 17 suburban municipalities.
All municipal bodies are elected for a five-
year term, and the Constitution denies both
the central government and the legislature
any power to alter such term. This provision
aims at safeguarding the autonomy of local
government against encroachments by the
central government.
Such autonomy ensures for municipalities
the powers of levying taxes at the local
level, setting tax rates for several main
types of services within a range established
by the central government, collecting taxes
for environmental regeneration, and
pricing community services supplied. In
addition, the municipalities are empowered
to mobilise local funds directly, create new
funds, and – as distinct from the central
government – enter into contracts with
third parties under private law. Municipal
revenues and expenditures are officially
audited by central government agencies.
SUPPORT FOR
CANDIDATURE
Istanbul’s candidature is endorsed by
a special law, passed quasi-unanimously by
the parliament in April 1992, making Turkey
the first and only country to have enacted
such a legal instrument.
The Turkish Olympic Law (No. 3796)
established the Istanbul Olympic Games
Preparation and Organisation Council, also
known as the Istanbul Olympic Bidding
11
21
1 1Volume National, Regional and Candidate City Characteristics 15
Committee (IOBC), and authorised it to take
all necessary action in the pursuit and
organisation of the Games. It recognises
and respects the supremacy of the IOC in
all Olympic matters. The law requires that
all public institutions and agencies, as well
as all local government bodies, give priority
to the requests of the IOBC in relation to
the pursuit and organisation of the Games.
The Olympic Law guarantees a continuous
flow of funds, both for the pursuit and the
organisation of the Games. These include: 1)
one percent of football betting revenue; 2)
five percent of the preceding year’s net
income of the National Lottery; 3) one
percent of the Housing Fund receipts; 4) an
annual appropriation from the
Consolidated Budget, the amount left to the
discretion of the legislature; 5) one percent
of the budget of the Greater Istanbul
Municipality; 6) one percent of the Horse
Racing Joint Wagers ticket sales.
The support of the Turkish government and
parliament for Istanbul’s bid to host the
Olympic Games was reconfirmed in June
2000, when the parliament ruled to put
into effect the government’s Eighth Five-
Year Development Plan for the period 2001-
2005, which decrees "the continuation of
the work to create the infrastructure
necessary for hosting the Olympic Games".
Original letters of support provided by
national and local authorities are included
under Theme 18, Ref. 18.1.
ELECTION CALENDAR
Under the present regulations, the
only general elections planned prior to
2008 are in the spring of 2004, when both
the national parliament and local
government bodies will go to the polls. The
Constitution rules out holding of any local
elections earlier or later than that date, or
before 2009 for the next term.
POLITICAL PARTIES AND
THEIR POSITION TOWARDS
HOSTING OF OLYMPIC
GAMES
At the last general election, held on 18
April 1999, five major parties succeeded in
winning the support of at least 10 percent
of the national electorate, passing the
threshold to enter parliament. The
following table shows their respective
shares in the popular vote at large and the
votes cast in the province of Istanbul, and
the resulting distribution of seats in the
parliament. It also features the partition of
cabinet ministries among the three parties
that constitute Turkey’s current ruling
coalition government.
All of the five major political parties have
already confirmed with the IOBC their full
support for Istanbul’s hosting the Olympic
Games. Such support includes a
commitment to back the Government in all
the measures that it would take, in case the
city is awarded the Games, to help prepare
Istanbul for a successful staging of the
Olympics.
MAJOR ECONOMIC
RESOURCES
The percentage distribution of
Turkey’s and Istanbul’s GDP by main
economic sectors for the past decade is
given below in table form. The table also
features the latest available data, from
Political parties
Share in popular
vote %
(last parliamentary
elections in April
1999)
Number of
seats in the
national
legislature
Number
of cabinet
ministries
held
Turkey Istanbul
Democratic Left Party 22.2 29.7 135 13*
Nationalist Action Party 18.0 10.1 127 12
Virtue Party 15.4 21.3 103
Motherland Party 13.2 15.8 88 10
True Path Party 12.0 5.4 84
Other 15 parties
(not represented
in the Parliament) 18.3 17.7 -
Independents 0.9 0.1 7
Total 100 100 544** 35
* Including the Office of the Prime Minister
** Six seats have fallen vacant since April 1999 due to deaths of sitting MPs.
51
31
41
1 1Volume National, Regional and Candidate City Characteristics 17
1998, on such distribution for the Marmara
Region. Please note that in 1998 Istanbul
and the Marmara Region accounted for 21.7
and 37.9 percent of Turkey’s GDP
respectively.
Per capita GDP in Istanbul and the Marmara
Region in 1998 was, respectively, US$4,645
and US$4,514 in nominal terms, and
US$9,833 and US$9,629 in real (PPP)
terms.
Great differences between per capita GDP
figures calculated in PPP terms and those
measured in nominal terms reflect the
significantly lower level of prices in Turkey
than in many OECD countries. To judge by
the most recently calculated PPPs, in
August 2000, when the US is taken as the
1990 2,655 4,644
1991 2,603 4,761
1992 2,682 5,024
1993 2,981 5,467
1994 2,173 5,336
1995 2,727 5,581
1996 2,888 5,966
1997 3,021 6,443
1998 3,176 6,723
1999 2,846 6,078
Sources : SIS
YearsPer capita GDP in US$
(nominal)
Per capita GDP in US$ (in terms of purchasing power
parity)
PER CAPITA INCOME
The figures for per capita GDP in
Turkey for the last decade are given below
in table form, in both nominal and real
terms. Real GDP figures are calculated
using respective purchasing power parity
(PPP) rates, that is, the rates of TL/US$
conversion that eliminate differences in
price levels between Turkey and the US.
(See paragraph 1.7 below)
61
Agriculture 15.7 1.4 16.9 1.0 14.5 0.7 17.5 0.6 5.2 15.0
Industry 26.3 32.7 25.2 30.7 25.3 29.6 22.9 28 33.8 23.2
Mining & quarrying 1.3 0.3 1.2 0.2 1.2 0.2 1.1 0.3 0.4 1.1
Manufacturing 22.6 30.2 21.1 28.3 21.6 27.1 19.4 25.2 31.2 19.2
Energy 2.5 2.1 2.8 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.9
Services 58 65.9 58 68.3 60.2 69.7 59.6 71.4 61.0 61.7
Construction 5.5 4.2 5.8 5.2 6 4.6 6 5.6 5.6 5.6
Trade 20.5 27.8 20.5 30.4 20.8 31.2 19.9 31.9 23.7 19.1
Transport &
communication 12.6 13.7 13.1 15.6 13.9 14.6 13.6 14.6 13.2 13.8
Other services 19.4 20.2 18.6 17.1 19.5 19.3 20.1 19.3 18.5 23.2
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Economic
Sectors
Distribution of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by economic sectors (%)
1990
Turkey Istanbul
1991
Turkey Istanbul
1992
Turkey Istanbul
1993
Turkey Istanbul
1994
Turkey Istanbul
Agriculture 17.5 1.4 15.2 1.1 15 0.9 15.4 1.2 15.5 1.1
Industry 25.5 31.6 25.9 30.9 25.6 31.2 24.5 30.5 26.4 32.5
Mining & quarrying 1.6 0.5 1.5 0.4 1.4 0.5 1.1 0.4 1.4 0.4
Manufacturing 22.0 29.8 22.2 29.1 21.6 29.3 20.8 28.5 22.1 30.2
Energy 2.0 1.2 2.2 1.3 2.6 1.5 2.6 1.6 2.9 1.9
Services 57.0 67.0 58.8 68.0 59.4 67.9 60.2 68.3 58.2 66.4
Construction 6.3 4.7 7.0 5.2 6.8 5.0 7.4 5.8 6.8 5.5
Trade 19.1 26.7 18.6 25.9 18.5 25.7 18.6 25.8 19.7 28.0
Transport &
communication 11.8 12.3 11.8 12.8 12.2 14.2 12.0 14.1 13.3 16.0
Other services 19.8 23.3 21.4 24.1 21.9 23 22.2 22.6 18.4 16.9
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
1995
Turkey Istanbul
1996
Turkey Istanbul
1997
Turkey Istanbul
1998
Turkey Istanbul*
1999
Marmara* Turkey
* Last available data on sectoral GDP distribution for Istanbul and the Marmara Region Sources: State Institute of Statistics (SIS);
State Planning Organisation (SPO).
base-country (100 points), the general
comparative price level index for Turkey
was 55 points, against 82 points for
Canada, 91 points for France, and 160
points for Japan.
In other words, in August 2000, a given
sum of money converted in current
exchange rates would buy in Turkey a
basket of goods 1.8 times greater in value
than that it would do in the US. Such
purchasing power coefficients comparing
Turkey to the other three countries
mentioned above were 1.5 times with
Canada, 1.7 times with France, and 2.9
times with Japan.
INFLATION RATE
Data on the inflation rate and the
average rates of TL to the US$ for the past
decade are provided below in table form.
1 Percentage change over the previous end-year2 Yearly average3 Mid-year
Source: SIS
YearsInflation rate
% 1
Average rate of TLto the US$ (nominal
rate) 2
Average rate of TLto the US$(PPP rate) 2
1990 48.6 2,608 1,491
1991 59.2 4,170 2,280
1992 61.4 6,869 3,667
1993 60.3 10,986 5,990
1994 149.6 29,704 12,096
1995 64.9 45,705 22,334
1996 84.9 81,137 39,275
1997 90.9 151,429 71,000
1998 54.3 260,040 122,850
1999 62.9 417,581 195,532
2000 32.7 618,9853 n/a
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1 1Volume National, Regional and Candidate City Characteristics 19
Year-on-year inflation at the end of 2000
is 30 percentage points below the previous
year’s figure, and the lowest since 1986.
This sharp decline has been made possible
by a disinflation and fiscal adjustment
programme followed by the Turkish
Government and monetary authorities,
supported by the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) through a three-year stand-by
arrangement in force through December
2002.
The recent joint letter of intent of the
Turkish Government and the Central Bank
of Turkey to the IMF (15 November 2000)
sets year-on-year inflation rates for 2001
and 2002 at 10 percent and seven percent
respectively. Subsequent years are
strongly expected to see a stabilisation of
the inflation rate at single-digit levels
comparable with the Euro ( ) area, as
Turkey prepares to join the European
Union.
Turkey’s current exchange rate policy, on
the other hand, follows a framework
introduced by the Central Bank in
December 1999. The framework consists
of a pre-determined exchange rate path
with respect to a basket composed of
US$1 + 0.77, announced in daily terms
for the period 1 January 2000–31
December 2001. The framework allows for
no band around the exchange rate path
for the first 18 months. A gradual shift
toward a more flexible exchange rate
regime will begin on 1 July 2001, when a
symmetric, progressively widening band
about the central exchange rate path will
be introduced. This band will widen at a
rate of 15 percentage points per annum,
measured from edge to edge. The total
width of the band will thus reach 7.5
percent by end-December 2001, 15 percent
by end-June 2002, and 22.5 percent by
end-December 2002.
The pre-announced exchange rate path
targets the rate of TL to the US$1 + 0.77
basket for end-December 2001 at
TL 1 , 322 ,529 a t the h ighest , and
TL 1,226,924 at the lowest. Experts
forecast that such a target may imply a
rate of around TL 770,000 to the US$ by
end-December 2001. They maintain that
overall exchange rate stability thus
ensured will result in a balanced increase
in the TL’s rate to the US$ with increments
parallel to single-digit domestic inflation
rates in the following years.
BODIES REPRESENTED IN
THE CANDIDATURE
COMMITTEE
The Turkish Olympic Law that
founded the Istanbul Olympic Bidding
Committee (IOBC) strikes a critical
balance in its composition. It brings
together in the 13-member committee the
representatives of a very broad range of
government and city authorities, as well
as those of the NOC administration. The
IOBC is chaired by the Minister of State in
charge of Youth and Sports. Its
membership includes the Governor of
Istanbul, an ambassador appointed by the
Foreign Ministry, the Mayor of Greater
Istanbul and two members appointed by
the latter, the General Director of Youth and
Sports and two members appointed by the
latter, the President of the NOC of Turkey
and two members appointed by the latter,
and the Secretary General of the NOC.
POPULAR SUPPORT
Since Istanbul’s first Olympic bid to
host the 2000 Olympic Games, her
candidature has enjoyed the strong
support of both the general Turkish public
and Istanbulites. Two recent opinion polls,
taken by Taylor Nelson-Sofres-PIAR at the
end of November 2000, reconfirm that a
great majority of Turkey’s and Istanbul’s
citizens favour the city’s candidature.
One of these polls was conducted in 11 of
Turkey’s provinces, statistically
representative of the country’s entire adult
(over 18 years of age) urban population, and
the other among Istanbulites, sampled to
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1 1Volume National, Regional and Candidate City Characteristics 21
represent all of the province’s adult
inhabitants. Results revealed that 88
percent of the general Turkish public, and
89 percent of Istanbulites, support
Istanbul’s bid to host the Olympic Games.
Foremost among the reasons given by
respondents for favouring Istanbul’s
candidature was the opportunity that
playing host to the Games would offer for
elevating the world’s perception of Turkey.
Other reasons include the following
expectations, in the order of importance
attached:
■ an increased popular interest and
involvement in sports,
■ enhanced sports infrastructure and
facilities, and
■ diversification of sports other than
football throughout the country.
In general, survey respondents attached a
very high value to the importance of the
Olympic Games as an international event.
For 60 percent of Turkish citizens at large,
and 61 percent of Istanbul’s inhabitants,
the Olympic Games exceed in importance
all other international events that Turkey
has ever hosted or may consider hosting
in the future. The most important
features, for respondents, that distinguish
the Olympic Games from other
international events were:
■ their contribution to a better knowledge
of the host countries and cities all
around the world,
■ the participation of almost all nations of
the world,
■ the upholding of a philosophy of peace,
brotherhood, and unity between
nations, and
■ the Olympic programme’s coverage of
the widest possible range of sports.
Even those respondents, in both polls, who
seemed to withhold their support from
Istanbul’s Olympic bid mentioned at least
one aspect in which Turkey or Istanbul
would benefit from hosting the Games.
These include, but were not restricted to:
■ the contribution to the city’s well-being
and the creation of new job
opportunities,
■ the contribution to an improved
infrastructure and transport system in
the city, and
■ the promotion of international cultural
exchange.
Disagreement with Istanbul’s candidature,
on the other hand, was justified mainly on
the grounds that:
■ Istanbul currently lacks sufficient sports
infrastructure to host an event of such
size, and that Turkey does not have
sufficient experience in international
multi-sport events, and
■ Istanbul’s problems in the area of urban
transportation would make staging such
an event difficult.
In general, survey respondents, including
those who disagreed with Istanbul’s bid,
consider the city’s existing accommodation
capacities and communications infrastructure
fairly adequate (rated 3–3.5 points on a scale
of "5") for playing host to the Olympic Games.
OTHER LOCALITIES
Localities other than the city of
Istanbul identified to stage events for the
2008 Olympic Games will be the cities of
Bursa, Izmir, and Kocaeli, sites proposed
for preliminary football events. Bursa and
Kocaeli are neighbouring cities, the
former to the south of Istanbul across the
Sea of Marmara, the latter adjacent to
Istanbul to the east. Izmir on the Aegean
coast is Turkey's third largest city and the
second largest seaport.
Original letters of support from the
competent authorities of these localities
are included under Theme 18, Ref. 18.2.
101
Fulfilment of Obligations 2.1
Respect of the Olympic Charter by the Government 2.1.1
Respect of the Olympic Charter by Local Authorities 2.1.2
Candidature and Games-Organising Committees 2.2
Legal Entity Responsible for Candidature 2.2.1
Games-Organising Committee (OCOG) 2.2.2
Olympic Mark Protection 2.3
Ambush Marketing 2.4
Measures to Prevent Ambush Marketing 2.4.1
Provisions Related to Marketing Programmes 2.4.2
Prior Agreements of No Effect 2.5
Language 2.6
2. 1 Exécution des obligations2.1.1 Respect de la charte olympique par le gouvernement2.1.2 Respect de la charte olympique par les autorités locales 2.2 Comités de candidature et d’organisation des Jeux2.2.1 Entité juridique responsable de la candidature 2.2.2 Comité d’Organisation des Jeux (COJO)2.3 Protection des marques olympiques2.4 Marketing pirate2.4.1 Mesures pour prévenir le marketing pirate2.4.2 Dispositions relatives aux programmes de marketing 2.5 Accords préalables sans portée2.6 Langue
2 Legal AspectsAspects Juridiques
the 2000 and 2004 Games. Under the said
law, the IOBC is also endowed with more
than sufficient finances to pursue its bid, as
described in paragraph 1.2 above.
The 13-member IOBC is chaired by the
Minister of State in charge of for Youth and
Sport. The other 12 members include the
Governor of Istanbul, the Mayor of Greater
Istanbul, the President and the Secretary-
General of the NOC of Turkey, the General
Director of Youth and Sports (GDYS), an
ambassador from the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, and two representatives each from
the Greater Istanbul Municipality, the NOC
of Turkey and the GDYS.
Persons authorised to sign contracts and
other documents on behalf of Istanbul are
Mr. Fikret Ünlü, Chairman of the IOBC and
the Minister of State in charge of for Youth
and Sport; Mr. Ali Müfit Gürtuna, Vice-
Chairman of the IOBC and the Mayor of
Greater Istanbul; and Mr. Sinan Erdem, IOC
member, Vice-Chairman of the IOBC and
the President of the NOC of Turkey.
A declaration by city authorities
confirming the above is included under
Theme 18, Ref. 18.5.
Games-organising
committee (OCOG)
In the event of Istanbul being awarded
the 2008 Olympic Games, the IOBC will
become the Organising Committee of the
Olympic Games (OCOG).
1 2Volume Legal Aspects 25
FULFILMENT OF
OBLIGATIONS
Respect of the Olympic
Charter by the national
Government
A covenant signed by the Prime
Minister of Turkey to this effect, including a
guarantee of free access by all accredited
persons to Turkey as the host country and
their free movement therein, is provided
under Theme 18, Ref. 18.3.
Respect of the Olympic
Charter by involved local
authorities
Covenants to this effect signed by the
Governor of ‹stanbul and the Mayor of
Greater Istanbul are provided under Theme
18, Ref. 18.4.
CANDITATURE AND
GAMES-ORGANISING
COMMITTEES
Legal entity responsible for
candidature; financing of
candidature
The legal entity responsible for
Istanbul’s candidature is the Istanbul
Olympic Games Preparation and
Organisation Council, also known as the
Istanbul Olympic Bidding Committee
(IOBC). It was created by the Turkish
Olympic Law of 1992, with the dual mission
of both bidding for the Games and
preparing the city for their actual
organisation.
It was in this capacity that the IOBC has
tendered Istanbul’s two previous bids, for
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OLYMPIC MARK
PROTECTION
Protection of Olympic insignia in
Turkey is ensured by the Turkish Olympic
Law that recognises the supremacy of the
IOC’s authority in all Olympic matters and
makes the Olympic Charter an integral part
of national legislation in force. In particular,
the law makes any commercial,
promotional or other utilisation of the
Olympic name and logo subject to the
authorisation of the IOBC.
In addition to the above:
■ Since 1995, Turkey has recognised the
unreserved applicability of the Paris
Convention for the Protection of
Industrial Property. This brings all
insignia, industrial or otherwise, duly
registered in any member country, under
full legal protection in all other member
countries. It also enables the prosecution
of this protection by rights holders in
every member country through the
intermediary of authorised national
agents.
■ The Decree-law of 1995 on the
Protection of Trademarks (No. 556)
makes international conventions on the
protection of insignia an integral part of
Turkey's national legislation, and is
indeed even superior to it. Among such
international instruments are, besides
the above-mentioned Paris Convention,
the convention establishing the World
Intellectual Property Organisation
(ratified by Turkey in 1975), the
Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual
Property Rights (ratified in 1995), and
the Nice Agreement on the International
Classification of Goods and Services with
regard to the registration of trademarks
(ratified in 1995). All these instruments
enable rights holders to take legal action
in Turkey if their rights are infringed
upon by nationals of third countries via
the importation of material.
■ The Decree-law No. 556 also provides
the legal framework under which the NOC
of Turkey and the IOBC may take legal
action against attempts to mislead the
public with the use of marks or designs
very similar to the Olympic insignia. These
two bodies are thereby empowered to
demand, through legal action, the
immediate termination of any acts
infringing upon their rights, and the
indemnification of material and immaterial
losses caused by the infringement. They
are also empowered to request
precautionary measures be taken.
■ Finally, Turkey is a member country of
the additional protocol of the Madrid
Agreement on the International
Registration of Trademarks, an
international system for obtaining trade
mark protection for a number of
countries (48 as of November 2000)
using a single application.
For a declaration by the Minister of Interior
of Turkey stipulating that all the necessary
legal measures will be taken to facilitate
the protection of Olympic marks, please
refer to Theme 18, Ref. 18.6.
AMBUSH MARKETING
Measures against ambush
marketing
Turkish commercial law prohibits as
an act of unfair competition any attempt to
deceive consumers by employing any
marks, signs, symbols, or designs
whatsoever that may be mistaken for
those rightfully used by others. It also
entitles the legally recognised rights
holder to demand from authorised courts
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the immediate adoption and application of
precautionary measures, in expectation of
a definitive judgement, which may be not
less than one month of imprisonment plus
a fine and an indemnity.
The Municipal Police have strong powers to
enforce bans on illicit trade. In co-operation
with the Municipal Police, the Istanbul
OCOG will exercise the powers entrusted to
it under the Olympic Law to order the
confiscation of any item being marketed
under conditions that infringe upon the
rights of the Olympic sponsors. These
powers will be exercised both in the vicinity
of the Olympic sites and in the city and its
environs, including the coastal area.
The control of the use of airspace for
publicity purposes belongs to the office of
the Governor of every province. The
Governorship of ‹stanbul is already
represented in the IOBC and will also be,
pursuant to the Turkish Olympic Law, part
of the structure of the Istanbul OCOG. This
will ensure for the Istanbul OCOG direct
control of the airspace over Istanbul during
the Games period, so as to guarantee that
no publicity is allowed in such airspace. The
office of the Governors of other cities that
will host football preliminaries, Bursa,
Kocaeli, and ‹zmir, will also act in this
respect according to the clause of the
Turkish Olympic Law (Article 14) that binds
all public authorities to give priority to the
interests of the Istanbul OCOG.
All billboard advertising, promotional
street activities and advertising in and on
publicly and privately owned buses, other
motor vehicles, inner-city railway and
underground trains, trams and sea ferries
in Istanbul is controlled by the Greater
Istanbul Municipality, which will be fully
represented on the OCOG by law. This will
enable the Istanbul OCOG to ensure
Olympic sponsor exclusivity in relation to
these types of publicity activities. Under
the Turkish Olympic Law, the Greater
Istanbul Municipality is committed to
control street vending and other
marketing programmes in the vicinity of
Olympic venues, with a view to not
compromising any aspects of the visual
representation of the Games. This will
ensure the integrity of the Olympic
movement and the Games, and uphold the
image of the Games, the host city, and the
local citizenry.
Furthermore, a binding contract with the
Greater Istanbul Municipality will guarantee
for the Istanbul OCOG full control of all
billboard and transport advertising in the
city for the duration of the Games and the
month preceding the Games, to support the
whole marketing programme (see
paragraph 6.6 in Theme 6.)
Finally, control of advertising in all airports
owned and operated by the State Airports
Authority, including the Atatürk
International Airport, the Çorlu Airport, the
Cengiz Topel Airport in Kocaeli, and the
Adnan Menderes Airport in ‹zmir, will be
ensured through the co-operation of the
Authority. This is pursuant to its statutory
obligation to give priority to the interests
of the Istanbul OCOG. The Aviation
Industries Inc., a partnership of several
public companies led by a department of
the Defense Ministry, will also co-operate
with the Istanbul OCOG in preventing
ambush marketing in the Sabiha Gökçen
Airport, which it will start operating in
Pendik, an eastern district of the province
of Istanbul, in early 2001.
Provisions against possible
marketing programmes that
would affect Olympic
marketing programmes
The Turkish Olympic Law grants the
IOBC and the future Istanbul OCOG the
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exclusive authority to endorse any
advertising, sponsorship and marketing
activity that may have any association with
the preparation and organisation of the
Olympic Games. Such authority ensures
that there will be no marketing
programmes organised by national
federations, sports organisations or any
other public or private entity in Turkey
referring to, or implying any connection
with, the Olympic Games, any Olympic team
or the year 2008.
In addition, the Joint Marketing Programme
Agreement to be signed between the
Istanbul OCOG and the NOC of Turkey will
include the marketing rights of all national
sports federations. Thus, pursuant to the
relevant clauses of the Host City Contract,
the NOC’s signature on the Joint Marketing
Programme Agreement will guarantee the
compliance of all national federations with
the NOC’s obligations pertaining to
marketing (see paragraph 6.1.1 in Theme6).
PRIOR AGREEMENTS OF NO
EFFECT
Neither the city of Istanbul nor the
NOC of Turkey have to date entered into
any agreements that will remain in effect
after the date the Host City for the 2008
Olympic Games is chosen. The NOC’s
current agreements with its sponsors
include no clauses that grant any options or
rights of renewal that would result in such
agreements being in effect after that date.
Therefore, current agreements signed with
third parties by the city authorities or the
NOC of Turkey will not jeopardise, prevent
or make impossible the fulfillment of any
provision of the Host City Contract.
LANGUAGE
The official language of Istanbul's
candidature is English.
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Immigration and Visa Regulations 3.1
Health and Vaccination Regulations 3.2
Importation, Use and Export of Goods 3.3
Special Products 3.4
Freedom to Broadcast 3.5
Import Restrictions on 3.6
Foreign Publications
3.1 Formalités concernant l’immigration et les visas3.2 Santé et règlement des vaccinations3.3 Importation, utilisation et exportation de
marchandises3.4 Produits spéciaux3.5 Liberté de publication3.6 Restrictions à l’importation de publications
étrangères
3Customs and
Immigration Formalities
Immigration etformalités douanières
1 3Volume Customs and Immigration Formalities 35
IMMIGRATION AND VISA
REGULATIONS
Turkish Passport Law (No. 5682)
generally requires that all visitors present
valid passports or other official travel
documents at ports of entry.
Depending upon the type of passport held
and duration of stay, nationals of many
countries are exempt from requiring an
entry visa. These countries are listed below
by period of visa exemption and type of
passport held.
13
Period of visa Nationals of countries holding Nationals of countries holding
exemption ordinary passport official passport
Three months Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize,
Canada, Chile, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Grenada,
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,
Iceland, Iran, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya,
Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia,
Malta, Mauritius, Monaco, Morocco, Norway,
New Zealand, Oman, Qatar, St. Lucia, St. Marino,
Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, South
Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad-Tobago,
Tunisia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,
United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Vatican
Period of visa issued Nationals of countries holding
at port of entry ordinary passport
Three months Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain,
United Kingdom, USA
One month Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,
Jordan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Taiwan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
15 days Georgia, Guatemala
Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan,
Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,
Belgium, Belarus, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Chile,
Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt,
El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia,
Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Holland,
Hong-Kong Special Administrative Region,
Iceland, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya,
Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico (diplomatic),
Monaco, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, Oman,
Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Qatar, St. Lucia, St.
Marino, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore,
Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad-Tobago, Tunisia,
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, United
Arab Emirates, Ukraine, Uruguay, Vatican
Two months Bosnia- Herzegovina, Croatia, Indonesia,
Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia
Afghanistan (diplomatic), Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Croatia, Indonesia, Macedonia, Romania,
Slovenia
One month Bolivia, Costa Rica, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Maldives, South Africa
Bolivia, Bulgaria (diplomatic), Costa Rica, Estonia
(diplomatic), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Latvia (diplomatic), Maldives, Moldova, Mongolia,
People’s Republic of China, South Africa,
Turkmenistan, Vietnam (diplomatic), Yemen
Ordinary passport holding nationals of
many other countries may enter Turkey on
the basis of a visa issued at international
ports of entry. The following table lists
these countries by duration of stay.
1 3Volume Customs and Immigration Formalities 37
Furthermore, citizens of Germany,
Belgium, France, The Netherlands,
Luxembourg, Spain, Italy, Malta,
Switzerland and Greece may enter the
country through various land border gates,
sea ports or airports with identity cards
other than passports according to the
“Agreement on the Travel of Individuals”
dated 13.12.1957.
Nationals of all other countries must get
entry visas from Turkish embassies or
consulates abroad in advance of their
arrival.
Legislation on general visa requirements
stipulates that foreigners visiting Turkey
on the occasion of national or international
festivals, sports events, meetings and
congresses be given special treatment so
far as entry visas and residence permits
are concerned. Under the Turkish Olympic
Law (No. 3796), Olympic identity and
accreditation cardholders are assured of
even more privileged terms and will not be
required to obtain entry visas.
The Turkish Olympic Law and the Ministry
of the Interior fully guarantee that all
holders of Olympic identity cards
(including doctors, media representatives,
etc.) will be able to carry out their Olympic
duties for the period specified in the
candidature manual. The Ministry of the
Interior further guarantees that the
temporary entry of non-Olympic identity
and accreditation card-holding personnel
arriving for the organisation of the Games
will be authorised and that such persons
will be issued appropriate work permits to
carry out their Games-related tasks (see
Theme 18, Ref. 18.7).
HEALTH AND VACCINATION
REGULATIONS
The Turkish Ministry of Health
observes United Nations World Health
Organisation (WHO) regulations and
Turkish Law No. 1593 on general hygiene as
regards health and vaccination
requirements within and across national
boundaries. It receives regular reports
from Turkish embassies and consular
offices abroad on the incidence of certain
contagious diseases (cholera, plague,
yellow fever, typhus, smallpox and any
other epidemic specified by the Ministry)
with a view to informing the governments
concerned of specific measures to be taken
(Articles 37, 48, 51, 54, and 56).
The International Health Statute (IHS),
based on Articles 21 and 22 of the WHO
Charter, was ratified by the Turkish
Parliament in 1954 (Law No. 6368). The
public authority responsible for the
implementation of the IHS at ports of entry
(Hudut ve Sahiller Sa¤l›k Genel Müdürlü¤ü
/ the General Directorate of Health for
Borders and Coasts) requires no certificate
of vaccination except as necessitated by
the weekly WHO bulletin on epidemics.
IMPORTATION, USE AND
EXPORT OF GOODS
Under Articles 14 and 17 of the Turkish
Olympic Law, the IOC, IFs, NOCs and their
delegations, the media, sponsors and
suppliers will be able to import, use and
export any goods that they require in
relation to their Games-related obligations.
The Ministry of State responsible for
Customs further guarantees that the said
goods will be free from all customs duties
(see Theme 18, Ref. 18.8).
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SPECIAL PRODUCTS
Among the special products and
equipment required by members of the
Olympic Family, importation of firearms
and ammunition is subject to registration
with Customs authorities at ports of entry
(Law No. 3136), while that of foodstuffs and
medical products, must comply with
relevant Turkish standards (TS).
FREEDOM TO BROADCAST
No restrictions are imposed on the
use of media material produced in Turkish
territory and intended principally for
broadcast outside the country.
IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON
FOREIGN PUBLICATIONS
Legislation on importation of foreign
newspapers, periodicals and other
publications (Article 31 of Law No. 5680, as
amended in 1983) does not impose any
restrictions by title or quantity. Rather, it
authorises the Cabinet to prohibit
importation or distribution of foreign
publications which are subversive, or which
constitute a threat to national security,
public good, morality or health.
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Environment A.
Map 4.1
Public Management of The Environment 4.2
and Natural Resources
Ocog’s Planned Environmental 4.3
Management System (EMS)
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) 4.4
Environmental Projects and Technology 4.5
Guarantee 4.6
Special Features 4.7
Meteorology B.
Temperature and Humidity 4.8
Precipitation 4.9
Altitude 4.10
A. Environnement4.1 Carte4.2 Gestion publique de l’environnement et des
ressources naturelles4.3 Système de gestion environnementale (SGE) prévu
par le COJO4.4 Evaluation de l’impact environnemental (EIE)4.5 Projets et technologies de l’environnement.4.6 Garantie4.7 Caractéristiques particulièresB. Météorologie4.8 Température et humidité4.9 Précipitations4.10 Altitude
4Environmental
Protection and
Meteorology
Protection del’environnement et Meteorologie
1 4Volume Environmental Protection and Meteorology 43
ENVIRONMENTA
MAP14
Name District/Location
Walls of Constantine Eminönü
Aqueduct of (Emperor) Valens Saraçhane
Ayasofya (Haghia Sophia, St. Sophia) Eminönü
Aya Irini (Haghia Eirene, St. Irene) Eminönü
Church of St. Theodosia - Gül Mosque Fatih
Church of Pantocrator -
Zeyrek Church Mosque Fatih
Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos -
Fethiye Mosque Fatih
Church of Constantine Lips -
Fenari Isa Mosque Fatih
Church of St. Saviour in Chora -
Kariye Mosque Fatih
Church of SS.Sergius and Bacchus -
Küçük Ayasofya Mosque Eminönü
Basilica Cistern - Yerebatan Saray Eminönü
Cistern of a Thousand-and-
one Columns - Binbirdirek Eminönü
Column of Constantine - Çemberlitafl Eminönü
Cistern of Aspar Fatih
Cistern of Aetios Fatih
Cistern of St. Mocius Fatih
Castle of Seven Towers - Yedikule Fatih
Church of SS Paul and Dominic -
Arap Mosque Beyo¤lu
Galata Tower Beyo¤lu
Column of Marcian - K›ztafl› Fatih
The Old Palace Eminönü
Tophane - The Canon House Beyo¤lu
Tiled Pavilion - Çinili Köflk Eminönü
Murat Pafla Mosque Fatih
Simkeflhane Eminönü
Topkap› Palace Eminönü
Galatasaray Beyo¤lu
Davut Pafla Mosque Fatih
Name District/Location
Beyazidiye Eminönü
Haseki Hürrem Mosque Fatih
Mihrimah Mosque Fatih
fiehzade Mosque -
The Mosque of the Prince Eminönü
Sultan Selim Mosque Fatih
Rüstem Pafla Mosque Eminönü
Süleymaniye Mosque Eminönü
F›nd›kl› Mosque Beyo¤lu
Sokollu Mehmet Pafla Mosque Eminönü
K›l›ç Ali Pafla Mosque Beyo¤lu
Blue Mosque (Sultanahmet Mosque) Eminönü
Cerrah Pafla Mosque Fatih
Spice Bazaar Eminönü
Fountain of Ahmet III Eminönü
Fatih Mosque Fatih
Nuruosmaniye Mosque Eminönü
Rag›p Pafla Library Eminönü
Laleli Mosque Eminönü
Mosque and Shrine of Eyüp Eyüp
Beyaz›t Tower Eminönü
Nusretiye Mosque Beyo¤lu
Taflk›flla Taksim
Pertevniyal Mosque Aksaray
Ayasofya Hamam› - Baths of Roxelana Eminönü
Ca¤alo¤lu Bath Eminönü
Alay Köflkü (The Review Pavilion) Eminönü
Bâb›âli - Sublime Porte Eminönü
The New Mosque Eminönü
Mahmut Pafla Mosque Eminönü
Covered Bazaar Eminönü
Büyük Yeni Han Eminönü
Hasan Pafla Han› Eminönü
Galata Bedesten Beyo¤lu
Sirkeci Railway Station Eminönü
Name District/Location
Istanbul Lycée Eminönü
Harikzedegân Apartments Eminönü
Vak›f Han (I-V) Eminönü
Dolmabahçe Palace Befliktafl
Beylerbeyi Palace Üsküdar
Y›ld›z Chalet Befliktafl
Ihlamur (Linden) Palace Befliktafl
Maslak Palace Sar›yer
Küçüksu Palace Beykoz
Palace of Aynal›kavak Beyo¤lu
Florya Atatürk Lodge Bak›rköy
Tahsin Pafla (Filizi) Mansion Kad›köy
Alibey Mosque Silivri
Fatih Mosque Silivri
Piri Mehmed Pafla Mosque Silivri
Mosque of Bekirli Köyü Silivri
Selimpafla Church Selimpafla
Mimar Sinan Bridge - Long Bridge Silivri
Sokullu Mehmet Pafla Külliyesi Büyükçekmece
Topuzlu Aqueduct Belgrad Forest
The Big Aqueduct Belgrad Forest
Aqueduct of Sultan Mahmud I Belgrad Forest
Ayvaz Aqueduct Belgrad Forest
Valide Aqueduct Belgrad Forest
Kirazl› Aqueduct Belgrad Forest
Sadullah Pafla Yal›s› Çengelköy
Rasim Pafla Yal›s› Kanl›ca
Selimiye Barracks Üsküdar
Befliktafl, Haydarpafla, Kad›köy,
Rumelihisar›, Kandilli Ferry-Terminals Bosphorus
Burhaneddin Efendi Yal›s› Yeniköy
Sait Halim Pafla Yal›s› Yeniköy
Bekir and Tahsin Bey Yal›s› Yeniköy
Khedive Palace Çubuklu
Fethi Pafla Yal›s› Kuzguncuk
Name District/Location
Abdullah Pafla Yal›s› Çengelköy
Server Bey Yal›s› Kandilli
Russian Embassy Büyükdere
French Embassy Tarabya
Egyptian Embassy Bebek
Palace of Beykoz Beykoz
Sadberk Han›m Yal›s› Sar›yer
Italian Embassy Tarabya
German Embassy Tarabya
Hekimbafl› Yal›s› Kanl›ca
Zarif Mustafa Pafla Yal›s› Anadolu Hisar›
Bahriyeli Sedat Bey Yal›s› Anadolu Hisar›
Ç›ra¤an Palace Ortaköy
Rumeli Hisar› - Bo¤azkesen Rumelihisar›
Anadolu Hisar› - Güzelce Hisar Anadoluhisar›
K›z Kulesi - Maiden's Tower -
Leander's Tower Üsküdar
Kabatafl and Galatasaray
school buildings Ortaköy
Kuleli Military College Çengelköy
Haydarpafla School of Medicine Haydarpafla
Haydarpafla Railway Station Haydarpafla
fiemsi Pafla Mosque Complex Üsküdar
Ayazma Mosque Üsküdar
Mosque of Mehmet Pafla the Greek Üsküdar
Iskele Mosque Üsküdar
Mosque of Atik Valide Üsküdar
Halil Ethem Yal›s› Çubuklu
Cultural Heritage Monuments
a “once-through” business, as opposed to
the traditional, continual improvement-
based business, and feels confident that
the substance of the EMS will live on as a
tangible legacy.
On the occasion of Istanbul’s bid for the
2004 Games, the IOBC issued an
Environmental Policy Statement, which it
now reaffirms. Accordingly, it pledges to
incorporate sustainability into its overall
Olympic effort and assigns special
importance to a communal, and ultimately,
a global sharing of environmental
responsibility.
In this, the IOBC is guided by the concept of
sustainability and is committed to its
implementation in Istanbul by using the
Olympic Games as a catalyst. The IOBC
aims at establishing a common platform
where local and international expertise is
combined with governmental, academic,
NGO and private sector participation
towards creating a model that may set the
framework for “sustainable city
guidelines.”
Thus starting with an Environmental Policy,
then, the basic components of the Istanbul
2008 EMS may be summarised as follows:
1 4Volume Environmental Protection and Meteorology 45
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OF
THE ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES
The municipal and gubernatorial
offices of Istanbul are the principal agents
of environmental and natural resource
management. They collaborate with
central and district level authorities to
enforce national legislation and ensure that
water, land, and the physical environment in
general are lawfully and wisely used.
Article 14 of the Turkish Olympic Law
(“Priority of Service”) obliges all public
authorities to co-operate fully and
promptly with the Istanbul Olympic Bidding
Committee (IOBC). This provision of the
law deems public authorities, both local
and national, fully responsible vis à vis the
Istanbul OCOG.
Within the framework of Environmental
Law (No. 2872) and the body of associated
regulations, the basic features of the public
environmental management are as shown
in the table on the right.
At present, these activities are not integrated
in an ISO 14001-certified environmental
management system. This is one very
significant area where the IOBC can and is
determined to set an example of best
practices for the city and the country if
Istanbul is awarded the 2008 Olympic
Games.
OCOG’S PLANNED
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(EMS)
The IOBC plans on implementing an
ISO 14001-based EMS in technical terms,
that is to say, in terms of organisational
structure, responsibilities, practices,
procedures, processes and resources for
implementing and maintaining environ-
mental management. It recognises the
special challenge of the Olympic Games as
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Resource Activity Authority
Water Supply, sanitary measures, sewage
treatment, littoral pollution control
Wetland protection
Monitoring of drinking water quality
The Municipality of Greater Istanbul, specifically, ISKI
(Istanbul Water and Sewage Authority)
Provincial administrations
Provincial administration of the Ministry of Health
Air Pollution control The provincial administrations of the Ministries of
Environment, Health, Industry and Transport, and the
Municipality of Greater Istanbul under the
co-ordination of the Governor’s office
Land Planning, conservation and use The provincial administrations of various ministries,
including those of Public Works and Settlement,
Culture, Environment, and Forestry; the municipal
governments of Greater Istanbul and districts
Energy Supply
Conservation, limitation of use and
quality controls
The electricity companies (BEDAfi and AKTAfi), the
municipal natural gas company (IGDAfi), private
suppliers of coal, oil and bottled gas
The Municipality of Greater Istanbul, the Governor’s
office
Cultural
monuments
Preservation Provincial administrations of the Ministries of Culture
and Environment
General
physical
environment
Solid-waste handling
Noise control and law enforcement
The Municipality of Greater Istanbul in co-operation
with district municipalities
Municipality and the Governor’s office
1 4Volume Environmental Protection and Meteorology 47
■ Analysis (Initial Review)
● Identifying the environmental
aspects of all Olympics-related
activities.
● Analysing the actual and/or
potential environmental impact of
all Olympics-related activities under
normal, abnormal and emergency
conditions.
■ Planning
● Setting environmental objectives
and targets. Consistent with its
Environmental Policy Statement, the
IOBC will strive to accomplish
specific, definable and measurable
environmental objectives. These
efforts will be Games-related, and
will be continually examined,
evaluated and revised as
appropriate.
● Developing Environmental Man-
agement Programs for achieving
these objectives and targets.
● Designing the Structure and
Responsibility of the EMS.
● Developing the Corrective and
Preventive Action System, crucial in
itself due to the “once-through”
nature of Olympic Games.
■ Implementation
● Developing the Documentation
System of the EMS.
● Conducting training, education and
communication programs for all
interested parties that will or may
have an impact on the performance
of the EMS.
■ Monitoring and Management Review
● Monitoring the performance of the
EMS before, during and after the
Olympic Games, throughout the
whole organisation.
● Taking corrective and preventive
action where and when necessary.
● Management periodically reviewing
the structure and performance of
the EMS before, during and after the
Games.
At this stage of its candidature, Istanbul’s
Olympic Project features exemplary cases
of sustainable development:
■ All venue locations have been
specifically chosen away from areas of
historic value and attractive urban sites.
They are environmentally sound and in
conformity with the urban development
master plan.
■ The 584-hectare Olympic Park is being
created on derelict land and made
accessible by light rail. Similar in concept
to the Sydney Homebush Bay site, it is
being developed as a sporting and
environmental venue. TEMA, a leading
environmental NGO, has drafted a
project for the Olympic Park’s
landscaping and preservation.
■ The Olympic and Media villages are
planned as a part of an on-going housing
project. The site, intended to serve as a
model for appropriately sustainable
housing, will be connected to the
Istanbul mass transit system.
■ New construction will aim at incor-
porating leading-edge concepts and
practices in energy, residential and
public area lighting, transportation, and
water conservation (low-flow fixtures
and low-consumption use appliances).
These will also be incorporated
wastewater treatment and reuse, solid
waste recycling (of secondary-market
materials), environmentally friendly
design and building materials (organic-
based paints and finishes, wooden floors,
non-CFC-based coolants, etc.)
Encouraged by its past success in seeking
the expert collaboration of national and
international environmental organisations,
the IOBC will further develop its
environmental portfolio with continuing
contributions from:
■ Public organisations (e.g. Ministry of
Environment, Municipal Department of
Environment) that are under legal
obligation to serve Olympic needs and
are particularly significant partners in
legal and regulatory matters.
■ Leading non-governmental orga-
nisations, including
● ÇEVKO (Environmental Protection
Foundation), which conductucs
extensive recycling programmes,
1 4Volume Environmental Protection and Meteorology 49
including those with the district
municipalities responsible for solid-
waste handling in the Olympic Park,
Village area (Halkal›) and the
Southern Complex (Ataköy).
l DHKD (Society for the Protection of
Nature), which developed a compre-
hensive Environmental Awareness
Programme for the Games.
l TEMA (widely acclaimed for its
effective programme against
deforestation and erosion), which
undertook the drafting of the
Olympic Park Environmental Master
Plan in co-operation with academics.
n Department of Environmental Studies of
the Bosphorus University, Istanbul.
n The business community, particularly
through its strong ties with TEMA and
ÇEVKO.
n International expertise that has been
accumulated particularly through the
experience of other Olympic host cities.
In the event Istanbul is awarded the 2008
Olympic Games, the IOBC will:
n Appoint an Environmental Director at an
executive position to head its
environmental team. The director will
have the authority and ability to provide
input to other executive-level offices,
including marketing, communications,
finance, logistics and transportation.
He/she will be assisted by Managing
Directors exercising power and control
over specific project areas.
n Establish an Environmental Advisory
Committee. This will be an official, multi-
sector body to provide the
Environmental Director and/or Managing
Directors with continual input and ad hoc
advice.
n Establish Environmental Procurement
Guidelines for products, services and
construction to be used during the
Games, and to be adopted for long-term
use in Turkey after the Games. The IOBC
will utilise the existing examples, both
Olympic {e.g. from Sydney} and non-
Olympic from elsewhere in the world.
n Establish a permanent infrastructure for
recycling solid wastes. Through the help
and guidance of ÇEVKO, the IOBC will
encourage all Olympic-related groups,
sponsors, etc., to develop recycling plans
for their facilities, as an example to
society in general. This will provide
numerous examples of the appropriate
manner(s) in which solid waste source
reduction and recycling can be
approached.
n Identify elements of the 2008 Olympic
Games Environmental Awareness
Programme. The IOBC will work in close
cooperation with NGOs and private
sector companies to effectively focus on
the appropriate aspects of environ-
mental awareness using the special
visibility of the Olympics. Its starting
point will be the Environmental
Awareness Programme for the General
Public and for Elementary Schools
drafted by DHKD.
To summarise the above points, Istanbul’s
Olympic project aims at achieving a radical
improvement of the environment and
establishing environmentally sound
practices to sustain the achievements of
the Games.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENTS (EIA)
Environmental impact assessments
(EIA) for the Istanbul Olympic Park, the
Southern Olympic Complex and the
Olympic Village were carried out by the
Institute of Environmental Sciences of the
Bosphorus University, in accordance to the
Turkish Environmental Impact Assessment
Act amended on June 23, 1997. The main
objective of the study was to identify and
evaluate the potential impact of the said
projects on the physical, biological,
ecological, cultural, and socio-economic
components of the total environment.
Statements were presented in the
following format:
n Section I: Introduction, including project
description and the need for it.
n Section II: Environmental characteristics
of the selected regions, including land
utilization; ecosystems including
44
1 4Volume Environmental Protection and Meteorology 49
including those with the district
municipalities responsible for solid-
waste handling in the Olympic Park,
Village area (Halkal›) and the
Southern Complex (Ataköy).
● DHKD (Society for the Protection of
Nature), which developed a compre-
hensive Environmental Awareness
Programme for the Games.
● TEMA (widely acclaimed for its
effective programme against
deforestation and erosion), which
undertook the drafting of the
Olympic Park Environmental Master
Plan in co-operation with academics.
■ Department of Environmental Studies of
the Bosphorus University, Istanbul.
■ The business community, particularly
through its strong ties with TEMA and
ÇEVKO.
■ International expertise that has been
accumulated particularly through the
experience of other Olympic host cities.
In the event Istanbul is awarded the 2008
Olympic Games, the IOBC will:
■ Appoint an Environmental Director at an
executive position to head its
environmental team. The director will
have the authority and ability to provide
input to other executive-level offices,
including marketing, communications,
finance, logistics and transportation.
He/she will be assisted by Managing
Directors exercising power and control
over specific project areas.
■ Establish an Environmental Advisory
Committee. This will be an official, multi-
sector body to provide the
Environmental Director and/or Managing
Directors with continual input and ad hoc
advice.
■ Establish Environmental Procurement
Guidelines for products, services and
construction to be used during the
Games, and to be adopted for long-term
use in Turkey after the Games. The IOBC
will utilise the existing examples, both
Olympic {e.g. from Sydney} and non-
Olympic from elsewhere in the world.
■ Establish a permanent infrastructure for
recycling solid wastes. Through the help
and guidance of ÇEVKO, the IOBC will
encourage all Olympic-related groups,
sponsors, etc., to develop recycling plans
for their facilities, as an example to
society in general. This will provide
numerous examples of the appropriate
manner(s) in which solid waste source
reduction and recycling can be
approached.
■ Identify elements of the 2008 Olympic
Games Environmental Awareness
Programme. The IOBC will work in close
cooperation with NGOs and private
sector companies to effectively focus on
the appropriate aspects of environ-
mental awareness using the special
visibility of the Olympics. Its starting
point will be the Environmental
Awareness Programme for the General
Public and for Elementary Schools
drafted by DHKD.
To summarise the above points, Istanbul’s
Olympic project aims at achieving a radical
improvement of the environment and
establishing environmentally sound
practices to sustain the achievements of
the Games.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENTS (EIA)
Environmental impact assessments
(EIA) for the Istanbul Olympic Park, the
Southern Olympic Complex and the
Olympic Village were carried out by the
Institute of Environmental Sciences of the
Bosphorus University, in accordance to the
Turkish Environmental Impact Assessment
Act amended on June 23, 1997. The main
objective of the study was to identify and
evaluate the potential impact of the said
projects on the physical, biological,
ecological, cultural, and socio-economic
components of the total environment.
Statements were presented in the
following format:
■ Section I: Introduction, including project
description and the need for it.
■ Section II: Environmental characteristics
of the selected regions, including land
utilization; ecosystems including
44
terrestrial, marine and freshwater
species, air-water-soil properties, soil
quality and potential agricultural uses,
socio-economic considerations, historic
and archaeological resources and public
health
■ Section III: Environmental impacts of
proposed actions and their control
including constructional and operational
consequences (investigation of site
preparation and excavation procedures,
their adverse impact on the environment
and current land utilization; possible
adverse impacts on the environment
during the operational phase; summary
description and evaluation project
alternatives and the planned
environmental-monitoring program).
■ Section IV: Conclusions
Summary EIA:
The Olympic Park is located in north-
eastern Istanbul, 25 km away from the city
centre and to north of the TEM Motorway.
The site includes the 80,000-seat Olympic
Stadium and various other buildings. The
Olympic Village site is the Halkal› Housing
Project area, to the south of the TEM
Motorway and located close to the Olympic
Park. The Southern Olympic Complex is
located in Ataköy, a highly populated urban
area. It includes a 22,000-seat sports hall,
the Olympic Natatorium (used for the 1999
European Swimming Championships) and a
number of training venues.
Background environmental characteristics
of these three sites, including geology,
climate, air-water-soil quality, ecosystems,
natural resources, socio-economic
structure, historical and cultural resources
were evaluated.
Potential environmental impacts of
construction activities were evaluated in
the following phases:
■ Pre-construction: Site inventory, storm
water control, erosion and sediment,
dust, vehicle traffic.
■ Site work: Impacts of clearing and
demolition, effects on floral and faunal
species, soil erosion, temporary facilities,
utility trenches and backfills, sanitary
facilities, excavation, soil stockpiling,
grading, trenching, site drainage, use of
explosives.
■Project closeout: Removal of temporary
offices, site restoration and preliminary
start-up.
During the construction phase a total of
approximately 4 million cubic meters of soil
will be excavated from all three sites. The
excavated soil will be used on site for
grading and filling. The following
techniques will be used to minimize
environmental impacts:
■ To control air pollution and adverse
effects of dust generated during
construction, watering, wind barriers and
paving will be used.
■ To control the surface water quality,
uncontrolled discharges to streams and
unwanted migration to ground water,
drainage trenches will be used to collect
the drainage, runoff and storm water.
Wastewater generated by workers in the
Olympic Park and village construction
sites will be stored in septic tanks, which
will be emptied periodically. Ataköy, in
the Southern Complex is connected to
the biological wastewater treatment
plant of the Municipality.
■ Solid wastes generated by workers’ daily
activities are stored in the designated
area and collected by the municipality for
disposal into sanitary landfills.
During the operational phase, wastewater
generated at the Olympic Park, Olympic
Stadium and the Olympic Village will be
collected and directed to the municipality
sewage system, which is connected to the
regional municipal wastewater treatment
plants. Fresh water will be supplied from a
nearby municipal water treatment plant.
ÇEVKO will be developing the projects for
recycling solid wastes, which will be sorted
at the sources and collected by the
municipality.
The main problem relating to all three sites
was found to be the increase in the vehicle
1 4Volume Environmental Protection and Meteorology 51
1 4Volume Environmental Protection and Meteorology 53
loads for the existing traffic patterns.
However, both the Olympic Park and the
Village site are located near a major
motorway that connects to the city centre.
New access roads are planned for
construction before the full operation of
these sites, which will also be connected to
the public transport system, especially by
light rail. Ataköy, the site of the Southern
Olympic Complex, is accessible by public
transport, and significant impact of road
traffic during the operational phase will be
alleviated by planned improvements in the
LRT system.
The study confirms that adverse impacts
on habitat-based biological environment
can be mitigated by taking necessary
precautions in construction planning and
revegetation following construction. In
social terms, the completion and
implementation of the proposed actions
will have positive effects on the
development of the young generation
through sports and the overall socio-
economic standing of the citizens.
Since the Olympic Park and the Olympic
Village are not located near highly populated
residential areas, and necessary precautions
are taken to prevent any undesired impacts
on human health and the environment, no
objection is projected for the construction
and operation of these proposed facilities.
The Southern Complex is located in central
Istanbul where the main impact of the new
multi-purpose sports hall (Ataköy Dome) will
be on road traffic. This is being addressed by
improvements planned in public transport
and additional parking lots.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROJECTS AND
TECHNOLOGY
Istanbul’s Olympic project features
several elements of environmentally sound
development. As outlined under paragraph
4.3 above, the Olympic Park is an extensive
land reclamation and enhancement project.
The site of the Olympic and Media villages,
within 2 km of the Park, is part of an on-
going housing project where the application
of environmentally friendly technologies,
based on established guidelines, will have a
far-reaching and positive impact.
Connecting the Park and the village site to
the urban rapid transit system will
contribute to sustainability also in social
terms.
Finally, the IOBC attaches primary
significance to communicating the
environmental message of the Olympic
Games within the framework of the first
comprehensive city-wide environmental
awareness programme to be run in Istanbul.
This will aim at establishing environmentally
favourable values and attitudes to
eventually ensure environmentally
responsible behaviour.
GUARANTEE
The Turkish Ministry of Environment
guarantees that all work necessary for the
organisation of the Games will comply with
local and national legislation and
regulations, as well as with international
agreements and protocols regarding
planning, construction and protection of the
environment (see Theme 18, ref. 18.9).
SPECIAL FEATURES
Istanbul’s bid emphasises the
improvement and regaining of significant
features of the natural and cultural
environment, rather than efforts to create
new ones.
METEOROLOGY
Istanbul proposes to hold the Olympic
Games between July 18th and August 3rd,
2008. Information given in the following
paragraphs reflects data from the past ten
years for that period of time.
54
74
64
B
1 4Volume Environmental Protection and Meteorology 55
TEMPERATURE AND
HUMIDITY
Temperatures and levels of humidity for
Istanbul and the three other cities designated
for football preliminaries are shown below. As
humidity is recorded at 7:00 AM, 2:00 PM
and 9:00 PM, only, the table shows levels of
humidity at those hours.
PRECIPITATION
Precipitation data for Istanbul and the
three other cities designated for football
preliminaries are shown on the two tables
on the right.
The Department of Meteorology confirms
that data on temperature, humidity and
precipitation given on these tables are
representative of the Klassis Equestrian
Club at Silivri, 80 kms from the city and 60
kms from the Istanbul International Airport.
ALTITUDE
The average altitude of Istanbul is 10
metres above sea level, reaching its highest
point at Çaml›ca (261 m). The Olympic
Village lies between 30-60 metres above
sea level while the Olympic Park has an
average altitude of 90 metres, varying
between 80 and 130 metres.
Istanbul’s district of Silivri where the Klassis
Equestrian Club, the proposed site for
equestrian events, is averages 100 metres
84
94
104
Temperature in °C Humidity (%)
9:00 PM2:00 PM7:00 AM9:00 PM6:00 PM3:00 PM12:00 AM9:00 AMMeasurementCit
y
Average 25.5 27.4 27.8 26.0 23.4 80.6 56.1 77.4
Maximum 30.0 33.9 33.6 34.0 30.0 96.0 93.0 96.0
Date 28.07.2000 03.08.1998 03.08.1998 27.07.2000 27.07.2000 21.07.1992 29.07.1992 29.07.1999
Minimum 17.7 20.2 18.4 19.2 19.4 54.0 24.0 33.0
Date 03.08.1997 20.07.1992 22.07.2000 22.07.2000 22.07.2000 18.07.2000 18.07.2000 18.07.2000
Average 28.1 31.9 32.8 30.9 28.2 58.5 40.1 49.1
Maximum 33.9 38.3 39.9 37 33.5 86.0 60.0 78.0
Date 28.07.2000 28.07.2000 28.07.2000 03.08.1998 03.08.1998 28.07.1999 03.08.1997 27.07.1999
Minimum 23.7 26.4 27.6 25.7 23.4 28.0 22.0 27.0
Date 20.07.1992 20.07.1992 23.07.1996 27.07.1997 03.08.1997 20.07.1996 19.07.2000 18.07.1993
Average 24.0 27.2 28.4 26.7 23.2 86.9 52.2 75.8
Maximum 29.2 34 37.1 35.2 30.2 95.0 96.0 96.0
Date 02.08.1998 27.07.2000 27.07.2000 27.07.2000 27.07.2000 22.07.1994 23.07.1997 28.07.1994
Minimum 19 18.5 17.3 18 17.3 62.0 26.0 35.0
Date 27.07.1997 22.07.1992 01.08.2000 01.08.2000 01.08.2000 21.07.1999 27.07.1995 19.07.1997
Average 25.0 28.8 29.9 27.8 24.0 74.3 42.5 59.8
Maximum 30.0 36.8 40.0 36.4 30.0 96.0 93.0 95.0
Date 02.08.1998 27.07.2000 29.07.2000 27.07.2000 27.07.2000 26.07.1992 31.07.1994 21.07.1992
Minimum 18.3 19.8 19.8 18.3 17.5 45.0 19.0 30.0
Date 27.07.1997 22.07.2000 31.07.1994 21.07.1992 21.07.1992 19.07.2000 18.07.1997 18.07.2000
Ista
nb
ul
Izm
irK
oca
eli
Bu
rsa
Year Annual
Istanbul
Number of precipitation days
Izmir Kocaeli Bursa
July August Annual July August Annual July August Annual July August
1991 120 3 3 63 1 1 179 7 7 115 7 11992 108 7 1 50 1 149 14 92 61993 97 1 3 68 133 3 3 95 2 31994 104 3 4 70 1 132 4 5 94 1 61995 116 6 4 86 1 139 8 6 119 5 51996 123 7 87 1 146 3 6 132 2 51997 128 6 9 77 162 12 15 130 4 121998 113 2 85 1 148 6 131 31999 111 1 5 74 140 8 9 115 4 62000* 75 1 2 42 1 93 5 7 80 2 4Average 109.5 3 3.8 70.2 0.2 0.6 142.1 7 5.8 110.3 3.6 4.2* First three quarters
Year Annual
Istanbul
Total volume of precipitation (mm)
Izmir Kocaeli Bursa
July August Annual July August Annual July August Annual July August
1991 794.4 70.4 6.2 465.3 28.0 0.1 902.7 37.6 23.1 652.3 16.7 0.41992 544.8 20.4 1.2 365.5 1.7 953.1 131.4 625.3 14.91993 497.9 3.3 5.8 672.3 615.7 12.3 21.6 510.8 3.7 18.71994 597.0 6.3 61.3 635.8 0.4 791.9 4.0 33.3 671.1 0.4 47.91995 612.4 36.3 9.9 790.0 8.9 786.1 48.2 13 724.9 32.6 27.41996 648.8 36.9 803.8 0.3 746.5 3.9 22.8 607.6 0.3 5.21997 931.9 77.8 60.0 711.4 1180.8 115.1 238.4 869.0 40.1 84.11998 722.0 18.6 0 1086.1 2.7 860.1 51.2 822.3 29.21999 694.2 0.1 41.5 652.5 713.9 82.9 45.8 619.6 2.0 21.32000* 446.9 23.3 5.3 318.9 0.1 572.4 34.8 34.2 613.2 20.8 13.7Average 649.0 25.7 22.8 650.2 3.1 1.2 812.3 52.1 43.2 671.6 16.1 21.9* First three quarters
above sea level. The Klassis Hotel itself is at
sea level.
The average altitudes of the three other
cities, Izmir, Kocaeli and Bursa, designated
for football preliminaries, are 29 metres, 76
metres and 100 metres above sea level,
respectively.
5.1 Garanties financières5.2 Contrôle général des prix5.3 Utilisation des capitaux.5.4 Impôts5.4.1 Types actuels d’impôts.5.4.2 Statut fiscal du futur COJO d’Istanbul5.4.3 Effet du statut fiduciaire du COJO d’Istanbul 5.5 Budget 5.5.1 Budget du COJO5.5.2 Investissements en biens d’équipement5.5.3 Prévision de trésorerie du COJO
Financial Guarantees 5.1
General Price Control 5.2
Disposal of Assets 5.3
Taxes 5.4
Current Types of Tax 5.4.1
Tax Status of The Future Istanbul OCOG 5.4.2
Effect of The Istanbul OCOG’s Tax Status 5.4.3
Budgeting 5.5
Detailed Budget 5.5.1
Capital Investments 5.5.2
OCOG Cash Flow Forecast 5.5.3
5 FinanceFinances
1 5Volume Finance 59
FINANCIAL GUARANTEES
The Turkish Olympic Law of 1992
stands as the strongest possible
commitment by the Turkish State to back
the future Istanbul Olympic Games with
all the financial means required.
The said law established the Istanbul
Olympic Games Preparation and
Organisation Council, also known as the
Istanbul Olympic Bidding Committee
(IOBC), as the body responsible not only
for bidding to host the Games, but also for
equipping the city with the necessary
sports infrastructure (see paragraph 2.2.1
under Theme 2). To this end, it has
secured for the IOBC a steady inflow of
dividends from several public funds, as
well as committing the legislature to an
annual appropriation from the
consolidated Government budget. Such
dividends consist of:
■ one percent of football betting revenues,
■ five percent of the National Lottery’s
annual net earnings from the
preceding year,
■ one percent of the Housing Fund
receipts,
■ one percent of Horse Racing Joint
Wagers ticket sales, and
■ one percent of the annual budget of
the Greater Istanbul Municipality.
The law also authorises the Council of
Ministers, when the need arises, to
increase the above amounts by up to
fivefold.
From the IOBC’s foundation in 1992 to the
present, its earmarked revenues
guaranteed by law totalled US$20 million
per annum. This enabled the IOBC to
spend a total of US$160 million to fulfil its
founding mission. Of such spending, 88
percent went to investments in sports
facilities, eight percent to contributions to
international sports organisations and
national federations, three percent to
international publicity, and three percent
on administrative expenses. Sixty-four
percent of the IOBC’s investment in sports
15 facilities, that is US$90 million, was spent
on the construction of the Olympic
Stadium.
The detailed budget estimates for the
2008 Istanbul Games and the OCOG cash
flow forecast are provided under
paragraphs 5.5.1 and 5.5.3 below. These
show that the continuation of US$20
million of an annual minimum earmarked
subsidies, and the Government’s
commitment to increase these amounts
by up to fivefold with a view to assuring
sufficient finance for the OCOG’s
expenditures, preclude any possibility of
financial shortfall.
For a statement by the Prime Minister of
Turkey confirming that, in case Istanbul is
chosen to host the 2008 Games, the
Turkish Government will exercise its
constitutional powers to guarantee that
the Istanbul OCOG is provided with all the
funding necessary for its capital
investments, as well as to cover any
possible financial shortfall of the OCOG,
please refer to Theme 18, Ref. 18.10.
GENERAL PRICE CONTROL
Statements by the Governor and the
Mayor of Greater Istanbul, confirming
their commitment to ensure that before
and during the 2008 Istanbul Games
strictest general price control all over the
Olympic territory, and to prevent and
prosecute any attempts to violate
regulations in relation to such control, are
included in Theme 18, Ref. 18.11.
There is also included a statement by the
Minister of Tourism, confirming that his
Ministry will exercise its exclusive
authority in endorsing and controlling
room rates applied by hotels of all
categories in the country, in full
consideration of the commitments made
by the IOBC and the future Istanbul OCOG
to the International Olympic Committee.
The statement also affirms that the
Ministry of Tourism will ensure the
application of standard rates everywhere
25
1 5Volume Finance 61
in and around Istanbul, before and during
the Olympic Games, and will not permit
any prices higher than official rack rates.
Such stringent price control will cover all
accommodation services offered to
anyone attending the Games, including
non-accredited spectators
DISPOSAL OF ASSETS
Pursuant to Article 16 of the Turkish
Olympic Law, all sporting facilities built by
the IOBC prior to the selection of Istanbul
as the host city, as well as all those to be
built thereafter by the Istanbul OCOG, will
become the property of the General
Directorate of Youth and Sports (GDYS)
following the liquidation of the OCOG,
with no cost to the GDYS.
Of these facilities, the Exhibition Centre
to be built within the Olympic Park, which
will host Olympic competitions in eight
sports, will be put to commercial use by
the General Directorate of Youth and
Sports. The Centre will be utilised as a site
for trade events, to raise funds for
financing the running and maintenance
costs of venues within the Olympic Park.
Commercial operation of the Centre will
be outsourced to a private company,
which will also act as the contractor for
the construction of the facility. The site
will be reserved, however, for the staging
of sporting events for 60 days every year,
supervised by the GDYS.
Olympic Village facilities to be built by the
Istanbul OCOG, that is the Olympic
Polyclinic and training sites, will also
become the property of the GDYS.
Following the Games, the polyclinic will
operate as a National Sports Health
Centre, and the training sites will be
developed as permanent sports facilities
for both the residents of the Halkal›
housing complex and the sporting
community at large.
TAXES
Current types of tax
Types of tax currently levied in
Turkey that may be applicable in case
Istanbul hosts the Olympic Games are:
■ corporation tax,
■ income tax,
■ value added tax (VAT, which is the only
type of sales tax Turkey applies),
■ stamp duties, and
■ withholding tax.
Currently Turkey has bilateral agreements
of double taxation relief with 47 countries.
These agreements, which in general follow
the OECD model, are granted by the
Constitution (Article 90) the force of law
and have precedence over all locally
enacted tax legislation. Thus, foreign
companies that operate in Turkey but are
based in countries with which Turkey has
double taxation relief agreements are
subject to the clauses of such agreements,
rather than local laws, in terms of tax
liability for their operations in Turkey.
Taxation of companies based in other
countries remains subject to Turkish laws.
VAT is not covered by double taxation
relief agreements.
In case international companies based in
other countries employ persons in Turkey
for their local operations, salaries they
transfer from abroad to such persons in
foreign currencies are tax-free.
Tax status of the future
Istanbul OCOG
The Turkish Olympic Law prescribes
that, in case Istanbul is chosen to host the
Olympic Games, its present bidding
committee, that is the IOBC, will be
transformed into the Istanbul OCOG, with
no change in its legal form (see
paragraphs 1.8 and 2.2 in respective
themes).
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Such continuity in legal form will keep the
Istanbul OCOG:
■ exempt from endorsement and audit
requirements laid down in the Official
Tenders Act and the Law on the Council
of State, and
■ capable of entering into all kinds of
contracts with third parties under
private law,
■ while it will remain not liable to the
types of tax listed in the preceding
paragraph, except VAT.
This implies that:
■ the future Istanbul OCOG will pay no
corporate taxes on its revenues,
■ it will be free of stamp duties that
would accrue on its behalf due to its
contracts with other parties,
■ its payments for purchases of any
goods and services will be excepted from
withholding tax, and
■ no transfer taxes will be levied on any
kind of grants or donations made to the
future Istanbul OCOG.
The Istanbul OCOG’s purchases of
intellectual rights (know-how), however, will
remain subject to withholding tax. In case
the seller company resides in a country with
which Turkey has a bilateral agreement
ensuring double taxation relief, such
agreement will determine the withholding
tax rate. Otherwise, local laws will apply.
In its imports of goods and services, the
Istanbul OCOG will be exempt from all kinds
of customs duties and will only pay VAT, as
it does when purchasing goods and services
from domestic suppliers.
As the Istanbul OCOG will also collect VAT
against its sales (e.g., tickets and licensing
royalties), any surplus of its VAT collections
to its VAT payments will be transferred to
the Treasury, and any negative balance will
be credited to its account against later
surpluses.
Effect of the Istanbul
OCOG’s tax status on its
national and international
operations
The Istanbul OCOG’s tax-free status
with regard to various types of tax will
have no consequence for the tax
obligations of any third parties with which
it will enter into out-sourcing or
subcontracting agreements. The latter
will remain subject to all applicable taxes,
including their share of stamp duties on
instruments related to such agreements.
However, Istanbul OCOG’s foreign
partners will be not be liable to pay stamp
duties in case such instruments are
signed outside of Turkish territories,
except in the event that these
instruments are submitted to any Turkish
authorities for evidence.
Tax rates applicable to Istanbul’s OCOG
foreign out-sourcers or subcontractors
for their revenues acquired in Turkey will
depend on whether or not a double
taxation relief agreement is in force
between their countries and Turkey. If
such agreements exist, their clauses will
have precedence over Turkish laws;
otherwise foreign partners will be subject
to the same rates as their local
counterparts. The transfer of profits
raised by foreign firms in relation to their
operations in Turkey will not be subject to
prior permission of any local authority.
No taxes will be levied in relation to the
sums of money that will be transferred by
the IOC to the Istanbul OCOG as the
latter’s share of the revenues from
agreements relating to television and
radio broadcasting of the Games and
from the International marketing
programme. Similarly, any payment to be
made by the Istanbul OCOG to the IOC,
including the transfer of IOC royalties and
the IOC’s share of any surplus resulting
from the celebration of the Games, will be
free of tax.
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BUDGETING
OCOG Budget for the 2008
Istanbul Olympic Games
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A. REVENUES US$(000) % B. EXPENDITURE US$(000) %
1 Television rights1 B1 Capital investments
- USA 374,000 20.9 13 - Sports facilities 250,750 14.2
- Europe 185,000 10.3 - Olympic, Media and
- Japan 75,000 4.2 Js' & Rs' villages 57,000 3.2
- Rest of World 77,000 4.3 - MPC & IBC -
711,000 39.7 307,750 17.4
2 TOP sponsorship1 171,000 9.5 B2 Operations
3 Local sponsorship1 150,000 8.4 14 Sports Events 275,000 15.5
4 Licensing 40,000 2.2 14 Olympic Village 75,000 4.2
5 Official suppliers 75,000 4.2 14 MPC & IBC 225,000 12.7
436,000 24.3 15 Ceremonies and Programmes 60,000 3.4
6 Olympic Coin Programme 5,000 0.3 16 Medical Services 20,000 1.1
6 Philately 3,000 0.2 17 Catering 25,000 1.4
7 Lotteries 6,000 0.3 18 Transport 50,000 2.8
14,000 0.8 19 Security 55,000 3.1
20 Paralympics 50,000 2.8
8 Ticket sales 200,000 11.2 21 Advertising and Promotion 60,000 3.4
9 Donations 5,000 0.3 22 Administration 225,000 12.7
10 Disposal of assets2 - 23 Pre-olympic events &
11 Subsidies3 390,000 21.8 coordination 35,000 2.0
12 Other 35,000 2.0 24 Other4 309,000 17.4
430,000 24.0 1,464,000 82.6
100.0 100.0
25 SHORTFALL 25 SURPLUS 19,250
Total 1,791,000 1,791,000
1 The US$833 million expec-
ted from TV rights, and
US$200 million expected
from TOP VI sponsorship
programme, were discounted
from these 2008 values to
2000 values at a rate of 2
percent per annum. The
US$111 million value portion
of TOP sponsorship re-
venues, and the US$100
million value portion of local
sponsorship revenues, are
assumed incoming value-in-
kind.
2 Pursuant to the Turkish
Olympic Law, all assets
owned by the Istanbul OCOG
at time of its liquidation will
be transferred to the General
Directorate of Youth and
Sports, with no further cost
to the latter.
3 Estimate of the Istanbul
OCOG’s earmarked revenues,
as defined by the Turkish
Olympic Law in percentage
stipends from several public
funds (see explanation under
paragraph 5.1), which totalled
US$20 million per annum, on
average, since the foundation
of the IOBC in 1992. The
budgeted estimate takes for
granted that, following the
transformation of the IOBC
to the Istanbul OCOG, the
Cabinet will increase such
stipends threefold for the
period 2002–2007, and
twofold for the year 2008.
Please note that this amount
(US$390 million), plus the
forecast cash balance of the
IOBC at time of its trans-
formation to the Istanbul
OCOG (US$16.5 million, see
the OCOG cash flow forecast
provided under the para-
graph 5.5.3 below), will
suffice to cover the sum of
OCOG capital investments
(US$307.75 million) and the
OCOG’s repayment of credit
used by the IOBC to finance
the construction of the Olym-
pic Stadium (US$94 million,
see note 4 below).
4 Includes US$94 million
allowed for the repayment of
due portion of the credit
(principal and interest) the
IOBC used to finance the
construction of the Olympic
Stadium. For details please
refer to the OCOG cash flow
forecast provided under
paragraph 5.5.3 below.
NON-OCOG BUDGET
C Capital Investments US $ (000)
- Transport (Light rail, highway) 170,000
- Sports venues 5,000
- Olympic Village, Judges’ and
Referees' and Media villages 350,000
Total 525,000
- US $ / TL exchange rate used in preparing the
budget: 677,500
- Date of finalisation of the budget:
22 December 2000
Capital investments by
physical location
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Sports Facilities
Olympic Stadium 15,0001 15,000 15,000
Rowing and Canoeing Centre 7,500 7,500 7,500
Ba¤c›lar Badminton Hall 5002 500 500
Baseball Stadiums 15,000 15,000 15,000
Ataköy Dome (Basketball) 1,0003 1,000 1,000
Exhibition Centre (6 halls) 50,000 50,000 50,000
Slalom Centre 7,000 7,000 7,000
Olympic Velodrome 10,000 10,000 10,000
Belgrad Forest 250 250 250
‹stanbul Old City 250 250 250
‹stanbul ‹stinye 250 250 250
Klassis Equestrian Club 15,000 15,000 15,000
‹stanbul ‹nönü Stadium 500 500 500
‹zmir Atatürk Stadium 500 500 500
Bursa Atatürk Stadium 500 500 500
Kocaeli ‹smet Pafla Stadium 500 500 500
Hockey Stadium 8,000 8,000 8,000
Olympic Natatorium 4,000 4,000 4,000
ENKA 5,000 5,000 5,000
Softball Stadium 5,000 5,000 5,000
Tennis Club 15,000 15,000 15,000
Polygon 2,000 2,000 2,000
Olympic Archery 2,000 2,000 2,000
Yeflilyurt Sports Club 500 500 500
Caddebostan Olympic Marina 8,000 8,000 8,000
Abdi ‹pekçi Hall (Volleyball) 500 500 500
Kazlݍeflme Arena (Volleyball) 17,000 17,000 17,000
Beach Volleyball Centre 3,000 3,000 3,000
Training Quarter 6,000 6,000 6,000
Sponsor Hospitality facilities 4,000 4,000 4,000
Landscaping 52,000 52,000 52,000
SUBTOTAL 241,000 9,750 250,750 255,750
Olympic Village, 57,000 57,000 350,000 350,000 407,000
Media and Js' & Rs' villages4
Transport 170,0005 170,000 170,000
TOTAL 298,000 9,750 307,750 520,000 5,000 525,000 832,750
OCOG BUDGET (US$ 000) NON-OCOG BUDGET (US$ 000)
New
installations
Upgrading of
existing
installations
Sub-totalNew
installations
Upgrading of
existing
installations
Sub-total
Total
OCOG &
Non-OCOG
1 The amount to be spent for
the completion of the
Olympic Stadium during the
period from August 2001,
when the IOBC will be
transformed to the Istanbul
OCOG, to December 2001,
when the Olympic Stadium
will be inaugurated. The
total cost of the Olympic
Stadium will be around
US$130 million, of which
US$90 million has been
spent up to November 2000
by the IOBC.
2 The amount to be spent
for the final stage of
construction, from August
to September 2001.
3 The amount to be spent
for the final stage of
construction, from August
to October 2001.
4 The IOBC will finance the
landscaping of the villages
and the construction of the
Olympic Polyclinic and the
Village training sites, while
the Housing Administration
of Turkey will be responsible
for all other construction
work.
5 Expenditure needed for
the extension of the light rail
route to the Olympic Park
(US$35 million) and the
construction of a highway
link from the Istanbul
International Airport to the
Olympic Park and the
Olympic Village (US$135
million).
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OCOG cash flow forecast
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(US$ 000) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Cash position 16,5001 7,000 50,500 71,500 60,500 83,300 87,200 94,500
Beginning of year
CASH INFLOW
TV rights - - - 9,000 82,000 90,000 107,000 423,000
TOP sponsorship2 - - - 3,000 6,500 6,500 20,000 24,000
Local sponsorship3 - - - 3,000 10,000 14,500 27,500 35,000
Subsidies4 10,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 20,000
Other - 500 1,000 1,000 4,000 35,000 82,500 113,500
CASH OUTFLOW
Capital investments
Sport facilities 16,500 5,000 21,000 51,000 59,700 65,100 27,700 4,750
Villages - - - - 3,000 15,000 32,000 7,000
Operations5 3,000 9,000 16,000 31,000 50,000 90,000 210,000 675,000
Repayment of credit6 - 3,000 3,000 5,000 27,000 32,000 20,000 4,000
End of year 7,000 50,500 71,500 60,500 83,300 87,200 94,500 19,250
1 Estimated cash balance of the IOBC as of August 2001, when the IOBC will start functioning as the Istanbul OCOG.
2 Of the US$171 million value expected from TOP sponsorship programme, only US$60 million is assumed as incoming cash.
3 Of the US$150 million in value expected from local sponsorship programme, only US$50 million is assumed as incoming
cash.
4 Estimate of the Istanbul OCOG’s earmarked revenues, as defined by the Turkish Olympic Law in percentage stipends from
several public funds (see explanation under paragraph 5.1), which totalled US$20 million per annum, on average, since the
foundation of the IOBC in 1992. It is taken for granted that, following the transformation of the IOBC to the Istanbul OCOG,
the Cabinet will increase such stipends threefold for the period 2002–2007, and twofold for the year 2008.
5 Excludes the US$94 million allowance for the repayment of credit used by the IOBC to finance the construction of Olympic
Stadium (see note 6 below.) With such exclusion, the Istanbul OCOG’s "operations" expenditure totals US$1,370 million value,
of which US$286 million is assumed incoming value-in-kind: US$111 million from TOP sponsors, US$100 million from local
sponsors, and US$75 million from official suppliers.
6 Repayment flow of the US$105 million credit the IOBC used to finance the construction of the Olympic Stadium. Such
repayment will start in March 2002 and extend to 2011, totalling US$140.146 million, interest included. The OCOG cash flow
forecast covers only US$94 million portion of such repayment which is due till August 2008, when the Istanbul OCOG will end
its operations and commence the liquidation process. As the Turkish Olympic Law stipulates that all assets and liabilities of
the Istanbul OCOG outstanding at time of such liquidation will be transferred to the General Directorate of Youth and Sports,
the remaining repayment will be made by the latter.
NOC Marketing 6.1
Joint Marketing Programme 6.1.1
Expiration 6.1.2
Games Marketing 6.2
No Category Restrictions 6.2.1
National Industry Support 6.2.2
Ticketing 6.3
Availability 6.3.1
Sales 6.3.2
Price Range 6.3.3
Coin Programme 6.4
Plans For a Coin Programme 6.4.1
Content of The Programme 6.4.2
Marketing 6.4.3
Revenue 6.4.4
Lotteries 6.5
Special Lottery 6.5.1
Lottery Legislation 6.5.2
Advertising 6.6
Sponsor Hospitality Village 6.7
6.1 Marketing du CNO6.1.1 Programme commun de marketing6.1.2 Expiration6.2 Marketing des Jeux6.2.1 Absence de restriction par catégorie6.2.2 Soutien de l’industrie nationale6.3 Billetterie6.3.1 Disponibilité6.3.2 Vente6.3.3 Eventail des prix6.4 Programme des monnaies6.4.1 Plans pour un programme de monnaies6.4.2 Contenu du programme6.4.3 Marketing6.4.4 Revenus6.5 Loteries6.5.1 Loterie spéciale6.5.2 Législation relatives aux loteries6.6 Publicité6.7 Village d’accueil des sponsors
6 MarketingMarketing
In addition, the IOBC envisages that the
Istanbul OCOG will develop co-operation
agreements with national federations with
a view to ensuring that the latters’
programmes and those of their sponsors
do not in any way imply an association with
the Olympics.
Expiration
As stated under paragraph 2.5 in
Theme 2, the NOC of Turkey is party to no
agreements that will remain in effect after
the date of the election of the Host City for
the 2008 Olympic Games, or that include
an option, incumbency or renewal rights
for the subsequent quadrennial.
GAMES MARKETING
No category restrictions
There are no category restrictions in
Turkish commercial legislation that would
hinder the free promotion of sponsorship
products and services to be covered by the
international marketing programme. As
Turkey is party to a customs union with the
European Union since 1996, no protec-
tionist measures regarding categories of
goods and services are likely to arise in the
future, either.
The IOBC expects that Turkey’s national
airline company (Turkish Airlines),
telecommunications company (Turk
Telekom), mobile telephony operators, and
the strong automotive industry will opt to
play leading roles in the marketing
programme.
National industry support
The IOBC estimates that the Istanbul OCOG
will be able to raise a total of US$ 150
million from its local sponsorship activities.
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NOC MARKETING
Joint marketing programme
Pursuant to the Turkish Olympic Law,
the NOC of Turkey is fully represented on
the IOBC, which will be transformed into
the Istanbul OCOG in the event the city is
elected to host the 2008 Games. The law
also makes the IOBC the sole authorising
body for all broadcasting, publication,
communication, transport, advertising,
sponsorship, and marketing issues that
may have any association with the
preparation and organisation of the
Olympic Games.
Such provisions lay the statutory
foundation for the greatest possible co-
ordination between the NOC of Turkey and
the Istanbul OCOG in implementing a joint
marketing programme that combines all of
both the bodies’ marketing and
commercial rights and will be managed by
the OCOG. Since membership of the NOC
includes all of Turkey’s national sports
federations, the latter’s’ rights will also be
included in the joint marketing programme.
Thus, pursuant to the relevant clauses of
the Host City Contract, the NOC’s signature
on the Joint Marketing Programme
Agreement will signify the compliance of
all national federations with the NOC’s
obligations pertaining to marketing.
At present, the IOBC and the NOC of
Turkey are continuing their work to
establish the monetary value of the NOC’s
and the national federations’ current level
of marketing revenues, which are very
largely value-in-kind, and to estimate this
level for the period 2005–2008. This
process will be followed by a study on the
product categories, and categories of
rights to be granted to marketing partners,
to be included in the central package
combining marketing rights of the future
Istanbul OCOG and the NOC.
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In other words, it expects an average
contribution of around US$ 10 million from
some 15 Turkish corporations to sponsor
the Istanbul 2008 Games in return for
marketing rights in Turkey.
Telecommunication services, banking
services, aviation, automotive, trans-
portation, insurance, household equip-
ment, food manufacturing, energy ma-
nagement, shopping centres, cosmetics,
furniture and carpeting, construction and
glass products, appear as the product
categories from which the Istanbul OCOG
is likely to attract national sponsors.
Several potential sponsors in such
categories may be listed as follows:
TICKETING
Availability
The IOBC estimates that a total of 8.2
million tickets will be available for sale for
the competition sessions of the 2008
Istanbul Olympic Games, after provision
was made for the seating requirements of
the Olympic family. Ticket availability for
opening and closing ceremonies, on the
other hand, is estimated at 73,000, for
each.
Sales
The IOBC estimates that 70 percent of
the available, that is, 5.7 million tickets will
be sold for competition sessions, and all
available tickets for the ceremonies will be
sold.
Price range
Average price ticket for competition
sessions is projected as US$ 30, ranging
from US$ 10 – 30 for secondary events to
US$ 50 – 100 for prime events. Average
ticket price for ceremonies, on the other
hand, is projected as US$ 200, divided into
four categories (US$ 50 – 225 – 375 – 550).
These estimates set expected ticketing
revenues of the future Istanbul OCOG at
US$ 200 million.
For comparison, please note that ticket
prices in ordinary first league football
(soccer) matches in Istanbul currently vary
in the range US$ 3 – 75. Such range is US$ 7
– 150 in Derby competitions. In several UEFA
competitions over the past year, upper limit
of ticket prices exceeded US$ 200.
As to cultural events organised in Istanbul
over the past year, ticket price range was
US$ 12 – 70 during the Jazz Festival, US$
23 – 53 during the Musical Festival, US$ 9 –
30 during the Theatre Festival. During the
2000 Istanbul Film Festival, standard
tickets were sold for US$ 5, and tickets for
special performances for US$ 10.
COIN PROGRAMME
Plans for a coin programme
The IOBC plans a partnership with the
Turkish State Mint to launch from 2005 on
a commemorative non-circulating Olympic
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Telecommunication Turk Telekom (fixed telephony),
services Turkcell (mobile telephony)
Banking services Akbank, Emlakbank, Vak›fbank, Halkbank
Aviation Turkish Airlines
Automotive Oyak-Renault
Transportation Varan, Ulusoy (passenger transit)
Insurance Anadolu Sigorta, Ak Sigorta
Household equipment Arçelik (electrical household equipment)
Food manufacturing Ülker (pastry products),
Dardanel (preserved food),
Kent G›da (confectionery)
Energy management TEDAfi (energy distribution)
Shopping centres Migros Turk, CarrefourSA
Cosmetics Eczac›bafl›
Furniture and carpeting Kelebek, Saray Hal›
Construction ENKA, Tepe, Akfen
Glass products fiiflecam A.fi.
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coin programme for the 2008 Istanbul
Games. The program will consist of a
collection of legal tender coins in gold,
silver and bronze, to be released by the
Mint and marketed through dealers.
The Turkish State Mint has minted and
marketed commemorative coins (all 0.925
silver) to mark the Summer and Winter
Olympic Games of 1984, 1988, 1992, and
1996, and the centenary of the IOC in 1994.
It has also struck commemorative coins on
the occasion of many international and
national sports events. The State Mint has
also issued in 1994 for circulation a TL
10,000 currency coin, bearing on its head
side the expression, “1994 International
Year of Sports and the Olympic Ideal,” and
its emblem.
Content of the programme
The commemorative coin programme
will consist of bronze, silver and gold coins,
both proof and other types, in annual
series starting from 2005. The sale of
these coins will continue until the end of
2008. A tentative scheme has been
conceived to mint and market 110,000 gold,
550,000 silver, and 2,500,000 bronze
coins for the whole period. Prominent
Turkish sculptors will be commissioned to
design the coins.
Marketing
The programme will be marketed by
the Turkish State Mint, with retail
operations contracted to dealers.
Revenue
The IOBC’s tentative scheme of the
coin programme foresees that the gross
sales may reach around US$ 43 million,
with Istanbul OCOG receiving a royalty of
around US$ 5 million (15 percent of the
price to dealers of all coins). The IOC’s share
of revenue from the programme is
estimated, in consideration of the related
clauses of the Host City Contract, at US$ 1
million. The OCOG’s and the IOC’s shares of
the revenue will equal 78 percent of the
total profit the Mint expects from its sales.
LOTTERIES
Special lottery
Turkish National Lottery Authority, the
single body authorised to organise lotteries
in the country with pecuniary prizes,
already contributes to the IOBC’s finances
by transferring each year, pursuant to the
Article 11 of the Turkish Olympic Law, 5
percent of its annual net earnings for the
preceding year. Over the period 1995-1999,
such contribution averaged US$ 4.1 million
per annum.
In case Istanbul is elected to host the 2008
Olympics, the above-described flow of
funds will continue, as the IOBC transforms
into the Istanbul OCOG.
Apart from this, the IOBC plans a special
royalty agreement between the Istanbul
OCOG and the National Lottery Authority,
under which the latter will run a special
lottery series in connection with the 2008
Games. Such partnership is expected to yield
for the Istanbul OCOG a total revenue of US$
6 million for the whole programme cycle.
Lottery legislation
The National Lottery Authority,
attached to the Office of the Prime Minister,
is the sole body in Turkey authorised to
organise lotteries in the country with
pecuniary prizes. It is also the licensing
body for third parties running lotteries with
non-pecuniary prizes, which are further
subject to monitoring and supervision by
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the Authority. The exclusive right of the
National Lottery to run lotteries with
pecuniary prizes, however, is contingent in
law upon exceptions created by special
legislation. The National Lottery had its
functions redefined by Law-decree 320 in
1986, which made possible through special
laws the assignment of other agencies and
activities (the IOBC being one of them) as
beneficiaries of allotments from its
revenues.
Under the same law-decree, the National
Lottery is also entitled to create and
organise, on its own behalf, pari-mutuels
and games of chance other than those with
pecuniary prizes. It is furthermore
authorised, subject to the permission of the
Prime Minister, to organise lotteries abroad
with prizes payable in Turkish Lira or
foreign currencies, and to enter into
partnerships, within or outside the country,
with national or foreign bodies having an
interest in its fields of activity.
ADVERTISING
The IOBC is going to conclude binding
advertising options with the State Airports
Authority and the Aviation Industries Inc. to
ensure for the future Istanbul OCOG full
control of advertising for the duration of
the Games and the month preceding the
Games in the airports operated by these
bodies. Such options will also concede to
the future OCOG the exclusive right of price
control. Since the State Airports Authority
is a public body, and the Aviation Industries
Inc. is a consortium of public companies
controlled by the Government, both are
bound by the provisions of the Turkish
Olympic Law, ensuring that no cost will be
incurred for acquiring these options.
To ensure control of billboard and transport
advertising in the city for the same period
the IOBC is going to conclude a similar
binding option with the Greater Istanbul
Municipality, which holds the exclusive
1 6Volume Marketing 79
authority over such advertising. Contracts
between the Greater Istanbul Municipality
and its agents selling billboard and
transport advertising space to advertisers
allow the Municipality to exploit this space
for a period of at least two months in a
year at its own discretion, with no
compensation required. The binding option
will stipulate that the Greater Istanbul
Municipality will reserve the Games period
in 2008 and the month preceding the
Games for such use, and concede the right
to control all billboard and transport
advertising to the Istanbul OCOG over that
period. Since the Greater Istanbul
Municipality is already represented on the
IOBC, no cost will be incurred for acquiring
this option either.
SPONSOR HOSPITALITY
VILLAGE
The main Sponsor Hospitality Village
will be located in the Olympic Park, to the
south of the Exhibition Centre and 500 m
by walk to the Olympic Stadium, so that the
sponsors and suppliers can be as punctual
as possible in attending to their guests. It
will cover an area of 20,000 sq. m, in three
parallel tented pavilions.
The main Sponsor Hospitality Village will
be supplemented with satellite villages in
or near other sites, such as Silivri, Cadde-
bostan and ‹stinye, all of which have
privileged access to first-class facilities.
The Olympic House in Ataköy, the
headquarters of the IOBC and the NOC of
Turkey, and cruise-liners along the coasts,
will provide further space for sponsor
hospitality.
For IOBC's plans to provide up to 7,000
superior quality hotel rooms for sponsors
and suppliers, and their guests and
marketing partners, please refer to Theme
13, paragraph 3.
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