izdj.k ifgys vkrepfj= ok‡~e; izdkj % lo:i o...

1

izdj.k ifgyss

vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj % Lo:i o O;kIrh

1-1 izkLrkfod

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1-3 ^vkRepfj=* % laKk

1-4 vkRepfj= ys[kukekxhy gsrw

1-5 vkRepfj=kph oSf�k"Vîks

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1-5-3 ^Lo*yk dsaæLFkku

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1-6 oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd fuosnu

1-7 vkRepfj=kps Lo:i

1-8 vkRepfj=kps egRo

1-9 vkRedFkk] vkRedFku vkf.k vkRepfj=

1-10 pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ijLijlaca/k

1-11 jktdh; usR;kaph vkRepfj=s

1-12 lekjksi

1-13 lanHkZ lwph

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2

izdj.k ifgys

vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj % Lo:i o O;kIrh

1-1 izkLrkfod %&

dFkk] dknacjh] ukVd] dkO;] izoklo.kZu bR;knh izek.ksp pfj= vkf.k

vkRepfj= gs ejkBh lkfgR;krhy egRokps ok³~e; izdkj vkgsr- ekuoh

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vkRepfj= gk Lora= ok³~e; izdkj vkgs- ys[kd Lor%p vkiY;k

O;fDrxr thoukph dgk.kh vkRepfj=kr lkaxr vlrks- ys[kdkP;k LoHkkokps

o thoudr`ZRokps n�kZu vkRepfj=krwu ?kMr vlrs- ek.klkP;k varjaxkpk o

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^vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj Lo:i o O;kIrh* ák ifgY;k izdj.kkr pfj=

o vkRepfj= ijLij laca/k] vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj ladYiuk Lo:i o

foospu vkRepfj=kph laKk] vkRepfj= ys[kukpk gsrw vkRepfj=kph oSf�k"Vîks

b- ?kVdkaP;k vk/kkjs vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkjkpk vH;kl djko;kpk vkgs-

rlsp ejkBh vkRepfj=kaph ijaijk tk.kwu ?ks.;kcjkscjp vkRepfj= ok³~e;ke/;s

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vk<kok ?;k;pk vkgs- ;k vk<kO;krwu egkjk"Vªkrhy jktdh; usR;kaP;k

vkRepfj=kaP;k vH;klkph fn�kk fuf�pr gksbZy-



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3

1-2 vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj % ladYiuk Lo:Ik o foospu %&

vkRepfj= gk pfj=kpkp ,d izdkj ekuyk tkrks- R;keqGs pfj=kph

izeq[k oSf�k"Vîks vkRepfj=kr ikgk;yk feGrkr- pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ;k

nksgkase/;s O;DrhP;k thoukpk] dr`ZRokpk bfrgkl Eg.ktsp O;Drhpk thou&

o`Ùkkar lkafxrysyk vlrks- ijarq vls vlys rjh pfj=kr ys[kd nqlÚ;k

O;DrhP;k thoukpk �kks/k ?ksr vlrks rj vkRepfj=kr ys[kd Lor%p Lor%pk

vkRe�kks/k ?ksÅu vkiyk thouo`Rrkar nsr vlrks- pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj=kr

ewyHkwr Qjd vkgs- vkRepfj=kr ys[kd Lor%pk thouo`Rrkar nsr vlrkauk

vkRefuosnu djhr vlrks- vkRefuosnukP;k izo`Rrhrwu dsysys ys[ku gs

vkRepfj=kRed vlrs- vkRepfj=kr O;DrhP;k thoukpk R;kP;k vkf.k

O;fDrRokpk] O;fDreRokpk vkf.k thou dr`ZRokpk] bfrgkl vlrks-

vkRefuosnukrwu Lor%p Lor%P;k thoukpk os/k ?ksrysyk vlrks- ;k lanHkkZr

MkW- foey Hkkysjko Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj= gk pfj=kpkp ,d izdkj gks; ijarq

vls vlys rjh R;krhy ewyHkwr Qjd vlk dh] pfj=kr ,d O;Drh nqlÚ;k

O;DrhP;k thoukpk �kks/k ?ksr vlrs rj vkRepfj=kr ys[kd o pfj= fo"k;

nksUgh ,dp vlrkr-**1

1-3 ^vkRepfj=* % laKk %&

^vkRepfj=* ;k laKscjkscjp vyhdMs vkRedFku] vkRedFkk] vkRe&

fuosnu] LodFku b- laKk izpfyr vlysY;k fnlrkr- ^vkRepfj=* ;k

laKsO;frfjDr brj laKke/;s dkVsdksji.kkpk vHkko vlY;keqGs vkRepfj= ghp

laKk loZekU; o :< >kysyh fnlrs- R;kikBksikB vxnh vfydMP;k dkGkr

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izokgke/;s vkRepfj= fyfg.;kph eksBh ijaijk fuekZ.k >kY;kuarj nfyr

vkRepfj=kyk i;kZ;h laKk Eg.kwu ^vkRedFku* gh laKk :< >kyh- ;k lanHkkZr



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4

MkW- euksgj tk/ko Eg.krkr] ^^nfyr lkfgR; izokgkr foiqy vkRedFkus

fyfgyh xsY;keqGs ejkBhr vkRedFku laKsph izLFkkiuk] >kysyh vk<Grs-

,joh ^vkRepfj=* fgp laKk okijkr gksrh vls fnlrs- mrkjo;kr vkRepfj=

fyfg.;kps ladsr ;k vkRedFkukauh eksMysys fnlrkr-**2

;ko:u ejkBh

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izkeq[;kus mrkjo;kr fyfgys tkrs- rj vkRedFku r:.k o;kr fyfgys tkrs-

r:.k o;krhy vkRedFkukyk vkRedFku vlsp vkt EgVys tkrs i.k

dks.kR;k o"khZ vkRedFku fygkos ;kps ek= :< ladsr fnlr ukghr**3 r:.k

o;kr fyfgysY;k nfyr vkRedFkukaph foiqy la[;k y{kkr ?ksÅu MkW- euksgj

tk/ko ;kauh gs er ekaMysys fnlrs( ijarq csch dkacGs ¼ft.aak vkeqpa½] �kkarkckbZ

nk.kh ¼jk=afnu vkEgk½] 'kkarkckbZ dkacGs ¼ekT;k tYekph fpRrjdFkk½] 'kaadjjko

[kjkr ¼rjkG varjkG½ b- vusd t.kkauh mrkjo;kr vkRedFkus fyfgyh

vkgsr- ex mrkjo;kr fyfgysY;k nfyr vkRedFkukyk vkRedFku Eg.kk;ps

dh ^vkRepfj=* vlk laHkze fuekZ.k gks.;kph �kD;rk vkgs- vls vlys rjh

MkW- euksgj tk/ko ;kaP;k foospukrwu nfyr vkRepfj=kP;k lanHkkZr

^vkRedFku* gh laKk :< >kyh vkgs] gs Li"V gksrs- vkRepfj=kph fufeZrh

d�kh vlsy fdaok ;k fufeZrh ekxhy dkj.ks dks.krh vlrhy ;klanHkkZr jke

�ksokGdj Eg.krkr] ^^ek.klkyk cksyrk ;sÅ ykxys- rsOgk rks izFke dk;

cksyyk vLksy\ vkiyk vkuan] vkiys nq%[k vkf.k vkiyh enqZ dhp R;kus

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rjh lgHkkxh d:u ?ks.ks R;kyk vko�;d okVys vlsy] [kÚ;k vFkkZus

vkRedFkukpk vkjaHk rsOgkiklwup ekuk;yk ikfgts- vkiyk vuqHko ifgY;k

ek.klkus u jkgowu cksywu nk[koyk] rks vkRedFkukpk mxe ekuyk rj rksp

vuqHko R;kus vf/kd jaxowu lkafxryk] rh dFksph tUeks=h ekuk;yk ikfgts-



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5

R;keqGs dqByhgh vfr�k;ksDrh u djrk Hkk"kscjkscjp tUekyk vkysyk ifgyk

ok³~e;izdkj vkRedFkspk vlY;kP;k fu"d"kkZoj vkiY;kyk ;kos ykxrs**4

'kqesdj ;kauh vkRepfj=kph O;k[;k iq<hy izek.ks dsyh vkgs- �Autobiography

is the Rofessedly truthful record of an individual written by himself and composed

as a single work�5

The concise oxford Dictoinory of English Literature e/;s

Autobiography pk vFkZ iq<hyizek.ks fnyk vkgs- The story fo one�s life written

byone�s self�6 A Dictionary of literary terms e/;s Autobiography Eg.kts �An

Account of a man�s life by him self�7 vlk vFkZ fnyk vkgs- ojhy loZ

O;k[;kaP;k lanHkkZr fopkj dsyk rj vls fnlrs dh] �kw esdj vf/kd dkVsdksj

O;k[;k dj.;kpk iz;Ru djrkr- Lor%yk vkdyu >kysY;k lR;fLFkrhps

iqjkO;knk[ky ys[ku Lor%p lqlac)i.ks ,df=r ekaM.;kP;k iz;Rukoj �kwesdj

;kapk Hkj fnlrks- ,[kk|k xks"Vhps fooj.k vusd vaxkus djrk ;sÅ �kdsy ijarq

Lor%yk rh d�kh Hkkors ;kps izk/kkU;kus fp=.k R;kauk visf{kr vkgs-

,[kk|kP;k vk;q";ph dFkk R;kus Lor%p fyfg.ks vlk vk�k; �The Concise

orford Dictionary of English Literature� e/khy O;k[;spk fnlrks- ;k O;k[;sr

vk;q";kpk iV mHkk dj.;kpk vkokdk vfHkizsr vkgs- gk iV mHkk djrkauk

vFkkZrp R;krhy ukVîk] la?k"kZ] rk.kr.kko ;kauk LFkku feG.ks ØeizkIr Bjrs-

vkiY;kp vk;q";kpk fg�ksc Lor% ekaMwu nk[kfo.ks gk vFkZ �A Doctionary of

literary Terms� e/khy O;k[;spk vlyk rjh R;krgh vk;q";kpk fg�ksc Eg.kts

O;kfeJrk x`ghr /kjysyh fnlrs- fg�ksckrhy vf/kd m.ksi.kkps fp=.k ;kos

vlk gsrw fnlrks- ojhy O;k[;k laf{kIr vlY;k rjh vFkZiw.kZ vkgsr- ;k

baxzth O;k[;kaP;k rqyusr ejkBhrhy ukeoar ys[kdkauh vkf.k vH;kldkauh

vkRepfj= ;k ok³~e;izdkjkP;k T;k O;k[;k dsysY;k vkgsr] R;k osxGîkk

vkf.k oSf�k"Vîkiw.kZ vkgsr- mnk- izk- ok-y- dqyd.khZ ;kauh vkRepfj=klaca/kh

erizn�kZu djrkuk EgVys vkgs dh] ^^T;k vuqHkokaph l`"Vh ;sFks lkdkj



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6

gks.;klkBh /kMiMr vlrs rks ,dk O;fDreukyk tk.koysyk o tk.ko.kkjk

,d vuU;lk/kkj.k vuqHko vlrks-**8 izk-ok-y- dqyd.khZ ;kauh ^vuU;lk/kkj.k

vuqHko* gk �kCn okijY;keqGs O;k[;sph lw{erk /;kukr ;srs- ljldV vuqHko

ekaM.;kis{kk fdaok loZlkekU; vuqHkokaph ta=h ns.;kis{kk vuqHkokph ekaM.kh

oSf�k"VÓks iw.kZ d: 'kdsy vls R;kaauk okVrs- MkW-cksjxkodj vkRepfj=kph

O;k[;k djrkr- ^^Lor%P;k thoukph Lor% fyfgysyh dgk.kh Eg.kts

vkRepfj=**9 Encyclopedia Britannicar vkRepfj=kpk �Autobiography the

account of an individual human life written by the subject him self� 10 vlk vFkZ

fnyk vkgs-

�Autobiography art and practice of writing a narrative of one�s own life�11

vlk The universal dictionary of the English Language e/;s vkRepfj=kpk vFkZ

lkiMrks �A biography or narrative of one�s life written by oneself�12

vlk

vkRepfj=kpk vFkZ webster us dsyk vkgs-

Ckksjxkodj Encyclopeadia universal Dictionary webster ;kaP;k o.kZuko:u

vkRepfj= ;k �kCnkpk eq[;kFkZ rso<k dGrks ijarq R;ko:u vkRepfj=kpk

vkokdk dG.kkjh O;k[;k Li"V gksr ukgh- Prof. D.G. Naik ;kaP;k ers �The

details of any given life, ther fore when accommodated in a story or norrative

inevitably take a shape or form of autobiography�13

;k O;k[;srwu vkRepfj=kl

vko�;d vlysys brj iSyw fl) gksr ukghr- ^^Lor%P;k thoukps nwjLFk&

i.kkus flagkoyksdu o`Rrhus dsysys voyksdu vkf.k R;k fo"k;hps izkatG

fuosnu Eg.kts vkRepfj=**14 v�kh vkRepfj=kph O;k[;k lnk dÚgkMs ;kauh

dsyh vkgs- Lothoukps rVLFko`Rrhus voyksdu dj.ks] izkatG fuosnu dj.ks

ák vkRepfj=kl vko�;d ckch ;krwu Li"V >kY;k vkgsr- i.k vkRepfj=kl

vko�;d R;k ?kVukaph fuoM R;kaph dykRed ekaM.kh ;k vkRepfj=krhy

egRoiw.kZ ckch ;k O;k[;srwu fulVysY;k fnlrkr- ^^Lothou rVLFki.ks



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7

U;kgkGwu R;krwu vko�;d R;k ckchaph fuoM d:u R;kaps izkaty fuosnu o

dykRed ekaM.kh ;krwu ^Lo* fp= js[kkV.ks Eg.kts vkRepfj= gks;**15

O;Drhus

vkiY;k xrthoukps fujh{k.k rVLFki.ks dsys ikfgts vls MkW- Hkkysjko ;kauk

okVrs o rs ;ksX;p vkgs- vkRepfj=kr vuqHkokaph dykRed ekaM.kh dj.;kps

R;k lqpforkr- rlsp thoukrhy loZp ?kVuk&izlax vkRepfj=kr ekaM.ks �kD;

ulY;kus O;DrhP;k thoukrhy fuoMd o egRoiw.kZ xks"Vhp vkRepfj=kr

lkax.;kr ;srkr] vls R;kauk okVrs- vkRepfj=kr thoukrhy ?kVuk izlaxkph

fuoM djrkauk ys[kdkus dkgh ckchaph dkGth ?ks.ks vko�;d vkgs-

fuoMysY;k ?kVuk izlaxkrwu vkRepfj=dkjkP;k LoHkkokps ckjdkos Li"V >kys

ikfgtsr- R;kP;k O;fDrRokps fofo/k iSyw myxMys tk.ks vko�;d vkgs-

Lor%ph LoPN o vkn�kZ izfrek fuekZ.k dj.;kP;k eksgkik;h vkRefuosnukrhy

izkatGi.kkyk o lR;dFkukyk ck/kk ;srk dkek u;s- fuoMysY;k ?kVukizlaxkrwu

ys[kdkps ;FkkFkZ thoun�kZu okpdkyk ?kMys ikfgts-

ejkBh fo�odks�kke/;s jk-x-tk/ko ;kauh vkRepfj=kph iq<hy O;k[;k

dsyh vkgs- ^^vkiY;k thoufo"k;d vuqHkokaps o rn~uq"kaxkus vkiY;k

O;fDreRokps ys[kdkus ys[ku:ikus ?kMfoysys n�kZu Eg.kts vkRepfj=

gks;-**16

ys[kdkP;k O;fDreRokps n�kZu R;kP;k thoukuqHkokaP;k vuq"kaxkus

>kys ikfgts] vls jk-x-tk/ko Eg.krkr- vkRepfj=kr ^Lo* thoufo"k;d

vuqHkokaps o ^Lo* O;fDreRokps n�kZu ?kMfo.ks vR;ar egRokps vlrs- vkiys

vuqHko brjkauk ekxZn�kZd o izsj.kknk;h Bjrhy ;k n`"Vhus vkRepfj=kr R;kaph

dykRed ekaM.kh Ogk;yk goh- vkRepfj=klanHkkZr MkW- vatyh lkse.k ;kaps

er FkksMs osxGs vkgs- R;k Eg.krkr ^lkfgR;kps HkkodkO;kRe (Lyrical)

fuosnukRed (Narrative) vkf.k ukVîkkRed (Dramatic)� vls oxZ ekuys rj

vkRepfj= fuosnukRed lkfgR;kr ;srs- iq<s R;k Eg.krkr ^^vkRepfj= gs

Lor%ps pfj= vlY;keqGs pfj=kdMwu visf{kr vlysyh ok³~e;hu xq.koRrk



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vkRepfj=kdMwu visf{kr vlrsp f�kok; rs vYi�kks/kkoj vk/kkjysys

vlY;keqGs vkRefu"Bsrwu fuekZ.k gks.kkjh ewY;xHkZrk vkf.k HkkojE;rk

pfj=kis{kk vkRepfj=kr vf/kd vlrs- v�kkosGh vkRepfj=kdMwu ok³~e;hu

lkSn;kZph vis{kk dsyh rj rh xSj B: u;s-**17

vkRepfj=kr vk.k[kh dks.krs

?kVd lekfo"V gksÅ �kdrkr ;k laca/kh MkW- lkse.k ;kauh EgVys vkgs-

^^vkRepfj= gk O;fDriz/kku ok³~e;izdkj vlyk rjh rks O;Drhdsaæh gksÅu

pkyr ukgh- Lor%cjkscj lHkksorhph ek.kls] R;kaps LoHkko fo�ks"k jaxo.ks

vko�;d vlrs- T;k dkGkr vkiY;k thoutkf.kok ?kMY;k R;k dkGkps

lkjrRo (Essence) vkRepfj=krwu okpdkaleksj ;s.ks xjtsps vlrs-**18

MkW- lkse.k ;kauh lkfgR;kph oxZokjh uewn d:u vkRepfj=kr ok³~e;hu

xq.koRrk vkf.k ok³~e;hu lkSan;Z vlk;yk gos v�kh vis{kk O;Dr dsyh

vkgs- MkW- lkse.k ;kaP;kojhy foospukP;k lanHkkZr izk-ok-y-dqyd.khZ ;kaps

iq<hy fopkj mn~cks/kd Bjrhy ^^Lor%P;k thoukP;k ri�khykP;k izpaM

ilkÚ;krp vkRepfj= ys[kd t.kw mHkk vlrks o R;krwu [kjks[kjp vkiY;k

thoukps lR;n�kZu ?kMfo.;kP;k ckcrhr vFkZiw.kZ Bjsy vlk ri�khy rks

fuoMhr vlrks- R;kyk vkiY;k thoukps ts :Ik tk.kosy R;k :ikoj gk

ri�khy voyacwu vlrks- Eg.kts vkiys thou Eg.kts dk;\ gs

vksG[k.;kph ik=rk R;kP;k fBdk.kh vlkoh ykxrs-**19 izk-uk-lh-QMds ;kauh

vkRepfj=kckcr iq<hy fo/kku dsys vkgs- ^^vkRepfj= EgVya dh R;kr

vkRexkSjo vkf.k vkReleFkZu ;k xks"Vh vVGi.kkua ;srkrp- osGksosGh

vkiY;koj yksdkauh th Vhdk dsyh rh d�kh pqdhph gksrh- R;k&R;k izlaxh

vki.k ts orZu dsya rsp dla cjkscj gksra gs lkax.;klkBh rj ek.kwl

vkRepfj= fyfgr vlrks-**20 izk-uk-lh- QMD;kaP;k fo/kkukcÌy erfHkérk

�kD; vlyh rjh vkRepfj=kr vkRexkSjo vkf.k vkReleFkZu ;k ckch ;sÅ

�kdrkr gs ukdkjrk ;s.kkj ukgh- MkW- izHkk x.kksjdj ;kauh vkRepfj= ;k



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ok³~e;izdkjkr vk<G.kkÚ;k fofo/k NVkaph ppkZ djrkuk EgVys vkgs dh]

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�kks/k iqjs�kk izkekf.kdi.kkus vkf.k eu%iwoZdrsus dsyk tk.;k,soth vkiY;k

vk;q";krhy Lej.kh; ?kVukaP;k fuosnukoj vf/kd Hkj fnyk tkrks- rj dkgh

vkRepfj=kr gk �kks/k ?ksrkuk vkRefujh{k.k vkiY;k orZukekxP;k dkj.kkaph

ehekalk o fo�ys"k.k vkf.k dkgh osGk vkReleFkZu ys[kd djrkuk fnlrks-

dkgh vkRepfj=s dcqyhtckcklkj[kh ns[khy vlrkr- vkRepfj=s gk eq[;r%

x| ok³~e; izdkj vkgs**21 vkRepfj=krhy Lo�kks/k x.kksjdjkauk egRokpk

okVrks- Lo�kks/k o vkReleFkZu ;k nksUgh osxGîkk ckch vlY;k rjh

vkReleFkZukeqGs vkRepfj=s ,dkaxh gks.;kph �kD;rk ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh-

R;keqGs lR;kpk foi;kZl gksÅ �kdrks o lR; >kdksGwu tkÅ �kdrs- [kjs rj

gh vkRepfj=dkjkph dlksVhp vkgs- ^^vkRepfj+=kr vk.k[kh ,dk egRokP;k

ckcrhr izekn ?kMrks- R;kyk izeknp EgVys ikfgts- T;k O;Drhfo"k;h

vkiY;k eukr vuknj] ?k`.kk fdaok ukjkth vlsy R;k O;Drh laca/kh tjk

lSyi.ksp fyfgys tkrs- fdaok R;k O;Drh vuqYys[kkusp ekjY;k tkrkr-**22

ekuoh fodkj ys[kukrwu dls meVw �kdrkr] izfrfØ;kRed ys[kukP;k �kD;rk

d�kk vlrkr] rs MkW- xaxk/kj ikurko.ks ;kauh ojhy fo/kkukrwu Li"V dsys

vkgs-

vkRepfj=kP;k ;k loZ O;k[;kapk fopkj dsyk vlrk vls fnlrs dh]

vkRepfj=kr ys[kd Lor%P;k thoukps flagkoyksdu djhr vlrks- gs

flagkoyksdu djhr vlrkuk ^Lo* thoukdMs rks rVLFki.ks ikgr vlrks- rks

^Lo* O;fDreRo o Lor%P;k thoukpk vFkZ �kks/krkauk ,d izdkjs vkRe�kks/k

?ksr vlrks- ;k vkRe�kks/kkrwu vkiY;k xr vk;q";krhy ?kVuk izlaxkiSdh

fuoMd o egRoiw.kZ ?kMkeksMh] Hkyscqjs vuqHko ;k fo"k;hps fuosnu ys[kd



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10

vkRepfj=kr djhr vlrks- R;kps vkRefuosnu izkatG] izkekf.kd] fou;�khy

o /kS;Z�khy vl.ks vko�;d vkgs-

FkksMD;kr vkRepfj=kr O;Drh vkiY;k xrthoukpk bfrgkl lkaxrk&

lkaxrk vkiY;k O;fDreRokps o thoudrZ`Rokps ;FkkFkZ fp= js[kkVr vlrks-

;ko:u vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh] ^Lo* thoukps rVLFki.ks flagkoyksdu d:u

xr vk;q";krhy egRoiw.kZ ?kMkeksMh o Hkyscqjs vuqHko ;kaP;k vk/kkjs vkiY;k

O;fDrRokpk] thoudr`ZRokpk ?ksrysyk vkRe�kks/k o rnuq"kaxkus dsysys izkatG

fou;�khy o /kS;Z�khy vkRefuosnu Eg.kts vkRepfj= gks;-

1-4 vkRepfj= ys[kukekxhy gsrw %&

lk/kkj.ki.ks izR;sd ok³~e; izdkjkP;k ys[kukekxs dks.krk uk dks.krk gsrw

MksG;kleksj Bsoysyk vlrks- vkRepfj= gkgh ,d ok³~e; izdkj vlY;kus

vkRepfj= ys[kukps dkgh gsrw vlysys fnlrkr- lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd

jktdh;] oSKkfud dyk o ØhMk v�kk loZp {ks=krhy O;Drhus vkRepfj=

ys[ku dsys vkgs- Jh-fo-n-?kkVs ;k lanHkkZr Eg.krkr] ^êk.kls vkRepfj=s dk

fyfgrkr\ <kscG mRrj |k;ps >kY;kl vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh rh R;kaph xjt

vlrs- izR;sd ys[kd osxGk r�kh R;kph xjtgh osxGh-**23 R;keqGs

vkRepfj= fofo/k gsrwus tUeysyh fnlrkr- vkRepfj=s ^LokUr%lq[kk;* fyfgyh

tkrkr- osG tkok] dje.kwd Ogkoh] vkiyk ijkØe nqlÚ;kl ,sdowu Hkkjkowu

Vkdkos v�kh ^Lo* lq[kkph vusd ifjek.ks vlw �kdrkr- mnk- vkuanhckbZ dosZ

;kaps êk>s iqjk.k*] deykckbZ ns�kikaMs ;kaps ^Lej.k lk[kGh* vkuan lk/kys

;kaps êkrhph pwy* gh vkRepfj=s ;k gsrwauh fyfgysyh fnlrkr- dr`ZRooku

O;Drh] egku rRoK] ukeoar [ksGkMw] [;kruke lkfgfR;d vkf.k dykoar

;kaph vkRepfj=s gh ekuo lektkpk vueksy [kftuk vkgs- gh vkRepfj=s



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11

Hkkoh fi<îkkauk nhiLraHkklkj[kh] ekxZn�kZd Bjr vlrkr- ;k O;DrhaP;k thou

dr`ZRokiklwu izsj.kk ?ksÅu Hkkoh fi<h vkiY;k fodklkph okVpky d: �kdrs-

^^fLuX/ka tulfoHkDra fg nq%[ka láosnua Hkofr ;k dkyhnklkP;k mDrh

izek.ks lq[k nq%[k gyds dj.;kl] Lor%P;k osnuk cksyD;k dj.;klgh

vkRepfj= fyfgys tkrs-**24 vlk vkRepfj=kpk gsrw v-e- tks�kh uewn

djrkr- vkuanhckbZ fotkiqjs fyf[kr ^vtwu pkyrsph okV*] ljksftuh

lkjaxik.kh ;kaps ^nqnSZok�kh nksu gkr* gh vkRepfj=s ;kph mnkgj.ks Eg.kwu

lkaxrk ;srhy- ^^vkiY;k lkÚ;k Le`fr:i vuqHkokauk ltho d:u R;kph

Lian.kkjh izrhrh ?ks.ks] R;kapk vkdkj tkf.kosr meVfo.ks ;kaP;kdMs osxGîkk

dqrqgykus vkf.k Eg.kwup rVLFki.ks ikg.ks vkiY;k vuqHkokauk ladsr:i nsÅu

Lora= vfLrRo izkIr d:u ns.ks] v�kk fjrhus R;kauk vtj vkf.k vej

dj.ks-**25 gk vkRepfj=kekxhy ys[ku gsrw xaxk/kj xkMxhG ;kauh Li"V dsyk

vkgs-

thoukrhy dBh.k izlaxkuk lkeksjs tk.;kps ekxZn�kZu vkRepfj=krwu

gksr vlrs- vki.k ts dsys] ts vuqHkoys] ts lgu dsys] ts Hkksxys o thou

la?k"kkZrwu ts ;�k izkIr dsys rs brjkauk ekxZn�kZd Ogkos- vkiY;k

thoukuqHkokaiklwu brjkauh dkgh cks/k ?;kok ;k n`f"Vdksukrwu dkgh ys[kd

vkRepfj= ys[ku djrkr- eg"khZ /kksaMks ds�ko dosZ ¼vkReo`Rr½ lar ok³~e;kps

xk<s vH;kld y-jk-ikaxkjdj ¼pfj= paæ½ b- vusd ekU;ojkauh cks/koknh

n`f"Vdksukrwu vkRepfj= ys[ku dsysys fnlrs-

vkRepfj=kr xrthoukr ?kMysY;k xks"Vh lkafxrY;k tkrkr- ;k

fufeRrkus vkRepfj=dkj HkwrdkGkr jer vlrks- vkiY;k xr vk;q";krhy

lq[kn rlsp nq%[kn ?kVuk izlaxkdMs rVLFko`Rrhus ikg.;kph la/kh ys[kdkyk

feGrs- xrdkGkrhy vkBo.khauk mtkGk ns.;keqGs R;kyk d/kh vkuan feGrks

rj d/kh dkgh nq%[kn ekugkuhdkjd izlaxkP;k vkBo.kheqGs R;kps eu



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12

vLoLFkgh gksrs- ;k ?kVuk izlaxkfo"k;h fparu dj.;kph la/kh ys[kdkl feGrs-

v�kk fparu�khy o`Rrhus fyfgysyh vkRepfj=s vf/kd ifj.kkedkjd o ljl

Bjrkr- v�kkizdkjs xr vkBo.khauk mtkGk ns.ks] xrthoukr jeek.k gks.ks] ;k

gsrwus vkRepfj= ys[ku dsys tkrs-

xr xks"Vhr vf/kd jeek.k gks.;kP;k o`RrhcÌy vkuan ;kno Eg.krkr]

^^xrxks"Vhr dsoG je.kkjh vkRepfj=s gh vuqHkokaps f<xkjs fdaok vuqHkokaps

,d tkxh cka/kysys fcaMs okVrkr-**26 vkRepfj=kr dsoG vkBo.khaps f<xkjs

milr cl.;kis{kk vkRepfj=dkjkus xrvuqHkokapk ;ksX; rkGesG ?kky.ks

vko�;d vkgs] vls vkuan ;kno ;k fBdk.kh lwfpr djrkr- vkRepfj=kr

vkRepfj=dkjkus cÚ;kokbZV izlaxkcÌy vkReijh{k.k d:u R;kekxph dkj.k&

ehekalk dsyh ikfgts- R;k ?kVuk izlaxkP;k osGh R;kP;kdMwu ?kMysY;k

orZukpk dk;Zdkj.kHkko �kks/kyk ikfgts- vkiY;k pqdkaph dcqyh t:j |koh

ijarq R;kosGh vkiY;kdMwu ?kMysys orZup dls ;ksX; gksrs- ;kps leFkZu

dj.;klkBhp vkRepfj= fyfgys tkrk dkek u;s-

xrLe`rhr jeY;keqGs vkiY;k thoukr iwohZ HksVysY;k vkIr fe=kaph

iqUgk ,dnk HksV ?kMr vlrs- R;kr iqufeZyukpk vkuan vlrks- HkwrdkGkrhy

dkgh {k.k orZekukr tk.;kpk vkuan ys[kdkyk feGrks ;kfo"k;h foykl [kksys

Eg.krkr] ^^lkjs vk;q"; vkiys vki.k Le`rhP;k ikrGhoj iqUgk ,dokj

txk;ps vkf.k ?kMwu xsysY;k R;k {k.kkaph orZekukr �kCnkaP;k ikrGhoj

iqufuZfeZrh djk;ph ;k var%izsj.ksrwu vkRepfj= fyfgys tkrs-**27 foykl [kksys

;kaP;k fo/kkukrwu xr vkBo.khauk mtkGk ns.ks gk vkRepfj= ys[kukpk gsrw

vlY;kps y{kkr ;srs- FkksMk dkG dk gksbZuk i.k xrthoukr Le`fr:ikus

jeY;keqGs Le`rhP;k ikrGhoj xr vk;q"; iqUgk ,dnk tx.;kps lek/kku

ys[kdkl feGr vlrs-



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13

midkjdR;kZps Lej.k gkgh vkRepfj= ys[kukekxhy gsrw vlw �kdrks-

mnk- ^Ñ".kkdkBph ekrh* Ñ-ika-dqyd.khZ] rlsp lkekftd o jktdh;

tkf.kokrwugh vkRepfj=s fyfgyh tkrkr- mnk- îfFkd* dkdklkgsc xkMxhG]

^vkReo`Rr* nknksck ikaMqjax R;kosGph lkekftd o jktdh; ifjfLFkrh vkiY;k

uarjP;k fi<hyk letkoh gk n`f"Vdksu ;k ys[kukekxs vlrks- vkRepfj«kkP;k

ys[ku gsrw fo"k;h y‐jk-iakxkjdj Eg.krkr] ßekÖ;k pfj«kkr dks.kkl dkgh

?ks.;klkj[ks ukgh] vls eyk okVrs rj gs pfj«k fygwu izfl) dj.;kpk

m|ksx eh dsyk ulrk- nkfjæîkkr ok<ysY;k i.k Mksds oj dk<w bfPN.kkÚ;k

fo|kF;kZl] dkgh Hkjho ok³~~e;dk;Z fdaok /keZdk;Z d: ikg.;kÚ;k ys[kdkl

o oDR;kl] ijekFkkZph rGeG okg.kkÚ;k eqeq{kwl vkf.k lalkj lw[ke; djkok

v�kh okluk vl.kkÚ;k lalkfjdkl ák pfj«kkiklwu dkgh cks/k vkuan o

mRlkg feGsy vlk eyk Hkjolk okVrks-Þ28 MkW- Hkkypaæ QMds vkRepfj«k

fyfg.;kps egRoiw.kZ dkj.k lkaxrkr- ßoLrqr% ek.kwl vkRepfj«k fyfg.;kP;k

eu%fLFkrhr ;srks] rsOgk R;kyk v[ksjpk eqDdke toG vkY;kph tk.kho

>kysyh vlrs- dqBsrjh fofo/k lacaa/kkuh xqjQVysY;k êh*yk vkiys O;fDreRo

gjfoY;kph fdaok yksd vkiY;kyk fol:u pkyys vkgsr- ;kph cksp lyr

jkgrs- vkf.k ex gk êh* vkiY;k thoukpk iV ekaMwu R;kr jewu tkrks-**29

bjkorh dO;kZaukgh vkRepfj= fyfg.ks gs Egkrkji.khps y{k.k okVrs- R;k

Eg.krkr- ^^Lor%ph [kw.k Bsok;ph /kMiM vlrs loZ veqdi.kk ehi.kk

ukghlk gks.kkj] vftckr tk.kkj gs dGrs vkf.k tUeHkj T;kus lkscr dsyh rks

ehi.kk fVdkok R;kaP;keqGs gs O;fDreRo feGkys R;kaP;k Le`rhr dkgh fnol

?kj d:u jkgkos Eg.kwu /kMiM pkyrs- dks.kh cksyr jkgrkr] dks.kh QksVks

dk<rkr] dks.kh vkiyh cMcM dkxnkoj mrjforkr**30 v�kk fofo/k gsrwauh

vkRepfj=s iwohZ fyfgyh xsyh vkgsr- l/;k fyfgyh tkr vkgsr vkf.k iq<s gh

fyfgyh tk.kkj vkgsr- ftKklk gk ek.klkpk tUenRr LoHkkoxq.k vkgs-



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14

nqlÚ;kps thou tk.kwu ?ks.;kph R;kyk usgehp mRlqdrk vlrs- thoun�kZu

?kMfo.ks gsp vkRepfj=kps izeq[k mfí"V vkgs- R;keqGs ftKklkr`Irhps lek/kku

;k ok³~e;izdjkdMwu iqjsiwj feGw �kdrs vkf.k ;k dkj.kkus ekuoh eus

vkRepfj=kdMs vkiksvki vkdf"kZyh tkrkr-

vkReizse gh ek.klkph ewyHkwr izsj.kk vkgs- R;keqGs vkRepfj=kr

vkRepfj=dkjkpk dy Lor%ph cktw lkax.;kdMs vf/kd vlrks- R;keqGs

vkRepfj=kr deh vf/kd izek.kkr vkReLrqrh ;srs- ijarq vkRepfj=kr

vkReLrqrhpk vfrjsd gksÅu vkReiwtk cka/kyh tkrk dkek u;s- ;k lanHkkZr

MkW- vkuan ;kno Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj=kr vkReizfrek ;s.kkjp i.k frps

i;Zolku vkReiwtsr u gksÅ nsrk vkReewY;ekiukr HkksorkyP;k ifjfLFkrh�kh

lacaf/kr vkReizfresps oLrqfu"B Lo:i fo�kn dj.;kr Ogkos ykxrs-**31

vkRepfj+=kr vkReizfresps oLrqfu"B ewY;ekiu >kys ikfgts vls vkuan ;kno

;kauk okVrs- vkRexkSjo vkReleFkZukP;k gsrwus vkRepfj= ys[ku dsys tkrs

vkRepfj=krhy vkRexkSjokP;k Hkkouscíy t;ar o"V Eg.krkr] ^^vkRe&

pfj=dkj vusdnk vki.k vkiY;k thoukr pks[kkGysyk ekxZp dlk ;ksX;

gksrk ;kps leFkZu djrkuk fnlrkr- rj dkgh osGk txkus vkiY;koj dlk

vU;k; dsyk gs lkax.;kdMs dy vlrks- lkgftdp v�kk vkRepfj=krwu

vkRexkSjokph izcG Hkkouk izR;;kl ;s.;kph �kD;rk vlrs-**32

vkRepfj=krhy vkRexkSjo Eg.kts ,d izdkjs vkReleFkZup vkgs vls t;ar

o"V ;kaps er vkgs- vkRexkSjok,soth vkRe�kks/k ?ks.;kph o`Rrh vf/kd

vlk;yk goh- vkRepfj=kr izkatGi.kk egRokpk vlY;kus vkReLrqrh gh

vkRepfj=krhy lR;dFkukyk] oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd fuosnukyk ekjd Bjrs-

vkReleFkZukFkZ fyfgY;k tk.kkÚ;k vkRepfj=kfo"k;h lnk dÚgkMs

Eg.krkr] ^^vkRexkSjo vkReiwtk] vkReleFkZu] vkReizkS<h ;k lxGÓkkp xks"Vh

vkRepfj=karxZr izkatG vkRefuosnukyk vkRedFkukyk vkf.k R;krhy



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15

dykRedrsyk ck/kd Bjrkr-**33 lnk dÚgkMs ;kaps gs Eg.k.ks vxnh ;ksX;

vkgs- tj ys[kdkps thou drZ`Ro Js"B vlsy rj R;kyk vkReleFkZukph xjt

Hkklrk dkek u;s- vki.k fdrh Js"B vkgksr] vkiys orZu fdrh LoPN o

pkaxys vkgs] gs ys[kdkus Lor% lkax.;k,soth R;kP;k thoukrhy Ñrh

mDrhrwu vkiksvki Li"V Ogk;yk gos- vkRepfj=krhy R;kps vkRefuosnu ek=

izkatG o izkekf.kd vlys ikfgts-

FkksMD;kr] vkiys vuqHko brjkauk lkax.ks Hkkoh fi<hyk ekxZn�kZu dj.ks]

cks/k ns.ks] xr vkBo.khauk mtkGk ns.ks] xrLe`rhr jeek.k gks.ks] xr vk;q";kps

flagkoyksdu dj.ks] vkRexkSjo o vkReleFkZu dj.ks b- fofo/k gsrw vkRepfj=

ys[kukekxs vlysys fnlrkr-

1-5 vkRepfj=kph oSf�k"Vîks %&

Lor%P;k thoukps nwjLFki.kkus dsysys voyksdu o R;k laca/khps dFku

vkRepfj= gs vkBo.kh nSuafnuh b- vkRedFkukRed ys[ku izdkjkgwu osxGs

vlrs- vkRepfj= ys[kd vkiY;k HkwrdkGkrhy o orZeku dkGkrhy ?kVuk

izlaxkps] O;Drhaps fp=.k djrks rs djhr vlrkuk Lor%P;k O;fDreukP;k

tM.k?kM.khl dkj.khHkwr >kysY;k ?kVuk o O;Drh ;kaoj vf/kd Hkj nsrks- ;k

lanHkkZr Jh pØ/kj] lar ukenso ;kauh vkRepfj=ij etdqjkps dFku] ys[ku

dsys vkgs- vBjkO;k �krdkrhy ukuk QM.khlkps vkRepfj= gs oSf�k"VÓksiw.kZ

ekuys tkrs- ,dksf.klkO;k �krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZuarj vkRepfj=s eksBÓkk izek.kkoj

fyfgyh xsyh- R;kr fL=;kauh fyfgysY;k vkRepfj=kaph y{k.kh; Hkj iMyh

vkgs- 1960 uarj e/;eoxhZ; lo.kZ lektkckgsj xkodqlkckgsj jkg.kkÚ;k]

misf{kr HkVD;k tkrh&tekrhrhy ys[kdkauh th vkRepfj=s fyfgyh R;kl

vkRedFku vls EgVys tkrs- Lor%P;k dr`ZRokpk ok thoukpk vkys[k

okpdkaleksj Bso.ks gk ikjaifjd vkRepfj=kekxpk mís�k ;k vkRedFkukekxs



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16

ulwu fof�k"V lektO;oLFksrhy /kkj.kkaeqGs ts ;kruke; thou vkiY;k

Eg.ktsp vkiY;k tkrh&tekrhP;k okVÓkkl vkys R;kps dFku dj.ks gk gks;-

;k vkRedFkukeqGs vusd tkrh&tekrhaps thou R;kaP;k J)k] letqrh

O;ogkj vkf.k R;kaP;k nq%[kkps] d"Vkps] Hkh"k.k :i izFkep okpdkaleksj vkys-

ftKklk gk ek.klkpk tUenRr LoHkkoxq.k vkgs- nqlÚ;kps thou tk.kwu

?ks.;kph R;kyk usgeh mRlqdrk vlrs- O;Drhps thoun�kZu ?kMfo.ks gsp

vkRepfj=kps izeq[k mfí"V vkgs- R;keqGs ftKklkr`Irhps lek/kku ;k ok³~e;

izdkjkdMwu iqjsiwj feGw �kdrs- vkf.k ;k dkj.kkus ekuoh eus vkRepfj=kdMs

vkiksvki vkdf"kZyh tkrkr-

vkRepfj= fyfg.;k laca/kh fopkj dsyk rj dknacjhizek.ks vkRepfj=kl

dYiuk�kDrhph vko�;drk ykxr ukgh- pfj= o bfrgkl ;kauk ykx.kkjs

dBksj ifjJegh izHkk x.kksjdj Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj=krwu ,dk O;DrhP;k

thoukpk] dr`ZRokpk bfrgkl tlk O;Dr gksrks- rlkp rh O;Drh T;k dkGkr

vkf.k LFkGkr txr vlrs- R;k LFkGdkGkpk bfrgkl ns[khy vkRepfj=krwu

mHkk gksrks- bfrgkl gs ,[kk|k lektkps pfj= vlsy rj vkRepfj= gk ,dk

O;Drhpk bfrgkl vlrks-**34 O;Drh fujfujkGÓkk ukR;kauh dqVqackr o lektkr

okojr vlrs R;krY;k dks.kR;k ?kVdkoj fo�ks"k Hkj |k;pk gs vkRepfj=dkj

Bjforks o R;kuqlkj vkRepfj=kyk vkdkj ;srks- thoukps flagkoyksdu]

vkRekfo"dkj] vkReijh{k.k] vkReleFkZu] yksdf�k{k.k gs vkRepfj= ys[kukps

mís�k vlrkr vkRepfj= dFkukr lR; vFkok oLrqfLFkrhdFku gs vR;ar

egRokps vlrs- Eg.kts okpdkyk ys[kdkps Hkku gs fo�oluh; okVys ikfgts-

pkaxY;k vkRepfj=krwu ys[kdkP;k O;fDrxr thoukizek.ksp R;kps lektlkis{k

thou gh O;Dr gksrs- R;kpcjkscj ,dk fof�k"V lektkP;k fLFkrhxrhpkgh

izR;; ;srks- R;keqGs lkekftd] jktdh;] lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ vlysY;k

vkRepfj=kyk lkekftd nLrk,sotkps egRo feGrs- ^Lo* vkf.k ijeukps



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17

fo�ys"k.k dj.kkjs vkRepfj=] gh O;fDrekul o lektekul letwu ?ks.;kP;k

n`"Vhus egRokps Bjrs- jkstfu�kh] vkBo.kh] laLej.ks] i=s gh vkRepfj=

ys[kukph lk/kus gksr- vkRepfj= gk ,d lkfgR;izdkj vkgs- ek= R;krhy]

fuosnd] uk;d] brj ik=s] dkG] LFkG] ?kfVrs gh dfYir ulwu lR;] izR;{k

l`"Vhrhy vlrkr-

ejkBhr vkRepfj=kph eksBh ijaijk vkgs- vkRepfj=kph oSf�k"VÓks

lkaxrkuk jke �ksokGdj Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj=ke/;s Lor% pfj=uk;dp

vkiyh thoudgk.kh lkaxr vlY;keqGs R;kr toGhd o fo�oklkgZrk vf/kd

vlrs- R;kP;k vk;q";krhy egRokP;k ?kVuk laca/khph vLly cktw R;kr

okpk;yk feG.;kph lks; vlrs-**35

1-5-1 lR;dFku %&

ek.kwl Lor%fo"k;h Lor%p vf/kd lR; lkaxw �kdrks �Every man�s life

may be best written by him self.�36 gs MkW- tkWUlups mn~xkj iVrkr ;k ckchaeqGs

vkRepfj= gk ,d lksik ok³~e;izdkj okVw ykxrks ijarq gs [kjs ukgh-

vkRepfj= gk lksik letyk tk.kkjk ,d vfr�k; vo?kM vkf.k foy{k.k

Qlok ok³~e;izdkj vkgs- vkRepfj= fyfg.;kP;k ekxkZr ;s.kkÚ;k laHkouh;

vMp.kho:u vkRepfj=kP;k ckcrhr fuekZ.k gks.kkjh gh oLrqfLFkrh vkgs-

1½ lR;dFku] 2½ rVLFko`Rrh] 3½ ^Lo* yk dsaæLFkku] 4½ ?kVukaph ;ksX;

fuoM o dq�ky ekaM.kh] 5½ oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd fuosnu gh vkRepfj=kph

vko�;d vaxs] ;k vaxkpk rksy lakHkkGrkauk R;kr fuekZ.k gks.kkÚ;k

vMp.kho:u vkRepfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj gkrkGY;kl vfr�k; vo?kM

vlY;kps y{kkr ;srs dkj.k ;k lokZaxkpk rksy lkaHkkGyk tk.;kis{kk R;kapk

rksy tk.;kphp vf/kd �kD;rk vlrs-



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18

lR;dFku gh vkRepfj=kph lokZr egRokph dlksVh vkgs- cksjxkodj

vkRepfj=krhy lR;kfo"k;h Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj= ,dnkp ,dkdMwu fyfgys

tkr vlY;kus lR;n�kZukoj Hkj gok-**37 leh{kd ek- dk- ns�kikaMs vkRe&

pfj=krhy lR;kph egrh lkaxrkr ^^T;kyk Qqykaps dkSrqd ukgh rks mRre

doh gksÅ �kd.kkj ukgh] T;kyk eqykaps dkSrqd ukgh rks Fkksj rRoK gksÅ

�kd.kkj ukgh o T;kyk lR;kph dnj ukgh rks vkn�kZ vkRepfj=dkj gksÅ

�kd.kkj ukgh-**38 jk- Ñ- ykxw ;kaP;k ers lR; Eg.kts] ^^vkRepfj=kpk

dfytk gks;-**39 cksjxkodjkauk vkRepfj= ,dnkp fyfgys tkr vlY;kus

lR;dFku vko�;d okVrs rj ek-dk- ns�kikaMÓkkaP;k ers ^lR;* lkax.ks vkn�kZ

vkRepfj=kps y{k.k Bjrs- ;kghiq<s tkÅu MkW- ykxwuh lR;kyk ^dfytk* brds

egRoiw.kZ LFkku fnys gh loZ ers LohdkjkgZ okVrkr- vkRepfj=kr ys[kdkyk

Lor%fo"k;h lR; lkaxk;ps vlrs- tls ?kMys rls lkaxk;ps gsp R;kps /;s;

Bjrs- pfj=kis{kk vkRepfj=kr lR;kpk [kjk[kqjk vkfo"dkj Ogk;yk ikfgts

v�kh okpd vis{kk djrkr- lR; lkax.ks vko�;d vkgs gs ekU; dsys rjh

lR;kyk rhu cktw vlY;kps tk.kors 1½ Lor%yk fnl.kkjs lR;]

2½ izfri{kkyk fnl.kkjs lR; vkf.k 3½ izR;{kkr vl.kkjs lR; ;krhy dks.krs

lR; Lohdkjk;ps gk iz�u fuekZ.k gksrks- lR; cksy.ks ,[kk|k osGh lksis tkbZy

i.k lR; fyfg.ks Qkj vo?kM dke vkgs- lR; fyfgrkuk fofo/k vMp.kh

fuekZ.k gksrkr-

vkRepfj=kps oSf�k"VÓks lkaxrkuk MkW- Hkkypaæ QMds ;kauh EgVys vkgs

dh] ^^vkRedFku dj.kkjk ys[kd dkyP;k thoukcíy fyfgr vlrks rks

xrdkG R;kP;kleksj vkgs- R;kiklwu nwj vlysyk ys[kd R;krys pSrU;

�kks/kr vlrks- vktpk vkRedFkk fuosnd dky iklwu nwj vkysyk vlY;keqGs

vusd n`"Vhus fujkGk vkgs-**40



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19

vkRepfj= gs rls vkRefparup vlrs] i.k L=hyk Lor%is{kk irhps

fparu dj.ks fiz; vlY;keqGs dnkfpr fL=;kaph vkRepfj=s gh irhaph pfj=s

>kyh vlkohr- m"kkrkbZ Mkaxs] vkuanhckbZ f�kdsZ] tkudhckbZ QM.khl ;kaph

vkRepfj=s okprkuk useds gsp tk.kors- galk okMdjkaP;k ^lkaxR;s ,sdk*e/;s

ek= ,d osxGsi.k gksrs- gs pfj= Eg.kts ,d Loxrp vkgs- dlykgh

vkMiMnk u Bsork galkckbZ uVh Eg.kwu ts thou txY;k R;kps /kkxs R;k

vfyIri.ks myxMw �kdrkr- ;k vkRepfj=kikBksikB vkRepfj=krhy lR;&

dFkuklaca/kh] eueksdGsi.kklaca/kh dkgh osxGÓkkp letqrh :< >kysY;k

fnlrkr vkRepfj=kr lR;dFku vlrs vlk;yk ikfgts- ;kpk usedk vFkZ

dk;\ [kjks[kj vkRepfj= dkjkyk lR;dFku djrk ;s.ks �kD; vkgs dk;\

/khVi.ks lR; vuqHkokaps izkaty dFku dj.;kP;k gO;klkr peRÑrh fuekZ.k

gks.;kph �kD;rk ukgh dk;\ rls laiw.kZ lR;dFku dj.ks vkRepfj=dkjkyk

'kD;p ulrs- dkj.k eqGkrp laiw.kZ lR;kps vkdyu >kysys ulrs-

1-5-2 rVLFk o`Rrh %&

vkRepfj= dsOgk fygkos gk ns[khy ,d egRokpk iz�u vkgs- ;k laca/kh

fofo/k leh{kdkauh fofo/k ers ekaMysyh vk<Grkr- vkuan lk/kY;kaP;k ers]

^Lor%P;k eukleksj ukxos gksÅu Lor%P;k foÑrh ikg.;kps lkeF;Z vkys

Eg.ktsp vkRepfj= fygkos gh o`Rrh d/kh lkBhr ;sbZy d/kh iék�khr rj

d/kh fo�khrgh ;k o;kpk laca/k o"kkZP;k la[;s�kh ukgh rj dsoG o`Rrh�kh

vkgs-**41 Lor%dMs rVLFki.ks ikg.;kph r;kjh >kyh dh vkRepfj= fygkos

vls lk/kY;kaps er vkgs- rj vk;q";kP;k e/;koj fyfgysyh vkRepfj=s

vf/kd ;�kLoh gksrkr vlk izk- ok- y- dqyd.khZ ;kapk vfHkizk; vkgs-

^^thoukP;k lk/kkj.k v/;kZ VI;koj ;srk ts thou vki.k vkti;Zar txyks

R;kdMs iz�ukafdr eqæsus oGwu ikg.kkjk vkRepfj=dkj vkf.k thoukrY;k



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20

�ksoVP;k fnolkar vkiY;k thoukps flagkoyksdu d: ikg.kkjk iwohZpk

vkRepfj= ys[kd ;kaP;k o`Rrhrp ewyr% Qjd vkgs- thoukpk fujksi �ksoVph

fujokfujo d:u vkf.k vkiY;k vk;q";kpk tek[kpZ lknj d:u ,dt.k

tkrks vkgs rj nqljk thoukP;k ,su e/;kojp Fkkacwu vki.k vkrki;Zar tks

izokl dsyk] R;kdMs MksGs Hk:u ikg.;kpk o R;k}kjk vki.k [kjks[kj dks.k

vkgksr gs iq<hy izoklkP;k n`"Vhus tk.kwu ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru djhr vkgs- Eg.kwup

gh uohu vkRepfj=s vf/kd izkekf.kd] thoukps ;FkkFkZ n�kZu ?kMow �kd.kkjh

v�kh Bjr vkgs-**42 gh vkRepfj=s ok-y- dqyd.khZ ;kauk izkatG okVrkr-

thoukps ;FkkrF; fp=.k ?kMfo.kkjh Bjrkr- vkRe�kks/kukP;k n`"Vhus gh i)r

vfHkuanuh; vkgs-

vkRepfj= dsOgk fygkos ;klaca/kh � ak-ok- fdyksZLdj vkiys fopkj

ekaMrkr-^^txkP;k jaxHkweho:u vki.k cktwyk ljdw ykxyks- izs{kdkaP;k VkGÓkk

vki.kkal feGsuk�kk >kY;k Eg.kts eu tjk Hkkackow ykxrs- tqU;k xks"Vh

cnyY;k ikfgtsr vls vki.k Bklwu Eg.kr vlyks rjh uO;k xks"Vhaps Lokxr

djk;yk Egkrkjh eaMGh Dofprp r;kj gksrkr- tx fc?kMr pkyys ghp

R;kaph vksjM vlrs- v�kkosGh r:.kkauk ukos Bso.;kP;k vFkok R;kaP;k�kh

Li/kkZ dj.;kP;k Qankr u iMrk vki.k ,dk cktwyk Ogkos gsp mRre- v�kk

osGh vkiyk osG ?kkyok;yk vkRepfj= fyfg.ks gk ,d Qkj pkaxyk mik;

vkgs-**43 �ka-ok- fdyksZLdj ;kaps fopkj vareqZ[k dj.kkjs vkgsr- izk- Jh-ds-

{khjlkxj ;kaP;k ers] ^^gk izdkj ok/kZD;krp gkrkG.;kyk vf/kd lks;hpk

vkgs- dkj.k deh �kjhjcGkr okpuh; djrk ;s.;klkj[kk gkp izdkj vkgs-

ek= cjhp nqfu;k ikfgY;koj] cjhp lq[k&nq%[ks HkksxY;koj rks gkrh ?;k;yk

gok-**44 vkepfj= fyfg.;kl HkjHkDde vuqHko ;k;yk gos vls {khjlkxjkauk

okVrs- thoukdMs rVLFki.ks ikg.;kph r;kjh >kyh dh vkRepfj= fygkos-



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21

rsp vkRepfj= ;�kLoh gksbZy ;sFks o;kis{kkgh rkVLF; gh o`Rrh vf/kd

egRokph vkgs-

rVLFksps gs /kksj.k pkaxys ikGY;keqGsp y{ehckbZ fVGdkaph Le`frfp=s

vej >kyh- ;FkkrF; fp=.k dj.ks gh rkjsojph dljr vlrs- vki.k dls

vkgksr gs letwu ?ks.;kP;k Hkjhl u iMrk vki.k yksdkauk dls fnlkos

;klkBhp ek.klkph /kMiM pkyw vlrs- R;kpk gk LoHkko vkgs R;keqGs

vkRepfj=kr rVLFkrk ikG.ks dBh.k gksÅu clrs-

vkiY;k pqdk tkghji.ks dcwy djk;yk ek.klkyk loZ vgadkj cktwyk

Bsokok ykxrks- ;kf�kok; vkiY;kyk vkiY;kdMs rVLFk o`Rrhus ikgrk ;sr

ukgh- lkjk vgaHkko u"V gks.ks gh egku ;ksX;kaukgh lk/k.;kl dBh.k v�kh

lk/kuk gks;- vkiY;k xrthoukps :i vkiY;kyk usgehp yksHkl fnlrs-

R;krhy ladVs] nq%[k dkgh dkyko/khuarj �khry gksrkr- udGri.ks

vkRepfj=kdMwu vkReleFkZu] vkReizn�kZu dsys tkrs- ok-y- dqyd.khZ ;kaP;k

ers ^^vkReleFkZukFkZ o vkRexkSjokFkZ fyfgysys vkRepfj= gksÅ �kdr

ukgh-**45

1-5-3 ^Lo*yk dsaæLFkku %&

vkiY;k thoukr ?kMysyh ,[kknh ?kVuk nqlÚ;kauk Qkj egRokph vkf.k

eksBh okVrs- i.k vkiY;kyk rh vkBorgh ukgh- dkj.k O;fDrRokP;k ?kM.khr

dks.krkgh Hkkx u ?ksrk rh laiysyh vlrs- brjkaP;k n`"Vhus rh ?kVuk fdrhgh

eksBh vlyh rjh fryk vkRepfj=kr LFkku feG.;kps dkj.k ukgh- ;k myV

nqljh ,[kknh ?kVuk brdh {k qæ vlrs dh R;kr Hkkxhnkj] lk{khnkj vlysys

brj yksd rh ?kVuk foljysys vlrkr i.k vkiY;k Lej.kkr rh iDdh

uksanoysyh vlrs- rh fdrhgh ygku vlyh rjh O;fDrRokP;k ?kM.khr frpk

gkrHkkj ykxysyk vlrksp- Eg.kwu fryk vkRepfj=kr LFkku feGk;yk gos-



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22

vkRepfj=kr dks.kR;k xks"Vh ?;kO;k o dks.kR;k ?ksÅ u;s gs v[ksjh

vkRepfj=dkjkykp Bjok;yk ikfgts dkj.k vkiY;k n`"Vhus fdrhgh ;ksX;

okVr vlys rjh Vhdkdkj & Vhdk dj.kkjp- ts lkafxrys tkrs R;kcíy

leh{kd Eg.krkr] ^gs lkaxk;yk gos gksrs*] rs u lkafxrY;kus vkRepfj=kr

dkgh tkxk dksÚ;k lqVY;k vkgsr- vkRepfj= viqjs okVrs- oxSjs oxSjs] O;Drh

frrD;k izÑrh gs fol:u pky.kkj ukgh- Lor%P;k xq.kkaps fnXn�kZu djkos rj

vkRe�yk?kspk nks"k ?kMrks- Lor%ps nks"k nk[kokos rj fou;kpk fdaok Hkksanwi.kkpk

vko ;srks- R;keqGs vMfdR;kr lqikjh v�kk dkrjhr vkRepfj=dkj lkiMr

vlrks- T;k ?kVukarwu O;fDreRo BGdi.ks mHks jkghy R;k ?kVuk t�kkP;k

r�kk ekaMY;k rj vkReleFkZu fdaok fou;kpk vkjksi ;s.;kph �kD;rk jkg.kkj

ukgh- ijarq R;k ?kVukae/kwu Lor%P;k ;ksX;rslaca/kh fdaok Lodk;kZP;k

egRoklaca/kh vkRepfj=dkj Lor% fudky nsÅ ykxyk rj rs vkReleFkZu

Bjsy- vkRepfj=dkjkus dks.kR;kgh ckcrhr fudky nsÅ u;s- rks okpdkaoj

lksiokok Eg.kts dqBykgh vkjksi u ;srk lqanj dykÑrh fuekZ.k gksbZy-

vkRepfj= dks.kh fygkos ;klanHkkZr nqxkZ Hkkxor ;akps fopkj iV.kkjs vkgsr-

R;k vls Eg.krkr dh] ^^vkRepfj= fygk;ps rj thoukyk ?kkV gok] lwj

gok] jax gok-**46

vkRepfj=kps lkSan;Z ^Lo* n�kZukr lkBysys vlY;kus vkRepfj=kr

vkRepfj=dkjkyk dsanzLFkku feGk;yk ikfgts- euq"; lekt�khy izk.kh

vlY;kus ys[kdkacjkscj brj O;Drhaps fp=.k ;s.kkjp- rjhgh Lor%ps dsanzLFkku

lqVrk dkek u;s- Porf. Roy Pascal ;k lanHkkZr Eg.krkr �In the Autobiography

proper attentation in focused on the self.�47 dkykZbZyps ergh R;kyk iq"Vh

ns.kkjs vkgs- A HeRo is HeRo at all points ^Lo* n�kZu lk/kys ukgh rj

vkRepfj=kps egRop jkg.kkj ukgh-**48 cÚ;kpnk vkRepfj=kr ik=kaph [kwi

xnhZ vlrs- R;keqGs izR;sd ik=kyk uhVi.ks mHks djrk ;sr ukgh- o ^Lo*



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23

dMsgh y{k iqjfoys tkr ukgh rj dsOgk&dsOgk ^Lo* izfrek cktwyk lkjyh

tkÅu brj O;DrhP;kp izfrek xMn gkrkr- mnk- fL=;kauh irhlkBh

fyfgysyh vkRepfj=s] ^vkeP;k vk;q";krhy dkgh vkBo.kh* jekckbZ jkuMs]

^vkeph vdjk o"ksZ* yhykckbZ iVo/kZu v�kk izdkjP;k vkRepfj=kauk

vkRepfj=s Eg.kkos] lgfp=s Eg.kkos] dh la;qDrpfj=s Eg.kkos] vlk iz�u

mifLFkr gksrks-

1-5-4 ?kVukaph fuoM o dq�ky ekaM.kh %&

?kVukaP;k fuoMh lanHkkZr vkanzs eksokZ Eg.krkr- �All biographer or

autobiographer is object to omit fRom his narrative the common plance of daily life and

to limit him self almost exclusively to sallent events actions and traits. The writing and the

reading of the bulky volumes other wise required would be a like inmpossible.�49

vk;q";krhy loZlkekU; ?kVukaph dkVNkV d:u dkgh BGd] BlBl�khr

izlaxkP;k lkgk¸;kus vkiyh O;fDrjs[kk lknj dj.;kpk iz;Ru

vkRepfj=dkjkyk djkok ykxrks- ?kVukaph fuoM >kY;koj R;kaph ekaM.kh

dq�kyrsus djrk ;k;yk ikfgts- ukghrj ?kVuk ,dkiq<s ,d ekaMr vlrkuk

,[kknh ?kVuk e/;sp vkBors- R;k tkxh fryk vdkj.k LFkku fnys tkrs-

vkRepfj=krhy dykewY;kaph v�kh gsGlkaM gksrs- vkiY;k vk;q";krhy

?kMkeksMhaph fp=s lk/kkj.ki.ks lokZaP;kp eu%p{kwleksj mHkh vlrkr( i.k rh

�kCnl`"Vhr jaxfo.;kph dq�kyrk Qkjp FkksMÓkk yksdkaP;k vaxh vlrs-

vkRepfj= dks.kh fygkos ;koj dks.kkykp ca/ku ?kkyrk ;sr ukgh-

vlkekU; O;Drhcjkscjp lkekU; O;Drhgh vkRepfj= fygw �kdsy- lkekU;

O;Drhpsgh vkRepfj= okpuh; gksÅ �kdrs- ;klaca/kh Ñ-ika- dqyd.khZ vkiys

fopkj ekaMrkr- ^^thou lkekU; >kys rjh R;kr peRdkj gs vlk;psp-

,[kk|k VkaxsokY;kP;k vk;q";kr ukgh dk pVdk yko.kkjs izlax vk<Gr\

,[kk|k vkjkex`gkP;k ok<I;kP;k thoukr lq)k ukgh dk lkax.;klk[ks iq"dG



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24

vlrs\ gs O;olk;gh {kqnz ukghr o R;krhy though d/kh {kqnz ulrs- vk;q";

dq.kkpsgh >kys rjh R;kr dkgh jke vlrksp- brdsp uOgs rj v�kk lkekU;

thoukrp izlax brds dkO;kRed o ukVÓkkRe vlrkr dh R;kiq<s dkYifud

dkO; o ukVÓk fQds iMkos-**50 ft.ks lkekU; vlys rjh R;kP;k vk;q";kr

pVdk yko.kkÚ;k xks"Vh vkgsr- R;kaps vkRepfj= okpuh; gksbZy-

vkRepfj=kpk ys[kd dks.kh egkiq#"k fdaok dks.kh egkRek] vlkok

ykxrks vls ukgh- f�k{kd] O;kikjh] lSfud] oSekfud] dkj[kkunkj] etwj]

�ksrdjh] MkWDVj] jktdkj.kh] Mªk;Ogj v�kh ekuokph dk;Z{ks=s loZO;kih

vkgsr- R;k&R;k {ks=krhy ekfgrh R;k&R;k yksdkaukp lokZf/kd pkaxyh

vl.;kph �kD;rk vkgs- rsOgk ;k ukukfo/k {ks=kar okoj.kkÚ;k yksdkauh vkiys

vuqHko vkiys thou izlax vkiyh lq[k nq%[ks o.kZu dsyh rj mRÑ"V lkfgR;

fuekZ.k gksbZy- gh vkRepfj= okpuh; gksrhy Kku vkf.k euksjatu vls nksUgh

gsrw ;k vkRepfj=k}kjs lk/kys tkrhy- vkRepfj=s lkekU; yksdkaph vlY;kus

vf/kd yksdfiz; ikorhy o yksdkauk vf/kd toGph okVrhy-

1-6 oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd fuosnu %&

vkRepfj= oLRkqfLFkrhn�kZd Ogk;yk ikfgts- laLej.kh; ?kMkeksMhauk

vk;q";krhy QDr ngk ia/kjk o"kkZpk Hkkx O;kiysyk vlrks- mjysY;k

vk;q";krhy vktpk fnol dkyP;klkj[kk- vkf.k m|kpk fnol vktP;k

lkj[kk v�kh fLFkrh vlrs- ijarq ys[kdkyk ;kpk iw.kZi.ks folj iMrks- vki.k

T;k ifjfLFkrhr vkgksr R;kis{kk vki.k dks.kR;k ifjfLFkrhr vlkos] dls

vlkos ;kpk fopkj dj.ksp R;kyk vf/kd vkoMrs- dYiukl`"Vhrhy ft.ks

vf/kd lq[kn] vkuannk;d vlrs R;keqGs ;k fp=.kkyk izk/kkU; feGwu

vkRepfj= oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd gksr ukgh- vkReLrks= xk.;kph loZ lkekU;

ek.klkyk gkSl vlY;kus cÚ;kp okLro xks"Vhauk vkRepfj=kr LFkku feGkysys



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25

vk<Grs- ?kMysY;k ?kVukiSdh v�kkp ?kVukaph fuoM djkoh dh T;k

okpdkaP;k cq)hyk iVw �kdrhy o isyw �kdrhy v�kk ?kVukaph fuoM

>kY;kus rs vkRepfj= oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd gksbZy-

1-7 vkRepfj=kps Lo:i %&

ek.klkps thou gk ,d izokl vkgs- ;k thou izoklkr R;kyk vusd

l[ks lkscrh HksVr vlrkr- thoukr vusd ?kVukizlaxkuk lkeksjs tkrkuk fofo/k

Lo:ikps vuqHko rks ?ksr vlrks- gs vuqHko lq[knq%[kfeJhr vlrkr- vkiY;k

thou izoklkrhy l[;klkscR;kcíyps vkf.k fofo/k vuqHkokafo"k;hps vkRe&

fuosnu ys[kd vkRepfj=kr djr vlrks- vkRepfj=kph lq:okr dksBwu djkoh

thoukrhy dks.kR;k ?kVukaph fuoM djkoh fuosnukpk Øe dlk vlkok ;k

ckcrps Lokra«; vkRepfj=dkjkyk vlrs-

vkRepfj=kP;k vkÑfrca/kkfo"k;h fuf�pr vls fu;e ulrkr- R;keqGs

vkRepfj=kP;k ekaM.khckcr vkRepfj=dkj iw.kZi.ks ca/keqDr vlrks- ;k fo"k;h

foykl [kksys Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj= gk dkgh dkVsdksj fu;ekoyhpk voyac

dj.kkjk ys[ku izdkj ukgh- ;sFks egRo vlrs rs O;fDrxr vuqHkokyk- ^eh*

yk R;kP;k Hkwrdkyhu vuqHko vk�k; Eg.kwu ;kst.;kps lokZf/kdkj ;k

ys[kukus cgky dsysys vlrkr-**51 ;ko:u vkRepfj= gk lSylj vkÑfrca/k

vlysyk ys[kuizdkj vlY;kps y{kkr ;srs- vkRepfj= ys[kuklaca/kh fuf�pr

Lo:ikph fu;ekoyh fnlr ukgh-

vusdnk vki.k dls vkgksr gs lkax.;k,soth vki.k dls vl.ks

vkiY;kyk vkf.k brjkauk vkoMys vlrs] rsp ys[kd fygwu tkrks- gs

dnkfpr udGrgh ?kMr vlsy] i.k tsOgk ?kMrs rsOgk vkRepfj=kpk rksy

<Grks- Lor%�kh izkekf.kd jkgwu ys[ku dj.;kph d"Vizn mikluk vkRe&

pfj=dkjkyk djkoh ykxrs- Lor%P;k nks"kkauk lkSE; dj.;kdMs ts ys[kd



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26

>qdrkr R;kaP;k ys[kukrhy mRdVrk deh gksr vlY;kps okpdkyk

tk.koY;kokpwu jkgkr ukgh- Lor%yk pkaxys Eg.kwu fejo.;kP;k Hkjkr gs

ys[ku dkseV gksr tkrs gs okpdkyk rRdkG mexrs- ys[kdkpk gk

vizekf.kdi.kk rif�kykrwu O;Dr gksrks] vls ukgh rj rks vkRe�kks/kkr m.kk

iMrks vkgs] gs Li"V gksrs- vkf.k vkRe�kks/k gh ,d dBksj izfØ;k vkgs-

rkRi;Z vls dh vkRepfj= ys[ku gs Lor%fo"k;h Lor%p dsysys ys[ku

vlY;keqGs ,dkp osGh rs lksisgh vkgs vkf.k vfr�k; vo?kMgh-

vkRepfj= ys[kuklkBh vkRepfj=dkjkaP;k vaxh �kkyhurk] le;lwpdrk

brjkacíy vkiqydhph Hkkouk] xq.k] rlsp nks"k nk[kfo.;kps /kkMl ys[kdkdMs

vlys ikfgts- oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd vkRefuosnu vl.kkjs vkRepfj= vf/kd

fo�oklkgZ Bjrs- xrthoukrhy ;ksX; ?kVuk] izlaxkph fuoM] ^Lo* yk

dsanzLFkku vkf.k lR;dFku ;k xks"Vhauk vkRepfj=kr [kwip egRokps LFkku

vkgs-

vkRepfj= ys[kuklkBh xrthoukrhy ?kVuk&izlaxkph fuoM dj.ks

loZLoh vkRepfj=dkjkP;k gkrkr vlrs- xrvk;q";krhy loZlkekU; ?kVukaph

dkVNkV d:u fuoMd vkf.k egRokP;k ?kVuk BGd izlaxkP;k vk/kkjs

ys[kdkyk vkiys O;fDrRo] thoudr`ZRo vkRepfj=kr js[kkVkos ykxrs-

vkRepfj=kr dks.kR;k xks"Vh ?;kO;kr o dks.kR;k VkGkO;kr ;kpk fu.kZ;

ys[kdkusp ?;k;pk vlrks- fuoMysY;k ?kVukae/kwu ys[kdkpk thouo`Rrkar ek=

BGdi.ks fpf=r >kyk ikfgts- ;klkBh ys[kdkus vkiY;k vuqHkokph ekaM.kh

dkS�kY;iw.kZfjR;k dj.ks vko�;d vkgs-

vkRepfj=kr ^Lo* izfresyk [kwi egRo vlrs- ys[kd vkRepfj=kP;k

dsanzLFkkuh vlrks- ys[kdkps thou dr`ZRo o O;fDrRo ?kMfo.;ke/;s R;kps

ukryx] ftoyx fe=] lektkrhy dr`ZRooku O;Drh ;k lokZapk dGr&

udGr gkrHkkj ykxysyk vlrks- Eg.kwup vkRepfj=kr ys[kdkus ^Lo* yk



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27

dsanzLFkkuh BsÅu brjkaps okLRo fp=.k dj.ks visf{kr vlrs O;Drh Lor% d�kh

?kMr xsyh rlsp frP;k gkrwu dkgh xks"Vh d�kk ?kMfoY;k xsY;k ;kps vFkZiw.kZ

fp=.k vkRepfj=kr >kys ikfgts ;klanHkkZr o-fn- dqyd.khZ Eg.krkr]

^^vkRepfj= Eg.kts vkiY;k vk;q";krhy izlax ?kVukapk bfrgkl uOgs gs vla

vla ?kMya v�kk R;k dsoG uksanh ulrkr- gs vla vla ?kMya o R;krwup eh

vlk vlk ?kMr xsyks fdaok gs vla vla ekÖ;k gkrwu ?kMr xsya ?kMfoya xsya

;kpk rks vFkZiw.kZ thou fp=iV vlrks-**52 vkRepfj= Eg.kts O;DrhP;k

thoukpk dsoG bfrgkl uOgs gs dqyd.khZ ;kaps er iV.;klkj[ks vkgs-

ys[kdkps O;fDrRo o dr`ZRo dls ?kMr xsys fdaok ?kMfoys xsys gs

vkRepfj=krwu Li"V >kys ikfgts- vkRepfj=kr ys[kdkpk laiw.kZ thouiV

okpdkleksj ;ksX; fjrhus mHkk jkfgyk ikfgts-

Lor%P;k gkrwu ?kMysyk pqdk vkRepfj=kr izkatGi.ks lkafxrY;k xsY;k

ikfgtsr Lor%P;k pqdkaph dcqyh ns.;klkBh vkRepfj=dkjkP;k vaxh /kS;Z

vlkos ykxrs- ;k lanHkkZr v-e-tks�kh Eg.krkr] ^^Lor%P;k thoukrhy L=h&

fo"k;d eksgkps izlax izsedFkk o brj ySafxd vuqHko ;kaps o.kZu dj.;kbrds

/kS;Z Qkj FkksMÓkkaP;k vaxh vlrs-**53 vkRepfj=kr dsoG iq#"kp L=h fo"k;d

eksgkps izlax lkax.;kps VkGrkr vlk vFkZ izk- v-e-tks�kh ;kaP;k fo/kkukrwu

/ofur gksrks- ijarq fL=;kaP;k vkRepfj=ke/;sgh ySaxhd lac/kkps Qkjls fp=.k

vk<Gr ukgh- vkRepfj=kr v�kk izlaxkps fp=.k dj.;kps /kkMl iq#"kkizek.ksp

fL=;kaP;k fBdk.kh gh vioknkusp fnlrs-

Hkkjrh; laL�rhr iq#"kakuh fookgckgîk laca/k Bso.ks Qkjls xSj letys

tkr ukgh- iq#"kakps orZu ,dosG {kE; dsys tkrs- ijarq fL=;kauh fookgckgîk

laca/k Bso.ks Hkkjrh; laLÑrhr vijk/k letyk tkrks- vls orZu dj.kkÚ;k

L=hyk cnQSyh Bjoyh tkrs- lekt frP;kdMs ?k`.kkLin utjsus ikgr vlrks-



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28

dnkfpr lektkP;k n`f"VdksukeqGs rlsp vkiyh cnukeh gksÅ u;s ;klkBh

L=h&iq#"klaca/kkps fp=.k ejkBh vkRepfj=kr VkGys tkr vlkos-

Lor%ps ySfxd vuqHko] izseizdj.ks] fookgckgîk L=h&iq#"klaca/k b- ps

fp=.k ejkBh vkRepfj=ke/;s dkgh izek.kkr >kysys fnlrs] ijarq ;kckcrps

fuosnu djrkuk dkgh vkRepfj=dkjkauk ladksp okVr vlrks- v�kk Lo:ikps

vuqHko [kqysi.kkus lkax.ks Hkkjrh; laLÑrhr f�k"Vlaer ekuys tkr ukgh-

ik�pkÙ; laL�rhr ySafxd vuqHkokaP;k ckcrhrp eksdGsi.kk vlY;kus

ik�pkÙ; vkRepfj=kr ySafxd laca/kkps fp=.k eksdGsi.ks dsysys fnlrs- ejkBh

vkRepfj=kr vls fp=.k VkGkos ykxrs- ;kfo"k;h xtkuu tkxhjnkj Eg.krkr]

ß,jkWy fIyu ;k uVkus T;k csNwV m?kMi.ks vkiY;k ek; fodsM ist ukokP;k

vkRepfj=kr vkiys fL=;kacn~nyps vuqHko lkafxrys] rls lkax.;kps eh

eqn~nke VkGys ;kps dkj.k fookgckgîk L=h&iq#"klaca/kkckcr vkiY;k lektkpk

ik�pkÙ;akis{kk osxGk vlysyk n`f"VdksuÞ54 ;ko:u ik�pkR; yksdkauk T;k

xks"Vh LokHkkfod vkf.k {kE; okVrkr- R;k Hkkjrh; yksdkauk ghu vkf.k fua|

okVrkr- Eg.kwup fookgckgîk L=h&iq#"klaca/kkps fp=.k VkG.;kdMs vkiY;k

vkRepfj=dkjkapk dy vlrks- vkRepfj=kr ckyi.kkps fp=.k djrkuk

Lej.k�kDrh nxk nsÅ �kdrs- cgqla[; vkRepfj=s gh mrkjo;kr fyfgyh

tkrkr- ;k o;kr ckyi.krhy ?kVuk&izlax BGdi.ks vkBorhyp vls ukgh-

R;keqGs izkekf.kd bPNk vlwugh ckyi.kkrhy vuqHkokcn~ny fuHkZG Lo:ikps

lR;dFku �kD; Bjr ukgh- vls vlys rjh thoukrhy ts ?kVuk izlax

Li"Vi.ks vkBorkr R;kfo"k;hP;k vkRefuosnukr lR;rk vlyhp ikfgts-

Lej.k�kDrhps dkj.k lkaxwu vkRepfj=dkjkus lR;dFkukiklwu nwj tk.ks ;ksX;

ukgh-

Ekk.klkyk Lej.k�kDrh ykHkysyh vkgs ijarq R;kcjkscjp foLe`rhph

izo`Rrhgh R;kP;k fBdk.kh fnlwu ;srs- cÚ;kp xks"Vh rks foljrks- ckyi.khP;k



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29

loZp xks"Vh R;kyk vkBorkr vls ukgh- vktksck&vkth] vkbZ&oMhy

;klkj[kh ofMy/kkjh ek.kls ckyi.khP;k xks"Vh lkaxrkr- R;kaph Lej.ks vkiY;k

Le`rhr lkBoyh tkrkr- ofMy/kkÚ;kaP;k dFkukr dkSrqdkpkp Hkkx vf/kd

vl.;kph �kD;rk vlrs- dkj.k gs dFku ^vkiys ewy* ;k n`f"Vdksukrwu

>kysys vlrs- ckyi.khP;k vkBo.khapk vLlyi.kk vlk gjowu xsY;kph

�kD;rk vlrs-

vkRepfj=k�kh toGhd lk/k.kkjs ys[ku larkP;k vHakxke/kwu >kysys

vk<Grs- lar ok³~e;kps vH;kld lar ukensokauk ejkBh lkfgR;krhy vk|

vkRepfj=dkjkpk eku nsrkuk fnlrkr- ;kuarj lar tukckbZ] ,dukFk] rqdkjke]

cfg.kkckbZ v�kk vusd lardohuh vkiY;k vHkaxkrwu o dkO;krwu

Lor%fo"k;hps fuosnu dsysys vkgs- ;k larakuh vkRepfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj

MksGÓkkleksj BsÅu tk.khoiwoZd vkRefuosnu dsysys vkgs] vls Eg.krk ;s.kkj

ukgh- ijarq gs fuosnu vkRepfj=k�kh toGhd lk/k.kkjs vlY;kus vkRepfj=

ok³~e;kph iwoZ ijaijk Eg.kwu larakP;k vkRefuosnukdMs ikg.;kl dkghp

gjdr ukgh- izkphu dkGkrhy iqjk.k ok³~e;kiklwu vkRedFku i)rhyk

egRokps LFkku izkIr >kys vkgs- ^^Jo.ka dhrZua fo".kks%Lej.ka iknlsoue vpZua

oanua nkL;a l[; vkRefuosnue**55 ;k uo fo/kk HkDrhiSdh vkRefuosnue gk

lokZr Js"B HkDrhpk izdkj ekuysyk vkgs-iqjk.k dkGkiklwu vkRedFkukyk

vkysys egRo ;ko:u dGrs-

pfj= o vkRepfj= ;k ok³~e; izdkjkps vH;kld izk-jk-Ñ- ykxw gs

vkRepfj=kP;k tUeklaca/kh Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj=kph izFkk dks.kh uohup lq:

dsyh vls ukgh- osn dkGkiklwu rks vktrkxk;r fryk d/khp [kaM iMysyk

ukgh--- rnS{kr cgqLFkka iztk;s; ;k okD;krhy ygkulk mn~xkj Eg.kts R;k

fo�o fouk;d lr~ rRokps ¼czEgkps½ vkRepfj= gks;- Hkxorxhrsr lTtukaps

laj{k.k vkf.k nqtZukaps funkZyu dj.;klkBh eyk okjaokj tUe ?;kok ykxrks



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30

vls Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k lkaxrkr- rs R;kaps vkRepfj=p EgVys rjh pkysy-

;kf�kok; v�kk izdkjps vusd vkRepfj=ij mn~xkj Hkxon~xhrsr lkiMrhy-

Kkus�oj gh vkiY;k HkkokFkZ nhfidsr osGksosGh okpdkauk Lor%P;k pfj=kph

vksG[k d:u nsrkr-**56

pØ/kjkaP;k iwoZthoukfo"k;h f�k";kauh pkSdlcq)hus ts iz�u fopkjys T;k

�kadk mifLFkr dsY;k] R;kaps lek/kku dj.kkP;k gsrwus pØ/kjkauh Lor%P;k

iwokZ;q";kph dgk.kh lkafxrysyh vkgs- vkRedFkukrwu R;kaP;k O;fDreRokrhy

fdrhrjh xq.kkaoj izdk�k iMrks] R;kaP;k rksaMph okD;s R;kaP;k O;fDreRokps

,d ftoar izR;;dkjh n�kZu ?kMforkr] R;kr rRdkyhu lektkps fp=.k

,sfrgkfld O;Drhaps mYys[k vkgsr- foyklh thou fojDr lk/kdkoLFkk] fl)

iq#"kkps Hkze.k] lektkrhy loZ Lrjkar felGwu R;kauh dsysyk mins�k b-

voLFkkaps fp=.k ØekØekus ?kMwu vkysys vkgs- gs ;k vkRepfj=kRed ys[kukps

;�k Eg.krk ;sbZy- brj vkRepfj=kaizek.ks pØ/kj vkiY;k vkRepfj=kps ys[kd

ukghr- vkBo.kh lkafxrY;k o EgkbZeHkÍkus fyfgY;k vls vlwugh R;krhy

vkRepfj=kpk Hkko dk;e jk[k.;kr EgkbaHkV ;�kLoh >kys vkgsr-**57

vOoy baxzth dky[kaMkiklwu vkRepfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj vkiY;kdMs

:< >kyk vkgs- 1870&71e/;s fyfgysys nknksck ikaMqjax ;kaps ^vkRepfj=* gs

:< vFkkZus ejkBhrhy ifgys vkRepfj= ekuys tkrs- R;keqGs vk/kqfud ejkBh

lkfgR;krhy ifgys vkRepfj= fyfgY;kpk eku bfrgklkus nknksck iakMqjax ;kauk

fnyk vkgs- 1859e/;s fo".kwcqok czEgpkjh ;kauh ^osnksDr /keZ izdk�k* gk xzaFk

fyfgyk- ;k xzaFkkr vkReij mYys[k rqjGdi.ks vkysys vkgsr- i.k rso<Ókk

mYys[kko:u R;kyk vkRepfj= Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh- baxzth dky[kaMkiwohZ

fujatu ek/ko] ukuk QM.khl] xaxk/kj�kkL=h iVo/kZu] ckiw dkUgks] ;kauh

vkRepfj=s fyfgyh vkgsr-



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31

fujatu ek/ko ;kaps ^laiznk; ifjeG* gs vkRepfj= gks;- R;kus vkiyh

iRuh xaxkorh fgP;k vkxzgko:u gk xzaFk fyfgyk- izkphu ejkBhr v�kk

Hkwfedsrwu fyfgysyk gk ,deso xzaFk vlkok vls okVrs- irh o iRuh

;kaP;krhy laokn :ikus gk xzaFk fyfgysyk vkgs- ukuk QM.kohl ;kaP;k

vkRepfj=kr ukukauh vkiY;k nks"kkapsgh fp=.k izkatGi.ks dsysys vkgs- ljG

lk/ks izkatG fuosnu o mRÑ"V ys[ku �kSyh ;k n`"Vhus gs vkRepfj=

mYys[kuh; vkgs- ijarq gs vkRepfj= fof�k"V izlaxkiqjrs e;kZfnr vlY;kus

R;kpk viqjsi.kk lrr [kVdr jkgrks- xaxk/kj�kkL=h iVo/kZu ;kauh estj okWdj

jsflMsaV ;kauk lknj dsysyk o`Rrkar Eg.kts R;kaps vkRepfj= gks;- o;kP;k

vkBO;k o"kkZiklwuph gdhdr ;k vkRepfj=kr ;srs- R;kaps gs vkRepfj=

dSfQ;rotk okVrs- is�kokbZP;k vLrkuarj baxztkauh dkgh ekfgrxkj yksdkadMwu

vkRepfj=s fygwu ?ksryh- R;kr ckiw dkUgks gksrs- ;k vkReo`Rrkph ekaM.kh

c[kjhlkj[kh >kysyh fnlrs- R;keqGs gs vkReo`Rr gfddrotk >kysys vkgs-

nknksckuarj] 1887 lkyh ckck in~euth ;kauh ^v:.kksn;* gs vkRepfj=

fyfgys- vkiY;k /kekZarjkph gdhdr R;kauh ;kr lkafxryh vkgs- rh lkaxr

vlrkuk fganw /kekZarhy xq.kkoxq.k] /kkfeZd o lkekftd letqrh] :<h ;kaps

lR;kyk u Mkoyrk foospu dsys vkgs- in~euthauh cks/koknh n`f"Vdksukrwu gs

vkRepfj= fyfgys vkgs- gh cgqrsd vkRepfj=s izkatG o okLron�khZ vkgsr-

1910 e/;s jekckbZ jkuMs ;kauh ^vkeP;k vk;q";krhy dkgh vkBo.kh

fyfgY;k U;k;ewrhZ jkuMÓkkaps fp= mHks dj.;klkBh ;k vkRepfj=kpk tUe

>kysyk vkgs- 1915 e/;s /kksaMks ds�ko dosZ ;kauh vkReo`Rr fyfgys-

^^vkeph pfj=s e/;e lkeF;kZP;k ;qod ;qorhae/;s lkekU; euq";kykgh

djrk ;s.;klkj[;k dkgh xks"Vh vkgsr v�kh FkksMh�kh tk.kho mRié d:u

Vkdrhy-**58 ;k letqrhus gs vkReo`Rr fyfgys xsys- 1928 e/;s ioZrhckbZ

vkBoys ;kauh ^ek>h dgk.kh* gs vkRepfj= fyfgys] gs ejkBhrhy ifgys L=h



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32

vkRepfj= gks;- lektkdMwu fo/koakoj gks.kkjk vU;k;] R;keqGs fo/kokaph

gks.kkjh n;uh; voLFkk b- ps ftoar fp=.k ;k vkRepfj=kr >kysys vkgs-

1924 e/;s /kekZauan dkslach ;kauh vkiys fuosnu lknj dsys- ukuk ikoxh

;kaP;k vkReo`Rrkr vgadkj o vkRe�yk?kk vk<Grs- 1934 e/;s y{ehckbZ

fVGd ;kauh Le`frfp=s fyfgyh- fVGdkaps pfj= fyfg.;kP;k gsrwus fyfgys

xsysys gs vkRepfj= ejkBh ok³~e;kr vej LFkku feGowu clys vkgs- 1943

e/;s deykckbZ ns�kikaMs ;kaph ^Lej.klk[kGh* izdkf�kr >kyh ;k vkRepfj=kr

deykckbZ cÚ;kp fBdk.kh vkReleFkZukpk iz;Ru djrkuk fnlrkr u-fpa-

dsGdjkaP;k ^xrxks"Vh* vkReleFkZukus dyadhr >kysY;k vkgsr- cks/koknh

n`f"Vdksukrwu y-jk-ikaxkjdjkauh ^pfj=panz* fyfgys-

fo-jk-f�kans ;kauh ^ek÷;k vkBo.kh o vuqHko* fyfgrkuk rVLFko`Rrh

ckGxysyh fnlrs- Lokra«;ohj fo-nk- lkojdj fyf[kr ^ek>h tUeBsi*

rVLFko`Rrh vkf.k eksdGsi.kk ;keqGs okpuh; >kys vkgs-

1910 rs 1950 ;k dky[kaMkr fyfgY;k xsysY;k vkRepfj=kapk gk

LFkwyekukus ?ksrysyk vk<kok vkgs- ;k dky[kaMkrhy cgqrsd vkRepfj=s

cks/koknh n`f"Vdksukrwu tUeysyh fnlrkr- rlsp cÚ;kp vkRepfj=kr

vkReleFkZugh vk<Grs dkgh vkRepfj=s vOoyntkZphgh mrjyh vkgsr-

Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kaMke/;s ^dÚgsps ik.kh* gs ikp dky[kaMkRed iznh?kZ

vkRepfj= fygwu vkpk;Z v«;kauh vkiyk thouiV lknj dsyk vkgs- �-iak-

dqyd.khZ ^�".kkdkBph ekrh* ;k vkRepfj=kr vkiyh lq[k nq%[ks rUe;rsus

fpf=r djrkuk fnlrkr- u-fo- xkMxhG ;kauh ^^vkiY;k thoukpk bfrgkl

vki.kp fygkok Eg.kts R;krhy vUo;kFkkZcÌy vkiY;k i�pkr dks.kh lR;

vxj oLrqfu"B fjrhus lkaxw �kd.kkj ukgh-**59 vls EgVys vkgs-

Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr e;kZfnr izek.kkr vkRepfj= ys[ku >kysys fnlrs-

Lokra«;ksRrj dkGkr ek= vkRepfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj vf/kd fodflr



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33

>kysyk fnlrks- ;k dkGkr jktdh;] lkekftd] �kS{kf.kd] m|ksx] dyk]

ØhMk v�kk loZp {ks=krhy vkf.k lektkrhy fofo/kLrjkrhy L=h&iq#"kkauh

foiqy izek.kkr vkRepfj= ys[ku dsys vkgs- fo�ks"k% 1980 uarjP;k dkGkr

ejkBh vkRepfj= ok³~e;kr nfyr lektkrhy L=h&iq#"kkaP;k vkRepfj=kaph

Qkj eksBh Hkj iMysyh vkgs-

1-8 vkRepfj=kps egRo %&

l| dkGkr ejkBh lkfgR;kr vkRepfj= ;k ok³~e; izdkjkyk Lora= o

egRokps LFkku izkIr >kys vkgs- cgqjaxh ekuoh thou tk.kwu ?ks.;kph ftKklk

ek.klkyk vlrs- gs ftKklk iwrhZps lek/kku vkRepfj=kdMwu feGw �kdrs-

fdacgquk gk ,dp ok³~e; izdkj ekuoh thou tk.kwu ?ks.;kph ftKklk iqjsiwj

iqjow �kdrks- vls EgVY;kl okoxs gksÅ u;s- pfj=dkjkdMwu gs lek/kku feGw

�kdrs] i.k R;krhy izlax lkaxksokaxhps vlrkr- R;keqGs lR;kP;k ckcrhr

lk�kadrk fuekZ.k gksrs- vkRepfj=kdMwu QDr ftKklkp iqjfoyh tkrs] vls

ukgh rj rs okpdkykgh vareqZ[k cufors- vkRe�kks/ku djk;yk ykors- rks rks

dkGgh vkRepfj=ko:u vH;klrk ;srks- ys[kdkps var%dj.k ljG okpdkaP;k

var%dj.kkyk fHkMr vlY;kus ,d izdkjpk ftOgkGk ;k ok³~e; izdkjkr

tk.korks- dkj.k uo fufeZrh{ke yfyr lkfgR;krhy l`"Vhizek.ks vkRepfj=k&

rhy l``"Vh gh dfYir l`"Vh ulrs rj izR;{k thoukuqHkokoj ikslyh tk.kkjh

iqufuZfeZr l`"Vh vlrs- uqlrhp iqufuZfeZr ulrs] rj ;krwu xrthoukyk ,d

izdkjpk lqlaxr vkdkj vkf.k vFkZ ns.;kpk iz;Ru vlrks- iqjLdkjkekQZr

ekuoh thou vkLok| dj.;kph rh [kViV vlrs- fdR;sdnk vkRe�kks/kkP;k

izfØ;srwu vkRepfj=dkjkyk xol.kkjh Lor%ph izfrek R;kyk Lor%ykp R;kps

vfHkuo n�kZu ?kMo.kkjh Bjrs- thou tls ?kMys rlsp fyfgys tkr

vlY;kus] vkRepfj=kbrdk ftoar nqljk dqBykgh ok³~e; izdkj vk<Gr



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34

ukgh- thoukrY;k /kdk/kdhr ts yksd d/khgh ijkØe djrkauk fnlr ukghr-

R;kaps vlkekU;Ro dsOgkgh utjsl iMr ukgh- T;kP;k dr`ZRofu"Bsoj]

ri�p;sZoj] tx pkyrs i.k R;kaps dr`ZRo ek= vcksy vlrs R;k vla[;

thokaph thou;k=k tk.kwu ?ks.;kl vkRepfj= gs mRre lk/ku Bjrs-

Fkksj iq#"kkaph pfj=s gk ekuotkrhpk veksy Bsok vkgs- egku rRoK]

eqRlÌh xzaFkdkj] vkf.k dykoar ;kaph pfj=s Hkkoh fi<Ókkauk nhiLraHkklkj[kh

ekxZn�kZd Bjrkr- R;kaP;k ikoykapk ekxksok ?ksr] R;kaP;k thou dk;kZiklwu

LQwrhZ ?ksr ekuotkr vkiY;k fodklkph okVpky djhr vlrs- R;keqGs pfj=

ys[kukpk gsrw Li"V vkf.k m?kM vkgs- i.k vkRepfj=kps rls ukgh- ,[kk|k

fof�k"V {ks=kr vlkekU; drZcxkjh xktfo.kkÚ;k O;Drhaps pfj= R;k {ks=kr

/kMiM dj.kkÚ;k uoFkj mesnokjkyk ekxZn�kZd Bjsy] LQwfrZnk;d Bjsy ijarq

vkRepfj= dks.kh fygkos ;koj dq.kkykp ca/ku ?kkyrk ;s.kkj ukgh- R;keqGs

vkRepfj= fyfg.kkjh O;Drh vlkekU; foHkwrh vlsy ;kph [kk=h nsrk ;sr

ukgh- vkf.k pfj= fo"k; gksÅ �kd.kkÚ;k vlkekU; foHkwrh vkReo`Ùkh

fyfgrhyp ;kph �kk�orh ukgh- ,[kknk lkekU; ek.kwlgh jatd vls

vkRedFku fygw �kdsy R;keqGs vkReo`Ùkhps iz;kstu dk; gk iz�u fopkj

dj.;klkj[kk vkgs- ;k lanHkkZr ckG lkear Eg.krkr] ^^iafMr tokgjyky

usg:auh vkiY;k vkReo`Rrkr vls EgVys vkgs dh] gs vkReo`Rr dsoG ek÷;k

ns�kcka/koklkBhp eh fyghr vkgs- rs tj ik�pkR; okpd oxkZlkBh fygko;kps

vlrs] rj eyk fujkGk n`f"Vdksu Lohdkjkok ykxyk vlrk-**60

1-9 vkRedFkk] vkRedFku vkf.k vkRepfj= %&

izk- Hkkypanz [kkaMsdjkauh ,ds fBdk.kh vkRepfj= ys[kukP;k o;klaca/kh

dkgh iz�u mifLFkr dsys vkgsr- rs Eg.krkr] ^^Hkkoh dkGkr r:.k o;krys

vkRepfj= vH;klrk ;sbZy dka\ R;keqGs vkRepfj=kps fud"k cnykos



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35

ykxrhy dk\ v�kk r:.k o;krY;k vkRedFkukyk ^vkRepfj=* Eg.kkos dh

^vkReo`Rr* dh ^vkRedFku*\ dk] gh lxGh ukos Eg.kts ,dp\ vkf.k

�ksoVh vkRepfj=kps o; dks.krs vlkos\ ,su mesnhps dh mrkjo;krys\ dh

nksu VII;krys\ ok³~e; izdkjkP;k n`"Vhus ;kpk fopkj gks.ks t:jhps vkgs-**61

izk-[kkaMsdjkauh dsysY;k foospukr laKk dks.krh okijkoh vkf.k vkRepfj=

dks.kR;k o;kr fygkos vls eqÌs mifLFkr dsys vkgsr- laKsP;k n`"Vhus ikfgys

rj r:.k o;krhy vkRedFkukyk vkRedFku vlsp vkt EgVys tkrs- i.k

dks.kR;k o"khZ vkRedFku fygkos] ;kps ek= :< ladsr fnlr ukgh- T;k o;kr

lkaxkosls okVrs R;k o;kr rs fyfgys tkr vkgs- mnk- n;k iokjkauh o;kP;k

pkGhlkO;k o"khZ ^cyqra* fyfgys rj �kj.kdqekj fyackGs ;kauh o;kP;k vo?;k

29O;k o"khZ ^vôjek�kh* fyfgys- vkRedFku useD;k dks.kR;k o;kr fygkos]

gk loZLoh ys[kdkpk iz�u vkgs vls ;ko:u Eg.krk ;sbZy- panzHkkuw lksuo.ks

;kaP;k ers ^^T;k ys[kdkauh mrkjo; ykx.;kP;k vk/kh vkiyh vkRepfj=s

fyfgyh vkgsr- R;kaph rh vkRepfj=s vf/kd xktyh vkgsr-**62 [kjs Eg.kts

dsoG mrkjo; ykx.;kP;k vk/kh vkRepfj= fyfgys Eg.kwu rs xktys vls

ulwu oSf�k"VÓkiw.kZ vuqHkofo�o] vk�k;] vfHkO;Drhps osxGsi.k ;k xks"Vh gh

R;kyk dj.khHkwr vkgsr-

^^vkRedFkk** gh laKk O;fDrdsanzh okVr vlyh rjh rh vkRepfj= ;k

laKsphp i;kZ;h vFkZ|ksrd laKk vkgs-**63 vls MkW- lnk dÚgkMs ;kauh EgVys

vlwu vkRepfj=k,soth vkRedFkk gh laKk R;kauh okijysyh fnlrs-

vkRepfj= gs ,d izdkjs Lor%psp pfj= vlrs- lk/kkj.kr% vk;q";kP;k

mRrjk/kkZr vkRepfj= fyfg.;kpk ladsr vkgs- vk;q";kr osxGs dr`ZRo fl)

dsys vlsy] rj rh O;Drh vkRepfj= fygwu xrdkGkrhy thoukpk vk<kok

?ksr vlrs- vkiyh tM.k?kM.k] ;�kki;�k] lq[knq%[k ;k xks"Vhapk rkGscan

ekaMr vlrs- ^pfj=* gk ok³~e; izdkj vkRepfj=kis{kk fHké vkgs- yksdksRrj



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36

dk;Z dj.kkÚ;k O;DrhcÌy R;kaph ekfgrh ladfyr d:u la�kks/kukP;k

vk/kkjkoj R;kaP;k thoukpk iV ekaM.ks R;kyk pfj=ys[ku Eg.krk ;sbZy- gs

pfj= ys[ku O;Drh Lor% vkiY;klaca/kh djhr ukgh- vU; dks.khrjh ys[kd

la�kks/ku djrks- vfydMs vkRedFku gk ok³~e; izdkj fo�ks"kr% nfyr

ok³~e;kr eksBÓkk izek.kkr yksdfiz; >kysyk fnlrks- vkRedFku gh ,d

(Continuing Process) vlrs- veqd ,dk o;kr vkRedFku fygk;yk gos] vls

ladsr ukghr- vkRedFkk] LodFku] vkReo`Rr vkfn i;kZ;h laKk vkRedFku

;k laKslkBh okijY;k tkrkr- vkRedFku ghp laKk :< >kysyh fnlrs- nfyr

vkRedFkukadMs lkekftd nLr,sot Eg.kwugh ikfgys tkrs- ckck in~euth ;kaps

^v:.kksn;* gs vkRepfj= Lor%ps laiw.kZ fp=.k dj.kkjs vkf.k iw.kZ Lo:ikr

miyC/k vlys rjh nknksck ikaMqjax ;kaps ^jkocgkÌj nknksck ikaMqjax* gs viqjs

vkRepfj= vk/kqfud n`f"Vdksukrwu ifgys ejkBh vkRepfj= Eg.krk ;sbZy-

jekckbZ jkuMs ;kaps ^vkeP;k vk;q";krhy dkgh vkBo.kh* gs ejkBhrhy L=h

ps ifgys vkRepfj= EgVys tkrs- jekckbZauh Lor%fo"k;h vYi ekfgrh nsÅu

eq[;r% vkiys irh U;k- egknso jkuMs ;kaukp ;k vkRepfj=kr eksBs LFkku

fnY;kus rs ,d izdkjs R;kaP;k irhps pfj= vkgs vlk dkgh tk.kdkjkapk jks[k

vkgs- rFkkfi ikoZrhckbZ vkBoys ;kaps ^ek>h dgk.kh* gs vkRepfj= Lor%

fo"k;h Lodr`ZRokfo"k;h izk/kkU;kus ekfgrh lkaxrs- Eg.kwu rs ejkBhrhy L=h ps

ifgys vkRepfj= Bjrs-

vki.k txysY;k HkksxysY;k xrvk;q";kps vuqHko myxMwu nk[kfo.ks

nqlÚ;k leksj vkiyh thoukuqHkwrh ekaM.ks ;klkBh vkRepfj= vkf.k vkRedFkus

fyfgyh tkrkr- ;k nksUghe/kwugh lR;dFku] izkatGi.kk] vkRefujh{k.k]

vkRefuosnu vkf.k ^Lo* lkscr lewg n�kZu ?kMr vlrs- vkiY;k vk;q";krhy

egRokP;k ?kVuk] izlax vkf.k fuoMd] vUokFkZd vuqHko] vkRepfj= vkf.k



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37

vkRedFkuke/kwu ;sr vlrks nksUghe/kwugh vkReleFkZuklkBh vkf.k vkRe&

vgarslkBh lR;kpk viyki gksÅ u;s gs vfHkizsr vlrs-

1-10 pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ijLijlaca/k %&

ejkBh lkfgR;krhy dFkk] dknacjh] ukVd] dkO; bR;knh egRokP;k

ok³~e; izdkjkaizek.ksp pfj= o vkRepfj= gs ok³~e; izdkj vkgsr-

pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ;k lanHkkZr jke �ksokGdj Eg.krkr] ^^pfj=kis{kk

vkRepfj= vf/kd fo�oluh; o R;keqGs ânîk okVrs- pfj=ke/;s pfj=

uk;dkps ;FkkrF; fp= meVsyp ;kp Hkjolk ukgh- pfj= ys[kdkP;k pfj=

uk;dkps ikg.;kP;k n`"Vhus o`Rrhus o Hkkousus rs fp= laLdkfjr o izHkkfor

gks.ks �kD; vlrs-**64

pfj= o vkRepfj=klanHkkZr T;ksrh ykatsokj Eg.krkr] ^^pfj= Eg.kts

,dk O;Drhus nqlÚ;k O;Drhpk ?ksrysyk �kks/k rj vkRepfj=kpk ys[kd o

fo"k; ,dp vlrks gk ;k nksgkse/khy ewyHkwr Qjd-**65 pfj= vkf.k

vkRepfj= ;kr vusd ckcrhr lkE; vlrs- bfrgkl dFku] xkSjocq)h] izpkj

leFkZu] okLrokps n�kZu] ftKklk] fof�k"V O;fDreRokpk os/k bR;knh lkj[kh

iz;kstus nksUghdMsgh lkj[khp vl.;kpk laHko] eq[; Eg.kts nksgksapsgh

vf/k"Bku okLrokrhy O;Drh gsp vlrs- nks?kkaukgh ^pfj=* ;k ukokusp

lacks/k.;kr ;srs] rFkkfi izÑfr%r gs nksUgh izdkj ,d ukghr- ;k lanHkkZr xks-e-

dqyd.khZ Eg.krkr] ^^pfj=kr dq.khrjh dks.kkykrjh ys[ku fo"k; cuforks] rj

vkRepfj=kr ys[kdp Lo[kq"khus Lor%pk ys[ku fo"k; gksrks- pfj=kis{kk

vkRepfj=kph ys[kui)rhgh vf/kd Lo&ra= vlrs-**66 pfj= vkf.k

vkRepfj= ;krhy Qjd MkW- e/kqjk dksjkés ;kauh lkaxrkuk EgVys vkgs] ^^pfj=

vkf.k vkRepfj= ;k nksUgh ok³~e; izdkjkae/;s okLrokrhy O;Drh dsanzLFkkuh

vlyh rjh nksUgh ok³~e; izdkjkr fHkérk vkgs- dks.kR;kgh Fkksj O;DrhaP;k



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38

thoukcÌy loZlkekU;kauk dqrwgy vlrs- ;k n`f"Vdksukrwu Fkksj O;Drhaps pfj=

fygwu R;kaP;k O;Drh}kjs lkekU; ek.klkauk dkgh cks/k feGkok] gk pfj=

ys[kukekxhy izeq[k mÌs�k vlrks- v�kk izdkjs nqlÚ;k O;DrhcÌy fyfg.ks

Eg.kts pfj= gks;- ijarq Lor% ys[kdkus vkiY;k vk;q";krhy vuqHkokaps

R;kuqlkj vkiY;k O;fDreRokps ?kMfoysys n�kZu Eg.kts vkRepfj= Eg.krk

;srs- v�kk izdkjps n�kZu nSuafnuh] i=s] vkBo.kh] izokl o.kZu] Le`frfp=s]

Lejf.kdk ;klkj[;k vkRepfj=ij ys[ku izdkjkrwu ?kMrs-**67

lkrR;kus lR;kps Hkku jk[kwu ,[kk|k dr`ZRooku O;DrhP;k thoukpk

dkGkuqlkjh o fo"k;kuq:i lk/kkj fo�ys"k.kkRed ok ifjp;kRed bfrgkl o

R;k vk/kkjs R;k&R;k O;fDreRokP;k fodklkpk vkys[k lkekU;r% pfj=xzaFkkr

js[kkVysyk vk<Grks- ;sFks lacafa/kr dkGkpk lanHkZ o R;k&R;k O;fDreRokph

fØ;k&izfrfØ;kgh ;sFks ;srsp- R;keqGs cÚ;kp osGk O;fDrdkG vkf.k dr`ZRo

lkj[kh gh pfj=s fnlrkr- ,sfrgkfld lanHkkZcjkscjp lkfgR;kP;k vaxkus ;krhy

dkgh pfj=krwu O;fDreRokpk �kks/k ?ksrysyk fnlrks-

T;k dk;Z{ks=kr pfj=uk;dkpk vf/kdkf/kd okoj vlsy R;k&R;k dr`ZRo

{ks=kuqlkj mnk- jktdkj.k] lektdkj.k] /keZdkj.k ;kpcjkscj lkfgR;] fofo/k

[ksG] la�kks/ku] �kkL=h; {ks=s] m|ksx] dyk] laxhr] ukVÓk] fp=iV] vfHku;

vknh lk/kkj.kr% vls oxhZdj.k dsys tkr-s loZp ekuoh eukpk fodlr

tk.kkÚ;k O;fDreRokpk vH;kl frps fo�ys"k.k gkp pfj=kpk xkHkk vlrks-

Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkrhy vusd jktdh; usR;kaph pfj=s ;k dkGkr fyfgyh xsyh

vkgsr- yksdekU; fVGd] u-fpa- dsGdj] usrkth lqHkk"kpanz cksl] egkRek

xka/kh] ljnkj iVsy gh R;krhy dkgh y{kkr jkg.;ktksxh ukos vkgsr-

Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkrhy ;k pfj= uk;dkaph pfj=s o gh pfj=s ikgrk

Lokra«;ksRrj dkGkr R;kaP;kfo"k;h miyC/k >kysyh vf/kd vLly ekfgrh ;sFks

;srs o vf/kd =;LFki.ks ok izkatyi.ks vfHkfuos�kfojfgr ys[ku ;sFks >kysys



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39

fnlrs- pfj= uk;dkP;k ewY;ekiukr ok O;fDrfo�ys"k.kkr vf/kd Li"Vrk

fnlrs- Lokra«;ksRrj dkGkrhy vusd egRokps usrs pfj=fo"k; >kysys vkgsr-

fo�ks"kr% iariz/kku] jk"Vªirh ;k lkj[;k lRrkLFkkuh vkysY;k ia-tokgjyky

usg:] ykycgkÌwj �kkL=h] bafnjk xka/kh] jk/kkÑ".ku] >kdhj gqlsu] eksjkjth

nslkbZ ;kaph ifjp;otk xkSjokRed pfj=s la[;sus cjhp vkgsr] ek= ;kpcjkscj

;k usR;kaph ifjJeiwoZd fyfgysyh fo�ys"k.kkRed pfj=sgh dkgh izek.kkr

vk<Grkr-

egkjk"Vª jkT;kP;k uofufeZrhuarj egkjk"Vªkps cgqrsd loZ eq[;ea=h gs

pfj= uk;d >kysys fnlrkr- ;�koarjko pOgk.k] �kadjjko pOgk.k] olarjko

ukbZd ;k pfj=kapk ,dw.kp iz�kalkRed lwj ikgrk pfj=ys[kdkauh gh pfj=s

Loa;izsj.ksus fyfgyh vkgsr dh R;kaP;kdMwu fygfoyh xsyh vkgsr vlk iz�u

dkgh osGk iMkok v�kh fLFkrh vkgs-

pfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj brj ok³~e; izdkjklkj[kkp vkgs- laLÑre/khy

^pj* /kkrwiklwu pfjr vkf.k iq<s pfj= gs �kCn fl) >kysys vkgsr- ^pj* ;k

/kkrwps dj.ks fl)hl us.ks] Ñrh dj.ks bR;knh egRokps vFkZ vkgsr- pfjr &

;kpk vFkZ vkpjysys rj ^pfj=* ;k �kCnkpk vFkZ pkypy.kwd] okx.;kph

rÚgk fdaok orZu vlk vkgs- ;ko:u ^pfj=* ;k ok³~e; izdkjkr O;DrhP;k

okx.;kph jhr vkf.k pkypy.kqdhps n�kZu ?kMrs- pfj=kr O;Drh vkiY;k

thoukrhy Ñrh vkf.k mDrhps n�kZu ?kMor vlrs- vusd ekU;oj

leh{kdkauh dsysY;k O;k[;kae/kwu ^pfj=* pk vFkZ Li"V gksrks-

^pfj=* pk vFkZ Li"V djrkuk lnk dÚgkMs Eg.krkr] ^^pfj= Eg.kts

,sfrgkfld lR;kP;k vk/kkjs ?kMfoysys ,[kk|k O;Drhps fo�oluh; vLly

fu%�kad vkf.k ,dla?k vls O;fDrn�kZu gks;-**68 ;ko:u pfj=ke/;s ,[kk|k

O;DrhP;k O;fDreRokps n�kZu R;kP;k thou bfrgklkP;k vk/kkjs ?kMfoys tkrs

gs y{kkr ;srs- gs thoun�kZu rh O;Drh Lor% ?kMfor ukgh rj brj dks.khrjh



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40

R;k O;Drhps thouun�kZu ?kMfor vlrks- pfj=kr vls thoun�kZu

?kMfo.kkÚ;kl pfj=dkj EgVys tkrs-

pfj= ys[kukpk mÌs�k lkaxrkuk MkW-x-dk- jkors Eg.krkr] ^^pfj= gh

ok³~e;hu Ñrh vkgs- rsOgk thoun�kZu O;fDrn�kZu gsp pfj=kps ok³~e;hu

mfÌ"V gks;-**69 ;ko:u pfj=kpk ok³~e;hu mÌs�k O;DrhP;k thoukps ifjiw.kZ

n�kZu ?kMfo.ks gk vlY;kps y{kkr ;srs-

Pkfj=kr O;DrhP;k thou dk;kZph ekfgrh lkafxryh tkrs- R;k

O;DrhP;k vk;q";kr ?kMysY;k egRoiw.kZ ?kMkeksMh cjkscjp R;kP;k dk;kZpk

vkys[k pfj=kr ekaMyk tkrks- ;k lokZae/kwu R;kps thou n�kZu rj ?kMrsp

rlsp R;kP;k vkpkj fopkjkrwu xq.knks"kkrwu R;kP;k O;fDreRokpsgh n�kZu

pfj=kr ?kMr vlrs- pfj=dkj pfj=kr uk;dkP;k O;fDrfp=.kkcjkscj R;kps

gqcsgwc O;fDreRo jaxfor vlrks- pfj= uk;dkP;k O;fDreRokps fp=.k

djrkuk R;kP;k xq.knks"kkapsgh fp=.k pfj=dkjkus dsys ikfgts- fp=uk;dkps xq.k

o.kZu djrkuk vfr�k;ksDrh djrk dkek u;s- rlsp nks"kn�kZu djrkukgh

rkjrE; ckGx.ks vko�;d vkgs- pfj=kr pfj=uk;dkps xq.knks"k Li"Vi.ks

nk[kfoys ikfgtsr gs lkaxrkuk] izk-v-e-tks�kh Eg.krkr] ^^pfj=dkjkus pfj=&

uk;dkP;k O;fDrRokps ;FkkFkZ fp= dk<.ks gkp mÌs�k eukr ckGxyk ikfgts-

rls djrkuk R;kps xq.knks"k Li"Vi.ks nk[kfoys vlrk R;kP;k Fkksji.kkyk ck/kk

u ;srk myV R;kP;k O;fDrRokph :ijs"kk vf/kd Li"V fnlrs-**70 O;fDrn�kZu

gk pfj=ys[kukpk mÌs�k vlY;kps izk-tks�kh ;k fBdk.kh lkaxrkr] gs

O;fDrn�kZu xq.knks"kkalghr >kys ikfgts vls R;kaps er vkgs o rs ;ksX;p

vkgs-

,[kk|k O;DrhP;k thoukps ;FkkFkZ fp=.k d:u R;kps lkrR;iw.kZ

thoun�kZu ?kMfo.ks gk pfj=kpk eq[; gsrw vlrks- pfj= uk;dkps LoHkko o

O;fDrfp=.k gs R;kP;k thoukr ?kMysY;k lR; ?kVukaoj o oLrqfLFkrhoj



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41

vk/kkjhr vlkos rjp rs pfj= fo�oluh; Bjrs- ;k lanHkkZr lnk dÚgkMs

Eg.krkr] ^^pfj=kr ,[kk|k O;Drhps vf/kÑr fo�oluh; o vLly fp= R;k

O;DrhP;k thoukrhy fofo/k ?kVukaP;k}kjs lknj dj.ks ,o<kp pfj=kpk ewyr%

gsrw vlrks-**70 ,[kk|k O;Drhps lR;iw.kZ thoun�kZu ?kMfo.ks gk pfj=kpk

,d egRokpk gsrw vkgs- gs lnk dÚgkMs ;kaP;k fo/kkuko:u y{kkr ;srs-

vknj.kh;] fiz;] O;DrhcÌy vknj o izse O;Dr dj.;klkBh

pfj=ys[ku >kysys fnlrs- v�kk pfj=ke/;s vkiY;k vknj.kh; o fiz;

O;Drhaps xq.kkoxq.kp eksBÓkk izek.kkoj dsysys vlrs- is�kos ;kaph c[kj]

gksGdjkaph dSfQ;r bR;knh xq.k o.kZuij pfj=kaph mnkgj.ks vkgsr- Js"B

O;DrhaP;k ijkØekps dr`ZRokps xq.kxk.k dj.;kcjkscjp iq<hy fi<hus R;kaP;k

ijkØekps drZ`Rokps vuqdj.k djkos gk pfj=dkjkpk v�kh pfj=s fyfg.;k

ekxhy gsrw vlrks- v�kk pfj=ke/kwu lkekU; ek.klkauk ekxZn�kZu gksr vlrs-

R;kapk vkRefo�okl ok<hl ykxrks- izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhrgh thou la?k"kZ

dj.;klkBhps /kS;Z R;kaP;k fBdk.kh fuekZ.k gksr vlrs- �kwjohjkaph pfj=sgh

v�khp izsj.kknk;h o LQwfrZnk;h vlrkr- ,sfrgkfld iq#"kkaph ijkØehohjkaph]

Fkksj rRoKkukaph pfj=s lekteukoj laLdkj dj.;kps dke djrkr- R;kpcjkscj

lkekU; ek.klkae/;s LQwrhZ fuekZ.k d:u R;kaP;kr ijkØeh o`Rrh ok<hl

yko.;kps dke djrkr-

pfj= uk;dkpk thou o`Ùkkar lk/kkj.kr% dkyØekuqlkj lkafxryk tkrks-

R;kP;k O;fDreRokpk fodkl dldlk gksr xsyk gs nk[kfoys tkrs- pfj=dkj

pfj=uk;dkP;k O;fDrRokps fofo/k iSyw] var%dj.kkrhy Hkko Hkkouk] fopkj

fodkj bR;knh xks"Vh gGwokji.ks eksdGÓkk djrks- pfj= ys[kuklkBh

pfj=dkjkyk nSuafnuh] vkBo.kh] Nkihy dkxni=s] ledkyhuka�kh ppkZ] i=

O;ogkj bR;knh lk/kukapk mi;ksx gksrks- ;k lk/kukaP;k vk/kkjs uk;dkps

O;fDrRo] R;kpk LoHkko o thoudk;Z letkowu ?ksrk ;srs- miyC/k xks"Vhaph



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42

lqlaxr lk[kGh r;kj d:u pfj=dkj uk;dkP;k dr`ZRokoj ;ksX; izdk�k

Vkdrks- v�kkizdkjs pfj=dkj pfj=kr uk;dkps ;FkkFkZ thoun�kZu ?kMfor

vlrks- pfj=ys[ku djrkuk uk;dkP;k O;fDreRokph pfj=dkjkph ekufld]

layXurk fuekZ.k rj pfj=dkj uk;dkps ;FkkFkZ o vLly thou n�kZu

?kMfo.;kr ;�kLoh gksrks- pfj= ys[kukfo"k;h v-e-tks�kh Eg.krkr]

^^euq";kP;k vk;q";krhy fujfujkGÓkk ?kVukapk izR;{k o.kZukis{kk R;kr izrhr

gks.kkÚ;k euq";kP;k LoHkko fodklkyk pfj=kP;k n`"Vhus vf/kd egRo

vkgs-**71 v-e- tks�kh ;kaps er vxnh ;ksX; vkgs- pfj=kr pfj= uk;dkP;k

thoukrhy ?kVukaph QDr ta=h ekaMwu pky.kkj ukgh- R;kP;k vk;q";krhy

?kVukaP;k o.kZukrwu R;kP;k LoHkkokps fofo/k iSyw Li"V >kys ikfgtsr-

pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ;k ok³~e; izdkjkyk R;kps Lora= vkf.k

Lo;aiw.kZ vfLrRo vkgs- ek= vusd ckcrhr lkE; vkf.k Hksngh vkgsr- pfj=

fo"k;krhy O;DrhP;k thoukrhy lR; pfj=krwu vfHkO;Dr gks.ks vR;ko�;d

rRo vkgs] R;kp izek.ks vkRepfj=ke/;sgh lR; egRokps Bjrs- pfj=dkj pfj=

uk;dkP;k thoukrhy ?kVukaps izlaxkps R;k dkGkP;k lanHkkZr izkekf.kdi.ks

lR;dFku djhr vlrks- pfj= uk;dkpk thoukys[k O;Dr dj.;kph

pfj=dkjkph Hkwfedk vkRepfj=ke/;s gh vkRepfj=dkjkph vlrs-

vls lk/kE;Z vlys rjh nksUghe/;s Hksngh vkgsr- pfj=ke/;s pfj=uk;d

gk R;kP;k {ks=kr bfrgkl ?kMfo.kkjk] fo�ks"k dr`ZRo vlysyk vlkok ykxsy-

vkRepfj=ke/;s gs vlkosp ykxsy vls ukgh- pfj=ke/;s pfj= uk;dkP;k

dr`ZRokph fpfdRlk] ewY;ekiu Ogkos vls vfHkizsr vlrs- vkRepfj=ke/kwu

vkRepfj=dkjkaP;k dr`ZRokph fpfdRlk] ewY;ekiu gksbZyp vls vls lkaxrk

;sr ukgh- pfj=ke/kwu vf/kd oLrqfu"Brk izdV Ogkoh ykxrs vkf.k

vkRepfj=ke/kwu oLrqfu"Bscjkscjp vkRefu"Bk izHkkohi.ks izdV gksrs- pfj=kis{kk

vkRepfj=kps osxGsi.k fofo/k xq.kfo�ks"kkaeqGs fl) >kys vkgs- yfyr



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43

ys[kuke/kwu vkRekfo"dkjkyk rj gs vf/kd Qjd vkf.k vR;ar vuq:i vkgs-

vkRepfj= dBksj vkReijh{k.k] ekuoh O;fDrRokps fp=.k] ledkyhu

thoukpk vkys[k] lgoklkr vkysY;k ekuoh LoHkkokps n�kZu vknh fo�ks"kkalg

izdV gksrs] Lor%p Lor%ps vkRekfuosnu] vkReizdVhdj.k] vkRedFku] ys[ku

djhr vlY;kus R;krwu vkRekfo"dkj (Self Exoerience) vkf.k vkReizdVhdj.k

(Self Revaluation) vfHkO;Dr gksrs] O;DrhP;k thoukpk] O;fDrRokpk vkf.k

dr`ZRokpk R;kus Lor%p fyfgysyk bfrgkl vkRepfj=krwu ;sr vlrks- ek=

R;krwu vkRefu"Bsps ve`rflapu gksr vlY;kus R;kyk ,d dykRed osxGsi.k

ykxrs-

1-11 jktdh; usR;kaph vkRepfj=s %&

,dksf.klkO;k �krdkP;k v[ksjh&v[ksjhpk dkG gk egkjk"Vªkr jktdh;

o lkekftd tkx`rhpk dkG gksrk- fo".kq�kkL=h fpiGw.kdjkauh isVfoysyh

Lons�kkfHkekukph T;ksr yks- fVGd] vkxjdj bR;knh ns�kHkDrkauh lrr rsor

Bsoyh- 1885 lkyh jk"Vªh; lHksP;k LFkkiuscjkscj Hkkjrh;kaP;k jktdh;

vkdka{kk vf/kdp mapkoY;k ;kp lqekjkl fVGdkauh x.ks�kksRlo o

f�kokthmRlo lq: dsys R;keqGs tursP;k mRlkgkr fo�ks"k Hkjrh vkyh-

egkjk"Vªkr t.kw uos ;qx vorjr gksrs- ;k uO; ;qxkps izorZd U;k- jkuMs]

fpiGw.kdj] fVGd] vkxjdj bR;knh Fkksj usrs gksrs- R;kr yks- fVGd rj

egkjk"Vªkps nSorp >kys gksrs- fVGdkaps dk;Z ,su Hkjkr vlrkukp R;kaph

ygku eksBh pfj=s izfl) gksr gksrh- y-jk-ikaxkjdjkauhgh fVGdkaP;k thoukoj

pfj=s fyfgyh vkgsr- vkxjdjkaphgh pfj=s ;kdkGkr izfl) >kyh-

jktdh; tkx`rhpk ifj.kke Eg.kwu t�kh Lodh; ns�kHkDrkaph pfj=s

fyfgyh xsyh] r�kh dkgh ik�pkR; jk"Vªlsodkaph pfj=s t.kw Lons�k lsosps

vkn�kZ yksdkaiq<s mHks dj.;klkBh fyfgyh xsyh- pfj=kP;k iwrZrsfo"k;h v-v-



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44

dqyd.khZ Eg.krkr] ^^Fkksj o iq#"kkaph pfj=s O;Drhfo"k;d ulwu ,sfrgkfld

vlrkr- R;kaP;k pfj=kcjkscjkp R;kaP;k osxGÓkk /kekZlaca/kh] jktdh;]

lkekftd bR;knh yksdfLFkrhpkgh bfrgkl fnY;kf�kok; pfj=kph iwrZrk gksr

ukgh-**72

vkRepfj= gk pfj= izdkj izxr Lo:ikr vlk tjh baxzth vkenkuhr

lq: >kyk vlyk rjh R;kph ikGseqGs izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;kr fnlrkr-

jktdh; usR;kae/;s Lokra«;ohj lkojdjkauh vkRepfj=kRed ys[ku

dsysys vkgs- 1937 lkyh egkjk"Vª izkarkr dk¡xzsl ljdkj vf/kdkjkoj vkY;k

uarj ^ek>h tUeBsi* gk lkojdjkapk vkRepfj=kRed xzaFk ca/keqDr dj.;kr

vkyk- iq<s 1947 lkyh ;k xzaFkkph uoh vko`Ùkh izfl) dj.;kr vkyh-

R;kuarj nksu o"kkZauh lkojdjkauh fyfgysyk ^vkRepfj=* [kaM&1 gk xzaFk izfl)

>kyk- ;k xzaFkkr lkojdjkaP;k vk;q";kpk tUekiklwu 1902 i;Zarpk oÙkkaar

vkyk vkgs- ^ek>h tUeBsi* ;k xzaFkkr vanekudkyhu dkjkoklkph Eg.kts

1911 rs 1924 i;Zarph gdhdr vkyh vkgs- vfydMs 1965 lkyh

^�k=qP;k f�kfcjkr* ;k ukokpk R;kapk vk.k[kh ,d vkRepfj=ij xzaFk izdkf�kr

dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- R;kr 1906 lkyh lkojdj mPpf�k{k.kklkBh

foyk;rsl xsys- R;k dkGkr rhu&pkj o"kkZpk bfrgkl vkyk vkgs- ,dw.k gs

rhu xzaFk feGwu lkojdjkaP;k egku thoukps egkdkO;p ejkBh ok³~e;kr

vorjys vkgs-

^vkRepfj=* [kaM&1 ;k xzaFkkP;k izLrkousr vkRepfj= ys[kuklaca/kh

dkgh ekSY;oku fopkj lkojdjkauh O;Dr dsys vkgsr- T;k O;DrhaP;k

thoukpk yksdthoukoj ifj.kkedkjd izHkko iMysyk vkgs v�kk O;Drhauh

vkiyh /;s;s vkdka{kk] ijkØe] U;wurk o lkaxrk ;kaP;k ekfgrhph Bso iq<hy

fi<hP;k fgrkFkZ R;kaP;k gkrh lksifoyk rj rs ,dkizdkjs vkiY;k vk;q";kps

�ksoVps Js;Ldj izkIr d:u ?ksrys vkgs- ;kps izR;arj ;k xzaFkkr vkiY;k



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45

thoukph dgk.kh T;k dkO;e; �kSyhus lkafxryh vkgs rho:u ;s.;klkj[ks

vkgs fdacgquk gk laxzg xzaFk Eg.kts ,d e/kqj dkO;p vkgs-

^eh ,l-,e-* e/;s ek= ,l-,e-tks�kh lkiMr ukgh- R;kaP;k thoukph

tM.k ?kM.k] R;kaP;k O;fDreRokpk fodkl ;kauk nq ;e LFkku feGr vkgs]

vls okVrs o MksGÓkkleksj mHkk jkgrks rks 1940 rs 1980 ;k dkGkrhy

egkjk"Vªkrhy fofo/k jktdh; o lkekftd pGoGhapk vkys[k- ,l-,e-tks�kh

;kaph lektfu"Bk o cfgeqZ[krk gs dnkfpr ;kps dkj.k vlsygh i.k ;keqGs

pkaxY;k vkRepfj=kl vko�;d nzO; ek= ;kr vHkkokusp vk<Grs ;kr �kaadk

ukgh- ;k ys[kukekxph izsj.kk osxGh vkgs- izLrkousr ,l-,e-tks�kh ;kauh

ekaMysY;k Hkwfedsrwup gs [kÚ;k vFkkZus R;kaps vkRepfj= ulwu rs Lor%

txysY;k ?kVukapk rks bfrgkl vkgs] gs y{kkr ;srs- R;kekukus ;�koarjko

pOgk.kkaps ^Ñ".kkdkB* ek= lkekftd o jktdh; ?kVdkacjkscjp R;kaP;k

oS;fDrd vk;q";kP;k fodklkps js[kkVu dj.;kr cÚ;kp izek.kkr ;�kLoh

>kY;klkj[ks okVrs-

vfr O;kIrhpk nks"k u-fo-xkMxhG ;kaP;k ^ifFkd* ¼1964½ ;k vkRe&

pfj=kP;k ckcrhr ?kMyk vkgs- gk xzaFk 3 [kaMkr izfl) >kyk vlwu R;kr

ys[kdkP;k thouo`Ùkakcjkscj egkjk"Vªkrhy dk¡xzslP;k iékl&lkB o"kkZpk

bfrgkl vkyk vkgs- v=s ;kaP;k izek.ksp ijarq FkksMÓkk deh izek.kkr

xkMxhGkauh ;k xzaFkkr fdrhrjh vuko�;d xks"Vhapk Hkj.kk dsyk vkgs- gk xzaFk

bfrgkl uOgs dsoG thouiVkoj ,d vkjk[kMk r;kj d:u eqôkekoj

tk.kkÚ;k ;k=sd:pk gk o`Rrkar vkgs] vlk ,dhdMs nkok d:u izR;{kkr

vkRepfj= ys[kukP;k e;kZnk ikG.;kph dkGth ys[kdkus ?ksryh ukgh- gs

m?kM fnlrs- ,[kk|k ?kVus�kh vkiyk laca/k vkyk rj R;k ?kVusps Lo:i dk;]

R;kr vkiys LFkku dk; R;k ?kVusl O;DrhP;k vkRepfj=kr fdrh tkxk



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46

|k;ph ;kckcr rkjrE; Bsoys ukgh rj vkRepfj=kps :i o ?kkV ikj cnywu

tkrkr rs vkRepfj= jkgr ukgh-

vkRepfj=dkj gk tj dlysyk ys[kd vlsy] rj rks lR;kps Lo:i

cnywu Vkdhy ;kps izR;arj vkpk;Z iz-ds-v=s ;kaP;k ^dÚgsps ik.kh* ;k

vkReo`Rrkr fnlrs] R;kr êh* ps fufeRr d:u R;kauh xsY;k iékl o"kkZrhy

egkjk"Vªkrhy lokZaxh.k ?kMkeksMhpk vk<kok ?ksryk vkgs- eksokZus lwfpr dsysY;k

tkrhrhy v=s gs dq�ky ys[kd vlY;keqGs R;kaauh vkiY;k vkReo`Rrkrwu ,d

dykRed Ñrh fuekZ.k dsyh i.k R;krhy êh* gk vtwu dkghlk vKkrp

jkfgyk- R;akP;k êh dlk >kyks* ;k ok³~e;hu vkReo`Rrkr êh dks.k vkgs*

;k ukokusp ,d vizfre Hkkoiw.kZ izdj.k vkgs- R;krp vk=s; êh* ps vR;ar

laf{kIr :i va/kwdi.ks fnlrs-

Lokra«;iwoZ o Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kaMke/;s vusd jktdh; usR;kauh

vkRepfj=s fyfgyh vkgsr- dkgh fuoMd vkRepfj=s Lok- lkojdj Ñr

êk>h tUeBsi*] u-fp- dsGdjÑr ^xrxks"Vh]* vkpk;Z v=s ;kaps ^dÚgsps

ik.kh* [kaM&5] dkdklkgsc xkMxhG ;kaps îfFkd*] MkW- fparke.kjko ns�keq[k

;kaps êk>k thou izokg*] �kadjjko nso ;kaps ^nSo nsrs i.k deZ usrs*]

;�koarjko pOgk.k ;kaps ^Ñ".kkdkB*] ,l-,e- tks�kh ;kaps êh ,l-,e*] MkW-

ih-ch-dMw ikVhy ;kaps ^Øakfria<jhpk okjdjh*] HkkÅlkgsc Fkksjkr ;kaps

^ve`reaFku* o ^ve`rxkFkk*] eksgu /kkfj;k ;kaps êk>k jktdh; izokl ¼lQj½

1904 rs 1975* ;�koarjko xMk[k ;kaps ^v/kZfojke* v�kk jktdh; usR;kauh

vkRepfj= fygwu jktdh; izokl lektkleksj mHkk dsyk vkgs-

laLej.ks] Le`frfp=s] vkBo.kh vkf.k vkRepfj= ;kaP;krhy lhekjs"kk

fuf�pr dj.ks gs vfr�k; dBh.k vlr-s fdacgquk v�kh Li"V js"kk vk[k.ks gs

�kD;gh ulrs- dks.krhgh vkRepfj=kRed jpuk dkgh izek.kkr dk gksbZuk

laLej.kLo:i vlrs vkf.k vkRepfj=kRed ri�khykokpwu laLej.kkph



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47

mHkkj.khp gksÅ �kdr ukgh- laLej.ks vkf.k vkBo.kh ;k nksgksae/;s ,d LFkwy

Hksn vlk djrk ;sbZy- rks vlk dh] laLej.kkpk laca/k lkoZtfud thouk�kh

vf/kd vlrks rj vkBo.khapk laca/k O;fDrxr [kktxh thouk�kh vf/kd

vlrks- laLej.k vlks vFkok vkRepfj= vlks nksgksaph jpuk O;fDrxr

vuqHkokoj vk/kkjysyh vlrs- loZ lkekU;i.kkus ?kVukapk dkykuqØe

lkaHkkG.;kdMs nks?kkaPkkgh dy vlrks- ;k nksgksr varj mRié dj.kkjk ?kVd

Eg.kts ys[kdkps y{;- vkRepfj=kr lkjs y{; Lor%oj dsanzhr >kysys vlrs-

rj laLej.kkr rs brjkaoj f[kGysys vlrs- R;keqGs jktdkj.kh O;Drhaph]

eqRlÌh iq#"kkaph vkRepfj=s cOga�kh laLej.kkps :i /kkj.k djrkr- jktdkj.k

vkf.k lektdkj.kkrhy O;Drhaps O;fDreRo vkf.k jktdkj.k] lektdkj.k

;kaps {ks=] ;krhy ijLij laca/k tso<k [kjk[kqjk] ewyHkwr o vkarfjd vlsy

rso<s vkRepfj=kps varjax le`) gksrs- ek= jktdkj.k o lektdkj.kkrhy

izo`Rrh izokg ;kaps Lo:i brds oSfo/;iw.kZ] ijLij fojks/kh o O;kfeJ vlrs

dh ,[kk|k O;DrhP;k vkRepfj=kr ;k lokZaps n�kZu ?kM.ks vlaHkkO; vlrs-

egkRek xka/khaps vkRepfj= gs jktdh; {ks=krhy O;Drhauh fyfgysY;k

vkRepfj=kr xq.koÙksus Qkj ojP;k ntkZps ekuys tkrs- ;kps dkj.kp eqGh

egkRek xka/khps jktdh; dr`ZRo O;fDrxr fu"Bsrwu] J)srwu LQqjysys gksrs-

R;kaP;k dk;Z dr`ZRokrp fufeZrh{kerk Qkj eksBÓkk izek.kkr lkBysyh gksrh-

R;kaps ys[ku laLej.kotk u gksrk [kÚ;k vFkkZus vkRepfj=kRed gksÅ �kdrs-

;kps dkj.k R;kaP;k jktdh; dk;Zdr`ZRokyk R;kaP;k vk/;kfRed n`f"Vdksukps

HkjHkôe vf/k"Bku gksrs-

1-12 lekjksi %&

vkRepfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj ,dk n`"Vhus lksik] rj nqlÚ;k n`"Vhus

vfr�k; dBh.k vlk ok³~e; izdkj vkgs- vkRepfj=kpk fo"k; Lor%



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48

ys[kdkps thou gk vlY;keqGs R;k laca/kh ekfgrh fo�ks"kr% varthZoukph

ekfgrh ys[kdkbrdh nqlÚ;k dks.kkl vl.;kpk laHko ukgh- ek.klkP;k

varjaxkpk o O;fDreRokpk �kks/k ?ks.;klkBh vkRepfj=kpk vH;kl [kwip

mi;qDr vlrks- vkRepfj= ;k laKsr vfydMs vkRedFku] vkRedFkk]

vkRefuosnu] LodFku b- laKk izpfyr vkgsr- ;k loZ laKkuk vkRepfj= gh

laKk lkekowu ?ks.kkjh vkgs- izR;sdkyk vkiys lq[k&nq%[k] ijkØe ;k xks"Vh

brjkauk lkaxkO;k�kk okVrkr] R;krwu vkRepfj=kpk mxe gksrks- QDr gs vuqHko

vf/kd dykRed fjrhus ekaMrk vkys ikfgtsr- gs vuqHko ekaMrkuk R;krhy

ukVÓk] la?k"kZ rk.kr.kko ;kauk LFkku feG.ks ØeizkIr Bjrs- rlsp gs vuqHko

vuU;lk/kkj.k vlk;yk ikfgtsr- ,dw.kp vkRepfj=dkjkus vkiY;k thoukps

rVLFki.ks voyksdu d:u rs izkekf.kdi.ks js[kkVys ikfgtsr- vkRepfj=kr

vkRexkSjo fdaok vkReleFkZu ;k ckch ;srkr- R;keqGs vkRepfj=s ,dkaxh

gks.;kph �kD;rk vlrs- rsOgk lerksy cq)hus fopkj d:u vkRepfj=dkjkus

ys[ku dj.ks visf{kr vlrs-

ejkBh vkRepfj=kr lkekftd] jktdh;] dyk vkf.k ØhMk b- {ks=kr

;�k laiknu dsysY;k O;Drhauh vkRepfj=s fyfgyh vkgsr- gh vkRepfj=s

lektthoukpk vueksy Bsok vkgs- ;k vkRepfj=kaph dkgh va�kh ewG :is

larkaP;k vHkax vkf.k vksO;ke/kwugh vk<Grkr- lar ukenso] tukckbZ] ,dukFk]

rqdkjke] cfg.kkckbZ ;kaP;k vksoh vkf.k vHkaxkrwu vkRepfj=k�kh toGhd

lk/k.kkjs fuosnu vkys vkgs- ,o<sp uOgs rj egkuqHkko laiznk;kps vk| izorZd

pØ/kj Lokehauh vkiY;k f�k";kauk iwokZ;q";kph dgk.kh lkafxryh vkgs ;k

vkBo.khr vkRepfj=kps Hkko fBdfBdk.kh fnlrkr- ijarq [kÚ;k vFkkZus vOoy

baxzth dky[kaMkiklwu vkiY;kdMs vkRepfj= gk ok³~e;izdkj :< >kyk-

nknksck ikaMqajax ;kaps vkRepfj= gs ejkBhrhy ifgys vkRepfj= ekuys tkrs-



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49

ckck in~euth ;kauh ^v:.kksn;* gs vkRepfj= fyfgys- cks/koknh n`f"Vdksu

R;kaP;k ys[kukekxs fnlrks-

gh vkRepfj=s izkatG o okLron�khZ vkgsr- ;kuarjP;k dkGkr jekckbZ

jkuMs ;kaps ^vkeP;k vk;q";krhy dkgh vkBo.kh* fygwu L=h vkRepfj=kph

lq:okr dsyh i.k R;kr R;kauh U;k;ewrhZ jkuMs ;kaps fp= mHks dsysys vkgs-

R;keqGs [kÚ;k vFkkZus 1928 e/;s ikoZrhckbZ vkBoys ;kauh fyfgysys ^ek>h

dgk.kh* gs vkRepfj= ejkBhrhy ifgys L=h vkRepfj= Eg.kwu mYys[k dj.ks

;ksX; Bjsy- u-fpa-dsGdj] fo-jk-f�kans] fo-nk-lkojdj ;kauhgh mYys[kuh;

v�kh vkRepfj=s fyfgyh-

1-13 lanHkZ lwph %&

1½ MkW- Hkkysjko foey] ^vk/kqfud ejkBh ok³~e;krhy fL=;kaph vkRepfj=s %

,d vH;kl* ¼1910&1975½]

lkfgR; izlkj dsanz lhrkcMhZ] ukxiwj] iz-vko`Rrh] 25 ekpZ 1986] i`- 1

2½ MkW- tk/ko euksgj] ^nfyr fL=;kaph vkRedFkus Lo:i vkf.k fpfdRlk*]

lqfo|k izdk�ku] iq.ks 30] iz-vko`Ùkh] 26 tkusokjh 2001] i`- 31

3½ r=So] i`- 31

4½ ¼laik-½ �ksokGdj jke] ^fuoMd ejkBh vkRedFkk*]

lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh] 1994] izkLrkfod

5½ esdj �kw bV~l tsusfll vWaM Qstsl vkWfyOgj vWaM ckWbZM yaMu] 1935]

bafXy�k vkWVksck;ksxzkQh] i`- 106

6½ �The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Litetature�,

London, IInd Edition, 1970, Page no. 36

7½ Gudden J.A, �A Dictionary of literary terms�, London, 1977, Page no. 6

8½ izk- dqyd.khZ ok-y-] ^lkfgR; vkf.k leh{kk*]



Get yours now!


50

ikWI;qyj izdk�ku] eaqcbZ] iz-vk-] 1963] i`- 68

9½ MkW- cksjxkodj o-jk-] ^izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;krhy pfj=kRed vkf.k

vkRepfj=kRed ys[kukpk leh{k.kkRed vH;kl* ¼vizdkf�kr izca/k½

ejkBokMk fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn] i`- 132

10½ �Encyclo peadia Britannica�, Vol-2, London, 1768, Page no. 854

11½ �The Universal Dictionary of the English Language�,

Ed. Henrycecil, wyld-London, Page no. 67

12½ Wegster, �New Interational Dictionary�, 2nd Ed., Vol-1,

New york, 1960, Page no. 140

13½ Naik D.G., �Art of Autobiography�, Pune, 1962, Page no. 44

14½ dÚgkMs lnk] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj=*]

yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ] iz-vk-] 1976] i`- 101

15½ MkW- Hkkysjko foey] ^vk/kqfud ejkBh ok³~e;krhy fL=;kaph vkRepfj=s

,d vH;kl* ¼1910&1975½]

lkfgR; izlkj dsanz lhrkcMhZ] ukxiwj] iz-vk-] 25 ekpZ 1986] i`- 16

16½ tk/ko jk-x- ¼laik-½] ^ejkBh fo�odks"k* [kaM&2]

e-jk-lk-la- eaMG] i`- 11

17½ MkW- lkse.k vatyh] ^lkfgR; vkf.k lkekftd lanHkZ*]

izfrek izdk�ku] iq.ks 30] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1989] i`- 123

18½ MkW- lkse.k vatyh] ^lkfgR; vkf.k lkekftd lanHkZ*

izfrek izdk�ku] iq.ks 30] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1989] i`- 123

19½ izk- dqyd.khZ ok-y-] ^fVik vkf.k fVi.kh*]

ikWI;qyj izdk�ku] eqacbZ] fr-vko`Ùkh] 1970] i`- 110

20½ ^lkfgR; lwph* fnokGh 1997] vkuanh fotkiqjs ;kaP;k ^vtqfu pkyrsfp

okV* ;k vkRepfj=kps uk-lh- QMds ;kauh fyfgysys izkLrkfod



Get yours now!


51

21½ izk- �ksokGdj jke] ^nS- egkjk"Vª VkbZEl*] fn- 15 es 1994 ¼laikfnr

fuoMd ejkBh vkRedFkk½ ;k xzaFkkps izHkk x.kksjdj ;kauh dsysys ijh{k.k-

22½ ^lkfgR; lwph* Qsczqokjh 1988] ^vkRepfj= gs dkpsP;k HkkaMÓkklkj[ks* gk

MkW-ikurko.ks ;kapk ys[k] i`- 28-

23½ f�kdsZ vkuanhckbZ] ^lkatokr*] eqacbZ] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1972] i`- 7

24½ tks�kh v-e-] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= % ra= vkf.k bfrgkl*]

Ukkxiwj] nq-vk-] 1964] i`- 91

25½ xkMxhG xaxk/kj] ^lkfgR;kps ekunaM*] eqacbZ] 1962] i`- 68&69

26½ ;kno vkuan] ^vkRepfj= ehekalk*]

esgrk ifCyds�ku] iq.ks] 1998] i`- 13

27½ [kksys foykl] ^yfyr*] i`- 154

28½ ikaxkkjdj y-jk-] ^pfj=panz*] ukf�kd vko`Ùkh] 1939] i`- 57

29½ QMds Hkkypanz] ^vfydMph vkRepfj=s*]

e-lk-i-,-] es&twu 1976] i`- 51

30½ dosZ bjkorh]^xaxkkty* iq.ks] 1974] i`- 122

31½ MkW- ;kno vkuan] ^vkRepfj= ehekalk*]

esgrk ifCyds�ku] iq.ks] i`- 17&18

32½ o"V t;ar] ^iznf{k.kk* [kaM&2]

dWkfUVusUVy izdk�ku] iq.ks] 2000] i`- 236


yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ] iz-vk-] 1976] i`- 106

34½ ¼laik-½ % x.kksjdj izHkk] Mgkds olar vkckth] nMqdj t;k] HkVdG

lnkuan] jktokMs vk�kk] oj[ksMs jes�k] ^ok³~e;hu laKk ladYiuk dks�k*]

HkVdG QkSÅaMs�ku ekyoh; ekxZ] eqacbZ 34] iz- vk-] 2001] i`- 102

35½ �ksokGdj jke ¼laik-½] ^fuoMd ejkBh vkRedFkk*]



Get yours now!


52

lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh] 1994] izkLrkfod-

36½ Boswell James, �The life of Samuel Johnson�, Vol-1,

London, 1904, Page no. 1

37½ MkW- cksjxkodj o-jk-] ifjf�k"V i= îzkphu ejkBh ok³~e;krhy

pfj=kRed vkf.k vkRepfj=kRed ys[kukpk leh{k.kkRed vH;kl*

¼vizdkf�kr izca/k½] ekjkBokMk fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn] i``- 390

38½ ns�kikaMs ek- dk-] ^lkfgR; lk/kuk*] iq.ks] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1961] i`- 383

39½ fiz;ksGdj v-dk- ¼laik-½] ^jko cgkÌj nknksck ikaMqjax*]

eqacbZ] 1947 i`- 128-

40½ MkW- QMds Hkkypanz ;kapk ys[k] ^vfLerkn�kZ* fnokGh vad 1983]

^nfyrkaph vkRedFkua dkgh iz�u*] i`- 32

41½ lk/kys vkuan] ^vkRepfj=kfo"k;h dkgh fopkj*]

lR;dFkk] eqacbZ] 1972] i`- 37

42½ izk- dqyd.khZ ok-y-] ôk³~e;hu fVik vkf.k fVi.kh*]

iwokZ izdk�ku] eqacbZ] vko`Ùkh frljh] 1970] i`- 112

43½ fdyksZLdj �ka-ok-] ^vkRepfj=kP;k fufeRrkus*]

^yfyr* fnokGh vad 1974] i`- 24

44½ {khjlkxj Jh-ds-] ^rlchj vkf.k rdnhj*] eqacbZ] 1976] i`-13

45½ izk- dqyd.khZ ok-y-] ôk³~e;hu fVik vkf.k fVi.kh*]

iwokZ izdk�ku] eqacbZ] vko`Ùkh frljh] 1970] i`- 109

46½ Hkkxor nqxkZ] ^vkRepfj=kP;k vuq"kaxkus dkgh ckgh*]

Mqc] eqacbZ] 1975] i`- 75

47½ Pascal Roy �Disign & Truth in Autobiography�,

London, 1962, Page no. 41

48½ MkW- Hkkysjko foey] ^vk/kqfud ejkBh ok³~e;krhy fL=;kaph



Get yours now!


53

vkRepfj=s % ,d vH;kl ¼1910 & 1975½*

lkfgR; izlkj dsanz lhrkcMhZ] ukxiwj] iz-vk-] 25 ekpZ 1986] i`- 26

49½ Andre maRous Aspects of biography cup, 1929, Page no. 312

50½ dqyd.khZ Ñ-ika-] ^Ñ".kkdkBph ekrh*] iz- vk-] eqacbZ] 1961] i`-4

51½ [kksys foykl] ^yfyr*] i`- 149-

52½ dqyd.khZ o-fn-] ^lkfgR; lwph* fnokGh 1987] i`- 90

53½ izk- tks�kh v-e-] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= % ra= vkf.k bfrgkl*]

ukxiwj] vko`Ùkh nqljh] 1964] i`- 115

54½ tkgkfxjnkj xtkuu] îkÅy[kq.kk*]

eWtsfLVd izdk�ku] eqacbZ] 1986] i`- 9

55½ Jhen Hkkxor] ^xksj[kiwj* [kaM&ifgyk] vad 5]

Lda/k&7] �yksd 23] i`- 799

56½ fiz;ksGdj v-dk- ¼laik-½] ^jkocgkÌj nknksck ikaMqjax*]

eqacbZ] 1947] i`- 7

57½ MkW- cksjxkodj o-jk-] îzkphu ejkBh ok³~e;krhy pfj=kRed o

vkRepfj=kRed ys[kukpk leh{k.kkRed vH;kl*] ¼vizdkf�kr izca/k½

ejkBokMk fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn] i`- 585

58½ dosZ /kksaMks ds�ko] ^vkReo`Rr*] fgax.ks] 1914] i`- 2

59½ xkMxhG u-fo-] îfFkd* Hkkx&1] iq.ks] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1964] i`- 4

60½ lkear ckG ¼laik-½] ^fgrxqt*]

lkseS ;k VªLV izdk�ku] iz-vko`Ùkh] uksOgsacj 1965] i`- 22

61½ MkW- QMds Hkkypanz ;kapk ^vkRepfj=kpa o;* gk ys[k ^lkfgR; lwph*]

vkWx"V 1986] i`- 29

62½ lksuo.ks panzHkkuw ;kapk ^vkRepfj=*] ^fyfg.;kps o;* gk ys[k îzfr"Bku*

tqyS&vkWDVkscj 1994] i`- 42



Get yours now!


54

63½ MkW- dÚgkMs lnk ;kapk^nfyr vkRedFksP;k fufeRrkus* gk ys[k

^vfLerkn�kZ* fnokGh vad 1983] i`- 27

64½ �ksokGdj jke ¼laik-½] êjkBh fuoMd vkRedFkk*]

lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh] 1994 izkLrkfod-

65½ MkW- dqyd.khZ n-fHk-] ^vfHkuanu xzaFk*] ^ledkyhu lkfgR; izo`Rrh vkf.k

izokg*] laiknu % e`.kkfyuh ikVhy] T;ksrh yaktsokj] enu /kudj]

fot; izdk�ku] ukxiwj] ^ledkyhu lkfgR;krhy pfj=s o

vkRepfj=s*] MkW- Hkkysjko foey] i`- 27

66½ êjkBh ok³~e;kpk bfrgkl*] [kaM&lgkok] Hkkx&ifgyk] ^b-l- 1920 rs

1950 ;k dky[kaMkrhy ejkBh ok³~e;kpk foospd bfrgkl*] laiknd %

xks-e- dqyd.khZ vkf.k o-fn-dqyd.khZ] e-lk-i-] fVGdjLrk] iq.ks 30]

iz-vk-] 27 es 1988] i`- 525

67½ tksxGsdj xa-uk- ¼laik-½] êjkBh ok³~e;kpk vkfHkuo bfrgkl*]

Lusgo/kZu izdk�ku] iq.ks] iz-vk-] 1991] i`- 105


yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1976] i`- 23

69½ MkW- jkors x-dk-] êjkBh pfj= ewyrRos o leh{kk*]

leFkZ izdk�ku] eqacbZ] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1985] i`- 33


yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ] ifgyh vko`Ùkh] 1976] i`- 19

71½ tks�kh v-e-] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ra= vkf.k bfrgkl*]

Ukkxiwj] vko`Ùkh 2jh] 1964] i`- 19

72½ dqyd.khZ v-v ¼laik-½] îznf{k.kk*] ^1840 rs 1960 ;k dky[kaMkrhy

vokZphu ejkBh ok³~e;kpk fpfdRld ,sfrgkfld vk<kok*] dkWfUVusUVy

izdk�ku] iq.ks] iz-vk-] 1941] lgkoh vk-] 1976] i`- 302



Get yours now!

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