izdj.k ifgys izlrkouk - shodhganga : a reservoir of indian...

[1]

izdj.k ifgys

izLrkouk

1-1 izLRkkouk

1-2 vkfFkZd fodklkph ladYiuk

1-3 vkfFkZd fodklkpk vFkZ

1-4 vkfFkZd fodklkph O;k[;k

1-5 vkfFkZd fodklkph oSf’k‛V;s

1-6 vkfFkZd fodklkph vk/kkjHkwr rRos

1-6-1 vkfFkZd fodklkph vko’;drk

1-6-2 fodklkpk ns’kh; vk/kkj

1-6-3 HkkaMoy lap;

1-6-4 cktkj O;oLFksrhy =qVh nwj dj.ks

1-6-5 xqaro.kwdhph mi;qDrrk

1-6-6 lq;ksX; usr`Ro vkf.k iz’kkldh; dq’kyrk

1-6-7 lkekftd vkf.k ekul’kkL=h; vko’;drk

1-6-8 JfedkaP;k ;ksX;rk vkf.k dk;Z{kersr ok<

1-6-9 vk/kkjHkwr lajpuspk fodkl

1-6-10 ekuoh; lalk/kukpk fodkl

1-6-11 O;kolkf;d jpuk

1-6-12 fons’kh O;kikj

1-6-13 yksdla[;k fu;a=.k

1-6-14 HkkSfrd oLrqps mRiknu

1-6-15 lkoZtuhd {ks=kpk fodkl

1-7 vkfFkZd o/nhpk lS/nkafrd vk/kkj

v½ lerksy o`/nh fodkl rRo

c½ vlerksy o`/nh fodkl rRo

1-8 lkekftd fodklkph ladYiuk

1-8-1 lekt’kkL= Eg.kts dk;

1-8-2 lkekftd fodklkpk vFkZ

1-8-3 lkekftd fodklklkBh vko’;d ?kVd

1-9 oS/kkfud fodkl eaMGkph ladYiuk

1-10 dsanz ljdkjP;k ekydhps lkoZtuhd miØe

1-11 egkjk‛Vª jkT;krhy lkoZtfud miØe ¼egkeaMGs½

1-11-1 jkT; lkoZtfud miØekph fofo/krk

1-11-2 jkT; lkoZtfud miØekaph ,dw.k vkfFkZd lk/k.ks

1-11-3 jkT; lkoZtuhd miØekaP;k dkefxjhpk vk<kok o ekxZn’kZu

1-11-4 lkoZtfud miØekadMwu jkT; ‘kklukl ijrkok

1-11-5 egkjk‛Vªkrhy jkT; lkoZtfud miØekaph FkksMD;kr ekfgrh

v½ okf.kfT;d] c½ okf.kfT;d fu izorZd] d½ izorZd] M½ foRrh;]

b½ lkoZtfud mi;qDrk-

lekjksi

lanHkZ

[2]

çdj.k ifgys

izLrkouk

1-1 izLRkkouk %&

Hkkjr gk ns’k 15 vkWx‛V 1947 jksth Lora= >kyk vkf.k

fu;kstuc/n vkfFkZd fodklklkBh iapokf‛kZd ;kstukapk dk;ZØe gkrh ?ks.;kr

vkyk- 1 ,fizy 1951 iklqu jk‚Vªh; fu;kstukl izkjaHk >kyk- fu;ksftr

vkfFkZd fodklkP;k eqyHkwr mfí‛VkaiSdh larqyhr vkfFkZd fodkl gs ,d

egRokps mfí‛V vkgs- dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkspk lokZaafx.k fodkl dj.;klkBh

larqyhr vkfFkZd fodkl gks.ks xjtsps vkgs- vkti;Zar vki.k 10 iapokf‛kZd

;kstuk iq.kZ dsY;k vkgsr- 11 oh iapokf‛kZd ;kstuk iw.kZRokl ;sr vkgs-

fodkl dkekoj [kqqi eksB;k izek.kkr ‘kklukus [kpZ dsyk vkgs- ;krqu

vkfFkZd fodklkph mfí‛V;s deh vf/kd izek.kkr lk/; >kkyh- ”+‛kh {ks=kr

gfjr Øakrh ?kMqu vkyh- m|kssx vkf.k lsok {ks=krgh y{k.kh; fodkl ?kMqu

vkyk vkgs- i.k ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkPkk lq{e vH;kl dsyk vlrk

R;kr vki.kkal dkgh =qVh vk<Gwu ;srkr- Hkkjrkr [kqi eksB;k izek.kkoj

izknssf’kd fo‛kersph njh fun’kZukl ;srs- ekxklysY;k foHkkxkpk lokZafx.k

fodklklkBh larqyhr izknsf’kd fodkl gks.ks vko’;d vkgs- ns’kkr izknssf’kd

vlerksy [kwi eksB;k izek.kkr vkgs-

egkjk‚Vª jkT; vkS|ksxhd o vkfFkZd fodklkP;k “f‛Vus fodflr jkT;

Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrs- lu 2010&2011 e/;s HkkjrkP;k ,dw.k

yksdla[;siSdh 9-3% yksdla[;k egkjk‚Vªkph gksrh rj ns’kkrhy ,dw.k

vkS|ksxhd mRiknuke/ks 20% fgLlk vkf.k LFkqy ns’kh mRiknuke/;s (G.D.P.)

e/;s 14-9% egkjk‚Vªkpk fgLlk gksrk- lu 2010&2011 e/;s njMksbZ mRiUu

pkyw fdaerhuqlkj :- 87686@& gksrs- R;kposGh iatkc jkT;kps njMksbZ

mRiUu :- 69737@& gksrs- egkjk‚Vª jkT; gs fodlhr jkT; vlys rjh ;k

jkT;kpk lerksy fodkl >kysyk ukgh- jkT;krhy eqacbZ] iq.ks] Bk.ks o

[3]

if’pe egkjk‛Vªkrhy dkagh ftYák apk fodkl >kysyk vkgs- rj fonHkZ]

dksd.k fdukjiV~Vh o ejkBokMk foHkkxkpk vtqugh fodkl >kysyk ukgh- ;k

HkkxkP;k fodklkBh dkgh iz;Ru dsys tkosr- fodklkpk vuq’ks‛k Hk#u dk<wu

laiq.kZ jkT; fodlhr gks.;kP;k “f‛Vus ljdkj ikrGh o:u iz;Ru dsys tkr

vkgsr- R;ke/khy izknsf’kd oS/kkfud fodkl eaMG gs egRoiq.kZ eaMG vkgs-

egkjk‚Vªkrhy ejkBokMk] fonHkZ vkf.k moZjhr egkjk‚Vª ;k izns’kklkBh

rhu oS/kkfud fodkl eaMGkph LFkkiuk jkT;?kVusP;k dye 371(2) izek.ks

fn- 30 ,fizy 1994 jksth dj.;kr vkyh- R;krhy ejkBokMk oS/kkfud

fodkl eaMGkvarxZr ejkBokMk foHkkxkP;k vkfFkZd o lkekftd fodklkr

eksykph Hkj iMr vkgs-

1-2 vkfFkZd fodklkph ladYiuk %&

loZlkekU;i.ks txkrhy ns’kkaps izkeq[;kus nksu xVkr ofxZdj.k dj.;kr

;srs- ,dk cktqyk fodflr fdaok izxr ns’k & R;ke/ks vesfjdk] baXyaM]

tiku] teZuh] dWuMk] vkWLVsªfy;k bR;knh vusd ns’kkapk lekos’k dsyk tkrks-

rj nqlÚ;k cktqyk vYifodflr fdaok fodlu’khy ns’k R;ke/ks Hkkjr]

ikfdLrku] phu] ckaXykns’k] bR;knh vusd ns’kkapk lekos’k dj.;kr ;srks-

fo’ks‛kr% izxr ns’kkr HkkaMoy lap;] rkaf=d Kku] la;kstu dkS’kY;] la’kks/ku

bR;knh vusd ?kVd iqjs’kk izek.kkr miyC/k vlrkr R;keqGs R;kph vkfFkZd

izxrh gksr jkfgyh ijarq vYi fodflr fdaok fodlu’khy ns’kkP;k fodkl

ekxkZr vusd vMFkGs fuekZ.k >kysys vlrkr- mnk- %& HkkaMoy fufeZrhpk

vYi nj] yksdla[;k ok<] ok<rh csdkjh] ok<rs nkfjæ;] ok<rh vkfFkZd

fo‛kerk] la;kstu dkS’kY;kpk vHkko] ijaijkxr ‘ksrh O;olk;] yksdkaps

vKku] ekxklysyk lekt] la’kks/kukpk vHkko] vfrjhDr ‘k srhojhy folacu]

dkGk iSlk] Hkz‛Vkpkj bR;knheqGs v’kk ns’kkaP;k fodklkoj e;kZnk iMrkr-

lkjka’k izxr vkf.k vizxr v’kk loZp ns’kkauk ,dk leku ikrGhoj fodkl

dj.ks v’kD; vlrs-

[4]

ns’kkns’kkrhy izns’kke/ks ns[khy fodklkP;k ckcrhr dekyhpk

vlerksyi.kk vlrks- dkgh izn s’kkr ‘ksrh] m|ksx] O;kikj gh {ks=s fodlhr

>kysyh vlrkr rj dkagh izns’kkr ‘ksrhf’kok; vU; {ks=kps vfLrRo vlr

ukgh-

Hkkjrklkj[;k fodlu’khy ns’kkpk fopkj dsY;kl Hkkjrkyk Lokra«;

feGwu toG toG 65 o‛ksZ iw.kZ >kyh vlyh rjh ns[khy Hkkjrkpk leku

fdaok lerksy fodkl >kysyk ukgh- fu;kstukP;k izfØ;sr izFke iapokf‛kZd

;kstusr izkeq[;kus ”‛kh {ks=kyk izFke vxzØe ns.;kr vkyk- nqlÚ;k

iapokf‛kZd ;kstusr m|ksx /ka|kyk izk/kkU;Øe ns.;kr vkyk rj frlÚ;k

iapokf‛kZd ;kstusr ”‛kh o m|ksxkapk leUo; lk/k.;kr vkyk- vls vlys

rjh ns[khy Hkkjrkyk lerksy izknsf’kd fodklkps mfí‛V; lk/; djrk

vkysys ukgh- vkt Hkkjrkrhy dkagh jkT;kauh mnkg.kkZFkZ %& egkjk‚Vª]

rkfeGukMq] ia- caxky] xqtjkr] vka/kz izns’k] dukZVd] dsjG] iatkc] gfj;k.kk

bR;knh jkT;kauh izxrh lk/; dj.;kpk iz;Ru pkyw Bsoyk vkgs- ek= vkt

gh dkagh jkT;s mnkg.kkZFkZ & jktLFkku] fcgkj] vksjhlk] fe>ksje] e/;izns’k

bR;knh jkT;s vkS|ksfxd “‛V;k ekxklysyh vkgsr-

egkjk‚Vª jkT;kP;k fodklkP;k ckcrhr ns[khy vlerksy i.kk vk<Gwu

;srks- fo’ks‛kr% if’pe egkjk‚Vª] dksd.k] fonHkZ gk Hkkx vkS|k sfxd vkf.k

vkfFkZd “‛V;k iq<kjysyk vkgs- ek= ejkBokMk foHkkx vktgh vkS|ksfxd

vkf.k vkfFkZd“‛V;k ekxklysyk vlY;kps fnl wu ;srs- ejkBokM;krhy dkagh

ftYákaph (vkSjaxkckn]ukansM) vkS|ksfxd izxrh >kyh ek= dkagh ftYgs

(chM]tkyuk]ijHk.kh]ykrqj]mLekukckn]fgaxksyh) vktgh vkS|ksfxd vkf.k

vkfFkZd“‛V;k iq<kjysyh ukghr- v’kk izdkjpk ,dw.k fodklke/ks

vlerksyi.kk vk<Grks-

1-3 vkfFkZd fodklkpk vFkZ %&

vFkZ’kkL=kps tud vWMe fLeFk ;kaP;k ^jk‚Vªkph laiRrh* ;k xzaFkkiklwu

vkfFkZd fodklkP;k ‘kkL=’kq/n vH;klkyk lq:okr >kyh vkf.k uarjP;k

[5]

dkGkr vkfFkZd fodklkP;k vH;klkoj osxosxG;k fopkjoarkP;k fopkj

lj.khpk izHkko iMr xsyk R;ke/ks fjdkMksZ] dkyZekDlZ] jksLVks] ’kqaihVj] jkWfcUl

bR;knhpk lekos’k gksrks- 20 O;k ‘krdkP;k iqokZ/kkZr egk;q/ns] egkeanh

bR;knh leL;keqGs vkfFkZd v/;;u Qkjls >kys ukgh- i.k R;k uarj 20

O;k ‘krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZe/;s vkfFkZd fodklkpk tyn vH;kl >kyk o

vkfFkZd fodklkph izsj.kk loZ txkr tyn xrhus iljyh vkgs- ;k vkfFkZd

fodklkP;k ykVsiq<s txkrhy dks.krkgh ns’k vfyIr jkfgysyk ukgh- txkrhy

loZp jk‚Vªkae/ks fodklkph izcG izsj.kk fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs o vkt txkps

jktdkj.k vkfFkZd fodklkP;k eqn~;koj dsafær >kysys vkgs-

lk/kkj.ki.ks vkfFkZd fodklkpk laca/k vkS|ksfxfddj.kk’kh tksMyk tkrks-

yksdkaps ‘ksrhojhy voyafcRo deh d:u m|ksx o lsok {ks=kojhy

voyafcRo ok<fo.ks Eg.ktsp vkfFkZd fodkl vlk vFkZ ?ksryk tkrks-

yksdkaps v’kk {ks=koj fLFkR;karj ?kMwu ;sr vlrkuk tkLrhr tkLr lk/ku

lkexzhpk dk;Z{kersus okij dsyk tkrks- vkf.k R;keqGs mRiknukr ok< gksrs o

jk‚Vªh; fu;kZrhr ok< vkf.k njMksbZ mRiUukph ikrGh ok<sy R;keqGs cÚ;kpnk

vkfFkZd fodkl Eg.kts vkS|ksfxdj.k vlk vFkZ ?ksryk tkrks-

1-4 vkfFkZd fodklkph O;k[;k %&

vkfFkZd fodkl ;k ladYiusph ,dp loZ lekos’kd v’kh O;k[;k

djrk ;sr ukgh dkj.k fodkl gh izokgh ladYiuk vkgs- cÚ;kp osGk

vkfFkZd fodkl o vkfFkZd o`/nh gs ‘kCn O;ogkjkr lekukFkhZ okijys tkrkr-

lekukFkhZ eku.kkjs vFkZrK izk- ek;j o ckYMfou] izk- ysfol] izk- foY;elu]

izk- ikWy cWju b- rj vkfFkZd fodkl o vkfFkZd o`/nh ;ke/ks Qjd eku.kkjs

vFkZrK izk- ‘kqaihVj] izk- ,fMlu] izk- ts- ds- esgrk] izk- mRlqZyk fgDl ;kauh

Qjd ekuyk vkgs o okLrokr lq/nk ;k nksUgh ladYiuk e/;s Qjd vkgs-

rsaOgk izFke vkfFkZd fodklkP;k O;k[;kapk fopkj djrk ;sbZy-

1½ Prof. Paul Baran : - “Let economic Growth ( or development ) be defined

as an increase over time in per captia output of material goods.”1

[6]

2½ Buchanan and Ellis :- Development means developing the real income

potentialities of the underdeveloped areas by using investment to effect those

changes and to augment those real productive resources which promise to

raise real income per person.”2

3½ T.W Schultz :- “When we focus only on the growth in national product, we

are taking a comprehensive view of the end. Result to the development

process. If however, we exmine the process in more detail, we observe that

many other changes, each of a particular character, accompany the rise in out

put. We can classify the most important to these as changes in fundamental

factor supplies and changes in the structure of demand for products.”3

4½ A. Maddison :- “The rising of income levels is generally called economic

growth in rich countries and in the poor ones, it called economic

development.”4

5½ Meier and boldwin :- “Economic Devlopment is a Proces wherby a

country’s real national income increase over a long period of time.”5

6½ Okun & Richardson :- “Economic Development is a Sustained regular

improvement in material wellbeing which we may consider to the reflected in

an increased flow of goods and services.”6

7½ Prof. Levis :- “Economic Development means increase in per capita

income.”7

8½ Prof. Shumpitar :- “Development is a continuous and spontaneous

change in the stationary state which forever alters and displaces the

equilibrium state previously existing, while growth is a gradual and steady

change in the long run which comes about by a gradual increase in the rate of

saving and population.”8

9½ Miss Ursul Hicks :- “The problems of Underdeveloped countries are

concerned with development of unused resources, even though their uses

are well known, while those of advanced countries are realated to growth,

[7]

most of their resources being already known and developed to a

considerable extent. ”9

10½ Willamson and Buttrick :- “Economic Development or growth referes to

the process where by the people of the country or region come to utilize the

resources available to bring about a sustained increase in percapita

production of goods and services. “10

11½ U.N.O :- “Economic Development concerns not only man’s materials

needs but alsom the improvement of the social conditions of his life.

Development is there for, not only economic growth, but plus change, social

cultural and institutional as well as economic.“11

12½ izk- fdaMy ctZj %& ^^rkaf=d vkf.k laLFkkRed cnykeqGs mRiknukr

ok< ?kMwu ;s.ks Eg.kts vkfFkZd fodkl gks;-**12

13½ veR;Z lsu %& ^^vkfFkZd fodkl gk QDr vkfFkZd o`/nhoj voyacwu

ulrks- rj rks pkaxY;k mapkoysY;k thou ikrGhoj voyacwu vlrhs-

R;klkBh vFkZO;oLFkse/;s jkstxkjkP;k mapkoysY;k la/kh miyC/k >kY;k

ikfgtsr vkf.k va/kJ/nk o fuj{kjrsrwu yksdkauk eqDr dsys ikfgts- rlsp

Lokra«;kpk gDd vkfFkZd fodklk’kh laca/khr vkgs- gk thouk’kh fuxMhr

vlwu thoukrhy vkuan Lokra«;k’kh fuxMhr vkgs-**13

14½ egcwc my gd %& ^^fodklkP;k izfØ;sr ns’kkrhy xfjchoj izR;{ki.ks

gYyk p<oyk tkrks- fodklkph mfí‛Vs Bjorkuk QDr jk‛Vªh; mRiUukr ok<

,o<s e;kZfnr mfí‛V u Bsork dqiks‛k.k] jksxjkbZ] fuj{kjrk] csjkstxkjh] fo‛kerk

b- loZ leL;k lksMfo.;klkBh fopkj o ”rh ;ke/;s visf{kr vlrs- xjhch

u‛V >kY;kuarj ns’kkps jk‛Vªh; mRiUu vkiksvkip ok<r tkrs-**14

15½ csatkehu fgfxUl %& ^^jk‛Vªh; mRiUu o njMksbZ mRiUu ;kr gks.kkjh ok<

vkfFkZd fodkl gks;- ;kps Qk;ns fofo/k xVkauk o vFkZO;oLFksP;k fofo/k

{ks=kauk izkIr gksrkr rlsp gh izfØ;k nh?kZdkGi;Zar ok<R;k izek.kr pkyw

jkgrs-**15

[8]

16½ izks- Mh- czkbV flagk %& ^^vkfFkZd fodklkpk vFkZ ,dk ns’kkP;k

lektkr gks.kkÚ;k v’kk cnyka’kh vkgs] ftFks vYi fodflr Lrjkarwu mPp

vkfFkZd Lrjkyk xkB.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks-**16

17½ izk- esgrk %& ^^vkfFkZd o`f/n gh la?kVukRed cny Li‛V djrs

fodflr ns’kke/;s vkfFkZd o`/nh gksrs rj vfodflr ns’kkr vkfFkZd fodkl

?kMwu ;sr vlrks-**17

18½ izk- yk;csULVkbZu %& ^^vFkZO;oLFksrhy oLrq o lsok fuehZrhpk njMksbZ

{kersrhy ok<hyk vkfFkZd fodkl vls Eg.krkr-**18

vkfFkZd fodklke/ks ns’kkps jk‛Vªh; mRiUu ok<us vfHkizsr vkgs- ;k

n`f‛Vdksukrwu dkagh vFkZ’kkL=K vkfFkZd fodkl o jk‛Vªh; mRiUukpk laca/k

Li‛V djrkr- es;j o ckYMfou ;k ‘kkL=Kkauh ,[kkn;k jk‛Vªkpk vkfFkZd

fodkl R;k ns’kkP;k jk‛Vªh; mRiUu ok<h’kh fuxMhr vlrks vls er ekaMys-

dkagh vFkZ’kkL=Kkauh jk‛Vªh; mRiUu ok<h is{kk njMksbZ mRiUukrhy ok< vf/kd

egRokph vlrs- dkj.k njMksbZ mRiUu ok<hpk laca/k ukxfjdkaP;k

jkg.khekuk’kh o thoukP;k xq.koRrs’kh ;srks- dsoG jk‛Vªh; mRiUu ok<ys

Eg.kts jkg.khekukr lq/kkj.kk gksrsp vls Eg.krk ;sr ukgh- jk‛Vªh; mRiUukr

ok< gksr vlrkuk yksdla[;srgh R;kp izek.ks ok< >kyh rj jk‛Vªh; mRiUu

ok<qugh ukxfjdkapk lkekU; thouLrj mapko.kkj ukgh gs dVw okLro vkgs-

;ko:u izk ysfol] csatkeu fgxhUl] ;k vFkZ’kkL=Kkauh vkfFkZd fodkl o

njMksbZ mRiUu ;kapk laca/k fopkjkr ?ksowu vkfFkZd fodklkps foospu dsys-

loZ vkfFkZd iz;Rukapk dsanz fcanw ekuo vkgs- vkfFkZd fodklkpk laca/k

ekuok’kh ;srks- Eg.kwu R;kP;k jkg.khekukr lq/kkj.kk >kyh rj vkfFkZd fodkl

Eg.k.ks vf/kd mfpr Bjsy vls er ojhy vFkZ’kkL=Kkauh ekaMys-

1-5 vkfFkZd fodklkph oSf’k‛V;s %& ojhy O;k[;kP;k vk/kkjs vkfFkZd

fodklkph oSf’k‛V;s iq<hy izek.ks lkaxrk ;srkr-

[9]

1-5-1 vkfFkZd fodkl gh ,d nh?kZdkyhu izfØ;k vkgs %&

vkfFkZd fodklkeqGs ns’kkrhy yksdla[;sP;k xq.kkRed jpuse/;s]

HkkaMoy fufeZrh] mRiknu ra=krlq/kkj.kk] tursP;k lo;h vkf.k ekx.kh e/;s

cny gksrks- vkfFkZd fodkl gh nh?kZdkyhu ladYiuk vkgs- vkfFkZd

fodklkP;k nh?kZ dky[kaMke/ks okLrfod jk‛Vªh; mRiUukr ok< gksrs- mRiknukps

ra= vkf.k i/nrh ;k e/;s ns[khy xq.kkRed vkf.k lajpukRed cny vk<Gwu

;srkr- Eg.kwup vkfFkZd fodkl gh ,d nh?kZdkyhu izfØ;k vkgs-

1-5-2 vkfFkZd fodklke/;s okLrfod jk‛Vªh; mRiUUkkr ok< gksrs %&

ns’kkpk vkfFkZd fodkl gh xq.kkRed ladYiuk vkgs- vkfFkZd

fodklke/;s vusd ik;kHkqr m|ksxkph LFkkiuk dsyh tkrs- v’kk m|ksxke/;s

eksB;k izek.kkr HkkaMoyh xqaro.kwd d:u jkstxkjkP;k la/kh miyC/k d:u

fnY;k tkrkr- mRiknu O;oLFksps fu;a=.k d:u loZp {ks=kps ekx.kh uqlkj

mRiknu dsys tkrs- ;k mRiknukph nqlÚ;k ns’kkr fu;kZr d:u fons’kh pyu

izkIr gksrs-

1-5-3 vkfFkZd fodkl Eg.kts jk‛Vªh; mRiUUkkrhy fuOoG ok< %&

jk‛Vªh; mRiUu fuekZ.k gksr vlrkuk ns’kkrhy okLrfod HkkaMoykpk o

vkfFkZd lk/ku lkexzhpk okij gksr vlrks- R;keqGs HkkaMoyh oLrqpk Eg.ktsp

;a=kpk] bekjrhpk >kysyk okij ,dw.k jk‛Vªh; mRiUukrwu ?klkjk otk d:u

y{kkr ?k s.ks vko’;d vlrs- vls d:u ts fuOoG jkf‛Vª; mRiUu jkgrs

R;kpk vkfFkZd fodkl izØh;s’kh [kjk laca/k vlrks-

1-5-4 vkfFkZd fodkl gh lexz jk‛VªkaP;k lanHkkZrhy izØh;k vkgs%&

laiq.kZ jk‛VªkP;k mRiUukrhy ok< gh xks‛V vkfFkZd fodklkP;k lanHkkZr

vfHkizsr vlrs- dkagh O;Drhps O;Drhxr mRiUu ok<ys rj vkfFkZd fodkl

>kyk vls Eg.krk ;sr ukgh- laiq.kZ jk‛Vªkps mRiUu fdrh ok<sy- ;koj

vkfFkZd fodkl fdrh >kyk gs voyacwu vlrs-

[10]

1-5-5 vkfFkZd fo‛kerk fodkl deh dj.ks %&

fodlu’khy ns’kkP;k leksjhy T;k dkagh egRokP;k leL;k vkgsr

R;ke/;s vkfFkZd fo‛kerk gh lokZr eksBh vkf.k Hk;kog leL;k vkgs- ns’kkr

vkfFkZd lekurk fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh fu;kstukP;k ek/;ekrwu lokZauk leku

la/kh miyC/k d:u ns.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks- mRiUukps leku forj.k

gksbZy vkf.k vkfFkZd “‚V;k xfjc O;DrhlkBh fo’ks‛k ;kstuk jkcowu R;kuqlkj

”rh dj.;kpk iz;Ru gk vkfFkZd fodklkr gksr vlrks-

1-5-6 lkekftd] lkaL”frd] laLFkkRed vkf.k vkfFkZd ifjorZu vfHkizsr

vkgs %&

vkfFkZd fodkl Eg.kts vkfFkZd lekurk izLFkkfir dj.ks- ;k

ladYiuse/;s lkekftd fodkl] f’k{k.k vkjksX;] O;DrhP;k ekSfæd mRiUkkr

ok< vkf.k lq[kh thou ;k ladYiuk egRokP;k ekuY;k tkrkr- vkfFkZd

lekurk izLFkkfir dj.;klkscrp ns’kkrhy csjkstxkjh deh dj.ks] izknsf’kd

larqyu lk/kus] vFkZO;oLFksr vk/kqfudhdj.k dj.ks b- ckchauk egRo fnys

tkrs- HkkaMoy fuehZrhph uohu {ks=kr xqaro.kwd gksowu iqUgk HkkaMoy

fuehZrhyk pkyuk feGrs- i;kZ;kus ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd {ks=krp uOgs rj brj

{ks=kr mnk- lkekftd] lkaL”frd] laLFkkRed vkf.k {ks=kr ifjorZu gksrs-

1-5-7 fodklkps brj mÌs’k %&

fodkl gh xq.kkRed ladYiuk vkgs- ;k ladYiusph oSf’k‛V;s vkf.k

mÌs’k y{kkr ?ksr vlrkukp fodklkps brjgh iSyw leksj ;srkr- R;kapk fopkj

fodklkP;k brj mÌs’k ;ke/;s djrk ; sow ‘kdrks- gs mÌs’k iq<hy izek.ks

vkgsr-

v½ ns’kkrhy csjkstxkjkauk jkstxkjkP;k la/kh miyC/k d:u ns.ks-

c½ miHkksxkpk fuEu Lrj izkIr d:u miHkksx izo`Rrhr xq.kkRed ok<

dj.;kdMs y{k ns.ks-

d½ izknsf’kd vlarqyu nqj dj.ks-

M½ vFkZO;oLFksps vk/kqfudhdj.kkdMs y{k dsafnzr dj.ks-

[11]

izkpk;Z MkW- uk- ;- MksGs ;kaP;k ers ^^vkfFkZd fodkl Eg.kts yksdkaP;k

jkg.khekukpk ntkZ lq/kkj.ks gh izfØ;k d/kh Fkkacr ukgh dkj.k FkksMk ntkZ cjk

>kyk dh vk.k[kh pkaxyk Ogkoklk okVrks- yksdkaP;k ;k HkkSfrd bPNk

vkdka{kk vlrkr- xjtk deh djk gh v/;kfRed izsj.kk vlrs-

vFkZ‘kkL=lP;k {ks=kr v/;kfRed izsj.kk gh vlkO;kr gk oknkpk fo‛k;

gksbZy-**19

FkksMD;kr vkfFkZd fodkl gh fn?kZdkyhu izØh;k vlwu ;k izØh;sr

n s’kkP;k jk‛Vªh; mRiUukr ‘kq/n ok< gksrs-

1-6 vkfFkZd fodklkph vk/kkjHkwr rRos %&

izk- dsskjuØkWlP;k ers ^^dks.kR;kgh ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd fodklklkBh QDr

iS’kkph vko’;drk ulwu ;k izfØ;sr ns’kkrhy laiw.kZ lkekftd O;ogkj]

ns’kkrhy dk;nk vkf.k lqO;oLFkk fufeZrh] O;kikjhd izxYHkrk] ns’kkrhy

iz’kkldh; vf/kdkÚ;kaph dk;Z{kerk] osxoxG;k {ks=kps ijLij laca/k]

ns’kkrhy lk{kjrk vkf.k rkaf=d leL;kaps Kku bZR;knhapk lekos’k ;k izfØ;sr

gksrks-**20

1-6-1 vkfFkZd fodklkph vko’;drk %&

vkfFkZd o`/nhpk vFkZ gk vf/kd mRiknuk’kh vkgs rj vkfFkZd fodkl

;k ladYiuse/;s lkekftd fodkl] f’k{k.k] vkjksX;] ekSfnzd mRiUukr ok<

bR;knh ckchapk fopkj gksrks- mRiknu ?kVdkaP;k {kersr nh?kZdkG ok< ?kMowu

vk.kus vkf.k ns’kkrhy tursP;k xjtk ;k izxrh’khy vkS|ksfxdj.kkP;k

ek/;ekrwu iw.kZ dj.;kpk iz;Ru vkfFkZd o`/nhe/;s vfHkizsr vkgs- vkfFkZd

o`/nhph vko’;drk iq<hy izek.ks Li‛V djrk ;sbZy-

1-6-2 fodklkpk ns’kh; vk/kkj %&

nh?kZdkGkr gks.kkjh ok< Eg.kts vkfFkZd fodkl ok<R;k yksdla[;sP;k

ekx.khuqlkj xjtk iw.kZ dj.;klkBh izxrh’khy vkS|ksfxdj.kkP;k ek/;ekrqu

iz;Ru dsyk tkr vlrks- ns’kkph xjt vkf.k ns’kkpk larqfyr fodkl ;k

n`f‛Vus vkfFkZd o`/nh Eg.kts fodklkpk ns’kh; vk/kkj gks;-

[12]

1-6-3 HkkaMoy lap; %&

mRiUu vkf.k miHkksx ;krhy varj ok<owu cprhl izksRlkgu fnys

tkrs- pSuhP;k oLrqP;k vk;krhoj izfrca/k] fons’kh dtkZr dikr b- P;k

lgk¸;kus HkkaMoy lap;kr ok< dsyh tkrs-

1-6-4 cktkj O;oLFksrhy =qVh nwj dj.ks %&

cktkj isBsP;k viw.kZrse/;s mRiknu lk/kukP;k xrh{kerspk vHkko]

cktkjisBsckcr yksdkaps vYi Kku o vKku ekykP;k eqY;kph vfLFkjrk

bR;knh- ckchapk lekos’k gk srks- vkfFkZd fodklklkBh ojhy izdkjP;k =qVh nwj

dj.ks vko’;d vlrs-

1-6-5 xqaro.kwdhph mi;qDrrk %&

ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd vkf.k LFkS;kZP;k n`f‛Vdksukrwu osxosxG;k {ks=kr

xaqro.kwd d:u larqfyr vkfFkZd fodkl dj.ks vko’;d vlrs-

1-6-6 lq;ksX; usr`Ro vkf.k iz’kkldh; dq’kyrk %&

usr`Ro vkf.k R;kaps iz’kkldh; dkS’kY; gs tj osxosxG;k ?kVdkr

leUo; izLFkkihr dj.kkjs] yksd’kkgh dsaæh] iz’u fuekZ.k dj.;kis{kk iz’ukph

mRrjs ‘kks/k.kkjs] vuq;k;kps vkf.k dk;ZdR;kZps egRo tk.k.kkjs] vf/kdkÚ;kaP;k

Kkukpk mi;ksx d:u ?ks.kkjs] /keZ ;kis{kk ckS/nhdrsyk izk/kkU; ns.kkjs vlsy

rj vkfFkZd fodklkph izfØ;k gh osxkus /kkors-

1-6-7 lkekftd vkf.k ekul’kkL=h; vko’;drk %&

vkfFkZd fodklklkBh lektkph ekufldrk cnyyh ikfgts] :<h

ijaijk lksMwu ufou Kku vkRelkr dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyh rj laLdkj {ke

lekt xVkph fufeZrh gksrs- vkfFkZd fodklke/;s lektdkj.k vkf.k

ekul’kkL=h; vH;kl dj.ks vkf.k R;kuqlkj fu.kZ; ?ksrys rjp vkfFkZd

fodklkyk pkyuk feGrs-

[13]

1-6-8 JfedkaP;k ;ksX;rk vkf.k dk;Z{kersr ok< %&

lqizfl/n vFkZrK vWMefLeFk ;kauh Je foHkktukps Qk;ns Li‛V djhr

vlrkuk] 1½ Jfedkaph ;ksX;rk ok<rs] 2½ osGsph cpr gksrs] 3½ la’kks/kukl

izksRlkgu feGrs] 4½ mRiknukr ok< gksrs] vls er O;Dr dsys vkgs-

1-6-9 vk/kkjHkwr lajpuspk fodkl %&

mRiknuklkBh Hkweh] Je] HkkaMoy] la?kVu&pkrq;Z] fodlkr rkaf=d

Kku] nG.k&oG.k o okgrqdhph lk/kus] foRr O;oLFkk] ‘kDrhæO;s bR;knhph

furkar xjt vlrs- ;k loZ ckchapk lekos’k lajpusr gksrks- tsFks ;k ckch

eqcyd izek.kkr vk<Grkr vkf.k R;kapk fodkl >kysyk vlrks rsFks

fodklkyk xrh izkIr gksrs-

1-6-10 ekuoh; lalk/kukpk fodkl %&

vkfFkZd fodkl gh ;kaf=d izfØ;k ulwu gk ,d ekuoh; miØe vkgs-

yksdkaP;k dkS’kY;kus] “‛Vhdk sukus] vkoMh&fuoMhus vkf.k xq.kkus rks jkcfoyk

tkrks- vkfFkZd fodklkps Lo:i gs ekuoh; fodklkP;k lalk/kukoj eksB;k

izek.kkr voyacwu vkgs-

1-6-11 O;kolkf;d jpuk %&

vFkZO;oLFksrhy O;kolkf;d jpuk vkfFkZd fodklkpk egRokpk ?kVd

gks;- O;kolkf;d jpusP;k varxZr% O;olk;kps rhu Hkkxkr oxhZdj.k dsys-

1½ izkFkfed {ks=] 2½ fOnrh; {ks=] 3½ r`rh; {ks=-

1-6-12 fons’kh O;kikj %&

;k izfØ;sr ns’kkP;k fons’kh O;kikjkPkk O;ogkjrksy vuqdwy jkg.;kP;k

n`‛Vhdksukrqu ”rh dj.ks vko’;d vlrs- O;ogkjkrhy vuqdwy vl.ks

Eg.kts ns’kkph fu;kZr gh vk;krh is{kk vf/kd vl.ks gks;- vkfFkZd fodklkps

,d oSf’k‛V; Eg.kwu fons’kh O;kikjkpk fopkj dsyk tkrks-

1-6-13 yksdla[;k fu;a=.k %&

ns’kkP;k vfFkZd fodklkP;k njkis{kk yksdla[;k ok<hpk nj tkLr

vlsy rj vkfFkZd fodkl gksr ukgh-

[14]

1-6-14 HkkSfrd oLrqps mRiknu %&

izR;sd ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd fodklke/;s HkkSfrd oLrqP;k mRiknukl

egRokps LFkku vlrs dkj.k ns’kkrhy uSlfxZd lalk/kukapk iq.kZi.ks mi;ksx

d:u ?ks.kkjh ,d izfØ;k Eg.kwu vkfFkZd fodklkpk fopkj gksrks-

1-6-15 lkoZtuhd {ks=kpk fodkl %&

lkoZtuhd m|ksx gs ljdkjP;k vfLrRoklkBh] ns’kkP;k lqjf{krrsP;k

n`‛Vhus vkf.k O;kid tufgrklkBh pkyfo.;kr ;srkr- osxosxG;k foRrh;

laLFkk] laj{k.k fo‛k;d lkeqxzhps mRiknu dj.kkjs dkj[kkus] ns’kkps iks‛V vkf.k

nG.k oG.k [kkrs] fHkYykbZ LVhy IykWaV] ckYdks] jsYos bR;knh lkoZtuhd

{ks=kph mnkgj.ks Eg.kwu fopkjkr ?ksrk ;sbZy- ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd fodklke/;s

lkoZtfud {ks=kpk fodkl egRokpk ekuyk tkrks-

1-7 vkfFkZd o`/nhpk lS/nkafrd vk/kkj %&

vkfFkZd fodkl dj.;kps izkeq[;kus nksu ekxZ (rRos) lkafxrys tkrkr- R;ke/ks

v½ lerksy o`/nh fodkl rRo

c½ vlerksy o`/nh fodkl rRo

v½ lerksy o`/nh fodkl rRo %&

lerksy o`/nh rRokpk iqjLdkj izkeq[;kus jks>sULVhu jksMku] jXWuj]

uDlsZ] vkWFkZj ysfol] ykbZcsULVkbZu bR;knh vFkZrKkauh dsyk ;k rRokuqlkj

vFkZO;LFksrhy loZp {ks=kr lkj[;k izek.kkr ,dkp osGh xqaro.kwd dj.;kpk

fopkj ekaMyk- f’kok; mRiUu o`/nh nj] mRiknu o`/nh nj vkf.k uSlfxZd

lk/ku lkeaqxzhpk nj ;ke/;s lekurk fuekZ.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks-

iqjoB;kP;k cktwus vkf.k ekx.khP;k cktwus lerksy lk/kqu foHkkxh; lerksy

lk/k.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks- FkksMD;kr vFkZ O;oLFksrhy loZ{ks=kauk

fodklkr leku la/kh nsÅu R;k }kjs lerksy fodkl lk/k.;kpk iz;Ru

dsysyk vlrks-

larqfyr fodklkps Lif‛Vdj.kkFkZ fofo/k vFkZ‘kkL=Kkauh vkiys “f‛Vdksu

fo‛kn dsys vkgsr- dkagh izeq[k “f‛Vdksu iz<hy izek.ks-

[15]

1½ jks>sULVhu jksMku %&

jks>sULVhu jksMku ;kauh izFke 1943 e/;s larqyhr fodklkph ladYiuk

ekaMyh- jksMkuP;k ers ns’kkrhy fofo/k {ks=ke/;s ,dkp osGh xaqro.kwd dsyh

ikfgts R;keqGs izR;sd m|ksxkrhy mRiknukyk brj m|ksxkrwu ekx.kh fuekZ.k

gksowu cktkjisB foLr`r gksbZy vkf.k loZ m|ksxkaph izxrh gksow ‘kdsy- R;kps

vf/kd Lif‛Vdj.k nsrkuk jksMku ;kauh ikn=k.ks O;olk;kps mnkgj.k fnys

vkgs- rs iq<hy izek.ks lkaxrk ;sbZy-

letk ,[k|k fodluf’ky ns’kke/ks ‘kaHkj izPNUu csdkj Jfed

xqarowu ikn=k.kkps mRiknu lq: dsys rj r;kj gks.kkÚ;k ikn=k.kkyk ekx.kh

;s.;klkBh loZJfedkauk vkiys loZ mRiUu ikn=k.kkojp [kpZ djkos ykxsy-

ijarq vls d/khp gks.kkj ukgh] dkj.k R;kauk brjgh oLraqpk miHkksx ?ks.ks

vko’;d vlrs- rsaOgk rs R;kaP;k mRiUukpk dkagh Hkkxp ikn=k.kkoj [kpZ

djrhy- R;keqGs ikn=k.kkP;k mRiknuk brdh ekx.kh ;s.kkj ukgh- R;keqGs

mRikndkl mRiknu Fkkaco.;kph osG ;sbZy- R;keqGs HkkaMoy xqaro.kwdhl

izksRlkgu feG.kkj ukgh- ijarq tj ‘a’kaHkj osxosxG;k m|ksxkr izR;sdh* ’k aHkj

dkexkj ;k izek.ks ngk gtkj dkexkjkauk dke feGsy- Jfedkaps loZ mRiUu

;k m|ksx leqgkrhy oLrqojp [kpZ gksr vlY;keqGs izR;sd oLrqyk cktkj

isB miyC/k gksbZy- vkf.k HkkaMoy xqaro.kwdhyk izksRlkgu feGsy- ,dk

ikn=k.ks m|ksxkeqGs ts ‘kD; >kys uOgrs rs fofo/k m|ksxkP;k leqgkrwu ‘kD;

gksbZy- R;keqGs cktkjisB foLr`r gksowu fodklkl pkyuk feGrs- vFkkZr

,dkp osGh HkkaMoy xqaro.kwd dj.ks dsoG [kktxh {ks=kyk v’kD; vkgs-

R;keqGs ‘kklukus ;kr iq<kdkj ?ks.ks vko’;d vkgs- vls jksMku ;kauh

lqpfoys vkgs-

2½ jWXuj uDlsZ %&

jksMku ;kaP;k izek.ksp uDlsZ ;kauh lq/nk larqfyr fodklkP;k rRokoj

Hkj fnyk vkgs- uDlsZ ;kaP;k ers] v/kZfodflr jk‚Vªs gh ^nkfjnz;kP;k nq‛V

pØkr* vMdysyh vlrkr- gs nq‛VpØ Hksn.;klkBh ^larqfyr fodkl* gkp

[16]

,d ekxZ gks;- uDlsZ ;kaP;k ers ”‛kh vkf.k m|ksx {ks=kP;k larqfyr fodklk

}kjs miyC/k vfrfjDr Je’kDrhpk iqjsiwj mi;ksx gksow ‘kdrks- ,dkposGh

ijLijiqjd vkfFkZd miØekapk izkjaHk dsY;kl ,dk {ks=krhy mRiknukl nqlÚ;k

{ks=kdMwu ekx.kh fuekZ.k gksbZy v’kk jhrhus ekx.khP;k cktwus fofo/k

‘kDrhe/;s larqyu lk/kys tkbZy- dsoG ,[kknk m|ksx fodlu’khy ns’kkr

lq: dj.ks ijoM.kkj ukgh Eg.kwu ,dkp osGh eksB;k izek.kkoj vusd

m|ksxke/;s xqaro.kwd >kkyh ikfgts- xqaro.kwdhps okVi dls djkos\ dks.kR;k

{ks=kyk fdrh izk/kkU; |kos\ ;klkBh uDlsZ ;kauh jksMku ;kaP;k ^tksjnkj

/kDdkP;k* fl/nkarkpk vk/kkj ?ksowu vls izfriknu dsys dh] izkjaHkh

vFkZO;oLFksrhy o`/nhaxr gks.kkÚ;k {ks=kr xqaro.kwd djkoh R;keqGs ckg; cprh

’kD; gksowu brj m|ksxkauk izsj.kk feGsy vkf.k dqaBhr voLFksrhy

vFkZO;oLFksps fodflr v’kk vFkZO;oLFksr ifjorZu gksow ‘kdsy-

3½ vkFkZj ysfol %&

ysfol ;kauh ns[khy larqfyr fodklkP;k rRokps leFkZu dsys vkgs-

R;kaP;k ers ”‛kh vkf.k m|ksx {ks=kP;k fodklk cjkscjp LFkkfud

cktkjisBslkBhps mRiknu vkf.k fu;kZrhlkBhps mRiknu ;ke/;sgh larqyu

lk/kys ikfgts- R;kaP;k ers larqfyr fodklkpk vFkZ leku vlk ukgh- rj

ekx.khrhy o`/nhP;k fHkUu njkizek.ks izek.k’khj fodkl Eg.kts larqfyr

fodkl gks;-

4½ es;j vkf.k ckYMfou %&

es;j vkf.k ckYMfouP;k ers larqfyr fodklkeqGs cktkjisBspk

vkdkj ok<rks vkf.k eksB;kizek.kkoj ckg; cprh feG.;kph ‘kD;rk ok<rs-

gs nks?kkauhgh ekU; dsys vkgs- es;j vkf.k ckYMfou ;kauh vls er O;Dr

dsys vkgs dh] fof’k‛V {ks=kr HkkaMoy xqaro.kwd dsyh ikfgts ts.ks d:u

vFkZO;oLFksrhy fofo/k {ks=kP;k izxrhe/;s larqyu lk/kys tkbZy dkj.k gh

fofo/k {ks=s ijLijkoyach vlrkr- rlsp rs ,desdkal iqjd vlrkr-

[17]

c½ vlerksy o`/nh fodkl rRo %&

vlerksy o`/nhP;k rRokpk iqjLdkj vYcVZ] g‛kZeu] flaxj] jksLVks]

fdaMy ctZj] ekDlZ Qysfeax] fLVªVsu b- vFkZrKkauh dsyk- lerksy o`/nhP;k

rRokyk ,d i;kZ; Eg.kwu vlerksy o`/nhps rRo R;kauh ekaMys- R;kaP;k ers

vYifodflr@fodlu’khy ns’kkauh vlerksy o`/nh rRo fLodkj.ks

O;kogkjhd“‛V;k Qk;n;kps Bjrs- dkj.k v’kk ns’kkauk usgehp HkkaMoy

VapkbZP;k leL;syk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs- v’kk ns’kkauh miyC/k HkkaMoy

vxzØe {ks=kr xqarfoY;kl vU; {ks=kpk fodkl gks.;kl enr gksrs-

vlarqfyr fodklkps Li‛Vhdj.kkFkZ fofo/k vFkZ’kkL=Kkauh vkiys

“‛Vhdksu fo’kn dsys- dkagh izeq[k “‛Vhdksu iq<hyizek.ks-

1½ izk- vYcVZ g‛kZeu %&

^larqfyr o`/nhP;k fl/nkarkyk* Ik;kZ; Eg.kwu ^vlarqfyr o`/nhpk

fl/nkar* ekaM.;kps Js; izk- vYcVZ g‛kZeu ;kauk fnys tkrs- R;kaP;k ers

^^fodkl Eg.kts vlarqyukph lk[kGh vlwu frps vfLrRo dk;e Bso.ks

vk’;d vkgs- vFkZO;oLFksph tj lrr izxrh Ogk;ph vlsy rj fodkl

fo‛k;d /kksj.kkps egRokps dk;Z vFkZO;oLFksr r.kko] vlekurk vkf.k

vlarqyu Bso.ks gs vlkos-**21

v/kZfodflr ns’kkr lk/ku laiRrh fo’ks‛kr% HkkaMoy e;kZfnr izek.kkr

vlY;keqGs eqyHkwr lkekftd xqaro.kwd vkf.k izR;{k mRiknd xqaro.kwd

v’kk nksUgh {ks=krhy xqaro.kwd ,dkp osGh dj.ks v’kD; vlrs- ;k nksUgh

iSdh ,dk izdkjkyk izk/kkU; nsÅu fodklk djhrk vlarqyu fuekZ.k dsys

tkrs- vkt vR;ar izxr vlysY;k vesfjdsr lq/nk izkjaHkh fodklkl izkjaHk

>kyk rsaOgk lq:okrhyk izeq[k {ks=kpk fodkl gksowu rks iljr xsyk vls

fnlrs- ;k f’kok; tiku] esfDldks] czk>hy] dksyach;k vkf.k jf’k;k bR;knh

jk‚Vªkapk fodkl lq/nk vlarqfyr rRokizek.ksp >kyk vls g‛kZeu ;kauh

nk[kowu fnys vkgs-

[18]

2½ MCY;w- MCY;w- jksLVks %&

jksLVksuh ns[khy g‛kZeu ;kaP;k Hkqfedsps leFkZu dsys vkgs- jksLVksP;k ers

fof’k‛V dkGke/;s vFkZO;oLFksrhy vxz.kh {ks=kpk tyn xrhus fodkl

>kY;kl R;k {ks=kP;k mRiknuke/;s vkf.k mRikndrse/;s ok< gksrs- ;k ok<hps

vFkZO;oLFksP;k brj {ks=koj izR;{k vkf.k vizR;{k ifj.kke gksowu

vFkZO;oLFksykp fodklkpk /kDdk fnyk tkrks-

jksLVksP;k ers vxz.kh {ks= fdaok iz/kku {ks= Eg.kts vls m|ksx dh

T;kaph mRikndrk vf/kd vlrs- ;k m|ksxkrwu iquxqZaro.kqdhlkBh tkLrhr

tkLr vkf/kD; fuekZ.k gksrs- vkf.k gs vkf/kD; ijr mRiknd iquxqZaro.kqdhP;k

Lo:ikr izokfgr dsys tkrs- T;keqGs brj oLrqaP;klkBh ifj.kkedkjd

ekx.khps vkorkZoj vkorZ fuekZ.k gksrkr vkf.k ;krwu vkS|ksfxdj.kkph izfØ;k

Lo;apfyr vkf.k lap;h Lo:i /kkj.k djrs-

3½ ,p- MCY;w- flaxj %&

flaxj ns[khy vlarqfyr fodklkP;k rRokps leFkZd Eg.kwu vksG[kys

tkrkr- R;kaP;k ers] v/kZfodflr ns’kkauk foLrj cktkjisBspk vHkko

vlY;keqGs vkfFkZd fodklke/;s vMFkGs fuekZ.k gksrkr- gs vMFkGs nqj

dj.;klkBh larqfyr fodkl gk ekxZ dkagh rKkauh lqpfoyk vlyk rjh ;k

ns’kke/;s lk/kukaph derjrk vlY;keqGs larqfyr fodklkP;k O;qgjpuspk

vaxhdkj dj.ks v’kD; vkgs-

larqfyr fodklkP;k rRoke/;s vls x`fgr /kjys vkgs dh] ^iqjoBk

ekx.kh fuekZ.k djrks*] fdaok R;klkBh iqjsls foRr miyC/k d: ‘kdrks- ijarq

izR;{kkr ek= nksUghgh fuekZ.k gks.ks ’kD; ukgh- R;keqGs cktkjisBspk vMFkGk

nqj dj.;klkBh o lk/kukaP;k derjrspk iz’u lksMo.;klkBh ljldV

xqaro.kqdhP;k dk;ZØekph f’kQkjl dj.ks Eg.kts dkYifud ;qfDroknkyk cGh

iM.ks gks;-

[19]

4½ lh- ih- fdaMy ctZj %&

fdaMy ctZj gs larqfyr fodkl rRokps dV~Vj fojks/kd rj vlarqfyr

fodklkP;k rRokps dMos leFkZd ekuys tkrkr- R;kaP;k ers larqfyr

fodklkP;k rRoke/;s Qkjls rF; ukgh- dkj.k ;k rRokizek.ks vkfFkZd

fodklkP;k iz;Rukaph lq:okrgh djrkuk rh loZ {ks=kr dj.;kph vis{kk

v’kk osGh x`fgr /kjyh vkgs dh] tsaOgk dks.kR;kp {ks=kr vkjaHk >kysyk

ulrks- fdaMy ctZjP;k ers tj vki.k loZp {ks=kr mRiknukl vkjaHk

dj.;kpk vkxzg /kjyk rj HkkaMoykph Qkj eksBh rqV fuekZ.k gksbZy vkf.k

iz’kkldh; ;a=.ksoj vuko’;d Hkkj iMsy- Eg.kwu ;krwu izxrh gks.;k,soth

vuFkZp tkLr ?kMsy-

5½ ekjdl ¶ysfeax %&

¶ysfeaxP;k ers larqfyr fodklkP;k rRoke/;s fofo/k m|ksx gs ijLij

iqjd vlrkr vls x``fgr /kjys vkgs- ijarq izR;{kkr vFkZ O;oLFksr mRiknu

?kVdkauk e;kZfnr iqjoBk vlY;keqGs R;kaP;k izkIrhlkBh ;k m|ksxke/ks rhoz

Li/kkZ fuekZ.k gksr vlrs-

¶ysfeaxP;k ers vlarqfyr fodklkP;k rRokizek.ks tj ,dkp osGh

fofo/k m|kssxkpk fodkl ?kMowu vk.kko;kpk vlsy rj vFkZO;oLFksr lqyHk

vVhoj iqjsls HkkaMoy miyC/k >kys ikfgts- ‘ksrh {ks=ke/;s eksB;k izek.kkoj

izPNUu csdkj oxZ miyC/k vlyk ikfgts vkf.k rks m|ksx {ks=ke/;s tk.;kl

bPNqd vlyk ikfgts- eqyHkwr vkf.k HkkaMoyh oLrq mRiknu dj.kkÚ;k

m|ksxke/;s eksB;k izek.kkoj vkfFkZd cprh feG.;kph la/kh vlyh ikfgts-

ek= izR;{kkr iqjsls HkkaMoy miyC/k gks.;kph ifgyh vV lq/nk iq.kZ gks.ks

v/kZfodflr n s’kkauk ‘kD; ulrs- rsaOgk ojhy loZp vVh iw.kZ gksr ulrhy

rj fofo/k m|ksxkr dsysyh xqaro.kwd Qk;ns’khj Bj.kkj ukgh- R;keqGs v/kZ

fodflr ns’kkapk fodkl ?kMowu vk.k.;klkBh vlarqfyr fodkl rRokapk

voyac djkok-

[20]

1-8 lkekftd fodklkph ladYiuk %&

loZlkekU;i.ks fodkl gh ladYiuk vkfFkZd “f‛Vdksukrwu ekaMyh o

vH;klyh tkrs] Eg.ktsp vki.k ^fodkl* ;k ladYiusr ^vkfFkZd fodkl*

;kykp vf/kd egRo nsrks- fodklke/;s o`/nh] ok<] izxrh] ifjorZu v’kk

vusd ladYiukapk varHkkZo dsyk tkrks- oLrqr% ;k loZ ladYiukapk vFkZ gk

fHkUu&fHkUu vkgs- ijarq loZlk/kkj.ki.ks R;kauk ,dkp vFkkZus mi;ksxkr vk.kys

tkr vlrs-

fodklkpk vkfFkZd “‚Vhdksukrwu fopkj djrk] fodkl Eg.kts ns’kkP;k

okLro jk‛Vªh; mRiUukr ok< gks.ks gk vkfFkZd fodklkpk izeq[k funsZ’kd

ekuyk vkgs- ijarq ;k ladYiusckcr vusd fopkjoarkr erHksn fnlwu ;srkr-

lekt’kkL= gs lektkP;k fofo/k ?kVdkapk lokZaxh.k vH;kl dj.kkjs ‘kkL=

vkgs- lkgftdp lektkP;k fodklkpk vH;kl lekt’kkL=krgh vyhdMs

eksB;k izek.kkoj dsyk tkr vkgs- lekt’kkL=kph ,d uohu Kku’kk[kk Eg.kwu

fodklkps lekt’kkL= ;k ‘kk[kspk mn; >kysyk vkgs-

1-8-1 lekt’kkL= Eg.kts dk; %&

^^lekt’kkL= gs ekuoh laca/kkpk vH;kl dj.kkjs ‘kkL= vkgs- rsaOgk

O;Drh O;Drh laca/kkr ;s.kkÚ;k fØ;k ák ns[khy lekt’kkL=kpk vH;kl

fo‛k; Bjrkr- lektkrhy O;Drh O;Drh e/khy ikjLikjhd fØ;kapk vkfFkZd

iSyqaps v/;;u] Li‛Vhdj.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru vkfFkZd laLFksP;k ek/;ekrwu

dsys tkrs- loZlkekU;i.ks ekuoh xjtkaph r`Irh gks.;klkBh oLrw o lsokaps

mRiknu dsys tkrs- rsaOgk R;kyk vkfFkZd fØ;k vls Eg.krkr-

foycVZ ewj ;kaP;k ers ^^ekuoh xjtkP;k iqrhZlkBh vko’;d ijarq

e;kZnhr vl.kkÚ;k oLrw o lsokaps mRiknu vkf.k forj.kk’kh fuxMhr

vl.kkjh dk;sZ Eg.kts vkfFkZd fØ;k gks;-**22 ;k fØ;ka’kh laca/khr vl.kkjs

lkekftd laca/k dkGkP;k vks?kkr laLFkh”r >kys ;krwup vkfFkZd laLFkkapk

mn; >kyk- vkfFkZd fodklkrwup lkekftd fodkl gksrks-

[21]

1-8-2 lkekftd fodklkpk vFkZ %&

Lkekftd fodklkpk vFkZ Li‛V dj.;klkBh vusd lekt’kkL=Kkauh

vkiyh ers O;Dr dsyh vkgsr- R;krhy dkagh lekt’kkL=Kkaph ers [kkyhy

izek.ks-

MkW- nk-/kks- dkpksGs ;kaP;k ers ^^f’k{k.k] vkjksX;] lkekftd lqjf{krrk]

eqyHkwr gDdkaps Lokra™;] lkekftd U;k;] lerk] vYila[;kadkps fgrj{k.k

rlsp lektkrhy O;Drhpk lkekftd thouLrj mapko.;klkBh vko’;d

vl.kkÚ;k loZ ?kVdkapk lekos’k gksrks- izkeq[;kus lektkrhy nkfjæ; deh

dj.ks o jkstxkjkP;k la/kh miyC/k d:u ns.ks vko’;d vlrs- ;kpk

vH;kl lekt‘kkL=kr dsyk tkrks- ;ko:up lektkpk lkekftd fodkl

fdrir >kyk vkgs ;kps Kku izkIr gksrs-**23

MkW- /kukxjs ;kaP;k ers ^^lkekftd fodklke/;s nj ek.k’kh vkgkj

lq/kkj.kk >kyk dh ukgh] lk{kjrspk o f’k{k.kkpk izlkj o;ksxVuqlkj vkf.k

L=h&iq:‛kkae/;s fdrir >kyk vkgs] dkSVqafcd vkjksX; o R;klkBhP;k

lqfo/kke/;s fdrir xq.kkRed lq/kkj.kk >kyh vkgs] jkstxkj miyC/k >kyk dh

ukgh] lkekU;kaP;k Ø;’kDrhr o`/nh fdrir >kyh vkf.k ,danjp vUu]

oL=] fuokjk b- thouko’;d ckche/;s rGkxkGkrhy yksdkaP;k ckcrhr

y{k.kh; ok< >kyh dh ukgh gs ikfgys tkrs-**24

MkW- nkeys ;- Hkk- ;kauh iq.ks ;sFks 1996 e/;s laiUu >kysY;k ejkBh

lekt’kkL= ifj‛kn v/;{kh; Hkk‛k.kke/;s ^^lkekftd fodkl ;kdfjrk

f’k{k.k] O;olk; ;k vFkkZt`ukph lks; dh T;keqGs O;Drh&O;Drhaps

ijkoyafcRo iq‛dGls deh gksrs- vk/kqfud ra=Kku] ukxjhdj.k] lkeqfgd

pGoGh] yksdkaP;krhy tkx:drk] dk;ns dkuwu o jkT;kP;k lgdkj ¼uohu

dk;ns dj.ks o rs fui%{kikrhi.ks vaeykr vk.k.ks½ ;kloZ xks‛Vhph

vko’;drk vlrs-**25

[22]

1-8-3 lkekftd fodklklkBh vko’;d ?kVd %&

O;DrhP;k vUu] oL= o fuokjk ák eqyHkwr xjtk vlksr fdaok

vFkZfo‛k;d] dkeokluk] iztksRiknu o lektfo‛k;d xjtk iq.kZ dj.;klkBh

dkagh ca/kus o fu;e r;kj dsyh] R;kp cjkscj lnj fu;ekps ikyu

dkVsdksji.ks gksrs dh ukgh gs ikg.;klkBh lkekftd thoukpk mn; >kyk

Eg.kts O;Drh thoukr vkiyh ,[kknh xjt fof’k‛V fu;ekuqlkj o fof’k‛V

i/nrhusp iq.kZ djrs dk gs lkekftd laLFks}kjs ikfgys tkrs- ;k laLFkke/;s

1½ dqVwac la[;k] 2½ fookg laLFkk] 3½ /keZ laLFkk] 4½ f’k{k.k laLFkk]

5½ jkT;laLFkk b- lkekftd laLFkkpk fodkl >kyk rj lektkpk lokZaxh.k

fodkl gksÅu lkekftd fodkl gksrks- rks [kkyhy izek.ks-

1½ dqVqac laLFkk %& Ekkuoh lektkP;k lqjokrhP;k dkGh lewg d:u jkgr

vlrkuk ekuokus ^dqVqac* ák izkFkfed lewgkph fufeZrh dsyh- ekuoh

fodklkP;k izR;sd VI;kr] dky[kaM o dks.kR;kgh lektkr dqVqackps vfLrRo

vk<Grs- dkeoklukiwrhZ] iztksRiknu] oa’k lkrR;] laj{k.k] la?kVu ;k lgt

izo`Rrhoj dqVqac laLFkk vk/kkjhr vlrs- ekuo oa’kkpk fodkl o ekuoh

oa’kkps lkrR; fVdowu Bso.;kps dk;Z dqVqac laLFksus dsys vkgs-

bfyV vkf.k esjhy ;kaP;k ers ^^daVqac Eg.kts ifr&ifRu vkf.k R;kaph

eqys ;k lokZapk feGwu >kysyk tSfod o lkekftd leqg gks;-**26

dqVqackph mHkkj.kh ySafxd laca/k] iztksRiknu] ckylaxksiu ;k tSfod

?kVdkoj >kysyh vkgs- dqVaqc O;DrhP;k lokZxh.k fodklkph tckcnkjh

mpyrs R;kp cjkscj ,d fu;af=r lekt O;oLFkk fuekZ.k dj.;kl enr

djrs-

2½ fookg laLFkk %& izkphu dkGkiklwu fookg laLFkk lektke/;s vfLrRokr

vkgs- fookgkP;k vk/kkjkojp ^dqVqac* gh ewyHkwr laLFkk mHkh vkgs- O;Drhps

‘kkjfjd LokLF;] eu%’kkarh] larkuksRirh] ;kaps ikyu iks‛ku b- ckchlkBh

fookg laLFkk vko’;d Bjrs-

[23]

gkWcsy ;kaP;k ers] ^^fookfgr L=h&iq:‛kkaps R;kaP;k jDr laca/kk fo‛k;h

eqyka’kh o lektk’kh vl.kkjs laca/k fu;af=r o ifjHkkf‛kr dj.kkjk leqp;

Eg.kts fookg laLFkk gks;-**27

lektijRos fookgkdMs ikg.;kpk n`‛Vhdksu osxosxGk vlyk rjh

fookgkps loZlk/kkj.k mís’k loZ lektkr lkj[ks vkgsr- ySafxd bPNkaph iqrhZ

gk fookg laLFkspk ,d loZlklekU; mís’k vlyk rjh tksMhnkjkpk ekufld

‘kkarh o lek/kku gh ;k laLFkkaph egRokph míh‛V;s vkgsr R;keqGs dqVwac o

O;Drhpk fodkl gksÅu lkekftd fodkl gksrks-

3½ /keZ laLFkk %& /keZ gk ekuo lektkbrdkp izkphu vkgs- /keZ laLFkk gh

,d ewyHkwr lkekftd laLFkk vkgs- dkj.k rh lkoZf=d Lo:ikr vk<Grs-

laiw.kZ lekt thoukoj frpk izHkko iMysyk fnlrks- /kekZeqGs O;Drhph

vkpju i/nrh fuf’pr gksrs- /kekZrwup O;Drh thoukr J/nk vkf.k fo/kh

fuekZ.k gksrkr-

fdaXtys MsfOgl P;k ers] ^^/keZ gk ekuoh thoukr ;so<k lkoZf=d

‘kk’or o O;kid vkgs dh /kekZps Lo:i y{kkr ?ksrY;k f’kok; leltkP;k

Lo:ikps ;FkkFkZ vkdyu gks.kkj ukgh-**28

eWyhukWoLdh ;kaP;k ers]^^/keZ gk fo/kh o J/nk ;kaph O;oLFkk vkgs

rlsp rh ,d lkekftd ?kVuk vkgs vkf.k oS;Drhd vuqHkwrh vkgs-**29

/keZ Eg.kts ekuoh ftoukrhy pkaxY;k okbZV ?kVukps ewY;ekiu d:u

O;Drhyk vkn’kZ thou tx.;klkBh vpwd ekxZn’kZu dj.kkjh O;oLFkk gks;-

/kekZrwu O;DRkhP;k orZukr fu;e c/nrk ;srs- ekuokyk lektkr fLFkj

jkg.;klkBh vkfRed ikBcG] ekufld lek/kku ns.;kps dk;Z J/nk o

fo’okl djrkr- /kekZpk vknj ckGxwu O;DrhP;k o lektkP;k fodklkr

Hkj iMrs-

4½ vFkZ laLFkk %& ekuokP;k vUu] oL=] fuokjk ;k thouko’;d xjtk iw.kZ

dj.;klkBh vusd oLrqph vko’;drk vlrs- ekuokP;k thouko’;d

HkkSfrd xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh ekuoh lektkus dsysyk lkeqfgd iz;Ru Eg.kts

[24]

vkfFkZd O;oLFkk gks;] ^lekt’kkL=* gs ekuoh laca/kkpk vH;kl dj.kkjs

‘kkL= vkgs- rsaOgk O;Drh&O;Drh laca/kkr ;s.kkÚ;k fØ;k ák ns[khy

lekt’kkL=kpk vH;kl fo‛k; Bjrkr-

fcYl vkf.k gksbZtj ;kaP;k ers]^^miHkksX; oLrqps mRiknu] forj.k

vkf.k fu;a=.k dj.kkÚ;k O;oLFksyk vkfFkZd laLFkk vls Eg.krkr-**30

vkfFkZd laLFkk ák lekt O;oLFkspk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx vkgs- izxr lekt

vlks fdaok izkphu lekt vkfFkZd ?kVdkapk ekuoh thoukoj izHkko iMysyk

vk<Grks- vkfFkZd O;ogkj gs O;olk;] m|ksx] lgdk;Z] la?kVu] ijLij

laca/k] fo’okl vkf.k furh fu;ekoj vk/kkjysys vlrkr rsaOgk izR;sdkus

vkfFkZd O;ogkj uSfrd tckcnkjhus ikj ikMys rj vFkZ O;oLFkk etcwr

gksowu lkekftd fodkl gksbZy-

5½ f‘k{k.k %& f’k{k.k Eg.kts O;Drhe/;s vlysY;k lqIr xq.kkapk vkf.k

lkeF;kZpk fodkl d:u O;Drh o lekt fodklkyk xrh o fn’kk ns.ks gks;-

baxzth Education ;kpk vFkZ ekuoh eu] ‘kjhj o vkRek ;krhy pkaxY;k

xks‛Vh ckgsj dk<wu fodkl lk/k.ks Eg.kts f’k{k.k gks;- thuo txrkuk

ykx.kkjh dk;Z{kerk] Kku] dyk] laiknu dj.ks Eg.kts f’k{k.k gks;-

f’k{k.kkapk usedk vFkZ Li‛V dj.;klkBh vusd fopkjoarkauh O;k[;k dsY;k

vkgsr R;k iq<hy izek.ks-

1½:lks %& ^^f’k{k.k gs thoukP;k r;kjhlkBh ulwu izR;{k thoup

vkgs-**31

2½ ykWd %& ^^eukpk ‘kjhjkpk fodkl Eg.kts f’k{k.k gks;-**32

3½ MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj %& ^^f’k{k.k gs lkekftd Økarhps gR;kj vkgs-

f’k{k.kkeqGs euq‛; fuHkZ;] Lokoyach vkf.k LokfHkekuh curks-**33

f’k{k.kkeqGs O;Drhyk ,[kknk m|ksx/kank] O;olk;] ukSdjh dj.;kl

l{ke cufors- tsaOgk lektkrhy tkLrhr tkLr yksdkauk mnj fuokZgkps lk/ku

feGrs rsaOgk] lektkph Eg.ktsp jk‛Vªkph mRiknu {kerk ok<rs] f’k{k.kkeqGs

O;Drhyk osxosxG;k m|ksx/ka|kps Kku feGrs- ;k Kkukrwu O;Drh vkiyh

[25]

ewyHkwr xjtk iw.kZ djrks- ns’kkyk Lokoyach vkf.k laiUu cufo.;kps dke

iw.kZ gksrs- ,danjhr f’k{k.k laLFkk ekuokP;k vkfFkZd o lkekftd izxrhyk

vk/kkj nsr vlrkr-

6½ jkT;laLFkk %& izkphu dkGkiklwu jkT;laLFksps vfLrRo lektkr vk<Gwu

;srs- lektkrhy ekuoh o lkekftd lk/ku&laiRrhpk okij dlk

djko;kpk] lektkph mfí‛V;s dks.krh vlkohr] fodklkph fn’kk xrh d’kh

vlkoh gs Bjfo.;kps dke jkT;laLFksps vlrs- gh jktdh; ;a=.kk lekt

O;oLFksP;k fu.kZ; o dk;kZph vaeyctko.kh dj.;klkBh lTt vlrs-

vWfjLVkWVyP;k ers]^^jkT; Eg.kts vusd dqVqacs vkf.k [ksMh feGwu

>kysys laiw.kZ vkf.k Lo;aiw.kZ thou Eg.kts lq[kh vkf.k izfr‛Bhr thou gs

/;s; vlysyk la?k Eg.kts jkT; gks;-**34

foYluP;k ers]^^jkT; Eg.kts fuf’pr Hkwizns’kkr dk;|k}kjs lRrk

pkyfo.;klkBh la?kfVr >kysyk lekt gks;-**35

ojhy O;k[;so:u vls li‛V gksrs dh HkkSxksfyd {ks=krhy ?kVdkauk

fu;fer o fu;af=r dj.kkjh ,d izHkkoh ;a=.kk Eg.kwu jkT;laLFkk vfLrRokr

;srs-

jkT;laLFkk lektkaP;k fodklkph /;s; /kksj.ks vk[kwu R;kaP;k

vaeyctko.kh lkBh iz;Ru djhr vlrs- ;klkBh fujfujkG;k dk;Z{ks=kph

fufeZrh o fodkl dsyh tkrs- ;kr ‘ksrh] f’k{k.k] m|ksx] O;ikj v’kk

fujfujkG;k {ks=kpk lekos’k dsysyk vk<Grks- fujfujkG;k {ks=kr ;ksX;

leUo; lk/kwu jkT;kpk fodkl lk/kyk tkrks-

ojhy izek.ks lkekftd laLFkk lkekftd fodklke/;s egRoiw.kZ dk;Z

djrkr- ;k laLFkkapk fodkl >kyk rjp lkekftd fodkl gksbZy-

1-9 oS/kkfud fodkl eaMGkph ladYiuk %&

jkT;kP;k fodklke/khy foHkkxh; vuq’ks‛k nwj dj.;kckcr lkrR;kus

ekx.kh gksr vls- jkT;kP;k fo/kheaMGkus ,derkus eatqj dsysY;k Bjkokuqlkj

Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukrhy vuqPNsn 371¼2½ vuqlkj jk‛Vªirhauh egkjk‛Vª jkT;kP;k

[26]

jkT;ikykauk oS/kkuhd fodkl eaMGs LFkkiu dj.;klkBh izk/kh”r dsys vkgs-

R;kuqlkj tqu 1994 e/;s fonHkZ ejkBokMk o moZfjr egkjk‛VªklkBh oS/kkuhd

fodkl eaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukP;k 371¼2½

uqlkj egkjk‛Vªkps jkT;iky gs laiw.kZ jkT;kP;k ;kstuslkBh vko’;d

vlysY;k fu/khph xjt y{kkr ?ksrY;koj frUgh eaMGkP;k {ks=kr ;kstusP;k

fu;r O;;kps leku okVi djrkr- jkT; ;kstusP;k fu;r O;;krwu]

jkT;ikykauh funsZf’kr dsY;kuqlkj fofo/k fodkl {ks=kauk o ;kstukauk R;kaP;k

xjtsuqlkj fu;r O;; miyC/k d:u ns.ks gs jkT; ‘kklukoj ca/kudkjd

jkfgy- laiw.kZ jkT;krhy fu;kstu izfØ;sr gh ,d uohu ckc vkgs- gh

O;oLFkk okf‛kZd ;kstuk lu 1995 & 96 iklwu vaeykr vkgs-

1-10 dsanz ljdkjP;k ekydhps lkoZtuhd miØe %&

ljdkjh m|ksxkaukp ^^ljdkjP;k ekydhps o ljdkjh O;oLFkkiuk[kkyh

vl.kkjs m|ksx Eg.kts ljdkjh m|ksx gks;-** ljdkjh m|ksx/kans ljdkjus Lor%

pkyw dsysys vlrkr- m|ksxkph ekydh] fu;eu] O;oLFkkiu o brj loZ

O;ogkj ljdkjP;k rkC;kr vlrkr- Eg.kwu i;kZ;kus gs m|ksx /kans tursP;k

ekydhps vlrkr- yksd dY;k.kkP;k m|s’kkus ljdkj miØe lq: djrs-

ik.kh] oht] jsYos] rkj] Viky] VsfyQksu] xWl iqjoBk lacaf/kr m|ksx

ljdkjus lq: dsys vkgsr- rlsp yks[kaM o iksykn] vfHk;kaaf=dh m|ksx] [kr]

jlk;u] bysDVªkWfuDl ;klkj[ks egRokps m|ksx lq/nk ljdkjus lq: dsys

vkgsr- ;k m|ksxkr izpaM HkkaMoy xqaro.kwd djkoh ykxrs- vls m|ksx lq:

dj.;kckcr [kktxh {ks=kdMwu ;ksX; izfrlkn u ykHkY;kl lkoZtfud

{ks=kr ljdkjyk gs m|ksx lq: djkos ykxrkr- ;k f’kok; laj{k.k o ;q/n

lkexzh fo‛k;d m|ksx /kans [kktxh {ks=kdMs lksifo.ks /kksD;kps vlrs- Eg.kwu

ljdkjh {ks=kr vls m|ksx /kans pkyfoys tkrkr- ljdkjh miØe u¶;kP;k

izsj.ksus pkyfoys tkr ukghr- u¶;kis{kk yksdkaps dY;k.k vf/kd egRokps

ekuys tkrs- vkfFkZd U;k; izLFkkfir dj.ks] ns’kkrhy vkS|ksfxdhdj.kkyk

[27]

pkyuk ns.ks] vkfFkZd fodklkyk xrh ns.ks] lerksy vkfFkZd fodkl lk/k.ks

bR;knh mís’kkus lkoZtfud miØe pkyfoys tkrkr-

iq<hy dks‛Vdkr ljdkjh ekydhP;k m|ksx/kan;kph ekfgrh n’kZfoyh

vkgs-

rDrk Ø-1-1

ljdkjh m|ksxkaph izxrh

v-Ø- o‛kZ m|ksxkaph la[;k ,dw.k xqaro.kwd

¼ dksVh :-½

1 1951 5 29

2 1961 47 950

3 1990 244 99330

4 2001 242 274198

5 2003 240 333475

vk/kkj %& 1) Hand book of statistics on Indian Economy, 2003-04.

2) Public Enterprise Survy, Government of India, 2003-04 .

ojhy rDrk Ø- 1-1 o:u vls fnlwu ;srs dh] Hkkjrkr 1991 iklwu

ljdkjh m|ksxkph la[;k ok<r xsY;kps fnlrs- 1951 rs 1991 ;k dkGkr

ljdkjh m|ksxkph la[kk 5 o:u 244 ,o<h ok<yh- 2001 vkf.k 2003

;k o‛kkZi;Zar ;k m|ksxkaP;k la[;sr dkgh’kh ?kV >kyh vkgs- ljdkjus uohu

vkfFkZd /kksj.k Lohdk:u lkoZtfud m|ksxkrhy xqaro.kwd eksdGh dj.;kl

lq:okr dsyh vkgs- ;keqGs ;k m|ksxkaph la[;k ?kVr vkgs- ljdkjh

m|ksxkrhy ,dw.k xqaro.kwdhps izek.k ek= [kwi izpaM vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-

1-11 egkjk‛Vª jkT;krhy lkoZtfud miØe ¼egkeaMGs½ %&

lkoZtfud miØekaps jk‛Vªh; vFkZo;oLFksP;k izeq[k {ks=ke/;s egRokps

LFkku vkgs- ;k lkoZtfud miØekae/;s vkrki;Zar Qkj eksBh xqaro.kwd

dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs- o vkfFkZd fodkl xfreku dj.;kdjhrk ;kiq<sgh

dkagh izdkjP;k miØekr Hkfo‛;kr eksB;kizek.kkoj xqaro.kwd djkoh ykx.kkj

vkgs- jkT; Lrjkojhy lkoZtfud miØekaP;k ckcrhr ns[khy v’khp

ifjfLFkrh vkgs- rFkkfi] vFkZlk/ku fo‛k;d vMp.kh y{kkr ?ksrk jkT;

‘kklukP;k vFkZladYih; vankti=dkr eksB;k izek.kkoj xqaro.kqdhP;k rjrqnh

[28]

dj.ks dBh.k gks.kkj vlY;keqGs jkT;krhy loZ miØekauh dk;Z{kersus dke

dj.ks vko’;d vlqu xqaro.kqdhph ikrGh xkB.;kdjhrk vfrfjDr lk/ku

laiRrhph o fufeZrh dj.;koj Hkj ns.ks egRokps Bjsy-

1-11-1 jkT; lkoZtfud miØekph fofo/krk %&

jkT;krhy lkoZtfud miØeke/;s] daiuh vf/kfu;e] lkslk;Vh

jftLVªs’ku vf/kfu;e] lgdkjh laLFkk vf/kfu;e vFkok dsanz@jkT; ‘kklukps

fo‛ks’k vf/kfu;e b- [kkyh fuekZ.k dsysY;k miØekpk lekos’k >kysyk vkgs-

lu 1994&95 e/;s ,dw.k 60 egkeaMGs gksrh- rh lu 2011&12 e/;s

jkT;kr ,dw.k 65 egkeaMGs dk;Zjr gksrh- ;k miØekph fofo/krk R;k

miØekaph míh‛V;s vkf.k dk;Z ;keqGs fnlwu ;srs- ;k f’kok; lnjgw

miØekaph vkfFkZd etcqrh] uQk feGfo.;kph {kerk] deZpkjh oxZ jpuk]

dkekps {ks= ;k ckcrhrgh R;kaP;k e/;s fofo/krk vkgs- lkoZtfud miØekps

LFkwyekukus 5 foHkkxke/;s ofxZdj.k dsys vkgs- R;ke/;s 1½ okf.kfT;d] 2½

okf.kfT;d&fu&izorZd] 3½ izorZd] 4½ foRrh;] 5½ lkoZtfud mi;qDrrk-

v’kk izdkjs ofxZdj.k dsys vkgs-

1-11-2 jkT; lkoZtfud miØekaph ,dw.k vkfFkZd lk/kus %&

lu 1996 & 97 e/;s jkT; lkoZtfud miØekaph ,dw.k vkfFkZd

lk/kus 19261 dksVh :i;kaph gksrh- R;ke/;s jkT; ‘kklu Hkkx HkkaMoy

5514 dksVh :- jkT; ‘kklukdMwu feGkysys dtZ 4594 dksVh :- brj

dtkZe/;s nh?kZ eqnrhps dtZ 9073 dksVh :- rj vYi eqnrh 80 dksVh :-

v’kh vkfFkZd lk/kus gksrh-

1-11-3 jkT; lkoZtfud miØekaP;k dkefxjhpk vk<kok ] ekxZn’kZu %&

gs lkoZtfud miØe T;k ifjLFkhrhr dk;Z djrkr R;krgh Li‛V

lqlaxr vkf.k lk/; djrk ;s.;ktksxh mfí‛V;s Bjfo.ks ‘kD; vkgs- f’kok;

R;k miØeklkBh ‘kklukus Bjowu fnysyh mfí‛V;s lk/; gks.;kP;k n`f‛Vus

‘kklukps R;kaP;k djkHkkjkoj ifj.kkedkjd fu;a=.k jkghy ;kph lq:okr ;k

jkT;kr vkDVkscj 1986 e/;s jkT; lkoZtfud miØe dsanzkph LFkkiuk

[29]

dj.;kr vkyh vkf.k es 1987 e/;s ;k dsanzkl ekxZn’kZu dj.;kdfjrk dsanz

‘kklukP;k fu;kstu vk;ksxkps HkqriwoZ lnL; ¼m|ksx o eqyHkwr lks;h½ Jh-

Ogh- th- jktk/;{k ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh lYykxkj eaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr

vkyh- lYykxkj eaMGkP;k ekxZn’kZuk[kkyh jkT; lkoZtfud miØe dsanz

jkT; ‘kklukl loZ lkoZtuhd miØekackcr rlsp izR;sd lkoZtfud

miØekaP;k dk;kZr lq/kkj.kk ?kMowu vk.k.;kP;k n`f‛Vus loZlk/kkj.k Lo:ikP;k

f’kQkj’kh lknj djrs-

1-11-4 lkoZtfud miØekadMwu jkT; ‘kklukl ijrkok %&

ngkO;k foRr vk;ksxkus vkiY;k vgokykr lkoZtfud miØekauh

jkT;kP;k lk/ku laiRrhr Hkj ?kky.;kP;k vko’;drspk iqu%:Ppkj dsyk

vlwu okf.kT;hd miØekauh fdeku 7-5% okf.kfT;d fu& izorZd

miØekauh fdeku 5% o foRrh; miØekauh fdeku 2-5% vlk ykHkka’k

fnyk vlyk ikfgts vls EgVys vkgs-

1-11-5 egkjk‛Vªkrhy jkT; lkoZtfud miØekaph FkksMD;kr ekfgrh %&

lkoZtfud miØekps LFkwy ekukus 5 foHkkxke/;s [kkyhy izek.ks

ofxZdj.k dsys vkgs-

v½ okf.kfT;d] c½ okf.kfT;d fu izorZd] d½ izorZd] M½ foRrh;]

b½ lkoZtfud mi;qDrk-

v½ okf.kfT;d %&

1½ egkjk‛Vª bysDVªkWfuDl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

jkT;ke/;s bysDVªkWfuDl m|ksxkpk larqfyr fodkl gks.;kl pkyuk

ns.;kP;k mís’kkus 1978 e/;s egkjk‛Vª bysDVªkWfuDl egkeaMGkph ¼esYVªkWu½

LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-

2½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; [kfudeZ egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

egkjk‛Vª jkT; [kfudeZ egkeaMG e;kZfnr gs 1973 lkyh LFkkiu

dj.;kr vkys- jkT;krhy [kfut laiRrhps ;ksX;fjR;k laj{k.k dj.;klkBh

[30]

fujfujkG;k [kk.khaP;k i/nr’khj fodklkuk pkyuk ns.ks] gs ;k egkeaMGkps

eq[; mfí‛V vkgs-

3½ egkjk‛Vª y?kqm|ksx fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

jkT;krhy m|ksxkaP;k fodklklkBh lgk¸; dj.;kP;k mís’kkus 1962

e/;s egkjk‛Vª y?kqm|ksx fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr ;kph LFkkiuk dj.;kr

vkyh- lu 2010 & 2011 e/;s egkeaMGkus 111-51 dksVh :ik;kapk eky

[kjsnh dsyk rj egkeaMGkyk 355-31 dksVh :ik;kaps i.ku lgk¸; feGkys-

4½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; oL=ks|ksx egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

egkjk‛Vª jkT; oL=ks|ksx egkeaMG gh egkjk‛Vª ‘kklukP;k laiw.kZ

ekydhph daiuh vlwu frph LFkkiuk fnukad 6 lIVsacj 1966 jksth iq<hy

izeq[k mfí‛BkalkBh dj.;kr vkyh- ¼v½ egkjk‛Vªkrhy vktkjh fxj.;kaps

O;oLFkkiu o iquoZlu- ¼c½ egkjk‛Vªkrhy vkS|ksfxd“‛V;k ekxklysY;k

foHkkxkr uohu fxj.;k mHkkj.ks-

5½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; o[kkj egkeaMG %&

egkjk‛Vª jkT; oL=ks|ksx egkeaMG e;kZfnr gs lkafof/kd eaMG 1957

;k o‛khZ LFkkiu dj.;kr vkys- ‘kkL=h; i/nrhus lkBo.kh dj.;kdjrk

o[kkjhaph lk s; miyC/k d:u ns.ks] gs egkeaMGkps izeq[k mfí‛V vkgs-

egkeaMG jkT;kr ”‛kh mRiknus] jklk;fud [krs] ”‛kh fo‛k;d midj.ks

vkf.k brj vf/klwfpr oLrw ;kapk lkBk dj.;kdjrk o[kkjhaps laiknu djrs]

rlsp o[kkjh cka/krs- dsaæh; o[kkj egkeaMGkrQsZ egkeaMGkP;k

HkkxHkkaMoykdfjrk vuq:i va’knku ns.;kr ;srs-

6½ eW¶dks e;kZfnr %&

‘ksrdÚ;kalkBh [kjsnh&foØhP;k lk;h miyC/k d:u ns.ks vkf.k

xzkgdkauk pkaxY;k ntkZph mRiknus oktoh njkus miyC/k d:u ns.ks ;k

izkFkfed mfí‛VkalkBh 1970 e/;s eW¶dksph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-

eW¶dksP;k dk;kZe/;s] ‘khrx`gkP;k lqfo/kk] ekal] QGs o Hkkthikyk ;koj

izfØ;k dj.ks vkf.k [kjsnh&foØh dj.ks ;k xks‛Vkapk lekos’k gksrks-

[31]

7½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; fc;kus egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

egkjk‛Vª jkT; fc;kus egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk 26 ,fizy 1976 jksth

dj.;kr vkyh vlwu gs egkeaMG daiuh v/khfu;e] 1956 [kkyh uksan.kh&

”r dj.;kr vkys vkgs- ;k egkeaMGkP;k Hkkx&HkkaMoykr egkjk‛Vª ‘kklu]

jk‛Vªh; fc;k.ks egkeaMG] ”f‛k fo|kfiBs vkf.k fc;k.ks mRikndkapk lgHkkx

vkgs- egkeaMGkP;k eq[;{ks=ke/;s pkaxY;k izrhP;k fc;k.ksps mRiknu d:u

R;kps forj.k oktoh Hkkokr ‘ksrdÚ;kauk dj.ks vls vkgs-

8½ egkjk‛Vª ‘kgj o vkS|ksfxd fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

uohu ‘kgjs] olkgrh vkf.k ukxjh {ks=s ;kapk ;kstukc/n fodkl

dj.;kps dke gkrh ?ks.;klkBh egkjk‛Vª ‘kgj o vkS|ksfxd fodkl egkeaMG

e;kZnhr ;k egkeaMGkph 1970 e/;s LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- egkeaMG

uohu ‘kgj olkgrhalkBh lkekftd o izR;{k ik;kHkwr lks;hlqfo/kkaph rjrwn

dj.;kpsgh dke djrs-

9½ egkjk‛Vª fp=iV] jaxHkweh vkf.k lkaL”frd fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

jkT;krhy fp=iV fufeZrh R;kp izek.ks jaxHkweh vkf.k iz;ksxfu‛B dyk

izdkj ;kauk lgk¸; ns.;kps mfí‛V leksj Bsowu 1977 e/;s egkjk‛Vª fp=iV]

jaxHkweh vkf.k lkaL”frd fodkl egkeaMG LFkkiu dj.;kr vkys-

10½ gkQfdu ck;ks&QkekZL;qfVdy egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

vkS‛k/kh; tho o mRiknukapk O;kikjh rRokoj fodkl dj.ks rlsp yl

vkf.k brj vkjksX; fo‛k;d mRiknu dsaæ o jkT; ‘kklukP;k lkoZtfud

vkjksX; dk;ZØekdfjrk mRiknhr dj.;klkBh 1974 e/;s gkQfdu

ck;ks&QkekZL;qfVdy egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-

11½ egkjk‛Vª oufodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

fodklkph dkes eksB;k izek.kkoj jkcfo.;klkBh daiuhph LFkkiuk

Hkkjrh; daiuh vf/kfu;e 1956 varxZr fnukad 16 Qscqzokjh 1974 jksth

dj.;kr vkyh-

[32]

12½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; ‘ksrh egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

egkjk‛Vª ‘ksrtehu ¼tehu /kkj.ksph deky e;kZnk½ vf/kfu;e] 1961

;kph vaeyctko.kh dssY;keqGs vf/kd BjysY;k tfeuh ykxoMh[kkyh

vk.k.;kps dke gkrh ?ks.;klkBh 1963 e/;s egkjk‛Vª jkT; ‘ksrh egkeaMG

e;kZnhr gs egkeaMG LFkkiu dj.;kr vkys- gs egkeaMG R;kaP;k

fu;a=.kk[kkyh vlysyh tehu ykxoMh[kkyh vk.k.;kps dke djrs-

13½ egkjk‛Vª isVªksdsfedy egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

isVªksdsfedy izdYi o egkjk‛Vª xWl ØWdj ladqykrwu miyC/k gks.kkjh

nq¸;e mRiknus okij.kkjs R;kP;k laca/kkrhy m|ksx ;kaP;k mHkkj.khlkBh lgk¸;

dj.;kdfjrk lu 1981 e/;s egkjk‛Vª isVªksdsfedy egkeaMG e;kZfnr ph

LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-

14½ egkjk‛Vª ”‛kh m|ksx fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

‘ksrdÚ;kauk ”‛kh Hkj.kk lkfgR;kps forj.k vkf.k brj ”‛kh fo‛k;d

lsok miyC/k d:u ns.;kP;k mí s’kkus Hkkjr ljdkj.ks 17 ”‛kh m|ksx

egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dsyh- Hkkjr ljdkjus tkjh dsysY;k jkf‛Vª; ekxZn’kZd

rRokuqlkj egkjk‛Vª ”‛kh m|ksx fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr ts ^^”‛kh m|ksx**

;k ukokus loZJ`r vkgs- ;k egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk 15 fMlsacj 1965 jksth

daiuh dk;|k[kkyh dj.;kr vkyh-

15½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; fc;k.ks egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

egkjk‛Vª jkT; fc;k.ks egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk fn- 26 ,fizy 1976

jksth dj.;kr vkyh vlwu gs egkeaMG daiuh v/khfu;e 1956 [kkyh

uksan.kh”r dj.;kr vkys vkgs- ;k egkeaMGkP;k HkkxHkkaMoykr egkjk‛Vª

‘kklu] jk‛Vªh; fc;k.ks egkeaMG] ”‛kh fo|kihBs vkf.k fc;k.ks mRikndkpk

lgHkkx vkgs- egkeaMGkP;k eq[; {ks=ke/;s pkaxY;k izrhP;k fc;k.ksps mRiknu

d:u R;kps forj.k oktoh Hkkokr ‘ksrdÚ;kauk dj.ks vls vkgs-

[33]

16½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; [kknh vkf.k xzkeks|ksx eaMG %&

egkjk‛Vª jkT; [kknh vkf.k xzkeks|ksx eaMGkps izeq[k dk;Z Eg.kts

jkT;krhy [kknh vkf.k xzkeks|ksx miØekps la?kVu] fodkl o foLrkj dj.ks gs

vkgs-

17½ egkjk‛Vª iznw‛k.k fu;a=.k eaMG %&

vkS|ksxfd iznw‛k.k gh i;kZoj.kkP;k “f‛Vus ,d izeq[k fparktud ckc

vkgs- egkjk‛Vª iznw‛k.k fu;a=.k eaMG gs iznw‛k.kklaca/kh dk;|kph

vaeyctko.kh dj.kkjs izeq[k laLFkk vkgs- ekpZ 2011 v[ksjhl egkjk‛Vª

iznw‛k.k fu;a=.k eaMGkP;k v[kR;kjhrhy ,dw.k 75080 dkj[kkU;kiSdh ok;q

iznw‛k.k dj.kkjs 17%] ty iznw‛k.k dj.kkjs 18% vkf.k /kksdknk;d VkdkÅ

inkFkZ fuekZ.k dj.kkj 7% dkj[kkus gksrs-

c½ okf.kfT;d fu izorZd %&

1½ dksd.k fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

dksd.k izns’kkP;k vkfFkZd ¼fo’ks‛kr% vkS|ksfxd½ fodklkuk pkyuk

ns.;kdfjrk 1970 e/;s dksd.k fodkl egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr

vkyh- gs egkeaMG vkS|ksfxd {ks=ke/;s Lor% dk;Z dfjr vlrs- R;kp

izek.ks] uohu vkS|ksfxd ?kVdkae/;s leewY; HkkaMoygh xqarfors-

2½ fonHkZ fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

fonHkZ fodklkpk vkfFkZd fodkl dj.;kP;k n`f‛Vus laHkkO;

lk/kulaiRrh vteko.;klkBh 1970 lkyh fonHkZ fodkl egkeaMGkph

LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- R;kuqlkj] egkeaMG y?kqm|ksxkaph LFkkiuk

dj.;klkBh LFkkfud m|ksxkauh iq<s ;kos Eg.kwu osxosxGh dkes gkrh ?ksryh

vkgsr vkf.k y?kqm|ksxkaP;k LFkkiuslkBh lgk¸; dsys vkgs-

3½ ejkBokMk fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

jkT;kr Lor% izdYi mHkk:u] m|kstdkauk vkfFkZd lgk¸; nsÅu vkf.k

vkS|ksfxd o brj izdYikae/;s leewY; HkkaMoy xqaro.kqdh}kjs ejkBokMk

[34]

foHkkxkP;k vkfFkZd ¼ewyr% vkS|ksfxd½ fodklkyk pkyuk ns.;kdfjrk

ejkBokMk fodkl egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk 1967 lkyh dj.;kr vkyh-

4½ if’pe egkjk‛Vª fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

if’pe egkjk‛VªkP;k vkfFkZd ¼ewyr% vkS|ksfxd½ fodklkyk pkyuk

ns.;kdfjrk 1970 e/;s if’pe egkjk‛Vª fodkl egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk

dj.;kr vkyh- egkeaMGkus Lor%ps izdYi mHkkjys vkgsr vkf.k brj

vkS|ksfxd ?kVdkae/;s e;kZnhr leewY; HkkaMoygh xqarfoys vkgs-

5½ egkjk‛Vª peksZ|ksx fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

jkT;ke/;s peksZ|ksxkpk fodkl dj.;kdfkrk 1974 e/;s egkjk‛Vª

peksZ|ksx fodkl egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-

6½ egkjk‛Vª esa<h o ‘ksGh fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

esa<;k o ‘ksG;k ;kaps i’kq/kukpk fodkl dj.;klkBh vkf.k esa<ikG

tekrhph vkfFkZd fLFkrh lq/kkj.;klkBh egkjk‛Vª esa<h o ‘ksGh fodkl

egkeaMG e;kZnhr ;k egkeaMGkph 1978 e/;s LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-

7½ egkjk‛Vª eRL;O;olk; ‘ksGh fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

jkT;krhy lkxjh R;kpizek.ks xksM;kik.;krhy eklsekjhP;k

lk/kulaiRrhsps lao/kZu] frpk fodkl dj.ks vkf.k ‘kkL=h; i/nrhus frps

leqi;kstu dj.ks ;klkBh 1973 e/;s egkjk‛Vª eRL;O;olk; ‘ksGh fodkl

egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-

8½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; gkrekx fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

lgdkjh d{ksr u ;s.kkÚ;k gkrekx fo.kdjkauk [kk=hus dke

iqjfo.;klkBh 1972 e/;s egkjk‛Vª jkT; gkrekx fodkl egkeaMGkph

LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- Hkkjr ljdkjP;k bUVsfUlOg gkrekx fodkl izdYi

¼1976-1977½ ;kstuseqGs egkeaMGkP;k dk;ke/;s y{k.kh; ok< >kyh-

9½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; ;a=ekx egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

;a=ekx m|ksxkP;k ok<hl mRrstu ns.;klkBh vkf.k fo.kdjkaph vkfFkZd

fLFkrh lq/kkj.;klkBh 1972 e/;s egkjk‛Vª jkT; ;a=ekx egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk

[35]

dj.;kr vkyh- gs egkeaMG lqrkph [kjsnh o R;kpk iqjoBk djrs]

vlaLdkjhr dkiMkph foØh djrs vkf.k ;a=ekx laLFkklkBh vko’;d rh

vkfFkZd O;oLFkk djrs-

10½ dksYgkiwj fp=uxjh egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

dksYgkiwj fp=uxjh egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk 1985 e/;s dj.;kr vkyh-

dksYgkiwj gs ejkBh fp=iVkaps dsaæ vkgs] rsFks vk/kqfud ;a=lkeqxzhph o

lgk¸;dkjh lqfo/kkaph rjrwn d:u ejkBh fp=iV m|ksxkyk izksRlkgu ns.ks gk

egkeaMGkpk mís’k vkgs- fp=iV fufeZrhP;k dFksiklwu rs fp=iV

izn’kZuki;ZarP;k loZ xjtk ;k egkeaMGkdMwu miyC/k gksrhy-

11½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; i;ZVu fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

jkT;ke/;s i;ZVukP;k fodklkl pkyuk ns.;klkBh 1975 e/;s

egkjk‛Vª i;ZVu fodkl egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- egkeaMGkdMs

okf.kfT;d o izpyukRed dkes lksifo.;kr vkysyh vlwu fu;ked

Lo:ikph dkes i;ZVu lapkyuky;kdMwu ikfgyh tkrkr- lu 2011&2012

;k o‛kkZlkBh ‘kklukus i;ZVu {ks=kdjhrk :- 510-50dksVh :- brdk

fu;rO;; Bsoysyk vkgs-

12½ efgyk vkfFkZd fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

xjtw fujkfJr efgykauk ;ksX; rks ekscnyk o Lo;ajkstxkj feGowu

ns.;kP;k dkeh enr dj.;kdfjrk 1975 lkyh efgyk vkfFkZd fodkl

egkeaMG e;kZnhr ¼ekfoe½ LFkkiu dj.;kr vkys- efgyk la?kVukaP;k dk;kZps

leUo; dj.kkjh o R;kauk lgk¸; dj.kkjh f’k[kj la?kVuk Eg.kwu ekfoeus

dke dj.ks visf{kr vkgs-

d½ izorZd miØe %&

1½ egkjk‛Vª vkS|ksfxd fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

egkjk‛Vª vkS|ksfxd fodkl egkeaMG gs lkafof/kd eaMG] jkT;krhy

m|ksx/ka|ka;kuk pkyuk ns.ks vkf.k R;kaph Rofjr lqfofgr izdkjs LFkkiuk dj.ks]

rs ok<fo.ks vkf.k R;kapk fodkl dj.ks ;klkBh lgk¸; dj.;kP;k mís’kkus

[36]

1962 e/;s LFkkiu dj.;kr vkys- lu 2011 e/;s egkeaMGkph ?kVd

la[;k 35691] xqaro.kwd 73931 dksVh :i;s ] jkstxkj 9-01 yk[k ,o<h

gksrh-

2½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; lgdkjh vkfnoklh fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

egkjk‛Vª lgdkjh laLFkk vf/kfu;ek[kkyh 1972 lkyh egkjk‛Vª jkT;

lgdkjh vkfnoklh fodkl egkeaMG e;kZnhr ;k egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk ewyr%

iq<hy dk;ZØe jkcfo.;klkBh dj.;kr vkyh gksrh %&

¼v½ vkfnoklh {ks=ke/;s vUu/kkU; vkf.k nSuafnu okijkP;k brj oLrw ;kapk

iqjoBk dj.;klkBh izkFkfed dsaæs pkyfo.ks-

¼c½ vkfnoklh eqykalkBh fuoklh vkJe’kkGk pkyfo.ks-

3½ yksd’kkfgj vk..kkHkkÅ lkBs fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

ekrax lektkrhy O;DrhaP;k fodklkyk pkyuk ns.;klkBh tqyS

1985 e/;s yksd’kkghj v..kkHkkÅ lkBs fodkl egkeaMG e;kZnhr ;k

egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- l/;k ;k egkeaMGkps Hkkx HkkaMoy

75 dksVh :i;s vkgs- gs egkeaMG ( N S F D C ) ph jkT;klkBh okfguh”r

;a=.kk Eg.kwu dke djrs-

4½ egkRek Qqys ekxkloxZ fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

loZlk/kkj.ki.ks ekxklofxZ;kapk vkf.k fo’ks‛k d:u vuqlwfpr tkrh o

uockS/n ;kapk fodkl dj.;kP;k “f‛Vus 1978 e/;s egkRek Qqys ekxkloxZ

fodkl egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- R;kuarj ekrax tekrhP;k vkf.k

foeqDr tkrh o HkVD;k tekrhP;k O;Drhapk fodkl dj.;klkBh nksu Lora=


5½ olarjko ukbZd foeqDr tkrh o HkVD;k tekrh fodkl egkeaMG

e;kZfnr %&

egkjk‛Vªkrhy foeqDr tkrhae/khy o HkVD;k tekrhae/khy xjtw

O;Drhauk lgk¸; ns.;klkBh 1974 lkyh ;k egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr

vkyh-

[37]

6½ egkjk‛Vª Hkqfodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

foRrh; laLFkkadMwu fu/kh mHkk:u ‘kklukP;k Hkwfodkl dk;ZØekl xrh

ns.;kP;k mís’kkus 1973 e/;s egkjk‛Vª Hkwfodkl egkeaMG LFkkiu dj.;kr

vkys- izR;{k Hkwfodklkps dke gs jkT; ‘kklukekQZr ¼ykHk {ks= fodkl

izkf/kdj.k½ d:u ?ks.;kr ;srs vkf.k ;k iz;kstuklkBh lacaf/kr vf/kdkjh gs

egkeaMGkps vf/kdkjh Eg.kwu letys tkrkr-

7½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; iksfyl x`gfuekZ.k o dY;k.k egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

fofo/k laLFkkadMwu fu/kh feGowu] egkjk‛Vª ‘kklukP;k rq:ax

foHkkxke/khy deZpk&;kadfjrk fuoklh tkxsph lks; dj.;klkBh bekjrh

cka/k.;kdfjrk 1974 e/;s egkjk‛Vª jkT; iksfyl x`gfuekZ.k o dY;k.k


8½ lar jksfgnkl peksZ|ksx vkf.k peZdkj egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

peZdkj lektkP;k fodklklkBh lar jksfgnkl peksZ|ksx vkf.k

peZdkj egkeaMG e;kZfnr ;k egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- jk‛Vªh;

vuqlqfpr tkrh o foRr fodkl egkeaMGkP;k fofo/k ;kstuk jkcfo.;klkBh

lnj egkeaMGkl jkT;klkBh okfguh”r ;a=.kk Eg.kwu izkf/k”r dsys vkgs-

egkeaMGkps HkkxHkkaMoy :i;s 50 dksVh vkgs-

9½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; brj ekxkloxhZ; foRr vkf.k fodkl egkeaMG

e;kZfnr %&

jkT;krhy brj ekxkloxhZ;kaP;k dY;k.kklkBh egkjk‛Vª jkT;

brj ekxkloxhZ; foRr vkf.k fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnrph LFkkiuk dj.;kr

vkyh- ;k egkeaMGkps vf/k”r Hkkx HkkaMoy 50 dksVh :i;s vkgs- gs

egkeaMG jk‛Vªh; ekxkloxZ foRr vkf.k fodkl egkeaMGkph ( N B C F D C )

jkT;krhy okfguh”r ;a=.kk Eg.kwugh dk;Z djrs-

10½ ‘kcjh vkfnoklh foRr o fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

vkfnoklhaP;k dY;k.kklkBh jkT; ‘kklukus ‘kcjh vkfnoklh foRr o

fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnrph LFkkiuk dsyh vkgs- ;k egkeaMGkps :i;s 100

[38]

dksVh brds vf/k”r Hkkx HkkaMoy vlwu R;kr jkT;’kklukpk fgLlk 51

vkf.k dsaæ ‘kklukpk 49 brdk fgLlk vkgs- egkeaMGkekQZr jk‛Vªh;

vkfnoklh foRr fodkl egkaMGkP;k fofo/k ;kstuk jkcfoY;k tkrkr-

11½ ekSykuk vk>kn vYila[;kad vkfFkZd fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

jkT; ‘kklukekQZr vYila[;kadkaP;k dY;k.kklkBh ;k egkeaMGkph

LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- lnj egkeaMG vYila[;kkadkauk Lo;ajkstxkj]

f’k{k.k bR;knhlkBh dtZ iqjfo.;kps dke djrs-

12½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; viax foRr o fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnr %&

viaxkauk lektkP;k eq[; izokgkr vk.k.;klkBh jkT;kr egkjk‛Vª jkT;

viax foRr o fodkl egkeaMG e;kZfnrph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- gs

egkeaMG jk‛Vªh; viax foRr o fodkl egkeaMGkph jkT;klkBh okfg.kh”r

;a=.kk Eg.kwugh dk;Z djrs- ;k egkeaMGkekQZr efgyk le`/nh] lw{e

iriqjoBk] eqnr dtZ] ”f‛k laftouh b- ;kstuk jkcfoY;k tkrkr-

M½ foRrh; %&

1½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; foRrh; egkeaMG %&

egkjk‛Vª jkT; foRrh; egkeaMG gs ,d lkafo/khd egkeaMG vlwu

jkT;krhy rlsp xksok] nho o neu ;sFkhy ygku vkf.k e/;e vkS|ksfxd

?kVdkaP;k nh?kZ eqnrhP;k fu/khP;k laca/kkrhy xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh 1962

e/;s ;k egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-

2½ vkS|ksfxd o foRrh; iqujZpuk eaMG %&

vktkjh m|ksx gk vkfFkZd ok<he/khy ,d izeq[k vMFkGk vlwu

R;keqGs HkkaMoyh ekyeRrk] mRikndrk o jkstxkj ;kaP;koj foijhr ifj.kke

gksrks- vktkjh m|ksx laLFkk ¼fo‛ks’k rjrwn½] vf/kfu;e 1985 varxZr

m|ksxkP;k iquoZluklkBh dsaæ’kklukus vkS|ksfxd o foRrh; iqujZpuk eaMG

¼ch-vk;-,Q-vkj-½ LFkkiu dsys vkgs-

[39]

b½ lkoZtfud mi;qDrrk %&

1½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; fo|qr eaMG %&

egkjk‛Vª jkT; fo|qr eaMG gs ,d lkafof/kd eaMG vlwu ohtfufeZrh]

ikjs‛k.k vkf.k forj.k ;k dk;kZlkBh 1960 e/;s ;k eaMGkph LFkkiuk

dj.;kr vkyh-

2½ egkjk‛Vª thou izkf/kdj.k %&

jkT;krhy ikf.kiqjoBk o tyfuLlkj.k lsokapk fodkl o R;kaps fu;eu

dj.;klkBh 1997 e/;s egkjk‛Vª thou izkf/kdj.k iwohZps egkjk‛Vª

ikf.kiqjoBk o tyfuLlkj.k eaMG ;kph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- eaMG 53

dsaækaph O;oLFkk ikgrs o pkyors- eaMG LFkkfud laLFkkadfjrk ikf.kiqjoBk o

tyfuLlkj.k ;kstukgh jkcfors-

3½ egkjk‛Vª x`gfuekZ.k o {ks=fodkl izkf/kdj.k %&

egkjk‛Vª x`gfuekZ.k o {k s=fodkl izkf/kdj.kkph LFkkiuk ¼EgkMk½ 1977

e/;s >kyh] EgkMk gh ,d f’k[kj laLFkk vlwu frP;k v[kR;kjk[kkyh dke

dj.kkjh lkr izknsf’kd eaMGs] nksu fo’ks‛k dkekdjhrk fuekZ.k dj.;kr

vkysyh eaMGs] izdYi ;kaP;k dkekr leUo; ?kMowu vk.k.ks o R;kaP;k

dkekoj fu;a=.k Bso.;kps dke gh laLFkk djrs-

4½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; ekxZ ifjogu egkeaMG %&

jkT;krhy izoklh tursyk lefUor] ferO;;h o dk;Z{ke ekxZ

ifjogu lsok miyC/k d:u ns.;klkBh 1961 e/;s LFkkiu dj.;kr vkysys

egkjk‛Vª jkT; ekxZ ifjogu egkeaMG gs oS/kkfud egkeaMG vkgs-

5½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; ”‚.kk [kksjs fodkl egkeaMG %&

egkjk‛Vª jkT; ”‚.kk [kksjs fodkl egkeaMGkph LFkkiuk 25 tkusokjh

1996 jksth ”‚.kk ik.kh raVk U;k;kf/kdj.kkP;k fuokM;kOnkjs egkjk‛Vª

jkT;kyk okVi dj.;kr vkysys ”‚.kk ufnps 594 fV,elh ik.kh lu

2000 es i;ZaUr mi;ksxkr vk.kko;kps vkgs- ;klkBh egkeaMGkus ”‚.kk

ufnrhy [kksÚ;krhy ikVca/kkjs izdYikauk ykHk {ks= fodklkyk vkf.k tyfo|qr

[40]

mTkkZ fufeZrhP;k ;kstukauk] iwjfu;a=.kklg layXu dkekauk pkyuk ns.;klkBh

vkf.k rh dk;kZUohr dj.;klkBh dk;Zokgh djko;kph vkgs-

lekjksi %&

[kjs ikgrk dks.krsgh jk‚Vª tsaOgk ‘kklukph fdaok ;kstukdkjkaph

bPNk vlks vFkok ulks v’kk fLFkrhr vkfFkZd fodklkdMs okVpky djrks

rsaOgk R;k jk‚Vªkrhy fodklke/;s vlarqyu VkGrk ;sr ukgh- vFkZO;oLFkse/;s

rkBjrk] vfoHkkT;rk rlsp deh yofpdrseqGs ekx.kh o iqjoB;kyk

feG.kkjk vYi izfrlkn bR;knh oSf’k‛V;keqGs tjh lq:okrhl fofo/k {ks=ke/;s

xqaro.kwd dsyh rjh vlerksy fuekZ.k gksrks- R;keqGs vlarqyu fdrh izek.kkr

vlkos vFkkZr vlarqyukps i;kZIr izek.k fdrh ;kpk fopkj dj.ks ,o<sp

‘kD; vkgs- fofo/k {ks=krhy leUo; vkf.k ijLij iqjdrk ;koj Hkj

ns.;klkBh larqfyr fodkl rRokps egRo fuf’pr vkgs- larqfyr fodklkps

rRo gs jk‚VªkP;k vkfFkZd Lo;aiw.kZrsoj voyacwu vkgs-

fn- 1 es 1960 jksth egkjk‚Vªkph fuehZrh >kyh- egkjk‚Vª gs Hkkjrh;

la?kjkT;krhy izeq[k ?kVdjkT; vkgs- egkjk‚Vªkps izeq[k ikp izknsf’kd foHkkx

ikMys xsys vkgsr- ;k ikp izknsf’kd foHkkxkpk vkfFkZd fodklkpk vH;kl

dsyk vlrk R;ke/;s izpaM izek.kkr vkfFkZd] lkekftd] ‘kS{kf.kd fodklkr

vlerksyi.kk vk<Gwu ;srks- gk vlerksyi.kk lekIr dj.;klkBh

egkjk‚Vªkpk o i;kZ;kus Hkkjr ns’kkpk lerksy fodkl dj.;klkBh HkkjrkP;k

jk‚Vªirahauh fuxZehr dsysY;k egkjk‚VªjkT; vkns’k] 1994 e/khy rjrqnh

vUo;s izkIr >kysY;k vf/kdkjkuqlkj] egkjk‚VªkP;k jkT;ikykauh R;kaps vkns’k

Øekad@th,l@th@94@Mhch@432 fnukad 30 ,fizy 1994 vUo;s

jkT;ke/;s fonHkZ] ejkBokMk o moZfjr egkjk‚Vª ;k foHkkxkalkBh rhu Lora=

oS/kkfud fodkl eaMGkph LFkkiuk dsyh- rlsp jkT;krhy izR;sd oS/kkfud

fodkl eaMGkps dk;Z{ks= Bjowu fnys- ;k vkns’kkyk ;k uarj ^^oS/kkfud

fodkl eaMG** vkns’k vls lacks/k.;kr vkys-

[41]

lanHkZ

1½ Jhingan M.L. ,( 1981 ),The Economics of Development & Planning, (Page No. 5 )

Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

2½ ------------------------------ do ----------------------------------------------

3½ Meier Gevald M. & Baldwin Robert E., ( 1970 ),Economics Development – Theory,

History,Policy, (Page No. 2 ),Asia Publishing House, Bombay.

4½ Karnati Lingaiah/ T. Satyanarayana (1990), Indian Economi ( P.no.5 ),Sterling Publishers

Private Ltd., New Delhi-6

5½ iRdh@lkcGs] ¼1991½] fodklkps vFkZ’kkL=] ¼iku Ø- 1½ fiaiGkiqjs ifCy’klZ]

ukxiwj-

6½ MkW- dne fo’okl] ¼vkWxLV 2010½] vkfFkZd fodkl o fu;kstu] ¼iku Ø-10½

dSyk’k ifCyds’kUl] vkSjaxkckn-

7½ mijksDr

8½ MkW- iqjksfgr olq/kk] ¼2010½]vkfFkZd fodkl o fu;kstu vkf.k lkaf[;dh; i/nrh]

¼ iku Ø-3&4½]fo|k cqd ifCy’klZ] vkSjaxkckn-

9½ mijksDr i`- Ø- 4

10½ MkW- dk;ans & ikVhy xaxk/kj fo-] ¼ twu 2001½]Hkkjrh; vkf.k tkxrhd vkfFkZd

fodkl] ¼iku Ø-1&3½] pSrU; ifCyds’kUl] ukf’kd-

11½ mijksDr i`- Ø- 1&5

12½ MkW- >kejs th- ,u- ] ¼ tqyS 2010½]Hkkjrh; vkFkZO;oLFkk fodkl o i;kZo.kkZRed

vFkZ’kkL=] ¼ iku Ø- 480½] fiaiGkiqjs ifCy’klZ] ukxiwj-

13½ MkW- iqjksfgr olq/kk] ¼2010½]vkfFkZd fodkl o fu;kstu vkf.k lkaf[;dh; i/nrh]

¼ iku Ø-2&3½] fo|k cqd ifCy’klZ] vkSjaxkckn-

14½ mijksDr i`- Ø- 3

15½ MkW- baxGs ch- Mh- ¼2010½]fodkl o i;kZo.khZ; vFkZ’kkL=]¼iku Ø- 12½]

v:.kk izdk’ku] ykrwj-

16½ MkW- izk- lkS- QM.kfol e`.kkfyuh] ¼tqyS 1998½] fodklkps vFkZ’kkL= o fl/nkar]

¼ iku Ø-2½]fo|k izdk’ku] ukxiwj-

17½ MkW- tk/koj vkj- Mh-@MkW- fxrs Vh- th-@vk?kko vkj- th-@MkW- [kq:n ch- ,l-

¼tqyS2006½]Hkkjrh; vkf.k tkxrhd vkfFkZd fodkl] ¼iku Ø-11½

vFkoZ izdk’ku] iq.ks-

18½ izk- jk;[ksydj@MkW- nketh] ¼ twu 2011½]vkS|ksfxd vFkZ’kkL=] ¼iku Ø-3½]

fo|k cqd ifCy’klZ] vkSjaxkckn-

19½ MkW- MksGs uk- ;- ¼1997½] mnkjhdj.k %& uos vkfFkZd /kksj.k ¼i`- Ø- 152½]

fo|k izdk’ku ukxiwj-

20½ MkW- dk;ans & ikVhy xaxk/kj fo-] ¼ twu 2001 ½]Hkkjrh; vkf.k tkxrhd

vkkkfFkZd fodkl] ¼ iku Ø-1&21½]pSrU; ifCyds’kUl] ukf’kd-

21½ iRdh@lkcGs] ¼1991½]fodklkps vFkZ’kkL=] ¼iku Ø- 1½]fiaiGkiqjs ifCy’klZ]

ukxiwj-

22½ izk- ok[kjMs lksukyh] ¼3 tkusokjh 2011½] ewyHkwr lkekftd laLFkk

[42]

¼ iku Ø- 199&200½] v:.kk izdk’ku ykrwj-

23½ MkW- dkpksGs nk- /kks-] ¼10 lIVsacj 2002½] lekt’kkL=%& ladYiukRed vksG[k]

¼ iku Ø- 343½] dSyk’k ifCyds’kUl] vkSjaxkckn-

24½ MkW- /kukxjs n-uk-] ¼21 fMlsacj 2005½] ladYiukps fo’o vkf.k lkekftd

okLro] ¼ iku Ø- 58½] izfrek izdk’ku iq.ks 5-

25½ izkpk;Z dqaHkkj ukxksjko@MkW- vkuan vuHkwys ¼1999½] egkjk‛Vªkrhy lekt’kkL=s

fparu] ¼ iku Ø- 101½] U;q Lusgk vkWQlsV ykrwj-

26½ MkW- ekus ekf.kd] ¼tqyS 2004½] lqcks/k lekt‘kkL=] ¼ iku Ø- 104½]

fo|k izdk’ku ukxiwj-

27½ MkW- HkksbZVs@MkW- ckscMs ¼tqyS 1996½] lkekftd laLFkk] ¼ iku Ø- 32½]

fo|k cqd ifCy’klZ] vkSjaxkckn-


¼ iku Ø- 165½] v:.kk izdk’ku ykrwj-

29½ izk- lkS- f’kans fyyk@MkW- f’kans iafMr] ¼tqu 2003½] lekt’kkL=kph :ijs‛kk]

¼ iku Ø- 138½] Jh fo|k izdk’ku] iq.ks 30-



31½ mijksDr ¼ iku Ø- 225½-

32½ MkW- euoj Mh- ,l- ¼2003½] lekt’kkL= ifjp;] ¼ iku Ø- 291½]

v:.kk izdk’ku ykrwj-

33½ izk- ok[kjMs lksukyh] ¼3 tkusokjh 2011½] ewyHkwr lkekftd laLFkk]




36½ MkW- ikVhy ts- ,Q- ¼ fMlsacj 2007½]o`/nh o fodklkps vFkZ’kkL=]

QMds izdk’ku dksYgkiwj-

37½ MkW- ns’kikaMs Jh- vk- ¼1987½] Hkkjrh; fu;kstu vkf.k vkfFkZd fodkl

¼iku Ø- 35&47½] fo|k izdk’ku ukxiwj-

38½ jkT; lkoZtfud miØekps dk;Z ¼1996&97½]egkjk‛Vª ‘kklu]jkT; lkoZtfud

miØe dsaæ] foRr foHkkx ¼1998½

39½ Hkkjrkps fu;a=d egkys[kkijh{kd ;kapk vgoky]¼ fnukad 31 ekpZ 1995 jksth

lai.kkÚ;k o‛kkZpk ½] Ø- 2 ¼okf.kfT;d½] egkjk‛Vª ‘kklu

40½ egkjk‛Vªkph vkfFkZd ikg.kh ¼2011&12½]vFkZ o lkaf[;dh lapkyuky;] fu;kstu

foHkkx]egkjk‛Vª ‘kklu] eqacbZ-

41½ Hand book of statistics on Indian Economy, 2003-04.

42½ Public Enterprise Survy, Government of India, 2003-04 .

43½ orZeku i= & nS- ldkG 21 twu 2012

44½ osclkbZV~l & 1 www.spardhamantra.com

2 www.mahades.maharashtra.gov.in

http://www.spardhamantra.com/

http://www.mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/

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