1

izdj.k&ifgys

la’kks/kukps izkLrkfod

1-01 izkLrkfod %

ckg; txkps eukP;k vkarjhd foÜokyk ts Kku gksrs R;kph lq:okr tjh

psrdkiklwu vlyh rjh tks Ik;Zar ekuoh Kkusafnz;kauk psrdkpk laidZ gksr ukgh

vkf.k vkarjfØ;k ?kMr ukgh rks Ik;Zar Kkukph laosnuk r;kj gksÅu rh esanw Ik;Zar

usyh tkr ukgh rks i;Zar [kÚ;k vFkkZus Kku izfØ;sph lq:okr ukgh- gh laosnuk

vFkkZr psruk ghp la’kks/ku çfØ;sph izkjaHkkoLFkk vkgs- MksGs] ukd] dku] Ropk] thHk

vkf.k Rops[kkyhy Luk;wrhy eTtkrarw ;kauk Kkusafnz;s Eg.krkr vkf.k [kÚ;k vFkkZus

frp Kkukph izos’kOnkjs vlrkr- izR;sdkps dke fof’k‛V in~/krhus vkf.k fof’k‛V

lanHkkZrp pkyr vlrs- tsaOgk psrdkph Kkusafnz;k’kh vkarjfØ;k gksÅu laosnuk r;kj

gksrs rsaOgk rh lans’kokgd eTtkrarw ekQZr esanw Ik;Zar iksgpoyh tkrs vkf.k esanw fryk

izfrlkn nsrks rsOgk ; sFks dkgh rjh vkgs v’kh esanwyk tk.kho (A sense of thinghead)

gksrs- rsFks laosnusps dk;Z vkf.k O;kIrh lairs- ex gk psrd fdaok mÌhid usedk

dk; vkgs º;kpk vFkZ yko.;kpk esanw iz;Ru djrks vkf.k psrd usedk dk; vkgs

º;kph esanwyk fuf’pr tk.kho gksrs- (A sensation with fringe of meaning) rsaOgk

R;kl vocks/k (Perception) vls Eg.krkr- laosnusr tk.kho vlrs rj vocks/kkr

usedsi.kk vlrks- vFkkZr vocks/kkauk LFkku] dkG vkf.k ifjfLFkrh ;kaps lanHkZ

vlrkr- vls fdrh rjh vocks/k euke/;s lkpwu R;kapk izcks/k (Apperception

mass) r;kj gksrks] i.k ekuoh eukr vocks/k uqlrs vLrkO;Lr Lo:ikr lkpwu

jkgr ukghr rj ekuoh eu gs txkrhy loZJs‛B O;oLFkkiu rTK vlY;keqGs rsFks

lkE; vkf.k fojks/kkapk okij d:u vocks/kkaph oxZokjh dsyh tkrs( vkf.k ,d leku

vocks/kkapk xV r;kj d:u R;krwu ,dknk lkekU; fu;e] rÙo] lw=] lehdj.k]

fln~/kkar] lacks/k r;kj dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks- ;kykp xf.krh Hkk‛ksr vuqHkokpk

egÙke lk/kkj.k foHkktd vFkkZr “<Hkktd dk<.ks vls Eg.krkr- vusd vocks/kkaP;k

2

lapke/kwu gs leku lw=] laKk] fu;e] rÙo] lehdj.k r;kj gksrs R;kykp lkekU;

cks/k] ladYiuk fdaok lacks/k EgVys tkrs- lacks/k gh ekuoh eukus ,dkposGh vusd

vocks/k y{kkr Bso.;klkBh r;kj dsysys dk;Zuhrh vkgs- ekuokph KkuizkIrh R;kP;k

lacks/k fufeZrh {kersoj voyacwu vlrs- nkaMsdj ¼1985½

;k o‛khZP;k ek/;fed vkf.k mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k eaMGkP;k ngkoh vkf.k

ckjkohP;k ijh{kk vkVksiY;k vkgsr- dkWihP;k ljkZl vkf.k lqjl dgk.ÓkkaeqGs vkf.k

R;kaP;k lkoZf=dj.kkeqGs ijh{kkaps ikfo«; u‛V >kys vkgs vkf.k uSfrdrsyk frykatyh

fnyh xsyh vkgs- iz’uif=dkae/;s vla[; vkf.k v{kE; pqdk >kY;k vkgsr- ijh{kkaP;k

vk;kstukr eaMGkus vkiyh tckcnkjh ;ksX;fjR;k ikj ikMyh ukgh- ;k nks‛kkaeqGs ;k

nksUghgh ijh{kkapk [kwi xktkoktk >kyk vkgs- dsoG ijh{kk ;a=.ksykp nks‛k nsÅu

pky.kkj ukgh- l/;kph f’k{k.k in~/krhgh lkoZf=d dkWih izdkjkauk pkyuk ns.kkjh

vkgs- l/;kph f’k{k.k in~/krh dkyckgÓk >kyh vkgs- ;kr vkewykxz cny ?kMowu

vk.k.Ókkph vko’;drk vkgs-

f’k{k.krTKkaP;k ers] l/;kph f’k{k.k in~/krh vkf.k R;krwu fuekZ.k >kysyh

xq.koÙksph rhoz Li/kkZ pkaxyh ukgh- ?kksdaiÍh vkf.k Lej.k’kDrh ;koj vk/kkjysY;k

xks‛Vhyk xq.koÙkk letyh tkrs- ijh{ksrhy pkp.kh gh dkgh ,deso xq.koÙkspk

fud‛k vlw ‘kdr ukgh fdaok cqfn~/keÙksps eksteki vlw ‘kdr ukgh- f’k{k.k

in~/krhrwu fo|kF;kZapk fodkl fdrir >kyk] ;kpk fopkj dj.Ókk,soth R;kauk

ijh{ksr fdrh xq.k feGkys] ;kojp ppsZpk Hkj vlrks- xq.kkauk egÙo fnys xsY;keqGs

izR;sd VDD;kyk izpaM egÙo vkys- ‘kkGk&egkfo|ky;kae/khy v/;kiu vkf.k

v/;;u ;koj y{k dsafnzr dj.Ókk,soth fo|kF;kZpk vks<k egkxM;k DykldMs

vlrks- dkWihpk vk/kkj u ?ksrk vkRefo’oklkus ijh{kkauk lkeksjs tk.Ókkph thí

‘kkGk&egkfo|ky;s o Dykl fo|kF;kZae/;s fdrir fuekZ.k djrkr] gkgh iz’u vkgs-

vH;klkP;k r;kjh cjkscjp ijh{ksps ikfo«; jk[k.Ókkpk ldkjkRed “f‛Vdksu R;kauh

fo|kF;kZae/;s fodflr dsyk vlrk] rj dkWih dj.Ókkps xSjizdkj VkGys xsys vlrs-

3

l/;kph f’k{k.k in~/krh dkycká >kyh vkgs vkf.k rh cnykoh] vlk

f’k{k.krTKkapk vkxzg vkgs- ?kksdaiêh vkf.k Lej.k’kDrh ;koj vk/kkfjr ijh{kk u ?ksrk

Kkukoj vk/kkfjr ijh{kk o R;k ijh{kspk fudky O;fDreÙokpk lokZaxh.k ewY;ekiu

dj.kkjk gok- KkuktZukus cqn~f/keÙkscjkscjp vkdyugh ok<rs] O;fDreÙokp n’kZu

?kMo.kkjh rh [kjh xq.koÙkk Bjrs- f’k{k.k gs xq.koÙkkiwoZd vlk;yk gos] vlk

f’k{k.krTKkapk “f‛Vdksu vkgs- vfydMP;k dkGkr fofo/k {ks=kr eksBîkk izek.kkr

tkxfrd cny gksr vkgsr- ;k cnykaph ekfgrh fo|kF;kZauk Ogkoh Eg.kwu

vH;klØekr ;ksX; rs cny djkos ykxrhy- gs cny Lohdkjrkuk laLÑrh] pkfj«;]

jk‛Vªh; ,dkRerk] ln~foosdcqn~/kh] lfg‛.kqrk ;k ladYiukgh tksiklkO;k ykxrhy-

la[;k vkf.k xq.koÙkk ;kapk rksy lkaHkkG.ks vkf.k la[;kok<hcjkscjp xq.koÙkkok<hlkBh

lrr iz;Ru’khy vl.ks] gs vkiY;k f’k{k.k in~/krhiq<ps lokZr eksBs vkOgku vkgs-

,o<sp ukgh( rj tkxfrd Li/ksZpsgh vkOgku vkiY;kleksj vkgs- ;k Li/ksZr lgHkkxh

gks.ÓkklkBh izR;sdkyk lTt Ogkos ykxsy- ;klkBh izR;sdkus Lor%’khp v’kh Li/kkZ

dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- ,o<sp oSf’od Hkku d:u ns.kkjh f’k{k.k in~/krh :tokoh

ykxsy- jk‛Vª mHkkj.kh vkf.k oS;fDrd fodkl ;k nksUghgh xks‛VhalkBh f’k{k.kkph

furkar vko’;drk vlrs- lk{kjrk vkf.k lax.kdhdj.k] dq’ky euq‛;cG vkf.k

ok<rh yksdla[;k] v/;kRe vkf.k foKku] laiÙkhph fufeZrh vkf.k lerkiw.kZ okVi]

loZd‛k vkfFkZd fodkl vkf.k i;kZoj.kkpk rksy] v’kk vusd vk?kkM;k lkaHkkG.Ókkph

egÙokph tckcnkjh iq<P;k fi<hoj vkgs- R;klkBh R;kauk ?kMfo.kkjh f’k{k.k in~/krh

fuekZ.k >kyh ikfgts] vls egkjk‛Vª f’k{k.k ifj‛knsP;k v/;{kkalg f’k{k.krTKkaps

vkf.k fopkjoarkaps Eg.k.ks vkgs- Eg.kwup cnyR;k tkxfrd lehdj.kkapk fopkj

djrk 10$2$3 ;k f’k{k.k in~/krhpk iqUgk fopkj dj.Ókkph xjt vlY;kps

f’k{k.krTKkauk okVrs- f’k{k.k in~/krhr ts vkewykxz cny visf{kr vkgsr] R;kaps laiw.kZ

izk:Ik Eg.kts vkjk[kMk izFke r;kj d:up VII;kVII;kus f’k{k.k in~/krhr cny

djkos ykxrhy- gs cny djrkuk jk‛Vªh; vfLersyk vkf.k ns’kkP;k v[kaMRokyk

vuq:Ik vlsp cny djkos ykxrhy- f’k{k.k in~/krhyk vkdkj ns.Ókkps vkf.k rks

4

jkcfo.Ókkps egÙokps dke ‘kklukl ikj ikMkos ykxrs- ‘kklukrhy viizo``Ùkh vkf.k

ckgÓk viizo`Ùkh f’k{k.k in~/krhr f’kj.kkj ukghr] ;kph n{krk ‘kklukyk ?;koh

ykxsy- f’k{k.kkojhy [kpZ vuqRikfnr letyk tkrks- rjhgh gk [kpZ dsyk tkrks]

;kps Hkku ‘kklukyk lnSo vl.ks vko’;d vkgs vls Hkku Bsoys rj lokZalkBh f’k{k.k

vkf.k lokZxah.k fodklklkBh f’k{k.k gs gsrw lQy gksrhy-

f’k{k.k in~/krh jkcfo.;kr ‘kklukuarj f’k{kd vkf.k f’k{k.k laLFkk vR;ar

egÙokph dkefxjh ctkohr vlrkr- ;klkBh f’k{kd xq.kkaph tksikluk vkf.k lao/kZu

dj.kkjs vlk;yk gosr- mÙke f’k{kd r;kj dj.ÓkklkBh osGksosGh f’k{kdkapsgh

ewY;ekiu dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- jkT;kr ‘kkGk] egkfo|ky;kaph la[;k cslqekj ok<yh

vkgs vkf.k gh la[;k mÙkjksÙkj ok<r pkyyh vkgs- [ksMksikMh f’k{k.k tkÅu ikspys

vkgs- R;k izek.kkr mÙkeksÙke f’k{kdkaph la[;k ok<yh ukgh- da=kVh in~/krhus useys

tk.kkjs f’k{kd] izk/;kid gks.ÓkklkBh ykx.kkjh ik=rk ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ gksbZi;Zar

izkjaHkhP;kp osrukoj dke dj.kkjs vlarq‛V izk/;kid vkf.k lqekj cqn~f/keÙksps f’k{kd

vknhaeqGs f’k{k.k in~/krh osBhl /kjyh xsyh vkgs- f’k{kdkaP;k ewY;ekiukcjkscjp

‘kkGkaph xq.koÙkkgh rikl.ks vko’;d vkgs- vusd ‘kkGkae/;s ik;kHkwr lk/kus vkf.k

lqfo/kk ukghr- fo|kFkhZ vkf.k f’k{kdkaps xq.kksÙkj O;Lr vkgs- R;keqGs oxkZrhy loZ

fo|kF;kZaoj y{k dsafnzr dj.ks f’k{kdkauk ‘kD; gksr ukgh- R;kaP;ke/;s lqlaokn

izLFkkfir gksr ukgh- ‘kkGkae/khy xGrh ghgh ,d tfVy leL;k vkgs- fo|kFkhZ vkf.k

f’k{kd ;kaP;kcjkscj ikydgh f’k{k.k in~/krhrhy egÙokpk ?kVd vkgs- ikY;kadMs

cgqla[; ikydkaps vKkukeqGs nqyZ{k gksrs- gs nks‛k VkGwu ikydkauk ikY;kaP;k ckcrhr

lT; dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- f’k{k.k laLFkkauh f’k{k.kkpk cktkj ekaMY;kph ppkZ v/kwu

e/kwu gksr vlrs- R;keqGs f’k{k.k gk fcuHkkaMoyh /kank cuY;kps EgVys tkrs- ;k

voLFksrhy dkgh viizo `Ùkh ?kqlY;k vkgsr vkf.k R;kauh f’k{k.k {ks= osBhl /kjY;keqGs

f’k{k.k O;oLFkk v/kksxrhyk tkr vkgs- vlk fopkj ekaMyk tkrks- f’k{k.k {ks=krhy ;k

viizo`Ùkhauk mYys[k ^f’k{k.klezkV* ;k ‘ksyD;k fo’ks‛k.kkus dsyk tkrks] Eg.kwu gk

fdrkc ulwu viizo`Ùkhps |ksrd letys tkrs- f’k{k.k laLFkkauh R;kaP;koj gks.kkÚ;k

5

Vhdk&fVIi.khph n[ky ?ksÅu Kkukph dkl /kj.ks vko’;d vkgs- vls >kys rj

dsY;k tk.kkÚ;k lq/kkj.kkauk dkgh vFkZ vl.kkj vkgs- f’k{k.k iz.kkyhrhy ’ksoVpk] ijarq

rjhgh egÙokpk lekt gkgh ,d ?kVd vkgs- f’k{k.k O;oLFksyk pkaxyk vkdkj

ns.ÓkklkBh lektkus ^okWp MkWx* Eg.kwu Hkwfedk ikj ikMyh ikfgts- f’k{k.k gh dkgh

dks.Ókk ,dkph eDrsnkjh ukgh- f’k{k.k gh Kkuxaxk vkgs vkf.sk rh lokZaP;k nkjh

ikspyh ikfgts- frpk izokg e/;sp dksBsrjh efyu gksÅ u;s] gs lokZaP;k fgrkps vkgs-

tks’kh ¼2006½

rCcy vdjk o‛kkZauh ‘kkys; vH;klØe cnyrks;- nj ngk o‛kkZauh R;kr cny

dj.;kph izFkk vkgs( ek= vktP;k xfreku ;qxkr gk dky[kaM Qkj eksBk Bjrks-

xsY;k ngk o‛kkZpsp mnkgj.k ?ksrk ;sbZy- eks++ckbZy Qksu] baVjusV vknhaeqGs ;k

dkGkr fdrh Økarhdkjd cny >kys vkgsr! R;ka’kh lqlaxr vls cny uO;k

vH;klØekr gks.ks visf{kr gksrs- R;kph dkgh izek.kkr iwrZrk gksr vkgs( ek=

vkiY;kdMhy ‘kS{kf.kd {ks=krhy cny vtwugh ean xrhpsp vkgs- dnkfpr laiw.kZ

f’k{k.k O;oLFksrhy tMRo] fLFkfr’khyrk R;kyk dkj.khHkwr vlsy-

okLrfod lektkrhy cnykaps izfrfcac f’k{k.k in~/krhr] vH;klØekr

iMk;yk gos- R;klkBh vH;klØekr nj ,d nksu o‛kkZauh ;ksX; rks cny Ogk;yk

gok( ijarq Hkkjrkrhy ‘kS{kf.kd okrkoj.k vkf.k lkekftd okLro iw.kZi.ks fujkGs vkgs-

,dhdMs vkiY;kyk dkGkuq:Ik rls xfreku vkf.k ntsZnkj f’k{k.kp |k;ps vkgs vu~

nqljhdMs ns’kkrhy loZ ckydkauk ‘kkGkai;Zar vk.kk;ps vkgs- Eg.ktsp nqgsjh

vkOgkukyk vkiY;kyk lkeksjs tk;ps vkgs- ntsZnkj f’k{k.k dh lokZauk f’k{k.k ¼ex rs

dkghalkBh lqekj vlys rjh pkysy½ v’kk ispkr vkiyh f’k{k.k O;oLFkk vMdyh]

okLrfod lokZaukp lDrhps eksQr vkf.k ntsZnkj izkFkfed f’k{k.k ns.ks] gkp R;kojhy

ekxZ vkgs( ijarq rks vuqljyk tkr ukgh-

ifgyh] ikpoh] uooh vkf.k vdjkoh ;k b;rkauk ;k o‛khZ uok vH;klØe

vkgs- ,dfolkO;k ‘krdkrhy gk ifgyk uok ‘kkys; vH;klØe- tkxfrdj.k] ekfgrh

ra=Kku Økarh] laHkk‛k.kdyk o baxthps ok<ysys egÙo] Ik;kZoj.kkfo‛k;d

6

tkx:drk ;kaph ikÜoZHkweh R;kyk ykHkyh vkgs- R;keqGs R;kaps izfrfcac uO;k

vH;klØekr iMysys vkgs- ijarq Hkkoh lekt dlk vlkok] R;klkBhps ukxfjd dls

vlkosr vkf.k eq[; Eg.kts ;sR;k dkGkr loZp {ks=kar dk; cny gksrhy ;kpk

fopkj d:u vH;klØe r;kj dsyk vkgs dk;\ R;kuq:Ik ikBÓkiqLrd r;kj vkgs

dk\

^ukgh* egkjk‛Vª jkT; ek/;fed o mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k eaMGkps v/;{k MkW-

olar dkGikaMs ;kauh izkatGi.ks gs dcwy dsys] FkksMD;kr] vH;klØekrhy l/;kpk

cny gk ^fiz vWD’kujh* izfrfØ;kRed vlk vkgs- MkW-dkGikaMs Eg.kkys] ^^Hkfo‛;os/kkps

‘kkL= vkgs( ijarq ra=Kku brD;k >ikV;kus cnyr vkgs] dh vkxkeh ikp&ngk

o‛kkZr dk; gksbZy] gs usedsi.kkus lkaxrk ;sr ukgh- R;keqGs dkGlqlaxr f’k{k.k]

thouko’;d dkS’kY;s vknhaoj Hkj fnyk vkgs-**

dksBkjh vk;ksxkiklwu rs izk- ;’kiky ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyhy uO;k jk‛Vªh;

‘kS{kf.kd vkjk[kMÓkki;Zar loZ vkuanh f’k{k.kkoj Hkj ns.;kr vkyk vkgs- eqykaps

nIrjkps vks>s deh Ogkos] ijh{ksps nMi.k R;kauh ?ksÅ u;s vkf.k R;kaP;k dYidrsyk

ltZu’khyrsyk oko feGkok] gs eqí sgh lkrR;kus ppsZys xsys vkgsr- R;kapk uO;k

vH;klØekr LFkku feGkys vkgs dk;\

;k iz’ukps mÙkj iw.kZr% udkjkFkhZ ukgh- MkW-dkGikaMs Eg.kkys] ^^eqykaP;k

fujh{k.k’kDrhyk okoa ns.;kpk iz;Ru uO;k vH;klØekr vkgs- Eg.kwup uooh o

ngkohP;k fo|kF;kZauh MksGli.ks ikgkos vkf.k R;koj vk/kkfjr izdYi lknj djkosr]

v’kh R;kekxph Hkwfedk vkgs-**

7

Hkk‛kk& f=Hkk‛kk lw= dk;e] ek= fOnrh; Hkk‛kk gh ladYiuk ukgh’kh dj.kkj- baxzth

‘kkGkargh ifgyhiklwu ejkBhph ¼izFke Hkk‛kk½ eqHkk] ejkBh ‘kkGkargh ijns’kh Hkk‛kkaph

lks;- laHkk‛k.k dkS’kY;s fodflr dj.;koj Hkj- O;kogkfjd ikrGhojhy Hkk‛kspk okij

dlk gksrks] gs Li‛V dj.kkj- okpukph xksMh ok<fo.kkj-

xf.kr &^fo|kF;kZaapk dnZudkG* gh izfrek iql.;kpk iz;Ru- xf.krkpk nSuafnu

thouk’kh laca/k tksM.kkj- foek] ‘ksvjcktkj] cWafdax vknhalkBhps ^O;ogkjh* xf.krkpk

lekos’k- lax.kd] ekfgrh ra=Kku ;kalkBhps xf.kr ‘kkys; ikrGhojp-

foKku & Hkfo‛;kpk os/k ?ks.kkj- tuqd’kkL=] tSoekfgrh’kkL=] vkiRdkyhu

O;oLFkkiu] ekfgrh ra=Kku] vodk’k ra=Kku vknhapk lekos’k- vkjksX;] ‘ksrh ;kaojgh

Hkj] fujh{k.k vkf.k dYiuk’kDrhyk oko&Lora= iz;ksx] izdYi dj.ks ca/kudkjd-

foKku&ra=Kkukpk m|kstdrs’kh laca/k tksM.kkj-

lekt'kkL=&2005 Ik;ZarP;k ?kVukapkgh bfrgklkr lekos’k- fo|kF;kZauk Hkwxksy

izkR;f{kd djkos ykxsy- ,sfrgkfld] HkkSxksfyd LFkGkaP;k HksVh&rsFkhy fujh{k.ks]

losZ{k.k ;kaojgh Hkj-

vU;fo‛k;&‘kkjhfjd f’k{k.kklkBh ¼[ksG½ ys[kh ijh{kk] ;k fo‛k;klkBhP;k rkfldk

ok<fo.kkj] ;ksxklus] oS;fDrd vkjksX; oj Hkj- O;fDreRo fodklkojgh Hkj- R;klkBh

lkekU; Kku] ewY;f’k{k.k] rk.kkps O;oLFkkiu ;kapkgh lekos’k Ik;kZoj.k gk Lora=

fo‛k;-

oSf’k‛V; s &Hkk‛kkalg loZ fo‛k;kalkBh izdYi] loZ izdkjP;k uohu ra=Kkukapk lekos’k

vlkok-

ns’kkr lqekjs ohl dksVh eqykaiSdh ia/kjkdksVh eqys ‘kkGkar tkrkr Eg.kts ikp

dksVh eqys vtwugh ‘kkGsr tkr ukgh- th tkrkr R;kaiSdh QDr ngk VDds eqys

egkfo|ky;hu f’k{k.k ?ksÅ ‘kdrkr- ifgyh rs ikpohi;ZarP;k fuEE;k eqykauk

O;oLFkhr okprk ;sr ukgh- gh oLrqfLFkrh vkgs- rh d’kh lq/kkj.kkj\ R;klkBh

izkFkfed f’k{k.k lDrhps vkf.k eksQr djk;yk gos- ^loZ f’k{k.k eksfges* Onkjs gs lk/;

gksbZy vls okVr ukgh-

8

ngkoh&ckjkohP;k ijh{kkauk vlysys vokLro egÙo vktgh dk;e vkgs- ;k

ijh{kk o‛kkZrwu ,dkp ?ks.;k,soth vusd osGk ijh{kk ?ks.;kP;k lwpuk jk‛Vªh;

‘kS{kf.kd vkjk[kMÓkkr vkgsr- R;kP;k vaeyctko.kh cn~ny dks.khgh cksyr ukgh-yks.kh

¼2005½

f’k{k.k iz.kkyhr /;s;s vkf.k mn~fn‛Vs gh vko’;d vlrkr fdacgquk R;kojp

f’k{k.k izfØ;sps enkj voyacwu vlrs- mn~fn‛V;s f’k{k.kkpk xkHkk vkgs- /;s;s o

mn~fn‛Vkaph iwrhZ dj.;kps lk/ku ikBîkiqLrd vkgs- ikBîkiqLrd Eg.kts

ßb;Ùksuqlkj Eg.kts b;Ùkk] mn~fn‛V;s o R;kps dk;Z fopkjkr ?ksÅu ikBîkØekr

fnysY;k izR;sd ?kVdkph lfoLrj ekfgrh ns.;klkBh fofo/k rTKkauh ,d= ;sÅu

dsysys ys[ku gks;-Þ f’k{kdkyk f’kdo;kP;k ?kVdkph vH;klØeklaca/kkr fpfdRlk

d:u] vU; Lrjka’kh vlysyk laca/k] brj ?kVdka’kh vlysyk laca/k f’k{kdkus tk.kwu

?ks.ks visf{kr vkgs- R;k ?kVdkpk R;kp Lrjkojhy vU; fo‛k; fdaok R;kp

iqLrdkrhy vU; ?kVdka’kh laca/k vlw ‘kdrks- rks vkiY;kyk ;k fpfdRld

vH;klkrwu letrks- f’kok; R;k vk’k; ?kVdkckcr eqykauh ;kiwohZ dks.krs Kku xzg.k

dsys vkgs gs f’k{kdkus tk.kwu ?ksrys ikfgts] R;kpk fopkj dj.ks vko’;d vkgs-

ikBîkiqLrdkP;k vH;klkr ikBîkiqLrdkrhy fnysyk vk’k; ;ksX; vpwd iqjslk vkgs

dk gsgh f’k{kdkus ikg.ks vR;ar xjtsps vkgs- vH;klØe] ikBîkØekrwu r;kj

>kysY;k vk’k; izR;{k fo|kF;kZaIk;Zar iksgkspo.kkjk nqok f’k{kd vlrks- rsaOgk

vH;klØekr jkfgysY;k m.khok] pqdk nq:Lr d:u eqykaIk;Zar rks vk’k; ik sgkspo.ks

gs f’k{kdkps egÙokps dke vkgs- Eg.kwu laiw.kZ vH;klØe] ikBîkØe c?kwup v/;kiu

djkos- f’kok; f’k{kdkus v/;kiukiwohZ vki.k tks ?kVd f’kdo.kkj vkgksr R;k

?kVdkrhy e/;orhZ vk’k;] dYiuk] fopkj] ladYiuk dks.kR;k vkgsr\ R;kps Kku

d:u ?ksÅu rks vk’k; fo|kF;kZaIk;Zar dlk lqyHk iksgkspork ;sbZy ;kps lfoLrj

foÜys‛k.k d:up ?;kos ykxrs-

HkwxksykP;k vk’k;kr v{kka’k] js[kka’k] rkieku] itZU;eku] vjksg itZU;] m‛.krk]

neV] vknzZrk] iqG.k] milkxj] egklkxj] [kkMh] vkdk’k] Ik`Foh] tykoj.k] rikacj]

9

ioZr] iBkjs] unh] /kj.k] [kfuts] taxy vls fdrh rjh fofo/k lacks/k vkgsr- vFkkZr

dsoG laaKk fdaok ‘kCn Eg.kts lacks/k uOgs- ‘kCnkFkZ (Meaning) Eg.ktsgh lacks/k uOgs

rj ,[kk|k xks‛Vhpk O;kid vUo;kFkZ (Interpretation) Eg.kts lacks/k (Concept) gks;-

lacks/kke/;s O;Drhps R;k xks‛Vh fo‛k;hps Hkwrdkyhu vkf.k orZekudkyhu vls loZ

vuqHko rj ladfyr >kysys vlrkrp i.k lacks/kke/;s Hkfo‛;dkyhu vuqHko

lekfo‛B dj.;klkBh lqn~/kk lks; vlrs- lacks/kkl dkgh rTKkauh ladYiuk gk

lekukFkhZ ‘kCn lacks/krkr- ^^leku xq.koSf’k‛V;s vl.kkÚ;k psrdkaP;k xVkyk lacks/k

Eg.krkr**- (Dececco- 1968 ―A concept is a class of stimuli which have common

characteristics.‖) O;fDrP;k eukr izkjaHkkiklwu lacks/k eukr ulrkr- tltlh

fo|kF;kZauh ok O;Drhph ok< o fodkl gksr tkrks] rlrlh lacks/kkph fufeZrh gksrs

vkf.k vk;q‛;Hkj lacks/kkps iq‛Vhdj.k pkyqp vlrs- lq:okrhps vuqHko fo‹oe;kZfnr

vlrs- izkjafHk lkekU;hdj.k djrkauk ‘kkjhfjd xjtkapk mi’ke dj.kkÚ;k dYiuk

Hkksorh lacks/kkph fufeZrh dsyh tkrs- R;keqGs R;ke/;s cÚ;kp =qVh vlrkr- i.k

tlrls vuqHkokps fo‹o foLrkfjr gksr tkrs rlrls mi;ksxk ,soth ,[kk|k O;kid

vxj viwoZ dYius’kh lacks/k fuxfMr gksrks- R;keqGs ngk o‛kkZP;k fo|kF;kZalkBh

flagklu gh jktkyk cl.;kph [kwphZ vlrs- rj ohl o‛kkZP;k fo|kF;kZaP;k “‚Vhus rs

lkoZHkkSe lÙksps LFkku vlrs- gk o;ksijRos oSpkfjd Hksn fuekZ.k gksÅu lacks/kkph

O;kidrk ok<r tkrs- R;kuqlkj ikBîkiqLrdkrgh lacks/kkph dYiuk foLrkfjr >kyh

vkgs dk\ ikg.;klkBh la’kks/ku egÙokps okVrs- FkksMD;kr leku xq.k/keZ vlysY;k

ewrZ fdaok vewrZ ckchaP;k lewgkl fdaok lewgkP;k ukeadukl lacks/k vls Eg.krkr-

lacks/kkps dkgh oSf’k‛V;s vkgsr- rh Eg.kts fof’k‛V ukao] fud‛kkRed xq.k/keZ]

oSf’k‛V;s] O;k[;k o ladYiusph gksdkjkRed o udkjkRed mnkgj.ks gks;- lacks/k

izkIrheqGs ok vkdyukeqGs f’k{kdkl v/;kiu dj.ks lqyHk tkrs- mnkgj.kkFkZ leks:u

;s.kkjk izk.kh ^lki* gh ladYiuk eukr ;srkp R;kizek.ks orZu ?kM.;kl lq:okr

gksrs- vki.k tsaOgk rh oLrq ok inkFkZ ok izk.kh igkrks rsaOgk R;k izk.;kaps xq.k/keZ

eukr fuekZ.k gksrkr- f’kok; xq.k/kekZr cÚ;kpnk lknE;Z vlrs] Qjd vlrks rs

10

y{kkr ?ksÅup ladYiukps izLrqrhdj.k djkos ykxrs- oLrwa fdaok ?kVdkaP;k

oxh Zdj.k gs R;k oLrw fdaok ?kVkdkaP;k xq.koSf’k‛V;krhy lkE;&Hksnkoj vk/kkjysys

vlrs- R;kyk vki.k xq.koSf’k‛V;s vlsgh lacks/krks- mnk- vkjksg itZU; EgVys dh]

R;kr ck‛ihHkou] lkanzhHkou] itZU; gs xq.koSf’k‛V;s utjsl ;srkr- R;kuq:Ik O;k[;k

r;kj gksrs-

Tkxkr rhu izdkjps jk‛Vsª vkgsr R;kr fodflr] fodluf’ky o vfodflr

jk‛Vsª vkgsr- fodflr jk‛Vªke/;s Hkwxksykps LFkku vfydMs foKku ;k xVke/;s

lekfo‛V dssyk tkr vkgs- ‘kkL=kps nksu izdkj vkgsr- R;kr ewY;ekiukRed ‘kkL=s o

nqljs o.kZukRed ‘kkL=s gks;- HkkSfrd’kkL=kapk lekos’k gk o.kZukRed ‘kkL=kr gksrs-

Hkwxksykpk lqn~/kk o.kZukRed ‘kkL=kr lekos’k gksrks- f’k{k.k iz.kkyhr nksu ‘kkL=s

vfLrÙokr vkgs- R;kr o.kZukRed (Descriptive) Eg.kts R;k ‘kkL=kph ekfgrh O;Drh

ok LFkG ijRos cnyr ukgh- t’khP;k r’khp jkgkrs- Eg.kwu Hkwxksy gs o.kZukRed ‘kkL=

vkgs- (Geography is a descriptive Science) dkgh vH;kld rj Hkwxksykl loZ

foKkukps foKku vls lacks/krkr- ,o<sps uOgs rj loZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk HkkSxksfyd

jaxeapkojp ?kMY;k xsysY;k vkgsr- R;keqGs Hkwxksy gs o.kZukRed vk’k;kps ‘kkL=

ekurkr- dkj.k R;kr HkwxHkZ’kkL=] Hkwjlk;u] HkkSfrd] [kxksy] xf.kr] Hkwferh] tho]

izk.kh’kkL= ;k ‘kkL=kaph mRiÙkh Hkwxksykrwu >kysyh vkgsr- egkjk‛Vªkr vfydMs

Hkwxksy gÓkkfo‛k;kps Lora= fo‛k; Eg.kwu vH;klØekrhy LFkku deh >kys vlys

rjh lkekftd ‘kkL=kapk rks ,d egÙokpk ?kVd fo‛k; vkgs- gh oLrqfLFkrh

ukdk:u pky.kkj ukgh- Hkwxksykr udk’ks] vkys[k] vkÑR;k] fp=kps] js[kkVukps ts

dkS’kY; izkIr gksrs R;kps laØe.k xf.kr] foKku gÓkkfo‛k;klkBh [kwi mi;qDr Bjrs-

f’k{k.k izfØ;syk vuU;lk/kkj.k LFkku vkgs vkf.k cgqla[; lkekU; cks/kkph lanHkZ

pkSdV gh Hkwxksyk’kh lacaf/kr vkgs- Hkwxksykph vksG[k fo|kF;kZauk ifgyh iklwup

Ik;kZoj.k o ifjljkrwu gksrs- ^^ek>k xkao] ek>k ns’k] ek>k ftYgk] ek>s jkT; gs

lanHkZ lq:okrhiklwup vlrkr- Hkwxksy gk fo‛k; fo|kF;kZauk lksik okVrks vkf.k

f’k{kd tj euksjatdrsus f’kdfo.kkjs vlrhy rj rks fo|kF;kZapk vkoMrk fo‛k;gh

11

curks- i.k Qkj eksB;k la[;sus f’k{kd iqLrd Lor% okpwu nk[kowu fdaok

fo|kF;kZadMwu okpwu ?ksÅu QDr dBh.k vkf.k uohu ‘kCnkaps vFkZ lkaxwu Hkwxksy

fo‛k; f’kdorkr- R;keqGs fo|kF;kZauk ojojps vkf.k ijh{ksr mÙkh.kZ gks.;kiqjrsp Kku

gksrs- iqLrd gs fo‛k;Kkukpk lanHkZ vlrs- Hkwxksy gk izkR;f{kdkoj vk/kkfjr vlk

fo‛k; vkgs- i.k izLrqr la’kks/kdkus HkwxksykP;k ikBîkiqLrdkapk fo|kF;kZauk gks.kkÚ;k

mi;ksxkpk tsaOgk la’kks/kukRed vH;kl dsyk rsaOgk vls vk<Gwu vkys dh] Hkwxksy

fo‛k;kps vH;klØeke/;s ts lacks/k lekfo‛B dsysys vkgsr R;kaps fo‛k;hps fo|kF;kZaps

Kku vxnh rqaViqats vkf.k dkghaP;k ckcrhr [kwip lnks‛k vkgs Eg.kwu izLrqr

la’kks/kdkus b;Ùkk 6 oh rs 8 oh gÓkkmPp izkFkfed Lrjkojhy f’k{k.kkrhy HkwxksykP;k

ikBÓkiqLrdkps la’kks/ku dsysys vkgsr- uO;kus ch-,M- izf’k{k.kkr o Mh-,M- izf’k{k.kkr

vk’k;;qDr v/;kiu in~/krhpk lekos’k >kyk vkgs- R;kcj gqdwe fofo/k fo|kihBkauh

R;kph dk;Zokgh lq: dsyh vkgs- R;kp cjkscj Mh-,M- ;k inohdsrgh vk’k;;qDr

v/;kiu in~/krhph lq:okr >kyh vkgs- fo’ks‛kr% v/;kiukrwu fo|kF;kZauk

vf/kdkf/kd v/;;u Ogkos gk gsrw vkgs- fo’ks‛k d:u R;k lacaf/kps fo|kF;kZaps v/;;u

fdrir lq;ksX; >kysys vkgsr\ lacks/kkaP;k vkdyukr fo|kF;kZauk dks.kdks.kR;k

vMp.kh ;srkr\ R;kps foÜys‛k.k dks.kdks.kR;k in~/krhus dsys tko s\ R;krwu dks.krk

ekxZ dk<yk tkrks\ ;k ckcr foLr`r vH;kl izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu dj.;kpk iz;Ru

la’kks/kdkus dsyk vkgs- lq;ksX; in~/krhus vkdyu gks.;klkBh dkj.kehekalk Li‛V

dj.;kpk vkf.k R;k lacks/kkps fo|kF;kZauk fcupwd vkdyu Ogkos ;k lkBh dk;

mik;;kstuk djrk ;sbZy ;klkBh izLrqr la’kks/ku dsys vkgs-

f'k{k.k iz.kkyhr /;s;s vkf.k mn~fn‛Vs gk ewyHkwr ik;k vkgs- R;koj f’k{k.k

izfØ;sps Lo:Ik] :ijs‛kk voyacwu vlrs- /;s;s vkf.k mn~fn‛Vs f’k{k.kkpk xkHkk vkgs-

R;kuqlkjps f’k{k.k izfØ;k pkyrs- /;s;s gh f’k{k.kkpk egÙokpk d.kk vkgs- f’k{k.kkP;k

ek/;ekrwu jk‛Vªh;] ‘kS{kf.kd o thoukph /;s;s lk/; gksrkr- tkWuMÓkqbZP;k ers

^^ekuokP;k d`rhyk izsj.kk fdaok fn’kk ns.kkjs iwoZ fuf’pr dsysys vafre y{k Eg.kts

/;s;s gks;** Eg.kwu thoukpk izR;sd miØe gk dks.kR;kadks.kR;krjh /;s;kus izsfjr

12

vlrks- Eg.kwu miØe ok Ñrh gh fuf’pr /;s;k’kh fuxMhr vlrs- /;s;kP;k

fuf’prhuarj Ñrhpk Øe Bjrks- R;kuq:Ik iz;Ru dsys tkrkr- f’k{k.kkr /;s;kauk o

mn~fn‛Vkauk Qkj egÙo vlrs- fdaok /;s;kf’kok; txkrhy dks.krhgh f’k{k.k iz.kkyh

ukgh- dkj.k /;s;s gh f’k{k.kkr ekxZn’kZd vlrkr Eg.kwu f’k{k.kkph enkj T;k f’kjkoj

vlrs rs f’kj Eg.kts f’k{k.kkph /;s;s gks;- Eg.kwu Kkudks‛kkr vls izLrqr dsys vkgs

dh] Encyelopeadia of Modern education. Every activity is followed by some or

the other purpose. So for as the aims of education are concern they mainly

concerned the educator the politician of the state. f’k{k.kkrhy izR;sd Ñrh gh

dkghrjh gsrwu izsfjr vlrs- f’k{k.kkrhy /;s;s o mn~fn‛Vs eq[;Ùos d:u f’k{k.k

rTKkaoj vk/kkfjr vlrkr- rlsp jkT;drsZ o ‘kklu gh fuf’pr djrkr- Every aim

have close relationship between an activity and its aim. f’k{k.kkph Ñrh /;s;k

f’kok; ikj iMr ukgh- /;s;s o mn~fn‛Vkaph iwrhZ dj.;kps egÙokps lk/ku Eg.kwu

ikBîkiqLrdp ,d vlrs- ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;kP;k ek/;ekrwu /;s;s o

mn~fn‛Vkaph iwrhZ gksrs- f’k{k.k iz.kkyhr ikBîkiqLrd] fo|kFkhZ] f’k{kd o iz’kklu

;a=.kk ;kapk lg laca/k vlrks- ikBîkiqLrdkpk f’k{kd o fo|kFkhZ ;kapk toGpk

laca/k vlrksp- vktP;k vk/kqfud dkGkr fo’ks‛kr% xzkeh.k {ks=kr o vkfnoklh {ks=kr

ikBîkiqLrdk f’kok; f’k{kd o fo|kFkhZ ;kauk nqljs lk/ku Qkjls miyC/k ukgh- ijarq

ukxjh foHkkxkr lanHkZ iqLrds gh xzaFkky;kr o cktkjkr miyC/k vlrkr- izkeq[;kus

/;s;kaph o mn~fn‛Vkaph iwrhZ gh ikBîkiqLrdkrwu gksr vlY;keqGs izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu

ikBîkiqLrdkph fpfdRld ifj{k.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

f’k{k.kkr nksu egÙokP;k izfØ;k vkgsr- ,d v/;kiu o nqljh v/;;u]

fo’ks‛kr% Lo;ae~ v/;;u djkos o Lor%pk fodkl d:u ?;kok gh dYiuk vkgs- gk

O;kid “f‚Vdksu leksj BsÅu ikBîkØe o vH;klØe ;kaP;k leUo;krwu

ikBîkiqLrd fcupwd r;kj Ogkos gk gsrw BsÅu] fufeZrhdkjkauh iz;Ru dsysyk vlrks-

ikBîkiqLrd r;kj djrkauk oS;fDrd fgr vxj ers ekaM.;kpk iz;Ru d: u;s-

rlk iz;Ru gksr ukgh- vk’k;Kkukr ts.ks d:u oLrwfu‛B “f‚Vdksu vlkok-

13

lektkps O;kid fgr MksGîkkleksj BsÅu ikBîkiqLrd r;kj djkos- Lo;ae~

v/;;ukyk R;kpk tkLrhr tkLr mi;ksx Ogkok- Kkukpk njoktk R;krwu lokZauk

[kqyk Ogkok R;kuqlkj ikBîkiqLrd tkLrhr tkLr funksZ‛k] ntsZnkj] vn~;;kor]

oLrqfu‛B] rF;ss ok rif’ky] lkekU;hdj.k] ladsr] ;ksX; jpuk] izfØ;k] fln~/kakr ok

miiÙkhph ;ksX; ekaM.kh R;kr vlkoh gk gsrw BsÅu ikBîkiqLrdkph fufeZrh dsyh

tkrs- ;klkBh lektkrhy f’k{k.kizseh] f’k{k.krTK r;kj dj.;kpk iz;Ru djrkr-

R;krwu ikBîkiqLrd gs fo|kFkhZ] f’k{kd o ikyd ;kauk mi;qDr Bjkos gh vis{kk

vkgs- fdeku o deky ikBîkØekuqlkj /;s;s o mn~fn‛Vkaph ekaM.kh ikBîkiqLrdkrwu

Ogkoh gh vis{kk vlrs- ikBîkiqLrdkr dsoG ekfgrhph ta=h ulkoh] R;kpk v/;kiu

o v/;;ukyk tkLrhr tkLr mi;ksx Ogkok- rlsp T;k LrjklkBh ikBîkiqLrd

r;kj djko;kps vkgs R;kaP;k o;kpk] ‘kkjhfjd ekufld {kerspk] ckSn~f/kd {kerspk

fopkj gks.ks vko’;d vkgs- R;kuq:Ik R;krhy vk’k;kph lqyHkfjR;k ekaM.kh dsysyh

vlkoh- ‘kkfCnd ok v’kkfCnd Li‛Vhdj.ks R;kr vlkos- f’kok; rs lanHkZ iqLrd

Eg.kwugh mi;ksx >kyk ikfgts vls fopkj d:u ikBîkiqLrd r;kj djkos-

1-02 la’kks/kukps ’kh‛kZd (Title of Research )%

^^egkjk‛Vª jkT;kP;k mPp izkFkfed Lrjkojhy Hkwxksy fo‛k;kP;k

ikBîkiqLrdkapk leh{k.kkRed vH;kl dj.ks-**

1-03 leL;sps Li‛Vhdj.k (Explanation of Problem)%

egkjk‛Vª jkT; ikBîkiqLrd fufeZrh o vH;klØe la’kks/ku eaMG] iq.ks&4

;kauh Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrd mPp izkFkfed Lrjkdfjrk izdkf’kr dsysys vkgsr- rs

vf/kÑr eatwj d:u mPp izkFkfed Lrjkyk ykxw dsysys vkgsr- lacaf/kr Hkwxksy

ikBîkiqLrdkaps la’kks/kukRed leh{k.k dj.ks- izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu lqn~/kk vMp.khaoj

mik;] f’kQkj’kh lwpfo.ks vls vkgs- dsoG leL;krhy =qVh ;kaph ekfgrh visf{kr

vkgs- la’kks/kukpk eq[; gsrw vH;klØekpk lekos’k mn~fn‛ViwrhZ] /;s;siwrhZ] vk’k;kph

O;kidrk] ladYiuk] rF;s] jpuk] lw=s] miirh] izfØ;k] lkekU;hdj.k] ladsr] fpUgs]

14

Lok/;k;] Hkk‛kk’kSyh ifj.kkedkjdrk] euksjatdrk] ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;] fp=s]

udk’ks] vkys[k R;kuq:Ik ikBîkiqLrdkaps varjax rikl.ks] ikBîkiqLrdkps cfgjax ;k

?kVdkaps la’kks/kukRed leh{k.k dj.ks] cfgjaxkr ikBîkiqLrdkpk vkdkj] ekaM.kh]

jpuk] ewY;] dkxn ;k ckchar vfHkuork vkgs dk\ R;kps fujh{k.k d:u vkn’kZork

Li‛V dj.ks] gs leiZd erkae/kwu rikl.kh dj.ks] iMrkG.kh d:u ekfgrhP;k

vk/kkjs foÜys‛k.k] vFkZfuokZpu ;kP;k vk/kkjs fu‛d‛kZ dk<.ks- fo’ks‛kr%

ikBîkiqLrdkP;k vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.kk:Ik Lora= ekaM.kh r;kj dj.ks] vk’k;krhy

Lor% ekaM.kh ;kps ewY;ekiu raa=kuq:Ik vk’k; foÜys‛k.k dj.ks] R;kuq:Ik varjax o

cfgjaxkph fpfdRlk dj.;kpk gsrw vkgs-

Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkarwu lk/; gk s.kkjh mn~fn‛Vs] ewY; o xkHkkHkwr ?kVdkapk

rkSyfud vH;klkpk lekos’k vkgs- vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.k d:u R;krwu dks.krh

mn~fn‛Vs] xkHkkrÙos] ewY;s] lacaks/k] rÙos] fu;e lw=s] miirh ;kaps Li‛Vhdj.k

dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- fo’ks‛kr% vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.k rhu izdkjs djrkr-

R;kuq:Ik ikBîkiqLrdkpk vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.k dsys vkgs- la’kks/kukrwu MsOghl ra=]

ewY;ekiu ra=] vk’k;kps cks/kkRed ekul’kkL=h; foÜys‛k.kkuqlkj ikBîkiqLrdkaps

foÜys‛k.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsysyk vkgs-

Hkkjr ljdkjus lu 1986 lkyh jk‛Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.k tkghj dsys-

lnjP;k ;kstusr leku jk‛Vªh; vH;klØe lqfpr dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- ;k jk‛Vªh;

vH;klØekrwu ,dk fof’k‛V Lrjkojhy Hkkjrkrhy loZ fo|kF;kZauk R;kaP;krhy fyax]

LFkku ;krhy Hksn y{kkr u ?ksrk leku ‘kS{kf.kd la/kh miyC/k Ogkoh vls visf{kr

vkgs- izR;sd jkT;kP;k lkaLÑfrd] HkkSxksfyd o ,sfrgkfld oSf’k‛V;kauqlkj

vH;klØekr b‛V rks cny dj.;klkBh ok jk‛Vªh; vH;klØekr yofpdrk

Bso.;kpk iz;Ru >kyk- ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.kkuqlkj egkjk‛Vªkr izkFkfed Lrjkoj 1988

lkyh vH;klØe r;kj dj.;kr vkyk- izkeq[;kus R;kr dks.kR;kgh jkT;kpk

vH;kldzekr iq<hy ^^xkHkk?kVd** vkgsr-

1- Hkkjrh; Lokr«; pGoGhpk bfrgkl-

15

2- Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukRed tckcnkÚ;k-

3- jk‛Vªh; vfLerk tksikl.;klkBh vko’;d vk’k;-

4- Hkkjrkpk lkekbZd lkaLÑfrd okjlk-

5- LkoZHkkSe yksd’kkgh o /keZ fujis{krk-

6- L=h&iq:‛k lekurk-

7- Ik;kZoj.kkps laj{k.k]

8- Lkkekftd vMljkaps fuewZyu-

9- ygku dqVqackpk vkn’kZ-

10- OkSKkfud euksHkkokph :two.kwd-

;k f’kok; gs xkHkk ?kVd vH;klØekrwu ikBîkiqLrdkP;k ek/;ekrwu

fo|kF;kZai;Zar iksgpfo.;kr vkys] R;kuq:Ik izLrqr la’kks/kukr ojhy xkHkk ?kVdkapk

fdrir lekos’k vkgs o v/;kiukr R;kpk fdrh izek.kkr ewY;kadu dsys tkrs ;kaps

rkSyfud la’kks/ku dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- uohu ikBîkiqLrdkrhy xkHkk

?kVdkps visf{kr LFkku Eg.kwu ikBîkiqLrdkrwu R;kiSdh pkj f’kQkj’kh xkHkk ?kVdka

lacaf/kr vkgsr-

1- ikBîkiqLrdkrhy foospu o xkHkk dks.kR;kgh tkrh] tekrh] iFk /keZ ;kaP;k

Hkkouk nq[kko.kkjh ulkoh-

2- izR;sd fo‛k;kP;k ikBîkiqLrdkP;k foospukr 10 xkHkk ?kVdkaiSdh tkLrhr

tkLr xkHkk ?kVd lk/; gksrhy ;kdMs fo’ks‛k y{k fnys tkos-

3- loZ/keZ leHkko] L=h&iq:‛k lekurk o lkekftd U;k; gh rÙos dVk{kkus

ikGyh tkohr-

4- Hkk‛kk] lkekftd ‘kkL=s o dk;kZuqHko vkf.k dyk f’k{k.k ;k fo‛k;kaP;k

ikBîkiqLrdkae/;s Hkkjrh; laLÑrhpk okjlk o jk‛Vªh; vfLerk tksiklyh

tkoh- R;k f’kQkj’kh x`fgr /k:u ikBîkiqLrdkaps voyksdu d:u R;k

lacaf/kr fu‛d‛kZ dk<.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

16

Lak’kks/kdkus ^ewY;* f’k{k.kkP;k leh{k.kkr fopkj d:u la’kks/ku dj.;kpk iz;Ru

dsyk vkgs- ^ewY;* rhu ikrGhoj cnyrkr i.k fpjaru ewY;kaps eksy d/khp deh

tkLr gksr ukgh- f’k{k.k iz.kkyhrwu lu 1986 P;k elqnk o /kksj.k tkghj >kys rsaOgk

R;kr fg’kksc d:u ewY; f’k{k.kkoj eksB;k izek.kkr Hkj ns.;kr vkyk- R;kuq:Ik

egkjk‛Vª jkT;kr ewY; f’k{k.kkph lq:okr 1997&98 ;k ‘kS{kf.kd o‛kkZr >kyh vkgs-

i.k vH;klØekph jpuk xkHkkrÙok izek.ks dsysyh vkgs- i.k ewY;kaoj vk/kkfjr

fo|kF;kZapk fodkl Ogkoh gh vis{kk vkgs- FkksMD;kr f’k{k.kkrwu fodkl gk

ewY;kf/kf‛Br thou (value oriented life) r;kj djkos- R;k “f‚Vdksukrwu la’kks/kdkus

ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.kkrwu ewY;kauk fdrh izek.kkr U;k; nsrks gs

fujh{k.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- iq<hy ewY;kapk fopkj dsyk vkgs-

¼1½ jk‛Vª HkDrh] ¼2½ jk‛Vªh; vfLerk ¼3½ loZ/keZ lfg‛.kqrk ¼4½ L=h&iq:‛k

lekurk- ¼5½ Je izfr‛Bk ¼6½ oSKkfud “f‚Vdksu- ¼7½ lkStU;’khyrk ¼8½

laosnu’khyrk- ¼9½ oDr’khji.kk- ¼10½ uhVusVdsi.kk ;k ewY;kaops foÜys‛k.k dj.;kpk

iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- HkwxksykP;k ikBîkØekrwu ojhy ewY;kapk fodklklkBh vk’k;kph

ekaM.kh d’kh dsyh vkgs] R;kpk ekxksok ?ks.;kr vkyk vkgs-ukxiqjs ¼1992½

la’kks/kdkus la’kks/kuklkBh fuoMysY;k leL;sps ‘kh‛kZd egkjk‛Vª jkT;krhy

mPp izkFkfed Lrjkojhy Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.k dj.;kpk

iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- vk’k;kP;k v/;;ukr fo|kF;kZauk ;s.kkÚ;k vMp.khaps foekspuklkBh

mik;;kstuk lwpfoyh vkgs-

egkjk‛Vª jkT;ke/;s f’k{k.kkps ,dlw=hdj.k >kY;keqGs vkf.k jkT; ljdkjus

^^ikBîkiqLrd fufeZrh vkf.k vH;klØe la’kks/ku eaMG** R;kl ^ckyHkkjrh* lacks/krkr

R;kP;k ekQZr gh laLFkk dk;Zjr vkgs- R;k laLFks ekQZr b-1 yh rs b- 10 oh Ik;Zarph

loZ ikBîkiqLrds r;kj d:u forfjr dj.;kps ,dkf/kdkj fnysyk vkgs- rlsp

gÓkklaLFksdMs 1yh rs 8 oh Ik;Zar vH;klØe vkf.k R;krhy izR;sd oxkZpk ikBîkØe

Bjo.;kps vf/kdkjgh R;kapsdMsp vkgsr- b-9 oh o 10 ohP;k vH;klØe vkf.k

ikBîkØe Bjfo.;kps vf/kdkj ek= jkT; ek/;fed o mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.keaMG

17

R;kaP;k fu;a=.kk[kkyh vlysys ‘kkykar ijh{kk eaMG º;kauk fnysys vkgsr- R;keqGs

vH;klØe Bjfo.ks] ikBîkiqLrds r;kj dj.ks] osGksosGh R;ke/;s lq/kkj.kk] nq:LR;k

vkf.k cny dj.ks gs loZ vf/kdkj ikBîkiqLrd fufeZrh vkf.k vH;klØe la’kks/ku

eaMGkyk fnysys vkgsr- gÓkk eaMGkoj fo‛k; f’k{kd] fo‛k; rTK] f’k{k.krTK]

ekul’kkL=K] ‘kkldh; vf/kdkjh] vH;kld o ‘kklu fu;qDr izfrfu/kh vlrkr] rs

lk/kd ck/kd fopkj d:u f’k{k.kLrjkpk vH;klØe r;kj d:u izR;sd b;Ùkspk

ikBîkØe fuf’pr djrkr- rlsp ikBîkiqLrd fodluph ekxZn’kZd lw=s Bjowu

nsrkr- fo|kF;kZaps o;] cqn~~/kheÙkk] vfHk:ph vkf.k mitr dy y{kkr ?ksÅu R;kaP;k

fof’k‛V o;kr fdrh o dks.kR;k vk’k;kps vkdyu >kys ikfgts R;kps mi;kstu

djrk vkys ikfgts R;kph fuf’prh djrkr- b;Ùkk 6 oh rs 8 oh gh mPp izkFkfed

f’k{k.kkpk Lrj y{kkr ?ksÅu eaMGkus Hkwxksykrhy vk’k;kph fuf’prh dsyh vkgs] vkf.k

fo|kF;kZaiq<s HkwxksykP;k ikBîkiqLrdkrwu rj f’k{kdkalkBh HkwxksykP;k gLriqfLrdsrwu

lknj dsys vkgsr- f’k{kdkauh v/;kiuklkBh ekxZn’kZd lwpuk vlysyh gLri qfLrdk

vH;klwu frP;krhy lwpukauqlkj HkwxksykP;k vk’k;kps v/;kiu djkos v’kh eaMGkph

vis{kk vkgs] i.k vkiY;kdMs ikBîkiqLrd Eg.ktsp loZdkgh] ,deso eku.;kph

izo`rh fo|kF;kZarp uOgsrj f’k{kdkar lqn~/kk ?kÍ ewG /k:u vkgs- vH;klØekr

lekfo‛V vlysyk vk’k; fo|kF;kZauk O;ofLFkr letys dh ukgh\ mnk- R;krhy

lacks/k] rÙos ] fu;e] miirh ;kph xq.koSf’k‛V;s] xkS.k xq.koSf’k‛V;s vkf.k Hkzked

xq.koSf’k‛V;s fo|kF;kZaP;k y{kkr vkyh dh ukghr\ mnk% iwoZKkukpk vFkok vk’k;kpk

ok lacks/kkpk uO;k vk’k;kpk ok lacks/kkps ;ksX; vkdyu gksrs dh ukgh\ ;kph tk.kho

d:u ?ks.ks- czquj ;kaP;k lacks/k lk/;rk izfrekukizek.ks loZ ik;Ú;k O;ofLFkri.ks

f’k{kdkauh okijkO;k dh ukghr\ lacaf/kr {ks=kr uohu {ks=kr fo|kF;kZauk R;k vk’k;kps

mi;kstu djrk ;srs dh ukgh\ v’kk vusd ?kVdkapk Hkwxksy v/;kidkus fopkj dsyk

ikfgts vU;Fkk fo|kF;kZaP;k vkdyukr =qVh] QVh fdaok nks‛k fuekZ.k gksrkr vkf.k

,dnk dh lnks‛k vkdyu eukr iDds clys dh rs gVowu funksZ‛k oSf’k‛V;s

fo|kF;kZaP;k euke/;s laØfer dj.ks gs vo?kM dke gksÅu clrs- º;klkBh

18

fo|kF;kZauk vk’k;kps vkdyu vkf.k mi;k stuke/;s ;s.kkÚ;k okLrfod vMp.khaps

losZ{k.k d:u R;kapk fpfdRld vH;kl dsyk ikfgts vkf.k gÓkk “‚Vhus ;ksX;

v’kh mik;;kstuk lwpfoyh ikfgts- gs dke loZ fo‛k;klkBh dsys ikfgts- rlk dkgh

vH;kl º;kiwohZ ikBîkiqLrd fufeZrh eaMGkus d:u ?ksrys vkgsr- i.k gk vH;kl

Ñfr la’kks/ku in~/krhpk vlY;kus ,[kk|k ‘kkGsP;k ikrGhojp R;kpk ‘kks/k ?ksrysyk

vkgs- Hkwxksy fo‛k;kP;k ckcrhr vlk oSKkfud in~/krhus d:u O;kid losZ{k.k

djkos( vkf.k R;k vk/kkjs y?kqdkyhu o nh?kZdkyhu mik;;kstuk lwpokoh gh

dkGkph xjt vksG[kwup izLrqr la’kks/ku dj.;kpk ladYi dsysyk vkgs-

la’kks/kdkus izLrqr la’kks/kukr mPp izkFkfed Lrjkojhy Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkph

fpfdRlkRed ijh{k.kkr vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.k d:u izLrqr vk’k; fo|kF;kZauk

v/;;ukl dlk lqyHk gksbZy ;k “f‚Vdksukrwu Hkwxksy v/;kidkl lgk¸;Hkwr Bjsy

;k csrkp s la’kks/ku dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-lnjP;k la’kks/kukP;k leL;srwu

Lor%yk la’kks/kdkus {ks=h; o vk’k; foÜys‛k.kkP;k e;kZnk ?kkywu ?ksrY;k vkgsr-

ikBîkiqLrd dls vkn’kZ gksbZy R;k Lo:ikps la’kks/ku dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

l/;k uohu vk’k;;qDr v/;kiukyk lgk¸;Hkwr Bjsy gÓkk “f‛Vdksukrwu la’kks/kukph

leL;k fuoMysyh vkgs-

1-04 la’kks/kukps egÙo % ( Importance of the research)

Hkwxksy gk fo‛k; lkekftd ‘kkL=krhy ,d Hkkx Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkr

vlyk rjh eqGkr rs ,d Lora= ‘kkL= ok foKku vkgs- vktps ;qx gs foKku vkf.k

ra=foKkukps vkgs- ifjorZu gk fo‹okpk LFkk;hHkko vkgs vkf.k txkrhy Kkukps

lanHkZ o laca/k lrr cnyr vlrkr- izR;sd {ks=kr osxoku ifjorZu gksr vkgs vkf.k

R;kuqlkj Hkwxksy fo‛k;kpk vk’k;gh vf/kd le`n~/k gksr vkgs- fodflr gksr vkgs-

la’kks/kukyk vxzØe ns.;kph xjt vkgs vls es/kk Vsax’ks&iq.ks ;kauh vkiys fopkj

izdV dsys vkgs- loZ O;olk;kr dk;Z{ks=kar izR;{k dkekcjkscj la’kks/ku iz;ksx

Ogk;yk gosr- fo|kihBk O;frfjDrP;k ‘kS{kf.kd laLFkkae/;s yfyr dyk] Hkk‛kk]

19

bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] laLÑrh brj lkekftd’kkL=s ;k fo‛k;kaoj Lora= la’kks/ku foHkkx

vl.ks lDrhps vlys ikfgts-

PkkSdlcqn~/kh] uohu Kkukph ekfgrhph vkoM ;k ckcr ckyo;kiklwu eqykaph

eqLdVnkch dj.;krp ikyd&f’k{kd /kU;rk ekurkauk vk<Grkr] Eg.kwu uohu iz’u

iM.ks] pkdksjh ckgsjpk fopkj dj.ks] ekaM.ks gs ,d rj vkiY;k lektkr

vkxkÅi.kk] fof{kIri.kk fdaok ew[kZi.kkps y{k.k ekuys tkrs- oxkZe/;s ngk eqykauk

,[kknh Ñrh] iz;ksx djk;yk lkafxryk] vu~ R;kiSdh ,[kk|k eqykus f’kdoysY;k

in~/krhis{kk osxGîkk in~/krhus ¼i.k cjkscj½ dsys fdaok ,[kk|k dforsps jlxzg.k

,[kk|k fo|kF;kZaus osxGîkk in ~/krhus dsys rj] fdrh f’k{kd vkf.k ikyd ^R;k*

eqykyk ‘kkckldh nsÅu] R;kps vkotwZu dkSrqd djrkr\ dk ^>kiMcan* in~/krhus

fopkj dj.kkÚ;k eqykpk vkn’kZ mjysY;k oxkZleksj Bsoyk tkrks\ ;kpkgh fopkj

djk;yk gok-

fo|kihBh; f’k{k.k vkf.k la’kks/ku ;kaph eksV vkiY;k f’k{k.k O;oLFksus brdh

?kê cka/kyh; dh] la’kks/ku Eg.kts fo|kihBh; fdaok inO;qÙkj vH;kl] vls lehdj.k

r;kj >kys vkgs] f’kok; O;kolkf;d f’k{k.kkrhy la’kks/ku oxGrk] ,joh fo|kihBh;

la’kks/ku vusdnk fo|kihBkr /kwG [kkr iMwu jkfgysys vk<Grs- R;keqGs la’kks/ku

vkf.k ^mi;ksftr la’kks/ku* (Applied Research) ;kaP;krhy njh deh dj.;kpgh

xjt vkgs- R;klkBh loZ izdkjP;k O;olk;kr] dk;Z{ks=kr] izR;{k dkekcjkscj

la’kks/ku] iz;ksx Ogk;yk gosr- fo|kihBk O;frfjDrP;k ‘kS{kf.kd laLFkkae/;s

yfyrdyk] Hkk‛kk] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] laLÑrh] brj lkekftd ‘kkL=s ;k fo‛k;kaoj

Lora= la’kks/ku foHkkx vl.ks lDrhps vlys ikfgts- ¼R;klkBh R;k laLFkk la’kks/ku

laLFkk vl.;kps dkj.k ukgh½ ;k ‘kS{kf.kd laLFkkae/;s fo|kF;kZauk] f’k{kdkauk la’kks/ku

dj.;kph la/kh fnyh ikfgts- [kjs rj vkBoh uarj la’kks/ku gk fo‛k; ,sfPNd fo‛k;

Eg.kwu miyC/k vlkok vkf.k R;k fo‛k;karxZr R;k R;k fo|kF;kZayk NksV;k izek.kkoj

dyk&foKku ;k nksUgh fo‛k;kar la’kks/ku dj.;kph la/kh vlkoh-

20

f’k{k.kkfo‛k;h xksMh ul.kkÚ;k fdaok ‘kS{kf.kd vH;klkr cqn~/kh Qkj’kh u

pky.kkÚ;k fo|kF;kZalkBh R;k R;k ‘kkGsrys f’k{kd dks.krs iz;ksx djrkr ;kphgh uksan

d:u] ladyu dsys tkos- egkfo|ky;kP;k ikrGhojgh la’kks/ku vkf.k iz;ksxkyk

vxzØe ns.;kr ;kok- ;k la’kks/kukapk ;ksX; rks okij d:u rks brj f’k{k.k laLFkkauk

mi;qDr Ogkok ;klkBh R;k ckcr R;kaP;kr ijLijkar nsok.k&?ksok.k Ogkoh-

osxosxGîkk Lo;alsoh laLFkk vusdnk uoh okV pks[kkGrkr- R;krys dkgh

iz;ksx ;’kLoh gksrkr] dkgh iw.kZr% fu:Ik;ksxh Bjrkr- laLFkkpkyd ldkjkRed “

f‛Vdksu Bso.kkjs vlrhy] rj rs vkiY;k dk;ZdR;kZaP;k lapkyk izksRlkgu nsrkr] vu~

ex vls iz;ksx] la’kks/ku pkyw jkgwu] laLFkk vf/kdkf/kd Qynk;h Lo:ikps] nwj“‚Vh

BsÅu vafre Qk;|kps dke djr jkgrkr- i.k laLFkk pkydkadMsp gh “‚Vh ulsy]

dsoG O;kolkf;d “f‚Vdksu vlsy] rj v’kk laLFkk ftoari.kk] pSrU; xekowu

clrkr- vu~ ex dsoG bekjrh mHkkj.ks] QDr dY;k.kdkjh dkekaoj Hkj] dkekps

xq.koÙksis{kk la[;kcGkoj ewY;ekiu] v’kk in~/krhus dke djr jkgrkr-

laLFkkauk vls Lo:Ik ;sÅ |k;ps ulsy rj laLFkkaph uksan.kh djrkauk /keZnk;

vk;qDrkaP;k dk;kZy;krhy uksan.khi=kr iq<hy dye lDrhps vlkos- ^Loa;lsoh

laLFkkaP;k dkekr ^la’kks/ku vkf.k R;kuqlkj fodkl* gk Lora= foHkkx vlkok] vu~

laLFksP;k mn~fn‛VkalkBh dke djrkauk ^;k* foHkkxkekQZr ;ksX; rs la’kks/ku o iz;ksx

dj.;kr ;srhy vkf.k R;kph fjrlj uksangh lacaf/kr laLFksr Bso.;kr ;sbZy-*

O;kid ikrGhoj la’kks/kukyk LFkku feG.;klkBh ;k ckcr iq<hy in~/krhauh

iz;Ru dj.;kph xjt vkgs-

izzFker% o`Ùki=s vkf.k brj ek/;ekaph tckcnkjh ;k iwohZ mYys[k dsY;k izek.ks

vkiY;kdMs iz;ksx] la’kks/ku Eg.kts eq[;r% foKku&ra=Kku] oS|dh; {ks= bR;knh

fof’k‛V {ks=kapkp fopkj dsyk tkrks- ijarq gh xSjletwr nwj dj.;kph eksBh

tckcnkjh o`Ùki=s o brj ek/;ekauh Lohdkjk;yk goh- ek/;ekr ukohU; vkf.k

l[kksyi.kk vk.k.;klkBh la’kks/ku iz;ksxkoj vk/kkfjr dk;ZØe] fopkjkauk izk/kkU;

|kos- rn~uarj ‘kklukph tckcnkjh&uohu fi<hrhy la’kks/kdkauk la/kh] vkfFkZd o

21

ekufld LokLF; feGkos ;klkBh r:.k la’kks/kdkadfjrk f’k‛;o`Ù;k |kO;kr-

mik’khiksVh vkf.k Lor%P;k f[k’kkyk [kkj ykÅu la’kks/ku dj.;kpk dkG ekxs iMyk

vkgs- gs ,dnk ‘kklukus] lektkus ekU; djkos vkf.k foKkusrj fo‛k;karhy

la’kks/kukykgh Hkjiwj [krik.kh ?kkykos- ^vk/kh dksaacMh dh vaMs\* v’kk xksa/kGkr u

iMrk] la’kks/kukph ekufldrk vkf.k dqor vl.kkÚ;k r:.k la’kks/kdkauh iz;ksx’khyrk

vkf.k la’kks/kukyk ru eu okgkos- la’kks/kukr vlysyk dkxni=kaojpk Hkj] R;kph

uksan] fu%Ik{kikrh “f‚Vdksu ;kapkgh fopkj d:u] la’kks/ku fyf[kr Lo:ikr

lektki;Zar ikspokos-

FkksMD;kr pkSdli.kk] uohu okVsus tk.;kph izo`Ùkh] thoukrhy vusd

ckchackcr okV.kkjs dqrwgy] iM.kkjs iz’u gk ekuoh LoHkkokpk lukru iSyw vkgs-

R;kyk ckGi.kkiklwu [krik.kh ?kkrys] rj l/;kP;k dkGkrgh vusd la’kks/kd]

iz;ksx’khy fopkjoar r;kj gksrhy- Vsax’ks ¼2006½

lkgftdp Hkwxksy fo‛k;kP;k vk’k;kr vkf.k v/;kiu in~/krhe/;s dkGkuq:Ik

cny dj.ks xjtsps gksÅu clsy vkgs- oSKkfud “f‛Vdksukpk okij lq: >kY;keqGs

vusd HkkSxksfyd lacks/kkph QsjekaM.kh vkf.k vk’k;iq‛Vrk xjtsph >kyh vkgs- b;Ùkk

1 rs 5 Ik;Zar Hk wxksy fo‛k;kpk varHkkZo Ik;kZoj.k o ifjlj ‘kkL=ke/;s dsysyk vkgs-

i.k b;Ùkk 6 oh rs b-8 oh e/;s Hkwxksy gk fo‛k; lkekftd ‘kkL=kpk Hkkx Eg.kwu

f’kdoyk tkrks- rlsp bfrgkl o ukxfjd’kkL= gÓkk?kVd fo‛k;kis{kk Hkwxksykps

LFkku osxGs nk[koysys vkgs- Hkwxksykrhy ewyHkwr ladYiuk tjh dk;e vlY;k rjh

R;ke/;s fuR;uO;k laKk vkf.k ladYiukph Hkj iMr vkgsr- vkrk lax.kd Hkwxksy]

xf.krh Hkwxksy] lkaf[;d Hkwxksy gÓkk ladYiuk mn;kl vkY;k vkgsr- rlsp ewGP;k

HkkSxksfyd ladYiuk vf/kdkf/kd funksZ‛k vkf.k vpwd dj.;klkBh /kMiM pkyw vkgs-

21 os ‘krd gs Kkukps vkf.k ekfgrhra=Kkukps vlY;keqGs rlsp baVjusVus ekfgrhpk

egklkxj iksgpfo.;keqGs Kku vkrk QDr up to date p uOgs rj upto the moment

Eg.kts vfr vn~;;kor dj.;kph lks; >kyh vkgs-

22

la’kks/kukph fuoM dj.;kpk gsrw vlk vkgs dh] Kku vn~;;kor Bso.;kph

xjt fuekZ.k >kysyh vkgs- ikBîkiqLrdkr vk<G.kkÚ;k pqdk VkG.;klkBh o

vk’k;kps v/;kiu lqyHk dj.;klkBh lacaf/kr la’kks/ku mi;qDr Bjsy- iwohZ tjh

Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkps leh{k.k la’kks/ku >kys vlrs rjh dkGkuq:Ik Hkwxksykr lrr

ifjorZu gksr tkrs- Eg.kwu dkGkpk os/k ?ks.kkÚ;k ladYiuk ;sr jkgrkr- R;kph

ekaM.kh ikBîkiqLrdkr fcupwd Ogkoh ;klkBh la’kks/ku egÙokps okVrs- iwohZP;k pwdk

VkG.;klkBh lnjps la’kks/ku vf/kd egÙokps okVrs-

Lokra«; izkIrhuarj xsY;k 59 o‛kkZr f’k{k.k {ks=kr vki.k Qkj eksBh izxrh

d: ‘kdyks ukgh- vtwugh vkiyh toG toG 40 rs 45 VDds turk fuj{kj vkgs-

pkdksjh cn~/k f’k{k.kkus QkjeksBh jk‛Vªh; cqn~/kh o {kerk mi;ksxkr vk.kyh tkr

ukgh- vtwugh vki.k ikf’pekR;kaP;k pkdksjhcn~/k rlsp R;kauk mi;qDr Bj.kkÚ;k

f’k{k.kiz.kkyhpk fopkj u djrk mi;ksx djhr vkgksr- vktgh vki.k va/kkuqdj.k

djhr vkgksr- ikf’pekR; f’k{k.krTKkauh R;kaP;k okrkoj.kkpk vH;kl d:u

ewY;ekiu lw{e v/;kiu] vfHkØfer v/;;u] iz.kkyh] laizs‛k.k mikxe] v/;kiukph

izfrekus ;k lkj[;k v/;kiu in~/krhpk ‘kks/k ykowu R;kuq:Ik Hkkjrh; f’k{k.k

iz.kkyhr vk.k.;kpk iz;Ru gksr vkgs- rjh l`n~/kk dkgh osxGîkk in~/krhapk ‘kks/k

djkok ykxsy- Hkkjrh; f’k{k.kkr uohu la’kks/kukph egÙokph xjt okVw ykxyh vkgs-

R;kuq:Ik lq/kkj.kk djkoh ykxsy- R;klkBh pkaxyk f’k{kd tUeyk ;kok ykxrks]

f’kok; v/;kiu gh ,d dyk vkgs- R;koj vusdkapk foÜokl vkgs- rFkkih f’k{k.kkps

‘kkL= fnolsafnol izxr gksr vkgs] R;kuq:Ik f’k{kd vkiys v/;kiu vf/kd izHkkoh

dj.;kpk iz;Rukr vkgsr- dkj.k f’k{k.k gs ,d ‘kkL= vkgs- dks.kR;kgh la’kks/kukpk

mi;ksx Lor% la’kks/kdkykgh gksrks- Lor%yk HksMlko.kkjh ,[kknh leL;k tsaOgk

‘kkL=h; in~/khrhus o la’kks/kukph RkÙos o in~/krhpk voyac d:u f’k{k.k{ks=krhy

,[kknk la’kks/kd lksMosy rsaOgk R;kyk feG.kkjk vkuan vo.kZuh; vlsy- R;k

la’kks/kuklkBh R;kus ts okpu dsysys vlsy R;krwu feGkysys Kku R;kP;k ckSn~f/kd

d{kk fodflr djsy-fHkarkMs ¼1994½

23

Kku vf/kd ifj.kkedkjd iksgp.;klkBh lacaf/kr la’kks/ku vko’;d okVrs-

b;Ùkk 6 oh rs 8 oh gÓkkmPp izkFkfed Lrjkoj fo|kF;kZaaoj ?;ko;kps HkkSxksfyd

Kku gs izk/kkU;kus fo‛k;krhy ewyHkwr ladYiuk’kh lacaf/kr vkgs- gÓkk ladYiuk

Eg.kts vk’k; Hkwxksy Kkukpk ik;k vkgs] vkf.k gk ik;k vf/kd etcwr vlsy rjp

R;koj HkO; Kkukph bekjr [kachji.ks ÅHkh jkgw ‘kdrs- R;k“‚Vhus gÓkk ewyHkwr

lacks/kkpk lekos’k d:u R;k oxkZph ikBîkiqLrds jkT; ikBîkiqLrd fufeZrh vkf.k

vH;klØe la’kks/ku eaMGkus r;kj dsysyh vkgsr- R;k vk/kkjs f’k{kdkaps v/;kiu

vkf.k fo|kF;kZaps v/;;u pkyw vlrs- R;k ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k; eqykauk fdrir

vkdyu gksrkr( R;keqGs R;kauk dks.kdks.kR;k vMp.kh ;srkr\ vk’k;kpk usedk

vUo;kFkZ fo|kF;kZai;Zar iksgpo.;kr f’k{kd ;’kLoh gksrkr dk\ fo|kFkhZ f’kdoysY;k

vk’k;kps fcupwd mi;kstu d: ‘kdrkr dk\ dks.krk vk’k; R;kauk vkdyukl

lksik okVrks\ dks.krk dBh.k okVrks\ v’kh fLFkrh dk fuekZ.k gksrs\ v’kk fdrh

?kVdkaph ekfgrh ?ks.ks gh dkGkph xjt okVrs- Eg.kwu R;krwu la’kks/ku djkosls

okVys- v’kk ?kVdkaph ok leL;kaph ekfgrh d:u ?ks.ks rkrMhph o dkGkph xjt

la’kks/kdkyk okVyh vkgs-

jk‛Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.k 1986 lkyh tsaOgk tkghj >kys rsaOgk iklwu b;Ùkk 6

oh rs 8 oh vkrk lyx mPp izkFkfed f’k{k.kkpk <kpk loZ= vaeykr vk.kyk ikfgts

gksrk- i.k egkjk‛Vª jkT;kr ifjfLFkrh xksa/kGkph vktgh vkgs- ‘kkldh; vkf.k

LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkkauh pkyfoysY;k izkFkfed ‘kkGkae/;s b;Ùkk 1 yh rs 7 ohps

oxZ vkgsr- R;kr 1yh rs 4 Fkh gk dfu‛B izkFkfed xV letrkr- rj 5 oh rs 7

ohr mPp izkFkfed xV Eg.krkr- ;k ‘kkGkae/;s dksBsgh b;Ùkk 8 ohpk oxZ tksMysyk

ukgh- R;kdfjrk ;k fo|kF;kZauk ek/;fed ‘kkGkaph njokts BksBokos ykxrkr- vkt

cg~oa’kh ek/;fed ‘kkGkae/;s b;Ùkk 5 oh rs 10 ohps oxZ vkgsr- rj dkghae/;s b;Ùkk

8 oh rs 10 ohps oxZ vkgsr- dkgh ek/;fed ‘kkGkae/;s mPp ek/;fedps b;Ùkk 11

oh o 12 ohps oxZ vkgsr] rj dkgh 11 oh o 12 ohps oxZ egkfo|ky;kal tksMysyh

vkgsr- f’kok; b;Ùkk 5 oh rs 7 ohyk fuEu ek/;fed oxZ Eg.krkr- rj 8 oh rs 10

24

ohyk ek/;fedps oxZ lacaks/krkr- jk‛Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.kkph dk;Zokgh laiw.kZ jk‛VªHkj

;’kLohfjR;k o iwoZ fuf’pr fn’ksus Ogkoh ;k mn~ns’kku s ekuohlk/ku laIkÙkh fodkl

ea=ky;] uoh fnYyh ;kauh r;kj dsysY;k Ñfrdk;ZØekph [kÚ;k vFkkZus

veayctko.kh >kyh ukgh- [kjs rj 21O;k ‘krdkrhy inkiZ.kkP;k “f‚Vdksukrwu

jk‛Vªh; /kksj.kkph xjt vkgs- vls vkWx‛V 1985 e/;s jk‛Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.k

Bjfo.;kPks “‚Vhus ^’kS{kf.kd vkOgku* ;k ukokpk izys[k yksdlHksr lknj >kyk-

R;kuq:Ik R;kps [kjs Lo:Ik es 1986 e/;s jk‛Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.kkpk vafre elwnk

r;kj >kyk- Hkkjrh; f’k{k.kkP;k bfrgklkr v’kk izdkjs tuekulkP;k izfrfØ;kapk

fopkj d:u jk‛Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.k Bjfoys tk.;kph gh ifgyhp osG ekurkr-

dsoG /kksj.k Bjowu pkyr ukgh rj R;kph dk;Zokgh egÙokph vkgs- R;kuq:Ik

dk;Zokgh >kyhgh i.k T;k izek.ks vkÑrhca/k Bjfo.;kr vkyk R;kizek.ks dk;Zokgh

vktgh >kyh ukgh- fo’ks‛kr% 1986 P;k /kksj.kkr f’k{k.k] lekt vkf.k fodklkl

vxzØe fnyk- izkFkfed f’k{k.k gh f’k{k.kkrhy vfregÙokph Ikk;jh vkgs- izkFkfed

f’k{k.kkph dky e;kZnk vkBo‛kkZph vlwu gÓkk dkyko/khr O;fDreÙo] o`Ùkh]

lkekftd tk.kho] pkaxY;k lo;h] fo|kF;kZae/khy fopkjkaph nsok.k ?ksok.k ;k

xks‛Vhapk ik;k ?kkryk tkrks- gÓkkdkGkr fo|kF;kZayk tj pkaxys izkFkfed f’k{k.k

feGkys rj iq<hy vk;q‛;krhy vMp.khaoj ekr dj.;klkBh iq<kdkj ?ks.;kl rks

leFkZ >kyk vls ekurkr- rsaOgk R;kyk ekxs oGwu ikg.;kph vko’;drk Hkklr

ukgh- izkFkfed f’k{k.kkpk vkjk[kMk fopkjkr ?ksryk rj cgqrsd jkT;karwu 5 o‛kkZp s

izkFkfed f’k{k.k vkf.k R;kuarj 3 o‛kkZps iwoZ ek/;fed f’k{k.k fnys tkrs- v’kh fLFkrh

1986 iwohZ dkgh jkT;kr vkgs- dkgh fBdk.kh 4$3 rj 4$4 v’kh fLFkrh vkgs-

jk‛Vªh; f’k{k.k iz.kkyhr lokZalkBh f’k{k.kkpk ,d leku vkÑrhca/k vaxhdkjysyk

vkgs- 10$2$3 ;k vkÑrhca/k vkrk ns’kkrhy lxGîkk Hkkxkr Lohdkjysyk vkgs-

ifgY;k ngk o‛kkZps vk.k[kh foHkktu djrkauk lu 2006 iklwu egkjk‛Vª jkT;kr

ikp o‛kkZps izkFkfed f’k{k.k] rhu o‛kkZps mPp izkFkfed f’k{k.k vkf.k R;kuarj nksu

o‛ksZ ek/;fed f’k{k.k vlk cny dsyk vkgs-

25

;kuq:Ik la’kks/kdkauh v’kk izkFkfed Lrjkph fuoM la’kks/kuklkBh dsysyh vkgs-

ijarq mPp izkFkfed f’k{k.k gîkkps rÙo vkf.k O;ogkj º;ke/;s [kwip xksa/kG vk<Gwu

;srks- vls vlys rjh gÓkk oxkZlkBh useysyk Lrjkpk vH;klØe vkf.k oxkZps

ikBîkØe rlsp ikBîkiqLrds º;ke/;s iw.kZ ,dokD;rk vkgs- dsoG ejkBh

ek/;ekP;kp uOgsrj bafXy’k] fganh] xqtjkrh] mnwZ vkf.k dkuMh ek/;eklkBh egkjk‛Vª

jkT;krhy ‘kkGkae/;sgh HkwxksykP;k ikBîkØeke/;s FkksMklqn~/kk Qjd ukgh- R;krgh

,d:irk vfr’k; egÙokph vkgs-

izLrqr la’kks/kdkus vusd o‛ksZ izkFkfed f’k{kd Eg.kwu dke dsysys vkgs- rsaOgk

inoh/kj izf’kf{kr f’k{kd vlY;keqGs b;Ùkk 6 oh o 7 ohps oxZ v/;kiuklkBh vusd

o‛ksZ gksrs- f’kok; la’kks/kdkus inohyk Hkwxksy gk eq[; fo‛k; ?ksÅup ch-,- ph inoh

izFke Js.khr izkIr dsysyh vlY;keqGs vkf.k ch-,M inohP;k izf’k{k.kke/;s Hkwxksy gh

v/;kiu in~/krh fuoMwu izFkeJs.kh izkIr dsysyh vkgs- ,e-,M ;k inO;qÙkj y?kw

la’kks/kukr la’kks/kdkus Hkwxksykrhy uohu lacks/kkph fpfdRlk gk fo‛k; foLrkfjr

dj.;kpk NksVkpk iz;Ru dsysyk vkgs- xsY;k 20 o‛kkZ iklwu ukfld f’k{k.k’kkL=

egkfo|ky;kr vf/kO;k[;krk o fo‛k; izeq[k Eg.kwu v/;kiu djhr vkgs- ;k f’kok;

Hkwxksy vk’k;;qDr v/;kiu in~/krhoj 2004 e/;s iqLrdkps ys[ku dsysys vkgs-

R;krhy vf/kd lq/kkj.kk d:u lu 2005 e/;s ;k iqLrdkph fOnfr; vko`rh

dk<.;kpk iz;Ru la’kks/kdkus dsysyk vkgs- ;kf’kok; 1990 iklwu ;’koarjko pOgk.k

egkjk‛Vª eqDr fo|kihBkr Hkwxksy in~/krhps v/;kiu o ekxZn’kZukps dke djhr vkgs-

vktgh Hkwxksy vk’k;;qDr v/;kiu in~/krhps ekxZn’kZu] v/;kiu o ikB fujh{k.kkps

dke djhr vkgs- lkgftdp la’kks/kdkyk Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkrhy o v/;kiukrhy

ewyHkwr leL;kaph tk.kho iqjsiqj >kyh vkgs- Eg.kwu la’kks/kdkyk R;kfo‛k;h

vf/kdkjok.khus erizn’kZu dj.;kph bPNk vkgs- ,e-,M- inO;qÙkj f’k{k.kØekr

v/;kiukps dke djr vlrkauk la’kks/kdkus fofo/k ekxZn’kZu dsysys vkgs- lu 1994

yk b;Ùkk 5 ohP;k Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkps ijh{k.k la’kks/kdkus ckyHkkjrhP;k

ek/;ekrwu NksVsls la’kks/ku dsysys vkgsr rsgh izdkf’kr >kysys vkgs- Eg.kwu R;klkBh

26

‘kkL=h; in~/krhus la’kks/ku d:u vuqHkofln~/k (Empirical) vkf.k rdZ’kqn~/k (Rational)

in~/krhus iqjkok xksGk d:u lkaf[;dh; in~/krhus R;kps oxhZdj.k d:u vkf.k

rkfdZd in~/krhus fu‛d‛kZ izLFkkiu d:u usecksMZ fu‛d‛kZ r;kj djkosr º;klkBh

izLrqr leL;k la’kks/kuklkBh fuoM.ka Lak’kks/kdkyk xjtsps okVysys vkgs- ,e-Qhy gh

inoh feGfo.;klkBh la’kks/kukph dkgh va’kh fn’kk la’kks/kdkyk R;krwu feGkyh vkgs-

Eg.kwu la’kks/kukph xjt okVw ykxyh vkgs-

Hkwxksy fo‛k;kpk vH;kl fo|kF;kZauk Hkkoh vk;q‛;krgh [kwi mi;qDr B:

‘kdrks- gÓkkfo‛k;ke/;s vf/kd vfHk:ph fodflr d:u rks ‘kkykar ijh{kse/;s Hkwxksy

gÓkk oSdfYid fo‛k; fuoMwu izkIr d: ‘kdrks- dyk vkf.k foKku v’kk nksUgh

‘kk[kkae/;s mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.kklkBh Hkwxksy fo‛k;kph fuoM dj.;kph la/kh

fo|kF;kZauk miyC/k vkgs- rlsp okf.kT; 'kk[kse/;sgh O;kikjh Hkwxksy gk ,d fo‛k;

vlrksp- Hkwxksy fo‛k;ke/;s dyk o foKku ‘kk[ksr inoh o inO;qÙkj f’k{k.k ?ks.;kph

lks; miyC/k vkgsp- rlsp HkwxHkZ’kkL=] Hkwjlk;u] HkwHkkSfrdh vls mPp f’k{k.kkps

fdrhrjh fo‛k; Hkwxksyk’kh fuxfMr vkgsr- Hkwxksykrhy udk’ks] vkys[k] fp=s] vkÑR;k

js[kkV.kkps ts Cartography uked ‘kkL= vkgsr rs f’kdwu o`ri=s o fu;rdkfyds]

tkfgjkr daiU;k] losZ{k.k daiU;kae/;s R;kl cartographer Eg.kwu pkaxyh lsok

¼uksdjh½ dj.;kph la/kh izkIr gksÅ ‘kdrs- ijarq fo‛k;kr izkoh.; izkIr dj.;klkBh

Hkwxksykrhy ewyHkwr ladYiuk] lkekU;hdj.k] jpuk] rÙos] rF;s] fu;e] lacks/k mRiÙkh

;kps fcupwd Kku izkIr d:u ?ksÅu R;kaps vpwd mi;kstu djrk ;srs gs egÙokps

lk/; iw.kZ dj.;klkBh izLrqr la’kks/kukph xjt vkgs-

vktferhyk Hkwxksykph vkoM vkf.k Kku ulysY;k dkgh f’k{kdkaoj

ifjfLFkrhph xjt Eg.kwu Hkwxksykps v/;kiu yknys tkrs- lacaf/kr v/;kid dsoG

lj/kksiV ekxkZus v/;kiu djrkr- fo’ks‛kr% ra=kapk rs okij djr ukgh- R;kauk

HkwxksykP;k lk/;k lk/;k ewyHkwr ladYiukgh ekghr ulrkr- rsaOgk lacaf/kr f’k{kd

dsoG ikBîkiqLrd gs izek.kHkwr ekuwu vkf.k R;krhy izR;sd ‘kCn u ’kCn] v{kj u

v{kj izek.k ekuwu rso<sp v/;;u djrkr- fo|kF;kZaP;k ‘kadk] iz’uksiiz’ukauk

27

dlyhgh la/kh miyC/k gksr ukgh- dsoG R;kph xGpsihp dsyh tkrs- [kj rj fo‛k;

gk O;kogkfjd vkf.k thou mi;kstuklkBh u f’kdork dsoG ifj{ksrhy xq.k

izkIrhpk gsrw BsÅu f’kdfo.ks gs dkgh ;ksX; ukgh- R;keqGs fo‛k;kph HkjHkDde ok

etcwr ik;kHkj.kh gks.;k,soth ik;k dPpkp jkgrks- Hkwxksykr uO;kus cÚ;kp

vk’k;kpk lekos’k >kyk- Hkwxksy vkt vkarj’kk[kh; fo‛k; Eg.kwu R;kyk egÙo izkIr

>kys vkgs- ;kf’kok; lektkrhy vusd leL;kaiSdh dkgh leL;kapk vH;kl Hkwxksykr

vkyk vkgs- gÓkk fo‛k;kr yksdla[;k f’k{k.k] Ik;kZoj.kkps f’k{k.k] tylk{kjrsps

f’k{k.k] uSfrd f’k{k.k] vkiRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhps f’k{k.k ;kapk lekos’k gksÅ ykxyk

vkgs- i.k R;k ckcrhrgh mPp izkFkfed Lrjkojhy vusd f’k{kd vkiY;k iqj.kfiz;

erkauk fpdVwu clwu tykHksn dIike/;s Hkwxksy fo‛k;kyk cafnLr dj.;kpk iz;Ru

gksr vkgsr- º;krwu vusd tVhy iz’u fuekZ.k gksrkr( vkf.k R;krgh Hkwxksy

vk’k;kP;k v/;kiukfo‛k;kP;k fofo/k leL;k fo|kF;kZaiq<s fuekZ.k gksr vkgsr- R;kapk

‘kks/k ?ksÅu leL;k foekspuklkBh mik; lwpfo.ks gh vktph xjt vkgs- cg~oa’kh

f’k{kd Hkwxksy f’kdforkauk vk’k;kps [kÚ;k vFkkZus fo‹ys‛k.k u djrk dsoy

f’kdfo.;kpk Hkkx iwoZ dj.;kpk iz;Ru djrkr- f’kok; Hkwxksykyk rkfldk QDr

nksup izkIr gksrkr- ;k vYiko/khr R;kyk Hkwxksykps v/;kiu djko;kps vkgs- Hkwxksy

v/;kidkl o‛kZHkjkrwu QDr 32 ?kMÓkkGh rkfldk miyC/k gksrkr- ;k o‛kZHkjkP;k

rkfldsps izek.k y{kkr ?ksrk QDr lOok fnol ,dk oxkZlkBh feGrks- deh

dkyko/khr gk fo‛k; fo|kF;kZaleksj ekaM.ks gh eksBh dlc vkgs- rsOgk v’kk

ifjfLFkrhr Hkwxksy fo‛k;kps f’k{kdkl vpwd Kku vl.ks ØeizkIr vkgs- ckiV ¼1975½

tj

R;k f’k{kdkaoj rks fo‛k; yknyk vlsy rj rks HkwxksykP;k vk’k;kyk [kÚ;k vFkkZus

U;k; nsÅ ‘kdsy dk;\ gk eksBk iz’u la’kks/kdkiq<s vkgs- R;kpk ‘kks/k ?ks.ks gk

la’kks/kukpk gsrw vkgs- gs egÙo tk.kwu ,d e;kZfnr iz;Rui.k gsrqy{kh la’kks/ku gs

gÓkk la’kks/kukps egÙo vkgs- f’k{k.kkrwu fo|kF;kZapk {kerkfodkl tlk visf{kr vlrks

rlkp R;kaps Bk;h vlysY;k ltZu’khyrspk fodkl gks.ksgh xjtsps vlrs- tqU;krwu

uos fdaok ekghr vlysY;krwu ekghr ulysys fuekZ.k dj.ks Eg.kts ltZu’khyrk

28

vlrs- R;k “f‚Vdksukrwu Hkwxksykrhy ewyHkwr vk’k;krhy ladYiuk] rÙos] fu;e]

jpuk] mi~irh fln~/kkar] rÙos ok rif’ky] O;k[;k] lw=s] xq.k/keZ ;kps fo|kF;kZauk

Kku gks.ks vko’;d vkgs o R;kauh feGfoysY;k Kkukps mi;kstu djrk vkys ikfgts-

rj fo|kF;kZaph ltZu’khyrk fodflr dj.;klkBh dks.kdks.krs mik; djrk ;srhy

º;kpkgh la’kks/kd fopkj dj.kkj vkgs-

izR;sd fo‛k;kP;k v/;kiukr o v/;;ukr ikBîkiqLrdkps vR;ar egÙokps

LFkku vkgs- R;kyk Hkwxksy dkgh viokn ukgh- Eg.kwu v/;kiu o v/;;ukr Hkwxksy

ikBîkiqLrdkps vU;U; lk/kkj.k egÙo vkgs- brdsp ukgh rj ikBîkiqLrdkaf’kok;

cg~oa’kh f’k{kd Hkwxksykps v/;kiu d: ‘kdr ukgh- f’kok; fo|kFkhZgh v/;;uklkBh

ikBîkiqLrdkpk okij djrkr- R;k dfjrk v/;kiu o v/;;ukP;k izfØ;slkBh

ikBîkiqLrd ntsZnkj vl.ks vko’;d vkgs- dkj.k vkt lektkr vfr ‘khxz

cqn~f/koknh f’k{kdkaph la[;k ux.; vkgs- gs izek.k vfrvYi vk<Grs- R;kr Hkwxksykps

l[kksy Kku vl.kkjkps izek.k R;kgwu vfr’k; deh vkgs- R;keqGs O;ogk;Z “f‚Vdks.k

leksj BsÅu R;kp f’k{kdkP;k djoh KkukRed ikrGh ok<fo.;klkBh ikBîkiqLrd

vf/kd vkn’kZ]ntsZnkj vl.ks frrdsp eksykps vkgs- vkn’kkZor v/;kiu lacaf/krkadMwu

Ogkos gh jkLr vis{kk vkgs- R;klkBh ikBîkiqLrdkps egÙo vf/kd eksykps vkgs-

Eg.kwu ikBîkiqLrd vf/kd vn~;;kor] funksZ‛k] ntsZnkj] lqyHk] lksis] izHkkoh] l[kksy

o izsj.kknk;h vl.ks xjtsps vkgs- izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu R;kr vf/kd vkn’kZor fuekZ.k

dj.;kpk gsrw vkgs- iksa{ks ¼2003½

mPp izkFkfed Lrjkojhy Hkwxksykps ikBîkiqLrds izdkf'kr gksÅu cjkp

dkyko/kh >kysyk vkgs- lacaf/kr ikBîkiqLrdkaps Hkwxksy f'k{kdkauh cÚ;kp

dkyko/khiklwu v/;kiu djr vkgsr o fo|kF;kZauh R;k vk’k;kps v/;;u dsysys

vkgs( Eg.ktsp ikBîkiqLrdkpk pkaxyk vuqHko ?ksrysyk vkgs- R;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kts

ikBîkiqLrdkckcr er r;kj >kysys vkgs- R;kuq:Ik ikBîkiqLrdkpk vH;kl dj.ks

vko’;d vkgs- vk’k;krhy ladYiuk] rF;s] jpuk] vk’k; ‘kqn~~/krk] ifjiw.kZrk] rÙos]

miirh] fln~/kkar] fu;e R;kuq:Ik ekaM.kh ;ksX; vkgs dk\ R;krhy leUo; rikl.ks]

29

ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;] R;kckcrpk vH;klØe] ikBîkØe] mn~fn‛Vs ;kapk leUo;

rikl.ks egÙokps vkgs- fo|kF;kZapk ekufld] ‘kkjhfjd] ckSn~f/kd {kersuqlkj]

HkkSxksfyd ifjlj ;kpk vankt o ekxksok ?ks.ks lokZaps lek/kku lacaf/kr

ikBîkiqLrdkauh gks.kkjs vkgs dh ukgh ;kph iMrkG.kh dj.;kpk iz;Ru dj.ks( o

R;kps fpfdRld leh{k.k dj.ks egÙokps vkgs- izkeq[;kus ikBîkiqLrdkpk eq[; gsrw

Eg.kts fo|kFkhZ] f’k{kd o ikydkauk ;ksX; ekxZn’kZd vkgs dk\ f’k{k.k ntsZnkj loZp

Lrjkaoj ekufld] ckSn~f/kd] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd fodklklkBh ikBîkiqLrdkpk

mi;ksx gksrks dk\ ;k ckcr leh{k.k dj.ks egÙokps vkgs- f’k{k.kkpk euksjk gk

mn~fn‛Vkaoj mHkk vkgs- R;kr nks‛k jkgrk dkek u;s- R;kdfjrk ikBîkiqLrdkps

la’kks/ku gk vfHkuo miØe] iz;ksx gkrh ?ksryk vkgs- v/;kiukr ltZu’khyrk]

leL;k dsafnzr vkf.k vkuannk;h gks.;kl enr gksbZy- vk/kqfud dkGkuq:Ik f’k{k.kkr

ifjorZu dj.ks egÙokph xjt vkgs( rs vifjgk;Zp vkgs( Eg.kwu ikBîkiqLrdkps

la’kks/ku dj.ksgh vifjgk;Zp vkgs- izLrqr la’kks/kukOnkjs dkGthiwoZd vH;kl d:u

R;kaP;k vk/kkjkoj oLrqfu‛B fu‛d‛kZ dk<.ks] R;kuq:Ik cny dj.ks gs egÙokps vkgs-

la’kks/kdkauh izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu f’k{kdkyk v/;kiuklkBh vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.k d:u

R;k vk’k;kps ifjiw.kZ v/;;u dls gksbZy ;klkBh iz;Ru dj.ks- R;kyk vko’;d v’kh

ifj.kkedkjd in~/krhpk ‘kks/k ?ks.ks- la’kks/kukr nksu izLrqr in~/krh vkgsr- ,d ewyHkwr

la’kks/kukpk mn~ns’k vlrks- la’kks/kukrwu fu?k.kkjs fu‛d‛kZ ‘kkL=h; “‛V;k fuoMysY;k

xVkP;k losZ{k.kkoj vk/kkjysys vlrkr- mi;ksftr la’kks/ku gs gh ‘kkL=h; in~/krhps

;kr ek= uohu fln~/kkar izLFkkfir dj.ks gk gsrw vlrks- la’kks/kukps Eg.kts

f’k{k.kØekps ngk xkHkkHkwr ?kVdkauqlkj Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;kps fujh{k.k

dj.ks] ikBîkiqLrdkrwu ewY; fdrh izek.kkr lk/; gksrkr R;kpk rkSyfud “

f‛Vdksukrwu vH;kl dj.ks- vktP;k dkGkr Kkukph f{kfrts :ankor vkgsr-

oSKkfud ‘kks/k uO;k ra=Kkukus ekuoh thou laiw.kZr% cnywu Vkdys vkgs- lektkr

vusd xqars fuekZ.k >kysys vkgsr- fo’ks‛kr% Ik;kZoj.kkrhy xqarkxqar tk.kwu ?ks.ks o

HksMlko.kkÚ;k leL;kaph mdy dj.ks ;klkBh ekuokps vgfuZ’k iz;Ru pkyw vkgs-

30

f’k{k.kkr eksB;k ewyHkwr o ekSfyd ifjorZu lrr gksr vkgs- R;kuq:Ik

ikBîkiqLrdkrlqn~/kk ifjorZu visf{kr vkgs- v/;kiu&v/;;u iz.kkyhe/;s ‘kks/k ?ks.ks

vko’;d vkgs-] Eg.kwu la’kks/kuk f’kok; f’k{k.k iz.kkyhr ok ikBîkiqLrdkr ukohU;

vlaHko vkgs- cÚ;kpnk f’k{k.kkr la’kks/ku ;k ‘kCnk ckcr vdkj.k Hkhrh okVrs- fo’ks‛k

d:u la’kks/kukr iz;ksx’kkGk] ‘kkL=h; midj.ks v’kk ckch MksGîkk leksj ;srkr-

la’kks/kukrwu tkLrhr tkLr lR; ‘kks/kwu dk<.ks- R;kuq:Ik ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;kps

lR; Lo:Ik ‘kks/kwu dk<.ks- [kjs rj la’kks/ku gk ‘kCn laHkzked vkgs- R;kps vusdfo/kh

vFkZ izdV gksrkr- izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu leL;sps oLrqfLFkrh tk.kwu ?ks.;klkBh

ckjdkbZus dsysys leh{kkRed vH;kl dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- la’kks/kukrwu

ckjdkbZus leh{kkRed fdaok oSKkfud fpfdRlk Eg.kts la’kks/ku gks; dk;ansikVhy ¼2005½

;kuq:Ik la’kks/ku dj.;kpk iz;Ru dj.ks-izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu ladfyr dsysyh

oLrwfLFkrhP;k vk/kkjs fu‛d‛kZ dk<.;kpk iz;Ru >kysyk vkgs- tsOgk la’kks/ku gs

leL;kaps oSKkfud“‛V;k o in~/krf’kji.ks fujkdj.k dj.;kP;k fjrh’kh lacaf/kr

vlrs- ladfyr ekfgrhP;k vk/kkjs x`ghrÑR;s ikg.;kph xjt vkgs-

1-05 la’kks/kukph xjt (Need of Research):

vktpk dkG gk foKku o ra=Kkukpk dkG vkgs- dkj.k osclkbZVP;k

(Webster) ‘kCndks’kkr la’kks/ku ;k ‘kCnkpk tks vFkZ ns.;kr vkyk vkgs R;ko:u

lkekU; ek.klklkBh la’kks/kukpk <kscG vFkZ dk; gksrks rs Li‛V gksrs- ;k

‘kCndks’kkizek.ks la’kks/ku Eg.kts ^^rF;s ok rÙos ‘kks/k.;klkBh dj.;kr ;s.kkjh

fpfdRlk fdaok ijh{k.k( fdaok ,[kknh xks‛V ‘kks/kwu dk<.;klkBh lR; in~/kr’khj

dsysys ifjJe-** lnjP;k ‘kCn dks’kkrhy ;k vFkkZo:u rF;kapk ‘kks/k ?ks.;k’kh ;k

‘kCnkpk laca/k vkgs ,o<s vkdyu gksrs- la’kks/kukrwu vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.k la’kks/kdkus

ijh{k.k Lo:ikr dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsysyk vkgs- uO;kus mtsMkr vkysY;k rF;kaP;k

vk/kkjs izLFkkfir] LohÑr fu‛d‛kZ o fln~/kkarkps iqu%ijh{k.k dj.;kP;k gsrwus

fpfdRld o l[kksy pkSd’kh ok Ikz;ksx (experimentation) Eg.ktsp la’kks/ku vls

Eg.krkr- HkkaMkjdj ¼1990½-

31

ngkoh vkf.k ckjkohP;k ijh{kkacnn~y l|k ns’kHkj fofo/k ikrG;kaoj fopkj

vkf.k ppkZ pkyw vkgs- fo|kF;kZaP;k ‘kqn~/kys[ku fdaok LisfyaxP;k pqdkauk fdrh egÙo

|k;ps- gh R;kiSdh ,d- dsanzh; ijh{kk eaMGkauh dkgh izek.kkar ;k pqdk {kE;

dj.;kps BjfoY;kps o`Ùk vkgs- egkjk‛Vª jkT; ek/;fed o mPpek/;fed f’k{k.k

eaMGkus vlk dks.krkgh fu.kZ; v|ki ?ksryk ukgh- ;k fo‛k;kdMs eaMG [kqysi.kkus

ikgrs- fu.kZ; ?ksrykp rj rks fopkjkarh] yksd’kkgh in~/krhus vkf.k fo|kF;kZaps fgr

leksj BsÅu ?ksryk tkbZy- gh ckc Li‛V dsY;kuarj vkrk ‘kqn~/kys[kukcn~ny cksyrk

;sbZy] baxzth fdaok fganh ;k Hkk‛kk vkt eksB;k izek.kkoj okijY;k tkr vkgsr-

vkiY;koj dks.khrjh ¼Hkkf‛kd½ vkØe.k djhr vlY;kph rØkj ;k Hkk‛kkae/kwu gksr

ukgh- dkj.k ;k Hkk‛kk yofpd vkgsr- f’kok; vU; Hkk‛kkarhy ‘kCn R;k lgti.ks

Lohdkjrkr- ejkBhr vtwugh gh fLFkrh ukgh- Hkk‛kse/;s vusd ‘kCnkaps vFkZ lanHkkZusp

ykokos ykxrkr- R;keqGs Hkk‛kka[ksjhtP;k fo‛k;kae/;s tsFks vk’k; let.ks egÙokps

vlrs- rsFks ÚgLo] nh?kZ ;k pqdkauk fdrh egÙo |k;ps] gk foPkkj dsyk ikfgts] 1967

e/;s HkksikGyk >kysY;k lkfgR; laesyukr R;k osGps v/;{k MkW- fo-fHk-dksyrs ;kauh]

^laLÑrps O;kdj.k ejkBhyk vkgs rls yko.ks pqdhps vkgs* vls EgVys gksrs- R;kpkgh

fopkj dsyk ikfgts-

‘k vkf.k ‚k ;kapk Hksn vksG[kwu fdrh t.k mPpkj djrkr\ t vkf.k p

;kapsgh nksu mPpkj vkgsr- ek= R;kae/khy Hksn fdrh t.k vksG[krkr\ ÚgLo vkf.k

nh?kZ ;kae/khy Hksn mPpkjkar fdrh osGk tk.korks\ R;keqGs cksyh vkf.k fyf[kr Hkk‛kk

;kae/;s Qjd iMr vkgs- Qkj iwohZ jkT;dkjHkkj eksMh fyihrwu dsyk tkr vls-

eksMhe/;s lxGs mdkj ÚgLo vkf.k osykaV;k nh?kZ Eg.kts lksih in~/kr gksrh-

Hkk‛kk ok<yh ikfgts] rh le`n~/k >kyh ikfgts- R;klkBh fryk vftckr

/kDdk u yko.ks fdaok R;kr vewykxz cny lwpfo.ks] gs mik; Vksdkps Bjrkr- rls

dj.;kr vfHkfuos’kgh tk.korks- ;k nksUgh VksdkP;k ckch lksMwu O;ogk;Z ikÅy

Vkd.ks egÙokps vkgs- eaMG usedk gk fopkj djhr vkgs- fo|kF;kZaojhy ijh{kspk

32

rk.k dlk deh djrk ;sbZy] ;kpkgh fopkj gksr vkgs- ek= eaMG dks.krkgh fu.kZ;

ykn.kkj ukgh-dkGikaMs-¼2005½

ejkBh Hkk‛ksoj bafXy’kps vkØe.k jks[k.;klkBh dlnkj ejkBh ‘kCnkaph la[;k

ok<yh ikfgts( i.k T;kauk ejkBh Hkk‛kk fVdkoh] cgjkoh vls okVrs] rh eaMGh

ejkBh ‘kqn~/kys[kukP;kfu;ekarp vf/kd xaqrysyh fnlrs- gs pqdhps vkgs-

eqGkrp ‘kqn~/k vkf.k v’kqn~/k gs lkis{k vlrs- ‘kCn gk Hkk‛kspk vkRek vlrks(

ys[ku uOgs] O;kdj.kkr Hkk‛kk xqnejrk dkek u;s- Eg.kwup] ‘kqn~/kys[kukps fu;e [kwi

f’kfFky Ogkosr] vls okVrs- ‘kqn~/kys[kuklkj[;k fo‛k;kar vkiY;k ‘kDrhpk viO;;

dj.;kis{kk ejkBh Hkk‛ksr uO;k ‘kCnkaph Hkj ?kky.ks] gh [kjh xjt vkgs- dkj.k Hkk‛ksps

oSHko gs ‘kCnkaP;k le`n~/khr vlrs( O;kdj.kkP;k fu;ekr ukgh- ‘kqn~/kys[kukekxs

mPpkjkryk vêgkl fVi.;kpk iz;Ru vls- iwohZ tls ‘kCn cksyys tkr] R;kizek.ksp

fyfgys tkr( i.k vkrk cksy.;kryh ejkBh vkf.k fyf[kr ejkBh ;kr [kwi Qjd

tk.korks- dkGkuqlkj vkiY;k Hkk‛ksr rlk cjkp cnygh >kysyk vkgs- l/;k

izpfyr vlysys fu;e izek.k ekuys rj KkusÜoj o rqdkjkekapsgh ys[ku v’kqn~/k

Eg.kkos ykxsy- vk.k[kh ,d egÙokph xks‛V ;sFks y{kkr ?ksryh ikfgts] rh Eg.kts

vkiY;k Hkk‛kk foLrkjkyk vusd lkekftd injgh vkgssr- Hkk‛kk gh ewBHkj eaMGhaP;k

gkrkr ulrs- frpk lektkrhy okijgh y{kkr ?ksryk ikfgts( nfyr lkfgR;

O;kdj.k“‛V;k v’kqn~/k Eg.kwu VkGys xsys vlrs rj vki.k ,dk eksB;k

vuqHkofoÜoklkl ukdkjys vlrs] Eg.kwup ejkBh Hkk‛kk lqVlqVhr vlkoh] ;klkBh

frps izek.khdj.k Ogkos vls okVrs] ÚgLo] nh?kZ rlsp tksMk{kjkaP;k fu;ekapk fopkj

Ogk;yk gok mnk-izR;;kuqlkj ÚgLo&nh?kZ ;krhy cny udks ¼^cgh.k* gk ‘kCn :<

vlrkuk ^cgh.khyk* vlk mYys[k fdaok iq.ks vkf.k dksYgkiwj ;krhy ^iq* ,drj

ÚgLo fdaok nh?kZ Bsok;yk gos-½ dkgh’kCn ,dkp in~/krhus fyfgys xsys rjh mPpkj

osxGs vkgsr- mnkgj.kkFkZ&pepk& pgk& pIiy] tkobZ&tkfgjkr]^iq.;kpk ¼iq.ks

‘kgjkryk½ iq.;kpk ¼ikiiq.;krhy ^iq.;kpk* okVk½ iq<hy mPpkjkar vktP;k

tekU;kr fdrh Qjd jkghyk vkgs\ Ñ‛.k&Øqn~/k] /k`rjk‛Vª&/k`zo] =qVh&r`‛.kk iq<hy

33

tksMk{kjs osxG;k izdkjs dk fyfgyk tkrkr\ Dîk] I;] Vîk] Mîk] <îk] nîk] Úg

fdrhgh iz;Ru dsyk rjh mPpkjkyk ckjdkok ys[kukr vk.krk ;sr ukgh] Eg.kwu

ejkBh Hkk‛kk txfo.;kP;k “‛Vhus ‘kqn~/kys[kukP;k fu;ekapk fopkj dsyk tk.ks xjtsps

okVrs- ek=] ys[ku LoSj gksbZy] brdk R;kpkgh vfrjsd udks-[kMisdj ¼2005½

Lisfyax fdaok ‘kqn~/kys[kukrhy pqdkaeqGs xq.k xeko.kkÚ;k ngkoh o ckjkohP;k

fo|kF;kZauk egkjk‛Vª jkT; ek/;fed o mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k eaMGkdMwu ¼,l-,l-

lh-cksMkZdMwu½ fnyklk feG.;kph ‘kD;rk vkgs- okD;kpk vFkZ cnyr ulsy] rj

Hkk‛ksrj fo‛k;kae/khy Lisfyax fdaok ‘kqn~/k ys[kukP;k pqdkadMs nqyZ{k dj.;kpk fopkj

eaMG djhr vkgs* vls gs o`r eaMGkps v/;{k MkW- olar dkGikaMs ;kaph gokyk

nsÅu izfln~/k >kys-

gk fu.kZ; fo|kFkhZfgr] Hkk‛ksph izxrh vkf.k fo|spk izlkj ;k “‛Vhus vfr’k;

?kkrd vkgs- ^jkT;kr ejkBh ekr`Hkk‛kk vlysys fo|kFkhZp ngkohP;k ijh{ksr ejkBh

fo‛k;kr eksB;k la[;sus vuqÙkh.kZ gksr vkgsr- R;kaP;k ‘kqn~/kys[kukP;k pqdkapkgh R;kr

eksBk okVk vkgs- cksyhHkk‛kk vkf.k izek.k&Hkk‛kk ;kr Qjd iMr vlY;kus ;k pqdk

gksr vlY;kps rTKkaps Eg.k.ks vkgs-

i.k ^fdjdksG pqdk* Eg.kts dk;\ pwd fdjdksG dh <kscG] gs dls

Bjfo.kkj\ tks fo|kFkhZ fdjdksG pqdk lgt djrks] rks eksBÓkk pqdk dj.kkjp-

fo‛k; pkaxyk letyk] i.k R;kps Kku O;Dr djrk ;sr ukgh] vls vlwp ‘kdr

ukgh- gs Kku ulsy rj eqGkr fo‛k; letwp ‘kd.kkj ukgh Eg.kwu fo‛k;kps Kku

>kys dh rs O;Dr dj.;klkBh ‘kCn lgt lkiM.kkj- ÚgLo&nh?kZcjkscj

fyfg.;krY;k pqdk vki.k letw ‘kdrk s- ijarq funku vuqLojkauk rjh lkaHkkGk]* vls

MkW- iq-x-lgL=cqn~/ks Eg.kr vlr- rs vkiY;k fouksnh vkf.k FkksMÓkk [kkspd Hkk‛ksr

Eg.kts] funku vkack] iafMr] uanh gs ‘kCn okijrkauk rjh vuqLokj |k;yk fol:

udk- gk fouksn Eg.kwu vki.k lksMwu nsÅ] i.k xq:thaP;k fo/kkukyk ,dk “‛Vhus

egÙo vkgs- rs vls] dh Hkk‛kk gs ,d ‘kL= vkgs o rs ‘kkL=gh vkgs- Hkk‛ksyk O;kdj.k

vlrs- O;kdj.kkps dkgh fu:ile vlrkr- gs fu;e eksMys rj letqrhP;k

34

?kksVkG;kiklwu ?kksj xSjletqrhi;Zar dkghgh ?kMw ‘kdrs- vFkZcks/k gksr ukgh- Hkk‛kk gs

fopkjlaØe.k fdaok fopkjkaph nso?kso ;kaps lk/ku vlY;keqGs ‘kCnkFkkZcnn~y ;ksX; rh

[kcjnkjh ?ks.ks vxR;kps vkgs- ^/k* pk ^ek* >kY;keqGs fcpkÚ;k ukjk;.kjko is’kO;kauk

izk.k xeokok ykxyk] gs fol:u pky.kkj ukgh- lk/;k pqdk djk;ph ijokuxh

vlsy rj eksB;k vFkkZlaca/khP;k pqdkgh gksÅ ‘kdrkr- FkksMD;kr]Hkk‛ksph f’kLr gh

lokZauk vkf.k loZ ckcrhr lkj[khp vlyh ikfgts- KkuktZu gh ,d riL;k vkgs-

izkphu Hkkjrkr gh riL;k xq:x`gh tkÅu dMd fu;eka[kkyh djkoh ykxr vls-

xkMxhG-¼2005½

ikBÓkiqLrdkr ‘kqn~/k vk’k; vl.ks gh xjt vkgs- rks riklwu igkok ykxsy

gh la’kks/kukph xjt vkgs-

dks.krhgh Hkk‛kk ‘kqn~/kys[ku] O;kdj.k ;kaP;k ik;koj HkDde mHkh vlrs-

frP;krhy mÙkjksÙkj Hkj iMr tk.kkjs ‘kCnHkkaMkj] okD;jpuk o frps fofo/k izdkj]

iz;ksx] ‘kCnkyadkj] vFkkZyadkj] vFkZla{ksi Eg.ktsp lekl] ‘kCn’kDrh ;kaP;k lkgÓkkus

Hkk‛kk] dFkk&dkO;&ukV;knh fofo/k vaxkuh Qqyw ykxrs] le`n~/k curs] i.k

‘kqn~/kys[kukpk ik;kp Mxexw ykxyk Eg.kts Hkk‛ksph nqjkoLFkk gksrs- vkt rhp xr

^ejkBh*fp;s uxjh >kysyh vkgs- Eg.kwup baxzthr Lisfyaxps o ejkBhr ‘kqn~/kys[kukps

egÙo Mkoywu pky.kkj ukgh- brj jkT; ljdkjs vkikiY;k jkT;Hkk‛ksP;k

fodklklkBh iz;Ru’khy vkgs( i.k egkjk‛Vª iqjksxkeh vkgs uk- f’kok; lq/kkj.kkoknh]

ex iwoZlwjhauh vk[kwu fnysY;k pkSdVhckgsj tkÅu vkiys iqjksxkfeRo fln~/k djk;yk

udks dk\ ;kyk rqEgh nqjoLFkk dk Eg.krk\ vkrk Hkk‛kkfHkekup ulY;kl dqByhp

ek=k pkyr ukgh( i.k fopkjh ek.kwl ‘kqn~/kys[kukps egÙo fuf’prp tk.kwu vkgs-

fo|kF;kZaadMwu gks.kkÚ;k ‘kqn~/kys[kukP;k pqdkacn~ny tckcnkj dks.k] gk

dGhpk e`ík Bjrks- ygkui.kh ewy ckscMs cksyr vlys rjh dkSrqdkus vki.k rs

Lohdkjrks( i.k eksBs Ogk;yk ykxrs] dh R;kaP;kdMwu vki.k ‘kqn~/k mPpkjkphp vis{kk

djrks-

35

vkt rjh eqys ‘kkGsr tkÅ ykxrkp f’k’kq’kkGsr ok izkFkfed ‘kkGsr R;kauk

‘kqn~/kys[kukpsp /kMs fxjokos ykxrkr- fo‛k; dks.krkgh vlks] Hkk‛kk vlks] ‘kkL=

vlks] bfrgkl Hkwxksy ok ifjlj ;kiSdh dks.krkgh vlks- ijh{kkaP;k mÙkjif=dk

riklrkauk ‘kqn~/kys[kukP;k pqdkacnn~ygh xq.kdeh dsys tkrkr- gh xks‛V ‘kqn~/kys[ku

lq/kkj.kkjhps vkgs- i.k ghp izsj.kk] gkp fud‛k iq<s pkyw Bso.;k,soth ek/;fed o

mPpek/;fed Lrjkaoj pqdkadMs nqyZ{k dj.;kpk eaMGkpk fopkj Eg.kts ‘kqn~/k

Ik{kikr vkgs- v/;kid y{k nsr vlY;kus izkFkfed Lrjkoj rjh gk iz’u rso<k

xaHkhj ukgh- ex ojP;k oxkZrp rks xaHkhj dk cuyk vkgs\ ;kps egÙokps dkj.k gs]

dh ek/;fed o mPpek/;fed oxkZr ‘kqn~/kys[kukdMs dks.kh xkaHkh;kZus y{kp nsr

ukgh- R;kdMs lks;hLdj dkukMksGk dsyk tkrks- rj vusd f’k{kdkaukp ‘kqn~/kys[ku

;sr ukgh- gs Eg.kus FkksMs /kkMlkps gksbZy- vkMkr ukgh rs iksgÚ;kr dqBwu ;s.kkj\

‘kqn~/kys[kukckcr dkVsdksj jkg;yk ikfgts o eaMGkyk dMd /kksj.k Lohdkjk;yk

Hkkx ikMys ikfgts( i.k R;klkBh Lor%ps ‘kqn~/kys[ku ifjiw.kZ vlk;yk gos-

fo|kF;kZadMwu rs ?kVowu ?ksrkuk d‛V djkos ykxrhy( f’k{k.k {ks=krhy ekU;oj

eaMGh ‘kqn~/kys[kuklaca/kh ?kkrd o fo|kF;kZaP;k “‛Vhus vfgrdkjd fu.kZ; ?ksÅ

ykxrks rj lÑr~n’kZuh mnkj fnl.kkjs gs /kksj.k] gk fu.kZ; fo|kF;kZauk vtwu iaxw

cuosy-nkrs-¼2005½

Hkk‛ksP;k O;kdj.kkckcr gksÅ ?kkrysyk fu.kZ; Hkk‛kk oxGrk vU; fo‛k;kalkBh

vkgs- Hkk‛kk fo‛k;kauk gk fu.kZ; ykxw ukgh- Hkk‛ksf’kok; vU; ,[kk|k fo‛k;kph

iz’uif=dk lksMforkuk O;kdj.kkP;k pqdk >kY;k rj pkyrhy] ;k fo‛k;kaP;k

Kkukph ikrGh let.ks vko’;d vkgs] v’kh Hkwfedk ;k fu.kZ;kph ikBjk[k.k djrkuk

ekaMyh tkrs- O;kogkfjd“‛V;k gk ;qfDrokn eukyk iVr vlyk] rjh rks rdZlaxr

okVr ukgh- Hkk‛ksps Kku laoknkP;k izfØ;sr egÙokps vkgs- izR;sdkyk Hkk‛kk vkyhp

ikghts-Hkk‛ksph ‘kqn~/krk] O;kdj.kkps fu;e ;kauk VkG.ks xSj vkgs- dksÙkkiYys ¼2005½

,ulhbZvkjVhP;k vH;klØekr ^Hkxok vtsaMk* jkco.;kr ;sr vlY;kus

R;kyk LFkfxrh |koh- v’kh ekx.kh dj.kkjk vtZ loksZPp U;k;ky;kus QsVkGyk- rjh

36

,ulhbZvkjVh rlsp dsanzh; f’k{k.kea=h eqjyheuksgj tks’kh ;kaP;kekxps ‘kqDydk‛B

dkgh ekxs gVk;yk r;kj ukgh- vkrk vH;klØe lq: dj.;kpk fgjok danhy

feGkY;koj R;krY;k pqdk dk<k;yk lq:okr >kyh vkgs- pqdk vFkkZr lekt’kkL=

;k fo‛k;krY;k vl.kkj] gs osxGs lkaxk;yk udks- dkj.k bfrgkl gk fo‛k;p

oknkpk dsanzfcanw gksrk- ekLrjeaMGh i qLrds fyfgrkauk pqdk djrkr] gk uok fo‛k;

ukgh- i.k ;k iqLrdkrY;k pqdk eqÌke dsysY;k vkgsr] vlk R;k nk[kowu ns.kkÚ;kpk

gsrw vlrks- eknkxkLdj csV vjch leqnzkr vkgs- >kj gs jkt?kjk.;kps uko gks;

fdaok phuph fHkar VsjkdksVkiklwu r;kj dsysyh vkgs] v’kh ekSfyd ekfgrh iqLrdkr

fnyh; rh nq:Lr dsyh ikfgts] ;kr ‘kadk ukgh- egkRek xka/khP;k gR;spk lanHkZgh

iqLrdkr ukgh fdaok vkslkek fcu yknsupk mYys[k eqÌke dsysyk okVrks- Hkkjrkpk

txk’kh vlysyk laca/k Li‛V >kyk ikfgts] gh ,ulhbZvkjVhph Hkwfedk ijarq izkphu

HkkjrkojP;k iqLrdkr Hkkjrkps ckgsjhy txk’kh lkaLÑfrd ukrs nk[kowu ns.;klkBh

yknsu’kh lacaf/kr pkSdV Vkd.;kps dkj.k dk;\ vlk iz’u f’k{kdkauk iMyk vkgs-

cqn~f/k>efo‛k;h lkaxrkuk rkfyckukauh ckfe;kuP;k cqn~/kewrhZ rksMY;kps u foljrk

lkafxrys vkgs- vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk dkyko/kh 1950 Ik;Zarpk vlrkuk yknsupk

mYys[k ;srks- 96 P;k lkoZf=d fuoM.kwdh cnn~ygh lkafxrys tkrs- nqnSZokus Hkktik

lÙkslkBh cgqer nk[kow ‘kdyk ukgh] vls fo/kku ;srs] jf’k;u jkT;Økarhps o.kZu

mBko Eg.kwu dsys tkrs- ukf>>e vkf.k QkWfl>ecnn~y gqdwe’kkgh jktoV ,o<sp

EgVys tkrs- i.k fgVyj vkf.k LVkyhuus dsysY;k tqyqekacnn~ygh lkafxrys tkrs-

vls dkgh vk{ksi vkgsr- jktk g‛kZ ‘kSoiaFkh; gksrk- gk vlkp ,d mYys[k xksok

eqDrh laxzkekr tula?k dk;ZdrsZ lfØ; gksrs R;kauhp nknjk uxj gosyh eqDr dsys-

;k fo/kkukrgh vk{ksi ?ks.;kr vkY;k- fganqRook|kauh vkWMZj nsÅu ykMw oGwu ?;kosr]

r’kh gh iqLrds fygwu ?ksrY;kps Hkwr dkghaP;k eukoj Lokj >kys vkgs- jkT;dR;kZauk

[kw‛k dj.;klkBh dkgh m|ksx >kys vl.;kpk laHko usgeh vlrks- rso<;klkBh gkr

/kqÅu ekxs ykx.kkÚ;kapsp firG m?kMs iMrs- iqLrdkr T;k xaHkhj Lo:ikP;k pqdk

vkgsr R;k Rofjr nq:Lr >kY;k ikfgtsr] i.k R;koj lsfeuklZ Hkjo.;kph xjt

37

ukgh- vH;klØe f’k{kdkae/;s vk/kh fQjoyk tkrks] r’kh iqLrds izdk’kukiwohZ fQjo.ks

vko’;d vkgs- Eg.kts R;krY;k lgsrwd] vgsrwd pqdk y{kkr ;srhy vkf.k izfr‛Bspk

iz’u u djrk nq:Lrgh djrk ;srhy fo|kF;kZaiq<s tk.kkjs izR;sd fo/kku ngknk

fopkj d:u fyfgys xsys ikfgts- vR;ar laosnu’khy vls gs dke vkgs- f’k{k.k{ks=kr

mFkG izo`Ùkhps NkNwfxjh dj.kkjs yksd eksD;kP;k tkxh Bk.k ekaMwu vkgsr- rs

?kkmdfjR;k iqLrdys[ku djrkr- R;kauk jktkJ;gh feGrks gs loZ ?kkrd vkgs-

ys[kdkph fu‛Bk jktdh; /kU;k’kh ulkoh rh Kkuk’kh] fo‛k;k’kh vlkoh- i.k Ikf’pe

caxkye/;s rh dkMZgksYMj eaMGhphp iqLrd fyfgrkr vkf.k iqUgk la?kokY;kaoj Hkxos

dj.kkpk vkjksi djrkr ;kP;k ckgsj vki.k iM.kkj vkgksr dh ukgh gk [kjk iz’u

vkgs- U;k;ky;kus lekt’kkL=kP;k iqLrdkauk fgjok danhy nk[koyk Eg.kts

iqLrdkrY;k pqdk {kE; Bjr ukghr vkf.k ;k pqdk fof’k‛V p‛E;krwu fnlr

vlrhy rj rsgh xzkg; ekurk ;s.kkj ukgh-nkrs ¼2002½

f’k{k.k iz.kkyhr vusd leL;k fuekZ.k gksrkr( R;k lksMfo.;klkBh vusd

mik; dsys tkrkr- fu‛d‛kZ o fln~/kakr ekU;rsoj ok LohÑr Bjys vkgsr- R;kps

izkek.; iqu%iqUgk ijh{kqu ikg.ks gh la’kks/kdkph tckcnkjh vkgs] ;kph tk.kho

la’kks/kdkl lrr gksr vlrs- izLrqr vk’k; riklwu ikg.ks gs la’kks/kdkps egÙokps

dke vkgs- R;krwu lR;rk iMrkGwu ikgk.ks] vuqHko d{ksr ;s.kkÚ;k rF;kapk iqu%iqUgk

‘kks/k ?ksÅu la’kks/kdkus vkiys mn~fn‛V lk/; dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

la’kks/kukrwu vk’k;krhy dkBh.; ikrGh lqyHk gks.;kl enr gksrs- R;kuq:Ik vkeqykxz

cny dj.;kph vko’;drk vkgs- R;krwu uO;k vk’k;kph fufeZrh gksÅ ‘kdrs- uO;k

rF;kpk vFkZ cks/k gks.;kl enr gksbZy- v/;kidkl vkiyk vk’k; lqyHkfjR;k

fo|kF;kZaiq<s ekaM.;kl enr gksbZy- izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu vk’k;kps lkekU;hdj.kkP;k

gsrwus ladYiuk o izrhds ;kaph lgsrqd gkrkG.kh dj.ks( o izLFkkfir KkukP;k d{kk

ok<fo.ks- Kkukr lq/kkj.kk dj.ks] Kku izekf.kr dj.ks] izekf.kr Kkukpk fln~/kkar

fufeZrhlkBh o O;ogkjkr mi;ksx dj.ks ;klkBh lnjps la’kks/ku dj.;kph xjt

vkgs- fo|eku vk’k;krwu KkukP;k d{kk foLr̀r dj.ks] orZeku Kkukr lq/kkj.kk dj.ks

38

o orZeku Kkukph lR;rk iqu% izekf.kr dj.ks la’kks/kukps egÙokps mn~fn‛Vs vkgsr-

la’kks/kukP;k ek/;ekrwu ts fu‛d‛kZ dk<ysys vkgsr R;kpk izLrkfir O;oLFksr dlk

mi;ksx gksbZy] uO;k fopkjkr dls izLrqr gksrhy ;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

la’kks/kukrwu uO;kus mtsMkr ;s.kkÚ;k rF;kapk] miirhpk] fu;ekapk vk/kkjs uO;k “

f‚Vdksukrwu ikgk.kh dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- Kku d{kk foLrkj.;krwu xq.kkRed

o la[;kRed dk gksbZuk- Kku vf/kd l[kksy >kY;kuarj Hkfo‛;dFku{kerk

fodflr gksbZy- R;krwu Kkukpk xq.kkRed foLrkj ^lkis{k oftZroLFkk ok oafprkoLFkk

(relative deprivation) gks.;kl enr gksbZy- vk’k;krhy fjDrLFkkus (gaps) Hk:u

dk<.;kl mi;qDr Bjsy- T;k izek.kkr v’kk uohu ladYiuk izHkkohi.ks v’kk m.khok

Hk:u dk<.;kl enr gksbZy- izLFkkfir Kkukrhy pqdkapk funsZ’k d:u izLFkkfir

vk’k;kr lq/kkj.kk djrk ;sbZy- tj la’kks/kukr wu voyksfdr rF;kaP;k vk/kkjs dk<ysys

lkekU; fu‛d‛kZ gs vk/khp miyC/k vlysY;k KkuO;oLFksrwu ok fln~n~/kkarko:u

rdZ ‘kkL=h; vk/kkjkoj dk<ysY;k fu‛d‛kZ fdaok vuqekuka’kh folaxr vlrhy rj gh

UkO;kus izdk’kkr vkysyh folaxrh ukgh’kh dj.;kdfjrk fo|eku KkuO;oLFksr

lq/kkj.kk dj.ks gkp ,deso ekxZ Bjrks- dkj.k vuqHko izekf.kr rF;s vkf.k izLrkfir

Kku tkLr dkGki;Zar ijLij fo:n~/k fdaok ijLijkaiklwu vfyIr jkg.ks ‘kD; ukgh-

vuqHko izekf.kr voyksdu o izLFkkfir Kku Qkj dkGki;Zar ijLij fo:n~/k jkg.ks

‘kD; ulY;kus izLrkfir KkuO;oLFksr uO;kus voyksfd.;kr vkysys rF; lkekowu

?ksrk ;s.ksp ‘kD; ulsy rj izLFkkfir Kku O;oLFkk izekf.kr ekuwu uokoyksfdr

rF;kapk R;kx dj.ks fdaok izLrkfir Kku O;oLFksr R;kT; Bjfo.ks ;k iSdh ,dp

ekxZ f’kYyd jkgrks- izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu vuqHkokf/k‛Bhr v/;kiu o v/;;ukP;k

vk/kkjs lkekU;hdj.ks izekf.kri.ks dk<.;kpk iz;Ru la’kks/kdkus dsysyk vkgs-

la’kks/kdkus izLFkkfir vk’k;kP;k vk/kkjs fu‛d‛kZ dk<.;kpk iz;Ru d:u Hkkfdr

Kkuk’kh rqyuk dj.;kpk O;kogkfjd iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

39

ekuoh fodklklkBh ^f’k{k.k* gs vR;ar izHkkoh lk/ku vkgs- f’k{k.kkeqGs ekuoh

thoukpk lokZaxh.k fodkl gksrks- gs ,d f’k{k.kps mn~fn‛V vkgs- Eg.kwu f’k{k.k gs ,d

izHkkoh lk/ku ekuys tkrs-

^f’k{k.k gs ,d lk/ku* gk fopkj fujfujkGîkk [kaMkr o ns’kkargh vkgs-

Hkkjrkrgh KkuktZu] Kkulk/kuk o Kkunkukyk vxnh vuknh dkGkiklwu vxzLFkku

ns.;kr vkysys vkgs- Lokra=ksÙkj dkGkr rj f’k{k.kkyk vU;U;lk/kkj.k egÙo( dkj.k

‘krdkuq’krds izFke yksdjkT;kph izLFkkiuk Hkkjrkr >kyh- laiw.kZ tuleqnk; o

ekuokyk R;kaps vf/k‛Bku izxr o cf/kZ‛.kw fopkj gk yksdjkT;kpk ewGk/kkj vlwu

R;k fopkjkaP;k tksjkoj vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktdh; o lkaLÑfrd {ks=kr eksB;k

izek.kkr cny ?kMowu vk.k.;kph Hkkjrkph vis{kk vkgs- gh dYiuk tj iw.kZ

djko;kph vlsy rj lkgftdp gh vis{kk ;ksX; v’kk f’k{k.kkOnkjs lkdkj gksÅ

‘kdsy- ;k ckcr dks.kkpsgh nqer jkgk.kkj ukgh- pkS/kjh ¼1984½

9 lIVsacj 1998 jksth MkW- jk/kkÑ‛.ku tUe’krkCnh fufeÙk f’k{kd xkSjo

lekjaHkklkBh izdkf’kr >kysY;k iqLrdkr dfoo;Z ek- Jh- fo-ok-f’kjokMdj rFkk

dqlqekxzt ;kauh vkiys fopkj izdV dsysys vkgsr-

^^f’k{kdk brdk lektkr nqljk dks.kh eksBk ukgh- pkaxY;k f’k{kdkpk lUeku

gk laLÑrhpk] lR;kpk o Kkukpk lUeku vkgs- ikÅl tlk fujis{k o`Ùkhus i`Fohoj

dkslGrks R;kyk dks.kkphp vis{kk ulrs rlsp fujis{k Hkkousus o ekscnY;kph vis{kk

u Bsork f’k{kd vkiys dke vfojri.ks djhr vlrks-** rlsp ^^ts thou lqla?kfVr

djrs] ts ek.kwl ?kMforks rs Hkkoukauh pkfj«; ?kMfors rs [kjs f’k{k.k gks;-** gs Lokeh

foosdkuankauh EgVys vkgs- f’kjokMdj ¼1988½

vktP;k ;k vk/kqfud ;qxkr lrr ifjorZu pkyq vlrs- izR;sd {ks=kr o

fo‛k;kr ifjorZu gksr vlrs( ok gks.ksgh xjtsps vkgs- ikBîkiqLrd egkjk‛Vª jkT;

ikBîkiqLrdfufeZrh o vH;klØe la’kks/ku eaMGkus r;kj dsysys vkgsr- jk‛Vªh;

‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.k 1986 vuqlkj egkjk‛Vª jkT;kr izkFkfed f’k{k.kkpk vH;klØe 1988

r;kj dj.;kr vkyk- ;k vH;klØekr Hkwxksy b;Ùkk 3 jh iklwu lq: dj.;kr

40

vkyk vkgs- R;kcj gqdwe Øe’k% ikBîkiqLrdkr ifjorZu dj.;kr vkys- ifjorZu

gks.ks gh visf{kr vkgs- Hkwxksy gk nSuafnu cny.kkjk fo‛k; vkgs- R;kP;k vk’k;kr

lrr ifjorZu gksr vlrs- HkkSxksfyd okrkoj.k {k.kk {k.kkr ifjoZru gksr tkrs- gh

,d uSlfxZd fLFkrh vkgs- gh fLFkrh lrr ifjorZu gksr vlY;keqGs Hkwxksy xfreku

fo‛k; Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks] lkgftdp vk/kqfud dkGkuqlkj R;kr visf{kr

ifjorZu dj.ks vko’;d vkgs( f’kok; vk’k;kr vl.kkjs lacks/k] rÙos] fu;e] izfØ;k]

vkÑR;k] vkys[k] miirh] jpuk ;kpk lfoLrj vH;klkps foÜys‛k.k dj.ks vko’;d

vkgs- R;keqGs v/;kiukr lq/kkj.kk gks.;kl enr gksbZy- Hkwxksykpk vk’k; gk oSKkfud

“f‛Vdksukrwu r;kj >kyk ikfgts- ikBÓkiqLrdkrwu xkHkk?kVd o ewY;kaph tM.k

?kM.k >kyh ikfgts R;kuqlkj lacaf/kr la’kks/kukrwu b;Ùkk 6 oh rs 8 ohP;k HkwxksyP;k

iqLrdkph lokZaxkus fpfdRlk dj.ks xjtps vkgs- izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu

ikBîkiqLrdkrhy dkgh =qVh] viw.kZrk vk<Gwu vkY;k rj R;k =qVh] viw.kZrk

ikBîkiqLrdeaMGkl f’kQkjlh lwpfork ;sbZy- R;krwu uohu vkÑrh izdk’kukl

mi;ksxh Bjsy- v/;kiukr lqyHkrk] v/;kiukpk xq.kkRed ntkZ] ikBîkiqLrdkpk

ntkZ o f’k{kdkP;k v/;kiukl mi;qDr v’kk lwpuk dj.;kr ;srhy- rlsp f’k{kdkauk

Hkwxksy v/;kiukrhy leL;k lksMfo.;kl izLrqr la’kks/ku mi;ksxh iMsy gh xjt

vkgs- fo|kF;kZaP;k v/;kiukl lqyHkrk fuekZ.k djrk ;sbZy- izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu

fcupwd] lqyHk] =qVh fojfgr ikBîkiqLrdkph fufeZrh dj.;kph xjt iw.kZ gksbZy-

ifgyh] ikpoh] uooh vkf.k vdjkoh ;k pkj b;Ùkkaps vH;klØe ;sR;k

‘kS{kf.kd o‛kkZiklwu cny >kyk vlwu] tkxfrdhdj.k] foKku&ra=Kku]

laHkk‛k.kdkS’kY;kps ok<rs egÙo] rRdkyhu bfrgkl ;k lokZaps izfrfcac uO;k

vH;klØekr vkgs-

xsY;k pkj&ikp o‛kkZiklwu vH;klØe cnykpk fo‛k; ppsZr vkgs-

njE;kuP;k dkGkr jk‛Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd vkjk[kMk nksunk cny.Ókkr vkyk- ;k

vkjk[kM;k’kh lqlaxr vkf.k dkGkuq:Ik vlk vH;klØe nh?kZ izfØ;sOnkjs v[ksj iw.kZ

41

>kyk vlwu] 2006&07 ;k ‘kS{kf.kd o‛kkZiklwu rks VII;k&VII;kus jkcfoyk tk.kkj

vkgs- iq<P;k o‛khZ nqljh] lgkoh] ngkoh vkf.k ckjkohpk vH;klØe cnysy-

^^uoohP;k uO;k vH;klØekP;k loZ ikBîkiqLrd r;kj >kys vkgs- ifgykps

Hkk‛kk vkf.k xf.krkps elqnk iqLrdgh r;kj dsys vkgs- ikpohP;k cgqrsd fo‛k;kaps

iqLrd r;kj >kys vkgs-Hkk‛kk fo‛k; oxGrk vdjkohP;k loZ fo‛k;kaph iqLrds

[kklxh izdk’kdkdMwu ?ksryh tkrkr- ^^ fo|kF;kZae/;s fofo/k dkS’kY;s fodflr

dj.Ókkcjkscjp R;kauk uO;k dkGkarhy xjtsuqlkj f’k{k.k dls feGsy] ;kph dkGth

;k vH;klØekr ?ks.Ókkr vkyh vkgs- Hkk‛kk fo‛k;kr Hkk‛ksps Kku] ‘kCnlax zg]

O;kdj.k] jlxzg.k ;kacjkscjp laHkk‛k.kdkS’kY;] O;kogkfjd ikrGhojhy Hkk‛kspk okij

l`tukRed ys[ku ;kaoj Hkj fnyk vkgs- baxzthP;k ikBîkiqLrdkph jpukgh v’khp

dj.Ókkr vkyh vkgs- fon;kF;kZaP;k dYiukauk oko ns.Ókkr vkyk vkgs- cgqHkkf‛kd

laLÑrhgh tksiklyh tk.kkj vkgs- vdjkoh] ckjkohyk tikuh Hkk‛kk ?ksrk ;sbZy-

ejkBh ek/;ekP;k fo|kF;kZaukgh ijns’kh Hkk‛kk f’kdrk ;srhy-** izdYi] izkR;f{kds]

fujh{k.ks ;kaojgh uO;k vH;klØekr Hkj vkgs- ^^fo|kF;kZaP;k ,dw.k O;fDreÙokpk

fodkl ?kMowu vk.k.ÓkkP;k “‛Vhus cny dsys vkgsr- Hkwxksy ;k fo‛k;klkBh vkrk

vdjkoh vkf.k ckjkohyk izkR;f{kd vlsy- ek/;fed Lrjkoj ¼uooh vkf.k ngkoh½

LFkkfud Hkwxksy] Hkksorkypk ifjlj ;kaoj fo|kF;kZaauk izdYi lknj djkos ykxrhy-

vU; fo‛k;kalkBhgh izdYi vkgsr-**ldkG ¼2005½

ek/;fed Lrjkoj l/;k QDr foKku fo‛k;kiqjrs e;kZfnr vl.kkjs izdYi

iq<hy o‛kkZiklwu loZ fo‛k;kalkBh vko’;d gks.kkj vkgsr- uooh] ngkohP;k

vH;klØekr izdYikpk lekos’k dj.Ókkr vkyk vkgs- foKkukizek.ks bfrgkl] Hkwxksy]

xf.kr] Hkk‛kk ;k fo‛k;kalkBhgh izdYi djrk ;s.ks ‘kD; vkgs- nSuafnu thoukr ;k

fo‛k;kapk gksr vlysyk okij vkf.k fujh{k.kkOnkjs fo|kF;kZauk izdYi lknj djkok

ykxsy-

lekt’kkL=kP;k vH;klØekrgh fo’ks‛k cny lqpfo.Ókkr vkys vkgsr-

ukxfjd’kkL= fo‛k;kps ^jkT;’kkL=* vls ukedj.k dj.Ókkphgh dYiuk ek= izR;{kkr

42

;s.kkj ukgh- bfrgklkr vxnh vyhdMP;k Eg.kts 2005 Ik;ZarP;k ?kVukapk lekos’k

vlsy- R;keqGs ledkyhu bfrgklkpk vH;klgh fo|kF;kZauk djrk ;sbZy-

HkwxksyklkBh uoohiklwup izkR;f{kds vlrhy- f’kok; HkkSxksfyd egÙokP;k LFkGkauk

HksVh] R;kaps losZ{k.k] vgokyys[ku vknhapkgh lekos’k HkwxksykP;k vH;klØekr

dj.Ókkr vkyk vkgs-

dks‛Vd Ø- 1-1 uO;k vH;klØekP;k iqLrdkaph vkf.k izrhaph la[;k

b;Ùkk ‘kh‛kZd ¼Vk;Vy½ NikbZ izrh

ifgyh 32 1]30]20]000

ikpoh 50 1]87]36]000

uooh 98 2]43]16]000

vdjkoh 13 21]90]000

O;fDreÙo fodkl% ‘kkjhfjd f’k{k.k] lektf’k{k.k] Ik;kZoj.k’kkL= ;k fo‛k;kargh uO;k

miØekapk lekos’k dj.Ókkr vkyk vkgs- ‘kkjhfjd f’k{k.kkr [ksGkcjkscjp iqLrdh

Kkukgh egÙo fnys tk.kkj vkgs- f’kok; ;ksxklus] oS;fDrd vkjksX;] thoudkS’kY;s

;kaojgh Hkj vl.kkj vkgs- eq[; Eg.kts ;k fo‛k;klkBhpk osG ok<fo.Ókkr ;s.kkj

vkgs- rlsp] R;ke/khy ewY;kadukph in~/krgh cnyyh tkbZy-

O;fDreÙo fodkl gk fo‛k;gh uO;k vH;klØekr vlsy- R;kr lkekU;Kku]

ewY;f’k{k.k] rk.kkps O;oLFkkiu] ,elhlh] LdkÅV] xkbZM] jksOgj] jsatj ;kapk lekos’k

vlsy- loksZPp U;k;ky;kP;k fudkykuqlkj Ik;k Zoj.k’kkL= gk fo‛k; ;ankiklwup

uoohyk lq: dj.Ókkr vkyk vkgs- iq<P;k o‛khZ R;kpk vH;klØe cnyyk tk.kkj

ukgh-

UkO;k vH;klØekuqlkj ngkoh vkf.k ckjkohP;k ijh{kk 2008 e/;s gksrhy- ;k

vH;klØekaP;k r;kjhlkBh f’k{kdkauk izf’k{k.k ns.kkj vlY;kps vkf.k gLriqfLrdk

izdkf’kr dj.kkj vkgs- ldkG ¼2005½

43

vktP;k 21O;k ‘krdkr njjkst uouohu ifjorZu gksr vkgs- vxnh

izkjaHkkiklwu foKkukr eksB;k izek.kkr izLQksV gksr vkgs- foKkukP;k fofo/k’kk[kk

mn;kl vkY;k vkgsr- njjkst uouohu ‘kks/k ykxr vkgs( R;keqGs Kku vuqHkwrhph

Hkj iMr vkgs- R;k ikBhekxs ekuoh xjtkaph eksBh izsj.kk vkgs- R;k dfjrk HkkSxksfyd

?kVdkr oSKkfud o uSlfxZd {ks=kr eksB;k izek.kkr ifjorZu gksr vkgs-

la’kks/kuklkBh fofo/k HkkSxksfyd {ks=kph vko’;drk vkgs- R;kuq:Ik HkwxksykdMs

ikg.;kpk “f‛Vdksu vkt izkeq[;kus cnyyk vkgs- R;k vis{kk iw.kZ dj.;kdfjrk

Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrd funksZ‛k] ntZsnkj] fcupwd] =qVhfojfgr] lqyHk Ogkos gh xjt

vkgs- la’kks/kdktoG 10 o‛ksZ izkFkfed f’k{kd Eg.kwu v/;kiu djhr vlrkauk fo’ks‛k

d:u b;Ùkk 5oh] 6oh o 7ohyk v/;kiukpk vuqHko ikBh’kh vkgs- inohyk Lis’ky

Hkwxksy gk fo‛k; vH;klkyk vkgs- R;kr izFkeJs.khrwu mÙkh.kZ >kY;keqGs] Hkwxksy

v/;kiukpk vuqHko ikBh’kh vkgs- f’k{kd izf’k{k.kkr Hkwxksy in~/krh vH;klysyh vkgs-

la’kks/kdkus Lor% Hkwxksy in~/krhps v/;kiu egkfo|ky;hu Lrjkoj dsysys vkgs-

osxosxGîkk fo|kihBkrhy Hkwxksykps v/;kiu dsysys vkgs- R;kr iq.ks fo|kihB] ;-p-

e-eqDr fo|kihB] fVGd egkjk‛Vª eqDr fo|kihB ;kr v/;kiukpk vuqHko vlY;kus]

Hkwxksy vk’k;;qDr v/;kiu in~/krhoj iqLrd ys[ku d:u nksu vko`R;k izdkf’kr

dsY;k vkgsr- vlk izfn?kZ vuqHko la’kks/kdkdMs vlwu l/;k Hkwxksykpk egkfo|k;

foHkkx izeq[k Eg.kwu dk;Zjr vkgs- xsY;k 20 o‛kkZiklwu Hkwxksykps iq.ks fo|kihB o ;-

p-e-eqDr fo|kihB Lrjkoj Hkwxksykps ekxZn’kZu o v/;kiu djhr vkgs- fu;fer ikB

fujh{k.kkrwu ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vusd ckch fun’kZukr vkY;k vkgsr- la’kks/kdkus

;kiwohZ b-5 ohP;k Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkph fpfdRlk egkjk‛Vª jkT; ikBîkiqLrd

fufeZrh o vH;klØe la’kks/ku eaMG iq.ks&30 ;kaP;k ekQZr d:u R;krhy cgqeksy

lwpuk dsysY;k vkgsr- ojhy Lo:ikpk vuqHko y{kkr ?ksr vlrkauk vki.k ;ksX;

vfHkuo er iznf’kZr djkos vls la’kks/kdkl okVrs- v/;;u] v/;kiu] ekxZn’kZd] ikB

fujh{kd] la’kks/kd] iqLrd ys[kd gÓkkHkwfedk iw.kZ djrkauk vkysY;k vuqHkokrwu

izLrqr la’kks/kukpk fo‛k; fuoM.ks ;ksX; okVys vkgs-

44

izLrqr la’kks/kukrwu vpwdrk o Li‛Vrk ekaM.;kpk iz;Ru la’kks/kdkus dsysyk

vkgs- la’kks/kdkus ys[kukps ewyHkwr xq.k y{kkr ?ksÅu gh ekfgrh nqlÚ;kleksj

ekaM.;kpk vfHkuo iz;Ru dj.;kph xjt okVrs- la’kks/kdkauh Hkwxksy v/;kidkl

mi;qDr Bjsy ;k Lo:ikps la’kks/ku d:u vfHkuo lwpuk ekaM.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk

vkgs- ts.ks d:u Hkwxksykps ikBîkiqLrd] v/;kiu] v/;;u ifj.kkedkjd gks.;kl

enr gksbZy vlk NksVklk iz;Ru la’kks/kdkus dsysyk vkgs- la’kks/kukr leL;k dsanzhHkwr

ekuwu v/;kiukr o v/;kiukl mi;qDr ikBîkiqLrdfefeZrhph xjt Hkkxfo.;kl

enr gksbZy-

1-06 la’kks/kukrhy dk;kZRed O;k[;k- (Operational Definition)

¼1½ egkjk‛Vª jkT; &Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusuqlkj eqGP;k OnSHkkf‛kd eqacbZ izkarkrhy

ejkBh Hkkf‛kd izns’k] e/;Hkkjrkrhy fonHkZ vkf.k gSnzkckn jkT;krhy

ejkBokMk gs izns’k ,d= d:u eqacbZ jkt/kkuh vlysys ejkBh Hkkf‛kdkaps

egkjk‛Vª jkT; 1 es 1960 jksth vfLrÙokl vkysys jkT; gks;- dh R;k

jkT;kph izkarh; o ‘kkldh; jktHkk‛kk ejkBh vkgs rks izknsf’kd HkwHkkx Eg.kts

egkjk‛Vª jkT; gks;- rdZfrFkZ tks’kh ¼1979½

¼2½ mPp izkFkfed Lrj % 1986 P;k jk‛Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.kk izek.ks 1 yh rs 8 oh

gk izkFkfed Lrj vkgs- R;kiSdh b;Ùkk 6 oh rs 8 oh gÓkk b;Ùkkapk xV mPp

izkFkfed Lrjkoj Eg.kwu fuf’pr dsysyk Lrj Eg.kts mPp izkFkfed Lrj

gks;- ¼‘kklukP;k lanHkZ&’kkys; f’k{k.k o ØhMk foHkkxkP;k ‘kklu fu.kZ; Ø-

lqizkv 2004@94@2004@izf’k fn-5 twu 2006 vUo;s egkjk‛Vª jkT;

‘kS{kf.kd la’kks/ku o izf’k{k.k ifj‛kn iq.ks&30 vUo;s b;Ùkk 5oh rs 8 oh gk

Lrj mPp izkFkfed Lrj vkgs-½

¼3½ Hkwxksy% lkekftd ‘kkL= xVkrhy ,d fo‛k; ‘kk[kk Eg.kts Hkwxksy gks;- rlsp

fuEu izkFkfed Lrjkoj R;kpk ifjlj vH;klkr lekos’k gksrks vkf.k mPp

izkFkfed Lrjkoj lkekftd ‘kkL=kr lekos’k vlysyh Lora= Kku’kk[kk

Eg.kts Hkwxksy gks;-

45

¼4½ leh{k.kkRed% Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;kps fo’ys‛k.kkpk vH;kl o

Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkps ckg;kax o varjaxkpk vH;kl-

¼5½ fo|kFkhZ% ukfld ftYº;krhy ukxjh vkf.k xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy fofo/k izkFkfed

vkf.k ek/;fed ‘kkGkae/;s bl 2004&2006 e/;s b;Ùkk 6 oh] 7 oh o 8 oh

e/;s f’kdr vlysyk fo|kFkhZ gks;-

¼6½ f’k{kd% lu 2004 rs 2006 ;k dkGke/khy b;Ùkk 6 oh rs 8 oh yk Hkwxksykps

v/;kiu dj.kkjs ukf’kd ftYgÓkkrhy f’k{kd-

¼7½ ikBîkiqLrds %egkjk‛Vª jkT; ikBîkiqLrdfufeZrh o vH;klØe la’kks/ku eaMG

iq.ks&4 ;kauh izdkf’kr dsysyh b-6 oh] 7 oh o 8 oh Hkwxksy fo‛k;kph

ikBîkiqLrds-

¼8½ ‘kkGk% ukfld ftYºÓkkrhy b;Ùkk 6 oh rs 8 ohps oxZ vlysY;k ejkBh

Hkkf‛kd ‘kkGk-

¼9½ ukxjh% egkuxjikfydk o uxjikfydkpk {ks=krhy ukxjh Hkkx-

¼10½ xzkeh.k% egkuxjikfydk o uxjikfydkpk Hkkx lksMwu mjysyk xzkeh.k Hkkx

¼11½ ikBîkiqLrdeaMG% egkjk‛Vª jkT; ikBîkiqLrdfufeZrh o vH;klØe la’kks/ku

eaMG] iq.ks&4 gh vf/kÑr ‘kklu fufeZrh ikBîkiqLrdeaMG-

1-07 la’kks/kukph mn~fn‛Vss &(Objectives of Research)

1- b;Ùkk 6 oh rs 8 oh mPpizkFkfed LrjkP;k Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkP;k

ckº;kaxkpk o varjaxkpk leh{k.kkRed vH;kl dj.ks-

2- Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;kps fo’ys‛k.kkRed vH;kl dj.ks-

3- Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkrhy Lok/;k;] vkÑR;k] udk’ks] fp=s] vkys[k ;kapk

vH;kl dj.ks-

4- Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkrwu lk/; gks.kkjs ngk xkHkk ?kVd o ewY;s ;kapk vH;kl

dj.ks-

46

5- Hkwxksy v/;kiu dj.kkÚ;k f’k{kdkadMwu rTKkadMwu Hkwxksy

ikBîkiqLrdkafo‛k;hP;k erkafo‛k;h ekfgrh feGfo.ks-

6- Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkaP;k leh{kkRed vH;klkrwu feG.kkÚ;k ekfgrhP;k vk/kkjs

fu‛d‛kZ dk<.ks o f’kQkj’kh lwpfo.ks-

la'kks/kdkus ojhy mn~fn‛Vs fopkjkr ?ksÅu la’kks/ku dsysys vkgs- R;k loZ

mn~fn‛Vkapk la’kks/kukr fopkj d:u ekfgrh ladfyr d:u fu‛d‛kZ dk<ysys vkgsr

o f’kQkj’kh lwpfoY;k vkgsr-

1-08 Lka’kks/kukps x`fgrds & Assumptions

1- cg~oa'kh Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkpk mi;ksx Hkwxksy f’k{kd v/;kiuklkBh djrkr-

2- cg~oa'kh Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkpk vk/kkj ?ksÅu fo|kFkhZ v/;;u djrkr-

3- Hkwxksykps v/;kiu djrkauk Hkwxksy f’k{kd vk’k;kps foÜys‛k.k d:u v/;kiu

djrkr-

Lka’kks/kdkus ojhy x`fgrds riklwu ikg.;kpk iz;Ru izLrqr la’kks/kukr dsysyk

vkgs-

1-09 ifjdYiuk %

1- ifj.kkedkjd v/;kiuklkBh v/;kiu in~/krh cnykpk mi;ksx gksrks-

2- ifj.kkedkjd Hkwxksy v/;kiuklkBh vk’k; fo’ys‛k.kkpk mi;ksx gksrks-

ojhy ifjdYiuk la’kks/kdkus v/;kiu in~/krhP;k cny o vk’k; fo’ys‛k.kkpk

v/;kiukr mi;ksx d:u pkp.khOnkjs lkaf[;dh; fo’ys‛k.k o vFkZfuokZpu d:u

lnj ifjdYiuk Lohdk;Z vkgs-

1-10 la'kks/kukph O;kIrh o e;kZnk &(Scope and limitations of the

Research)

¼1½ izLrqr la’kks/ku gs egkjk‛VªjkT; ikBîkiqLrdfufeZrh o vH;klØe la’kks/ku

eaMG iq.ks&4 u s izdkf’kr dsysys b-6 oh] 7 oh o 8 ohP;k Hkwxksy

ikBîkiqLrdkiqjsp e;kZfnr vkgs-

47

¼2½ izLrqr la’kks/kukdfjrk ukfld ftYºÓkkrhy ukxjh o xzkeh.k HkkSxkfyd

Hkkxkrhy b- 6 oh] 7oh o 8 ohr lu 2004&2006 lkykrhy

fo|kF;kZapk]f’k{kdkapk lekos’k dsysyk vkgs-

¼3½ izLrqr la’kks/kukdfjrk la’kks/kuklkBh QDr mPp izkFkfed Lrjkrhy ejkBh

ek/;ekP;k ‘kkGkapk lekos’k vkgs-

¼4½ la’kks/kdkus ejkBh ek/;ekP;k Hkwxksy ikBîkiqLrdkP;k ckº;kax] varjax o

vk’k; fo’ys‛k.kkiklwu dkgh fu‛d‛kZ dk<ys o R;kP;k vk/kkjs f’kQkj’kh

lwpfo.;kpk iz;Ru dsysyk vkgs-

¼5½ lacaf/kr la’kks/ku gs Hkwxksy fo‛k;kP;k mPp izkFkfed Lrjkojhy b-6oh] 7oh o

8ohP;k vH;klØekrhy ikBÓkØe o ikBîkiqLrdkP;k lacaf/kr vkgs-

la’kks/kdkus QDr 2004&06 ;k dkGkrhy vH;klØekr lekfo‛B vlsyY;k

vk’k;k iwjrsp e;kZfnr vkgs-

¼6½ ukfld ftYº;ke/;s 2 egkuxjikfydk] 10 uxjikfydk o 15 rkyqds] vusd

xkaos vkgsr- ftYº;kr izkFkfed o ek/;fed ejkBh] baxzth] mnqZ] xqtjkFkh]

fla/kh] fganh ek/;ekaP;k ‘kkGk vkgsr( i.k la’kks/kdkus Lor%yk osGsph o [kpkZph

e;kZnk ?kkywu ?ksrY;keqGs miyC/k osGs uqlkj] vkfFkZd miyC/krk vkf.k

oS;fDrd {kerk º;kpk fopkj d:u iqjslk vkf.k loZlekos’k vlk

izfrfuf/kd Lrjh; ;k“fPNd U;kn’kZ in~/krhus uequk fuoMwu la’kks/kuklkBh

ekfgrhps ladyu d:u fu‛d‛kkZps lkekU;hdj.k dsys vkgsr-

¼7½ ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;kP;k vkdyuk ckcr izfrfuf/kd Lo:ikP;k

ikjaifjd v/;kiukoj pkp.;k vkf.k izk;ksfxd v/;kiukP;k pkp.;k ?ksÅu

izR;sd b;ÙkslkBh pkp.kh nsÅu lkaf[;dh; in~/krhus fu‛d‛kZ dk<.;kpk

iz;Ru dsysyk vkgs-

48

¼8½ lacaf/kr la’kks/kukP;k ekfgrhps ladyu d:u] R;kps foÜys‛k.k o

vFkZfuokZpu dj.;klkBh la’kks/kdku s lkaf[;dh; izkekf.kr ra=kpk okij

dsysyk vkgs-

¼9½ izLrqr leL;k foekspuklkBh lwpoyh tk.kkjh mik;;kstuk o f’kQkj’kh

izkeq[;kus ikBîkiqLrdkr djko;kP;k lq/kkj.kk] f’k{kdkauh vkiY;k v/;kiukr

djko;kP;k mik;;kstuk vkf.k ‘kkGsus ‘kS{kf.kd lk/kus] lkfgR; iqjo.;k ckcr

djko;kP;k lks;h º;kaps’kh lacaf/kr la’kks/ku vkgs-

1-11 la’kks/kukps HkkSxksfyd {ks= o O;kIrh %

izLrqr la’kks/kukps {ks= ukfld ftYº;krhy ejkBh ek/;ekP;k ‘kkGk] T;k

‘kkGkae/khy Hkwxksy v/;kiu dj.kkÚ;k f’k{kdkapk lekos’k vkgs- ukfld ftYgk gs

HkkSxksfyd {ks= e;kZfnr dsysys vkgsr- ukfld ftYº;krhy ukxjh] xzkeh.k o

vkfnoklh foHkkxkyk la’kks/kdkus izk/kkU; fnysys vkgs-

ukfld ftYgk % egkjk‛Vª jkT;kP;k ok;O;sdMhy ftYgk- foLrkj 190 36* m-rs 20

0

52* m-v{ko`r o 700 16* iw-rs 74

0 56* iwoZ js[kko`r ;k njE;ku {ks=QG 15]582 pkS-

fd-eh- yksdla[;k 23]69]221 ¼1971½- jkT;krhy {ks=kP;k 5-08% {ks= vkf.k yksdla[;k

4-7% yksdla[;k ;k ftYº;kr vlwu ukfld ‘kgj gs ftYº;kps Bk.ks vkgs- ;k

ftYº;kP;k ok;O;sl xqtjkr jkT;kps Mkax o lqjr ftYgs vkf.k mÙkjsl /kqGs]

bZ’kkUlsl tGxkao] iwosZl vkSjaxkckn] nf{k.ksl vgenuxj o if’pesl Bk.ks gs

egkjk‛Vªkps ftYgs vkgsr- ckxyk.k] ekysxkao] nsoGk] «;acds’oj] lqjxk.kk] dGo.k]

isB] fnaMksjh] pkanoM] ukanxkao] ukfld] fuQkM] ;soys] bxriwjh o flUuj gs ukfld

ftYº;kps rkyqds gks;- ftYº;kr 20 ‘kgjs vkf.k 1]628 oLrhph vkf.k 3 vkslkM

xkaos vkgsr-

Hkwo.kZu %&ukfld ftYgk n[[ku iBkjkojhy] lº;knzhP;k iwoZ mrkjkojhy ftYgk

vkgs- ;k ftYº;kr if’peokfguh rkih o iwoZ okfguh xksnkojh ;k u|kapk [kksÚ;kapk

Hkkx ;sr vlY;kus ;k ftYº;kP;k mÙkjsl n[[ku iBkjkP;k HkwLrjjpusr egÙoi.kZ

cny gksrkr- lº;knzhph izeq[k jkax ftYº;kP;k if’pe Hkkxkrwu nf{k.kksÙkj fn’ksus

49

tkrs o ;k jkaxsP;k rhu ‘kk[kk ;k ftYº;kr if’pe&iwoZ fn’ksus tkrkr- vxnh mÙkj

Hkkxkr if’pesl 1300 eh- iklwu iwosZl 650 eh-Ik;Zar maphph lsyckjh Mksaxjjkax

vlwu] frP;krhy ekaxh&rqaxh Mksaxjkph maph 1331 eh-Ik;Zar vkgs- R;kaP;k iwosZl

lsyckjh o fganckjh f[kaMh o FksjekG vkf.k xkG.kk fdYys vkgsr- xkG.;kP;k Vkiwr

nf{k.kksÙkj jLR;koj f[kaM vkgs- ;kP;k nf{k.ksl 1613 eh-Ik;Zar maphph /kksyckjh

Mksaxjjkax vkgs- ;k jkaxsrp ?kksyckjh f[kaM o lkYgsj fdYgk vkgs- ;k jkaxsP;k

nf{sk.ksl ftYº;kP;k e/;krwu tkÅu rkih o xksnkojh ;kaph [kksjh vyx dj.kkjh

lkrekGk fdaok pkanoM ok vftaBk Mksaxjjkax vkgs- gh jkax izFke iwoZl] R;kuarj

vkXus;sl o ‘ksoVh bZ’kkU;sl iljrs- frph ljkljh maph 1]100 rs 1350 eh- vlwu

/kksMi] LkIr’k`axhlkj[kh dkgh f’k[kjs 1400 eh-is{kk map vkgsr- vpy o tkokrk gs

fdYys ;k jkaxse/;s vlwu MksaxjekFks v:an o likV vkgsr- jkaxsP;k nf{k.ksdMhy

NksV;k jkaxsr] vkGanh o ck.kxaxk u|kanjE;ku jke’kst Mksaxj vkgs- R;kP;k iwosZl

,dk ‘kadq&VsdMhr pkaHkkj ys.kh ukokph tSu ys.kh vkgsr- lkrekGsP;k nf{k.ksl

f=acd&vatusjh Mksaxjjkax HkkLdjxMkP;k iwosZl gjh’k fdYyk vkgs- vk.k[kh iwosZl

rhu vyx VsdMÓkk vkgsr] R;kal f=j’eh Eg.krkr- R;karhy vxnh iwosZph VsdMh

f=’kh‛kZ ukokph vlwu rsFks ikaMo ys.kh vkgsr- f=acd Mksaxjkaxsrp xaxkOnkj ;sFks

xksnkojhpk mxe vkgs- Mksaxjik;F;k’kh «;acds‹ojkps eafnj vkgs- vatusjh Mksaxjjkax

cjhp map o [kMdkG vkgs- f=’kqG gh R;k jkaxsph ‘kk[kk fo’ks‛k izfln~/k vkgs- frP;k

iwoZHkkxkrp ?kkjxM o f’ko Mksaxj vkf.k cgqyk fdYyk vkgsr- ;k Mksaxjkrhy ,dk

f[kaMhrwu eqacbZ vkxzk egkekxZ tkrks- ftYº;kP;k vkf.k bxriwjh rkyqD;kP;k vxnh

nf{k.k Vksdk’kh if’pe&iwoZ ilj.kkÚ;k mi’kk[kse/;sp dGlwckbZ ¼1646eh-½ gs

egkjk‛Vªkrhy loksZPp f’k[kj vkgs- ;k jkaxsr 1500 eh- is{kk maPk v’kh f’k[kjs vkgsr-

dGlwckbZP;k mÙkjsl bxriwjh toGP;k f[kaMhoj >qdysyk ,d izpaM dMk vkgs- ;k

MksaxjkG izns’kkr enuxM&fcruxM] vyax&dqyax] jkSfy;k&tkSfy;k] vadkbZ&VadkbZ]

vkSa<k&iÍk] lkYgsj&eqYgsj] eafx;k&rqafx;k b- vusd tksM fdYys eksD;kP;k tkxh

50

cka/kysys vk<Grkr- ftYº;kr lqekjs 38 Mksaxjh fdYys vlwu R;kiSdh 23 lº;knzhr

vkf.k 15 lkrekGk jkaxsr vkgsr-

Lkº;knzhP;k if’pesl okg.kkÚ;k] rkihP;k [kksÚ;krhy o xksnkojh [kksÚ;krhy

u|k vls u|kaps rhu izeq[k Hkkx vkgsr- dksd.kkr fdaok lº;knzhP;k if’pe

mrkjko:u okg.kkÚ;k u|kar pksanh] dkosj] lklw fdaok rku] eku fdaok ckerh] ukj]

ikj] ckjhd] ne.kxaxk] oky] oSrj.kk o fHkek ;k izeq[k u|k vkgsr- R;kiSdh dkgh

u|k ftYº;kaP;k fdaok jkT;kP;k lheso:u dkgh varjkoj okgrkr- R;k rhoz

mrkjkP;k vkf.k cÚ;kp ygku vkgsr-

rkihP;k [kksÚ;krwu bZ’kkU; fn’ksl okg.kkÚ;k u|kar fxj.kk o cksjh ;k izeq[k

u|k vkgsr o R;k Lora=i.ks rkihl feGrkr- fxj.kk unh lº;knzhe/;s gkrxMiklwu

8 fd-eh- uS_R;sl] psjkbZ xkokP;k nf{k.ksl mxe ikors o dGo.k] nsoGk] lVk.kk

o ekysxkao rkyqD;krwu okgr tkÅu tGxkao ftYº;kr f’kjrs- ukfld ftYº;kr

fxj.ksl rkacMh] Ikquan] vkjke] eksle o ika>.k ;k izeq[k miu|k feGrkr- eU;kM gh

fxj.ksph miunh ;k ftYº;kr mxe ikors o fxj.ksl tGxkao ftYº;kr feGrs-

ika>.k vkf.k eU;kM ;k [kksy] v:an nÚ;karwu o map njMhae/kwu okgr vlY;keqGs

tyflapukl Qkj’kk mi;qDr ukghr( ijar q fxj.kk o frP;k ckdhP;k miu|k ek=

R;k “f‚Vus pkaxY;k mi;ksxh iMrkr-

;k ftYº;kr xksnkojh gh nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy lokZr eksBh unh] ukfld iklwu

toGp xaxkOnkj ¼=acds‹oj½ ;sFks mxe ikors- fryk 14 fd-eh- oj fddoh feGrs-

dk’;ih ¼dkl½&;k unhoj dk’;ih gs /kj.k vkgs o xksnkojh laxekiklwu toGp

xaxkiwj /kj.k cka/kys vkgs o rsFkwu 10 fd-eh-varjkoj ukfld ‘kgj vkgs- tykyiwj

toG vkGanh unh xksnkojhl feGkY;kuarj dkgh varjkoj xksnkojh v:an

[kMdkGik=krwu tkÅu lqekjs 10 eh- [kksy mMh ?ksrs o rksp nq/kLFkGh /kc/kck gks;-

ukfld ‘kgjkr izos’k dj.;kiwohZ rh lqekjs 2 eh-ph NksVhlh mMh ?ksrs- frP;k

dkBh vusd nsoGs vlwu ik=kr vusd dqaMs cka/kysyh vkgsr- ukfld o fuQkM ;k

nksu rkyqD;krhy xksnkojhpk 96 fd-eh- izokg ;k ftYº;krwu okgrks- nkj.kk gh

51

xksnkojhph ;k ftYº;krhy izeq[k miunh gks;- rh bxriwjhP;k vkXus;sl 13 fd-eh-

oj lº;knzhe/;s mxeikors- nkj.ksoj ukanxko toG /kj.k cka/k.;kr vkysys vkgs o

R;keqGs ysd chys gk tyk’k; fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- nkj.ksl okdh] manqgksy o okynsoh

º;k miu|k feGrkr o R;kaP;klg nkj.kk fuQkM rkyqD;kr xksnkojhl feGrs- ;k

iwoZokfguh u|k cÚ;kp mFkG vlwu o‛kkZrwu 6 rs 8 efgus dksjMÓkk vlrkr-

nkj.ksf’kok; xksnkojhl ;k ftYº;kr nso] >ke] ck.kxaxk] dMok o xqbZ ;k izeq[k

u|k feGrkr- xksnkojh o frP;k miu|k ;kapk ftYº;kyk flapukP;k “‚Vhus cjkp

mi;ksx gksrks-

u|kadkBP;k likV i zns’kkrhy e`nk dkGh] [kksy] xkGisjkph o lqihd vkgs-

Mksaxjmrkjkoj o iBkjkoj dBh.k mFkG rkacMh e`nk o dkgh Hkkxkr ykylj] dkGh

e`nk vkgs- MksaxjkG Hkkxkr gydh] nxMxksV;kauh o pqu[kMhus Hkjysyh e`nk vkgs-

pqu[kMh gh cka/kdkekl mi;ksxh cslkYV nxM ;kf’kok; vU; [kfuts ;k ftYº;kr

lkiMr ukgh- lqjxk.kk rkyqD;kr lkiM.kkjs yksg[kfut vkfFkZd “‛V;k mi;ksxh

ukgh-

;k ftYº;kr ns’kkojhy Hkkxkr twu rs lIVsacj ikolkGh rj brj efgU;kar

m‛.k] dksjMs gokeku vk<Grs- ftYº;kr ljkljh 103 lsa-eh-ikÅl iMrks- if’pesl

isB ;sFks 235 ls-eh- rj bxriwjhyk 334 lss-eh- Ik;Zar ikÅl iMrks- iwosZl

itZU;Nk;sP;k izns’kkr rks deh iMrks- lVk.kk ;sFks 48 lsa-eh- rj fnaMksjh ;sFks 75 lsa-

eh- ikÅl iMrks- es] vkWDVkscj o uksaOgsacj e/;s xMxMkVh vkjksg IktZU; iMrks] rj

twu rs lIVsacj ;k dkGkr uS_`R; ekUlwepk ikÅl iMrks- egkjk‛VªkP;k ;k

Hkkxkrhy vU; ftYº;kaizek.ks ukfld ftYº;krgh ikolkps izek.k 50% Ik;Zar dkgh

osGk deh tkLr gksr vlY;kps fnlrs- R;keqGs dkgh Hkkxkr rhoz nq‛dkG iMrks- es

efgU;kr rieku loksZPp vlrs- ekysxkao ;sFks nSfud ljkljh deky rieku 420

lsYlhvl Ik;Zar vk<Grs- tkusokjhr ukfld ;sFks nSfud ljkljh fdeku rieku

1000 ls- vk<Grs- vktojps izR;{k deky rieku 46-7

0 ls- rj fdeku rieku 0-

10 ls- ekysxkao ;sFks uksanfoysys vkgs- if’pesl isB o lqjxk.kk rkyqdk o ukfld

52

vkf.k fnaMksjh rkyqD;kapk vxnh ok;O;Hkkx ;sFkhy gokeku dksd.kkrY;kizek.ks tkLr

ikolkps o mUgkGîkkr m‛.k] neV vkf.k vlgÓk vlrs- ikolkGîkk f’kok; brj

dkGkr ;sFks ik.;kps nqfHkZ{k vlrs- fgokGk vYidkG ijarq lk/kkj.k rhoz vlrks-

mÙkj Hkkjrkr fgokGîkkr if’pesdMwu ;s.kkÚ;k vkorkZeqGs ;k ftYº;kr tsaOgk FkaMhph

ykV ;srs rsaOgk rieku 00 ls-Ik;Zar mr:u nfgojkaeqGs fidkaps] fo’ks‛kr% nzk{k fidkaps]

eksBs uqdlku gksrs-

vkfFkZd fLFkrh %‘ksrh gk ftYº;krhy izeq[k O;olk; vlwu ,dw.k 8]98]000

dkexkjkaiSdh 6]47]000 ‘ksrdjh o dkexkj vkgsr- Eg.kts dkexkjkiSdh 72% dkexkj

‘ksrhoj vkgsr- vkt isj.;k ;ksX; {ks= 48 gtkj gsDVj is{kkgh tkLr vkgs-

vo‛kZ.kkeqGs ,dw.k {ks=kr cjhp ?kV >kysyh fnlrs- 80% tehu vUufidkalkBh

okijyh tkrs- cktjh gs ihd lokZr egÙokps vlwu toG toG 36% {ks= ;k

fidk[kkyh vlwu 2]60]241 gsDVj e/kwu 31]200 es-Vu brds mRiknu >kys-

R;k[kkyks[kky 1]03]253 gsDVj Tokjh[kkyh] 98142 gsDVj xOgk[kkyh o 34]668gsDVj

rkanGk[kkyh vls izeq[k fidka[kkyhy {ks= vkgs- ukp.kh] ojh] edk gh brj

/kkU;fidka[kkyh 57]423 gsDVj {ks= vkgs- ,dw.k loZ /kkU;kaps mRiknu 1]56]000 es-Vu

gksrs- ftYº;kP;k FkG?kkV ;k if’pesP;k Hkkxkr rkanwG o ukp.kh gh fids egÙokph

vkgsr] rj e/; Hkkxkr ukfld] dGo.k] nsoGk] ckxyk.kP;k iwoZ Hkkx] pkanoM]

flUuj o fuQkMP;k if’pe Hkkxkr cktjh egÙokps ihd vkgs- iwosZdMhy lqfid

tfeuhP;k Hkkxr Tokjh gs egÙokps ihd vlwu tyflapu miyC/k vl.kkÚ;k Hkkxkr

xgw gs ihd egÙokps vkgs- dkank gs egÙokps jks[khps ihd vlwu 5]000 gsDVj

tfeuhr gs ihd gksrs- jkT;krhy 36% dkank ;k ftYº;kr fidrks- brj fidkae/;s

mlk[kkyh 13]883 gsDVj] dM/kkU;k[kkyh 85]885 gsDVj HkqbZeqxk[kkyh 46]459 gsDVj

dkilk[kkyh] 8390 gsDVj QGckxk[kkyh 27]246 gsDVj {ks= gksrs- jkT;krhy 26

VDds nzk{ks ;k ftYº;kr fidrkr- if’pesl rkanwG] ukp.kh] e/;Hkkxkr cktjh]

dM/kkU;s] rsyfc;k rj iwosZl lqihd izns’kkr dkiwl] Tokjh] xgw] Ål o QGckxk

;kps izek.k tkLr vkgs- dkank] nzk{ks] Ål vkf.k Hkkthikyk ;kalkBh gk ftYgk

53

izfln~/k vkgs- HkkjrkP;k vUuegkeaMGkps eksBk lkBk euekM ;sFks vkgs- rlsp dsanzh;

xgw la’kks/ku dsanz fuQkM rkyqD;kr dqansokMh ;sFks vkgs- tyflapukph lks; 79]752

gsDVj tfeuhl miyC/k gksrh- R;kiSdh 70% vksfyr foghjhaP;k ik.;kus o 25% vksfyr

dkyO;kaP;k ik.;kus gksrs vls- milktyflapu ;kstuspk Qkjlk fodkl ;k

ftYº;kr v|ki >kysyk ukgh- i.k ik.;kph fon~;qr eksVkjh vgenuxj ftYº;k

[kkyks[kky ;k ftYº;kr vkgsr-

yksd o lektthou % eqacbZ o iq.ks ;kaP;k [kkyks[kky yksdla[;sr gk frlÚ;k

Øekadkpk ftYgk vkgs- lqekjs 38% yksd dkexkj gksrs- 1971 lkyh ftYº;kr 20

uxjikfydk o 1628 [ksMh gksrh- ,dw.k la[;siSdh 16]90]749 ¼71-36%½ yksdla[;k

xzkeh.k o 6]78]000 ¼28-64%½ ukxjh gksrh- izeq[k ‘kgjkar ekysxko 1]91]847] ukfld

1]76]091] ukfldjksM ¼nsoGkyh½ 55]436] nsoGkyh dWUVksesaV 30618] euekM 29551]

;soys 24533] vks>j 21260] flUuj 20218] gh izeq[k ‘kgjs gksrh- e/;s ftYº;kr 87-

7% yksd ejkBh Hkkf‛kd vlwu R;k[kkyks[kky mnwZ o fganh Hkkf‛kd vkgsr- f’kok; vYi

izek.kkr xqtjkrh] dkuMh] rkfeG] rsyxw] iatkch o brj Hkk‛kk cksy.kkjs yksd vkgsr-

ukf’kd ftYg;krhy 90% vkfnoklh egknso dksGh] dksd.kk] fHkYy gsp gksrs-

f’kok; okjyh] Bkdwj] xksaM] dkFkksMh gs vkfnoklh dkgh izek.kkr vkgsr- vkfnoklhaps

oS’kk[kkr ^vjoktk* vkf‹oukr ^ok?k okj’kh* o QkYxqukr ^f’kexk* gs egÙokps l.k

vkgsr-

ftYº;kph ljkljh lk{kjrk 36% gksrh- vkt lk{kjrk izek.k iq:‛kkaps 67-0%

rj fL=;kaps 54-00% vkgs- mPp f’k{k.kkP;k laLFkk vkgsr- ftYº;kr 10 f’k{kd izf’k{k.k

egkfo|ky;s vkgsr- ukfld gs f’k{k.kkps izeq[k dsanz vlwu R;k[kkyks[kky ekysxko gs

‘kgj egÙokps vkgs- ekxkloxhZ; o vuqlwfpr tkfrtekrhaP;k fo|kF;kZauk ‘kS{kf.kd

loyrh ns.;kr ;srkr- ftYº;kr loZ izdkjP;k feGwu 1963 lgdkjh laLFkk gksR;k-

ukf’kd ;sFks uO;kus ;-p-e-eqDr fo|kihB] vkjksX; foKku fo|kihB LFkkiu >kysys

vkgs-

54

ftYº;kr 1974 ekpZ v[ksj 1628 xkokalkBh 1125 xzkeiapk;rh gksR;k- rlsp

nsoGkyh dWUVkseasV cksMZ o 12 uxjikfydk ukxjh LFkkfud LojkT;kph dkes djhr

gksR;k- ftYgk ifj"kn o iapk;r lfeR;k ftYgk o xV foHkkx Lrjkaoj fuokZfpr

lnL;kaP;k o ftYgkf/kdkjh] rgflynkj] xzkelsod] xVfodkl vf/kdkjh ftYgk

f’k{k.kkf/kdkjh] milapkyd] xV f’k{k.kkf/kdkjh ;k ‘kkldh; vf/kdkÚ;kaP;k

lkgk¸;kus dkjHkkj djrkr- ftYgkf/kdkjh lkekU; iz’kklu] dk;nk o lqO;oLFkk]

eglwy] iqjoBk ;kapk dkjHkkj ikgrks vkf.k U;k;nkukf’kok; jkT;’kklukus lq:

dsysY;k ckchaoj ns[kjs[k Bsorks- ukfld ;sFks iksfyl izf’k{k.k dsanz o e/;orhZ

dkjkx`g vkgs-

ftYº;kr vusd f’k{k.k laLFkk] O;k;ke’kkGk] lkoZtfud okpuky;s] ukfld

;sFkhy olar O;k[;kuekyk] xka/koZlaxhr egkfo|ky;] O;adVs’k ckykth laLFkku] Mkax

lsok eaMG] Hkkslyk feyhVjh Ldwy] iq.ks fo|kFkhZ x`gkus pkyfoysyh {k;jksx fuokj.k

laLFkk] vfHkuo Hkkjr Lekjd] dykfudsru] xkMxs egkjkt /keZ’kkGk] ckWbZt VkÅu]

ukfld ftYgk dq‛Bjksx fuokj.k eaMG] =acds‹ojph laLÑr ikB’kkyk] vusd efgyk

eaMGs] ;soY;kph xks’kkGk vkf.k ikatjiksG] fuQkMps MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj f’k{k.k

lgk¸;d eaMG] uk-ft-ejkBk fo|k izlkjd lekt ;k lkoZtfud lsoklaLFkk vkgsr-

ukfld ‘kgj% egkjk‛Vªkrhy ukfld ftYgkps Bk.ks vlwu toGph Hkxwj]

nsoGkyhdWEi dWUVksesaV] ukfldjksM&nsoGkyh gh Lora= xkos feGwu c`g~u ukfldph

yksdla[;k lqekjs 15 yk[kkP;k oj vkgs- ukfld eqacbZP;k bZ’kkU;sl 181 fdeh- o

ukfldjksM jsYos LFkkudkiklwu 8 fdeh- oj xksnkojhP;k dkBh olys vkgs- ljkljh

okf‛kZd itZU;eku 69-7 lsaeh- o okf‛kZd deky o fdeku rieku 31-10 ls- o 16-1

0

ls- vlrs- izR;{k deky o fdeku rieku 460 ls- o 7-6

0 ls- i;Zar xsY;kph uksan

vkgs- ukfld ‘kgj xksnkojhP;k nksUgh frjkoj iljys vlwu R;kaps ijaijsus MkO;k

rhjkojhy tqus ukfld fdaok iapoVh] mtO;k rhjkojhy e/; ukfld] fdaok eq[;

Hkkx ukfld vkf.k R;kP;k if’pesps is’kO;kauh clfoysys ejkBk ukfld vls rhu

Hkkx vkgsr- e/; ukfld gk ‘kgjkpk eq[; Hkkx vl wu rks [kjs ikgrk izkphu vkgs-

55

eqlyekukauh R;kl xqy'kukckn ¼xqykckaps ‘kgj½ vls ukao fnys gksrs- l|k MkO;k

rhjk Ik;Zar iapoVhr R;ktoGhy riksou] R;kP;k leksj mtO;k rhjkoj uos ukfld

o R;kP;k nf{k.ksl tqus ukfld vls Hkkx vksG[kys tkrkr- e/; izns’kkrhy Hkkjgwr

vkf.k ukfld toGhy ikaMoys.kh ;sFks b-l-iw-lq-200 P;k f’kykys[kkr ukfldpk

mYys[k lkiMrks-

ukfld ,d iq.;{ks=- gs egkjk‛Vªkr xksnkojh unhP;k rhjkoj olys vkgs-

HkkjrkrY;k ikp izeq[k egkrhFkkZrp ;kph x.kuk gksrs- ;kyk if’pe dk’kh vlsgh

Eg.krkr- ;k ukokph O;qRiÙkh nksu izdkjkauh lkaxrkr-

bFks y{e.kkus ‘kwiZ.k[kk ;k jk{klhps ukd&dku Nsnwu fryk fonz`i dsys Eg.kwu

;k {ks=kyk ukflD; vls uko iMys o R;kpsp ukfld >kys-

gs {ks= T;k VsdMhoj olys vkgs] fryk uÅ f’k[kk Eg.kts uÅ f’k[kjs vkgsr-

R;ko:u R;kyk uof’k[k vls uko iMys o R;kps viHkza’kkus ukfld >kys- ;k nqlÚ;k

O;qRiÙkhyk /k:u ^ukfld uoVsdkoj ¼f’k[kj½ cloys* vlk frFks okDizpkj :< vkgs-

gs uoVsd vls&nqxkZVsd] x.ks'kVsd] fp=?kaVkVsd] fMaxjkvkGh Vsd] Egl:G Vsd]

tksxokMk Vsd] iBk.kiqjk Vsd] iwoZ dksd.kh Vsd] Ekgky{eh Mksacj fdaok lksukjvkGh

Vsd gs gksr-

ukfld {ks=kP;k prq%lhek v’kk&nf{k.ksl f=jk’kh ¼ikaMoys.;kpk Mksaxj½]

mÙkjsl jke’kst Mksaxj] iwosZl lIr’k`axh o pkanoMps Mksaxj vkf.k if’pesl xkso/kZu

¼xaxkiwj½-

ukfld o iapoVh feGwu ukfld {ks= curs- ;k nksUgh LFkGkaP;k e/kwu

xksnkojh unh okgrs- frP;k nf{k.k rhjkojP;k Hkkxkyk ukfld o mÙkj rhjkojhy

Hkkxkyk iapoVh Eg.krkr- bFks xksnkojhP;k nksUgh rhjkaoj nsoky;s vkgsr- ;k=sd:

cgq/kk iapoVhr mrjrkr o jkedqaMkoj rhFkZfo/kh djrkr-tks’kh o ia- egknso ‘kkL=h ¼1889½

fo|kF;kZaP;k ok<R;k la[;seqGs fnolsafnol ‘kkGkaph la[;k ok<r pkyyh vkgs-

vkiY;k ikY;kyk okÍsy rso<k [kpZ d:u ntsZnkj f’k{k.kklkBh ikydkadMwu ‘kkGkapk

56

‘kks/k lq: vlrks- ukf’kd ftYgk ifj‛knsP;k ‘kkGkaph la[;k QDr nksu gtkj 719

>kyh vkgs- 8 ‘kkGk deh >kY;k vkgsr-

fo|kF;kZaP;k iqjs’kk la[;svHkkoh dkgh ‘kkGk can dj.Ókkr vkY;k vkgsr- dkgh

‘kkGkaps ,df=dj.k dj.Ókkr vkys vkgs- ‘kklukus ,d f’k{kdh ‘kkGkaps fOnf’k{kdh

‘kkGkar :ikarj dj.Ókkpk egÙodka{kh miØe gkrh ?ksryk gksrk- izR;{kkr ek=

ftYgk ifj‛knsP;k ia/kjk fo|kFkhZ la[;k vlysY;k ‘kkGkaph la[;k 71 brdh vkgs-

nsoGk vkf.k ukf’kd rkyqdk R;kl viokn vkgs- lqjxk.kk o isB ;k vkfnoklh

Hkkxkr vuqØes 28 o 11 ‘kkGk ,d f’k{kdh vkgsr-;k[ksjht lksGk rs ,sa’kh

fo|kFkhZla[;k vlysY;k fOnf’k{kdh ‘kkGkaph la[;k ,d gtkj 349 brdh vkgs-

ftYgk ifj‛knsP;k ‘kkGkaph bekjrhaph fLFkrh vusd fBdk.kh uktwd cuyh

vkgs- R;klkBh vkrk fu/kh miyC/k d:u ns.Ókkr vkyk vkgs- izR;{kkr ek=

‘kklukph ekU;rkulY;kus dkgh fu/kh [kpZ djrk ;sr ukgh] v’kh vMp.k fuekZ.k

>kyh vkgs- R;keqGs ;ankP;kgh ikolkG;kr cÚ;kp xkokarhy fo|kF;kZauk xGD;k

‘kkGkae/;s clwu f’k{k.k ?;kos ykx.kkj vkgs- loZf’k{k.k vfHk;kukarxZr 2003&04 e/;s

450 dkes dj.Ókkps fu;kstu dj.Ókkr vkys gksrs- R;kr lkr xVlk/ku dsanzs] 41

lewglk/ku dsanzs] 312 vfrfjDr [kksY;k] 450 LoPNrkx`gs] 450 fBdk.kh fo|qrhdj.k

;k dkekapk lekos’k gksrk- izR;{kkr ek= ] lewglk/ku dsanzkaph 29 vkf.k vfrfjDr

[kksY;kaph 224 dkes iw.kZ >kyh vkgsr- R;ko:u f’k{k.kklaca/khP;k dkekapk osx y{kkr

vkY;k[ksjht jkgr ukgh- 2004&05 e/;s lqn~/kk 450 dkekaps fu;kstu dj.Ókkr

vkys gksrs- R;krhy 30 vfrfjDr [kksY;kaph dkes iw.kZ >kyh vkgs- nksu o‛kkZrhy

moZfjr loZpdkes izxfriFkkoj vkgsr-

ftYºîkkrhy izkFkfed f’k{k.kkrhy xGrh 9-36 Vôs

ekxkloxhZ; fo|kF;kZaph izkFkfed f’k{k.kkrhy xGrh ‘ksdMk izek.k

1- vuqlwfpr tkrh eqys 3-40 o eqyh 3-60

2- vuqlwfpr tekrh eqys 6-97 o eqyh 7-06

¼vkfnoklh eqyhaph ngkohi;ZarP;k f’k{k.kki;Zar 70% xGrh gksrs-½

57

3- brj ekxkloxhZ;& eqys 2 o eqyh 1-47

HkVD;k foeqDr tkrh&tekrh eqys 4 o

ftYºîkkr lkMspkj gtkj ckyds Bjrkr ‘kkGkcká %

ftYgÓkkr lqekjs 75 Vôs yksd lk{kj vlwu] v|kigh lkMspkj gtkjkoj

ckyds ‘kkGk ckg; vkgsr o ftYgÓkkr 15]050 izkFkfed ‘kkGk vkgsr-

15]540 gsDVj {ks=QG vlysY;k ukfld ftYgÓkkr ftYgk ifj‛kn] nksu

egkuxjikfydk f’k{k.k eaMG] nksu uxjikfydk f’k{k.k eaMG] ¼dWUVksesaV cksMZ½

[kklxh vuqnkfur] foukvuqnkfur o dk;e Lo:ih foukvuqnkfur ‘kkGk vkgsr-

ftYgÓkkrhy loZ ‘kkGsf’kok; f’k{kk vfHk;ku] oLrh’kkGkae/kwu f’k{k.k ‘kaHkj VDds

lk{kjrspk iYyk xkB.ÓkklkBh vk.k[kh cjsp iz;Ru djkos ykx.kkj vkgs- ftYgÓkkr

6 rs 14 o;ksxVkrhy 9]62]906 fo|kFkhZ fo|kFkhZuha vlwu] R;krhy 9]56]610 fo|kFkhZ

‘kkGsr tkrkr- 9]00]496 fo|kFkhZ ‘kkGkckg; dsanzkr vlY;kph f’k{k.k foHkkxkP;k

uksanh vkgsr- ftYgk ifj‛knsP;k ‘kkGkar 5] 90]150 iSdh 5]87]583 ‘kkGsr tkrkr] rj

1]587 ‘kkGkckg; fo|kFkhZ vkgsr-

ukf’kd egkuxjikfydka ‘kkGkae/;s 2]74]075 iSdh 2]72]454 fo|kFkhZ f’kdrkr]

ekysxko egkikfydk {ks=kr 98]681 iSdh 96]573 fo|kFkhZ f’kdrkr- rj 2]288

‘kkGkckg; fo|kF;kZaP;k uksanh vkgsr- ldkG ¼2005½

lkekftd Lrjkoj Lo;aLQwrhZus >kysY;k f’k{k.k izlkjkeqGs ljdkjh

vuqnkukrwu [kklxh laLFkkaP;k lgHkkxkus lkekU;kalkBh f’k{k.k vls jkT;kps fp=

vkgs] ek= R;kps fp= >ikVÓkkus cnyr vlwu] ljdkjh vuqnku o xq.koÙkk

?kljY;keqGs ljdkjpk [kpZ deh( rj ikydkapk vf/kd vlk fojks/kkHkkl fuekZ.k

>kyk vkgs-

jkT; ‘kklu ftYgk ifj‛kn] egkikfydk ;k laLFkkaP;k ek/;ekrwu izkFkfed]

ek/;fed ‘kkGkaP;k f’k{kdkauk osrukps ‘kaHkj Vôs( rj vU; [kpkZlkBh ljkljh 15

VDds osrusrj vuqnku nsrs- ‘kklukus 1998&99 e/;s izkFkfed f’k{k.kklkBh nksugtkj

327 dksVh :Ik;kaps vuqnku [kpZ dsys- ikp o‛kkZuh ‘kkGkaph la[;k jkT;kr ,d

58

gtkj 327 rj ukf’kde/;s 93 us ok<yh] ek= 2003&2004 e/;s vuqnku nksu gtkj

608 dksVh ns.Ókkr vkys- egkikfydk {ks=kr 131 ‘kkGk vlwu] R;kr 47 gtkj 59

fo|kFkhZ f’k{k.k ?ksrkr- f’k{k.k eaMGkus R;klkBh vkgkj] iqLrds] f’k‛;o`Ùkh] bekjrh]

izkFkfed lqfo/kk vknhaoj 19 dksVh :Ik;s [kpZ dsys vkgsr- R;kuqlkj izfrfo|kFkhZ pkj

gtkj :Ik;s [kpZ >kyk vkgs- rks deh gks.Ókk,soth ok<r vkgs- ek= R;krhy

vuko’;d gLr{ksikus xq.koÙkk ek= deh gksr vlwu] ‘kS{kf.kd dkekapk ok<rk izHkko

fo|kF;kZauk vMlj B: ykxyk vkgs-

ekuo fodkl vgokykuqlkj izfrfo|kFkhZ okf‛kZd [kpZ vka/kz izns’k&ikp gtkj

481 :Ik;s] dukZVd&nksu gtkj 553] xqtjkr pkj gtkj 483] e/; izns’k&,d

gtkj 465] dsjG&pkj gtkj 574] egkjk‛Vª&pkj gtkj 870] rkfeGukMw&rhu

gtkj 405] rj vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrjkoj ljkljh pkj gtkj 170 :Ik;s vkgs-

egkjk‛Vªkr gk [kpZ xsY;k rhu o‛kkZr rhu’ks :Ik;kauh ?kVyk vkgs- FkksMD;kr]

f’k{k.kkoj [kpZ tso<k tkLr rso<k jk‛Vªh; mRiUukP;k ok<hpk osx o izfrO;Drh

mRiUukph ikrGh vf/kd v’kh fLFkrh vkgs- [kqY;k /kksj.kkpk Lohdkj djrkuk ;kis{kk

foijhr fLFkrh vlY;kus R;koj fopkjeaFkukph osG vkyh vkgs-

ukf’kd ftYgÓkkrgh v’khp fLFkrh vkgs- ;k ckcr fofo/k ‘kkldh; o [kklxh

laLFkkapk vk<kok ?ksryk vlrk fcxj vuqnkfur oxGrk ftYgk ifj‛kn] vkfnoklh

fodkl foHkkxkP;k vkJe’kkGk] egkuxjikfydk o [kklxh laLFkkaP;k ‘kkGkauk

f’k{kdkaP;k osrukps ‘kaHkj VDds vuqnku ‘kklu nsrs] ;k ek/;ekrwu xq.koÙksfo‛k;h

fuEuLrj vlysY;k ;k ‘kkGkar ‘kklukyk izfrfo|kFkhZ ;s.kkjk [kpZ oxkZr 40 fo|kFkhZ

la[;k o ,d f’k{kd vls izek.k vkf.k ikpO;k osru vk;ksxkuqlkj ljkljh lkMslkr

gtkj :Ik;s osru] ia/kjkVôs osrusrj vuqnku o ,dk rqdMhr deky 60 fo|kFkhZ

;kuqlkj ljdkjh f’k{k.kkr lqekjs nksu gtkj 450 rs nksu gtkj 750 :Ik;s [kpZ

gksrkr- ,o<k [kpZ] lqfo/kk]dzhMkax.ks] bekjr] izf’kf{kr deZpkjh vlwugh rsFkhy

xq.koÙkk f’k{k.krTKkaP;k “‛Vhus Vhdspk fo‛k; vkgs- R;k rqyusr bekjrh rksdM;k]

ek= R;kaph LoPNrk o ns[kHkky pkaxyh ukgh] f’k{kd vizf’kf{kr o deh osrukps]

59

ek= fo|kF;kZaP;k xq.koÙkspk O;fDrxr ikBiqjkok ;keqGs ljdkjpk [kpZ ‘kwU;] rj

ikydkapk [kpZ fdrhrjh tkLr v’kh fLFkrh vkgs] fo|kF;kZaoj nIrjkps] ikydkaoj

[kpkZps vks>s Vkdwu izlaxh ljdkjh ca/kus >qxkj.kkjs gs f’k{k.k lkekftd“‛V;k

vusdkauk ijoM.kkjsp ukgh] v’kh fLFkrh vkgs- f’k{k.k gh dY;k.kdkjh jkT;kph

ewyHkwr tckcnkjh vlrkuk R;kiklwu nwj tk.kkjs /kksj.k jkcohr lq: vlysyh

‘kS{kf.kd okVpky R;k“‛Vhus ,d osxGk VIik ekuyk tkr vkgs- ldkG ¼2005½

nIrjkps vks>s deh dj.;kfo‛k;hph ppkZ cÚ;kp o‛kkZiklwu lq: vkg s- R;kph

vaeyctko.kh dj.;klkBh dkgh ‘kkGkauh iq<kdkj ?ksryk- i.k R;k vioknp-

vtwugh fo|kF;kZaP;k ikBhojpk ckstk dkgh deh >kysyk ukgh- myV R;kr ok<p

gksr vlY;kps fp= vkgs-

‘kkGsps varj tkLr vlsy rj fo|kF;kZaP;k ‘kkGsi;Zar tk.;kph lks; fj{kk

fdaok vU; okgukaP;k lgk¸;kus dsyh tkr vlyh] rjh [ksM;kr ek= f’k{k.kklkBh

eqykaph ik;ihV laiysyh ukgh- v’kk osGh ikBhoj vlysys nIrj vks>s vkgs-

eqykaP;k ikBhojps gs vks>s deh dj.;klkBh dkgh ‘kkGkauh pkaxyh mik;

;kstys vkgsr- oxZikBkP;k ogÓkk oxkZr tek djk;P;k- x`gikBkP;k ogÓkk Bjkfod

fno’khp ‘kkGsr riklk;yk ?ksÅu tk;P;k] vlk fu;e dsyk vkgs- ek=]R;kp osGh

ik.;kP;k ckVY;k] fi’kO;k ;kaP;k okijkus vks>s dkgh deh >kysys ukgh- myV

nIrjkr tkLrhr tkLr ekork ;sbZy ;klkBh lks;h dsY;k tkr vkgsr- nIrjkP;k

cktwyk [kkl ckVY;k clw ‘kdrhy ;k vkdkjkph tkGh vlrs] f’kok; rhu&pkj

f[kls vlrkr- R;kr daikliklwu jaxisVh] Mk;jh vls cjsp dkgh ekow ‘kdrs- f’kok;

dkgh ogÓkk jkst vk.kkO;kp ykxrkr- dkgh uohu fo‛k;kaph ok<gh nIrjkps otu

ok<fo.kkjh Bjyh vkgs- dkgh ‘kkGkar Øfed oxGrk brj iqLrds yko.;kr vkyh

vkgsr- R;kaph [kjsnh o oxkZr rh vk.k.ks vko’;d dsys vkgs] R;keqGs gs vks>s okgrp

fo|kF;kZauk jkst oxkZr ;kos ykxr vkgsr- gs vks>s deh dj.;koj ppkZ ek= gksrs

mik; dkgh ‘kks/kyk tkr ukgh o R;kph vaeyctko.khgh dsyh tkr ukgh- ldkG ¼2005½

1-12 leh{k.k %

60

1-12-1 leh{k.kkpk gsrw % egkjk‛Vª jkT; ikBîkiqLrd fufeZrh eaMG ;kauh r;kj

dsysys ikBîkiqLrd fcupwd vlrs vls ukgh- ekuoh izo`Ùkh] erfHkUurk v’kk

dkj.kkaeqGs pqdk jkgwu tkrkr- R;kr ;ksX; rh nq:Lrh lwpfo.ks Øe izkIr vkgs-

ikBîkiqLrd fufeZrh eaMGkl nq:Lrh lwpfo.ks R;k ckcr vko’;d f’kQkj’kh dj.ks o

f’k{k.kØekP;k vis{kkuq:Ik ikBîkiqLrdkph ekaM.kh >kyh ikfgts- loZ vk’k;kyk ;ksX;

U;k; fnyk ikfgts- fo’ks‛kr% vH;klØekuqlkj ikBÓkØe vlkok o ikBØe gk

mn~fn‛Vkuq:Ik vlkok rlsp f’k{k.kiz.kkyhps loZlkekU; mn~fn‛Vs vk’k;krwu lk/;

>kyh ikfgts- loZlkekU; f’k{k.k iz.kkyhps mn~fn‛Vs o Hkwxksy fo‛k;kph mn~fn‛Vs

;kr ;ksX; leUo; vl.ks vko’;d vkgs- f’k{kdkauh v/;kiu djrkauk vk’k;kps

fo’ys‛k.k d:u v/;kiu djkos gh vis{kk vkgs- Eg.kwu v/;kiu gs v/;;ukl lqyHk

vlkos] v/;kiukr ;ksX; ‘kS{kf.kd lk/kus okij.ks o rs lk/kus osGsoj miyC/k gks.ks

vko’;d vkgs- Lok/;k;kr dkgh nq:LR;k vlrhy rj R;k ckcr lwpuk dj.ks-

ikBîkiqLrdkP;k vk’k;krhy O;kdj.k fo‛k;d pqdk lqlacn~/k ekaM.kh] O;ofLFkri.kk

;kapk ekxksok ?ks.ks- ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;krwu ikBÓkØekph mfÌ‛Vs mfpr lk/;

gksrkr dk\ R;kr dks.kR;k uohu Kkukpk o dYiukapk lekos’k dj.ks t:j vkgs-

R;kr vn~;;kor vl.ks egÙokps vlrs- dkj.k rs Hkfo‛;dkGkpk os/k ?ks.kkjs Kku

R;krwu fo|kFkhZ leFkZ dj.ks gk gsrw vkgs dk;\ vls fofo/k gsrw leh{k.kkaps vlrkr-

mikluh ¼1972½

1-12-2 leh{k.kkps ?kVd %

¼v½ varxZr ?kVd % ikBîkiqLrdkps leh{k.k djrkauk varxZr ?kVdkps ijh{k.k

oLrqfu‛B gks.ks vko’;d vkgs- Eg.kwu izLrqu la’kks/kukr la’kks/kdkus Hkwxksy rTKkaP;k

enrhus leh{k.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- R;kaP;k ekxZn’kZuk[kkyh ikBÓkØe]

ikBîkiqLrd] mn~fn‛Vs] R;krhy vk’k; fo’ys‛k.k d:u leh{k.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru

dsysyk vkgs- ikBÓkiqLrkdrhy vk’k;] /;s;s] mn~fn‛Vs] Lok/;k;] Hkk‛kk o ‘kSyh]

fo|kF;kZauk v/;;ukl ifj.kkedkjd vkgs dk\ ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;kuq:Ik Hkk‛kk]

61

o;ksxV] fp=s] udk’ks] vkys[k] vkÑR;k v’kk ckchaph ;ksX; ekaM.kh vk’k;kr vkgs dk\

;kpk vH;kl varxZr ?kVdkr dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs-

¼c½ ckº;kax &¼cfgxZr½ ckº;kaxkr ikBîkiqLrdkps ‘kh‛kZd] vkdkj] dkxn] ewY;]

ew[ki`‛B] eyi`"B] v{kjkapk vkdkj] Ik`‛Bla[;k] cka/k.kh ;k ckchapk vH;kl

fpfdRlkRed dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs-

¼d½ leh{k.kkph dk;Zokgh %

1- ikBîkiqLrdkps ckjdkbZu okpu dsyss- HkwxksykP;k ikBÓkØekps okpu d:u

ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k; o ikBÓkØe ;kapk lfoLrj vH;kl dsyk-

2- ikBÓkØekph mfÌ‛Vs o loZlkekU; f’k{k.kiz.kkyhph mfÌ‛Vs vH;klys-

3- la’kks/kukP;k fuoMysY;k {ks=kpk vk<kok ?ksowu o {ks=kpk vH;kl dsyk-

4- ikBÓkiqLrdP;k varjax o ckº;kaxkpk vH;kl d:u R;kps vk’k; fo’ys‛k.k

dsys o R;krwu ;ksX; fu‛d‛kZ o f’kQkj’kh lwpfoyk-

5- ikBÓkdze] vk’k;] ikBîkiqLrd gs fo|kF;kZaP;k ekul’kkL=kuqlkj vkgs ;kaph

lUeukRed ekfgrh feGfoyh-

6- la’kks/kukr tks uequk fuoMysyk vkgs- R;k uequk xVkrhy v/;kidkapk Hkwxksy

vk’k;klaca/kh “f‛Vdksu iz’ukoyhP;k ek/;ekrwu ekfgrh ladfyr dj.ks- R;kpizek.ks

Hwkxksy rTKkaP;k eqyk[krh ?ksÅu ikBîkiqLrdkrhy vk’k;koj ekfgrh tek d:u

;ksX; rks fu‛d‛kZ dk<.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk-

7- la’kks/kdkyk feGkysY;k ekfgrhP;k vk/kkjs vFkZfuokZpu] fo’ys‛k.k] fu‛d‛kZ

dk<ys] ;ksX; R;k f’kQkj’kh lwpfoY;k-

1-13 la’kks/kukph jpuk

la’kks/kukph jpuk rhu Lrjkoj dsysyh vkgs- ,d izkjafHkd ekfgrh] nqljs

vgoky lafgrk frlÚ;k Hkkxkr ifjf’k‛Vs o lanHkZxzaFk ;k Lo:ikph vkgs-izdj.k ,d

e/;s rhu Hkkxkr ekfgrh vkgs-

1- la’kks/kukps izkLrkfod] ‘kh‛kZd] leL;sps Li‛Vhdj.k] egÙo o xjt] dk;kZRed

O;k[;k] mn~fn‛Vs] x`fgrds] ifjdYiuk] O;kIrh o e;kZnk] {ks=] la’kks/kukph jpuk-

62

2- lanHkZ lkfgR; o lanHkZ la’kks/ku

3- la’kks/kukph dk;Z in~/krh] uequk fuoM o la’kks/kukph lk/kus

izdj.k nksu e/;s pkj Hkkxkr ekfgrh vkgs-

1- ikBÓkiqLrdkPks leh{k.k rhu oxkZps dsysys vkgs-

2- vk’k; fo’ys‛k.kkpk vFkZ o Lo:Ik] ?kVd] vk’k;Kku] vfHko`n~/khph ladYiuk o

egÙo] v/;kiu in~/krh-

3- ekfgrhps fo’knhdj.k]fo’ys‛k.k o vFkZfuokZpu-&Hkwxksy f’k{kdkapk izfrlkn o

Hkwxksy rTKkapk izfrlkn-

4- pkp.khps lkaf[;dh; fo’ys‛k.k o vFkZfuokZpu-

izdj.k rhu e/;s la’kks/kukpk lkjka’k&izkLrkfod] ‘kh‛kZd] xjt o egÙo]

dk;kZRed O;k[;k] mn~fn‛Vs] x`fgrds] ifjdYiuk] O;kIrh o e;kZnk] lacaf/kr

lkfgR;kpk o la’kks/kukpk vk<kok] dk;Z in~/krh] uequk fuoM] lk/kus] fu‛d‛kZ]

f’kQkj’kh-

‘ksoVh ifjf’k‛V o lanHkZxzaFkkph ekfgrh fnysyh vkgs-

63

1-14 izdj.k 1-ps lanHkZxzaFk ;knh

1- nkaMsdj ok-uk-¼1985½ ‘kS{kf.kd ewY;ekiu fo|k izdk’ku] iq.ks-

2- tks’kh ck-y-¼2006½ f’k{k.k in~/krhr oSf’od cny Ogkok- ldkG 28 twu-

3- yks.kh Jh/kj ¼2005½ vH;klØe cnyrks;] f’k{k.k in~/krh cnysy\ ldkG 11

fMlsacj-

4- Vsax’ks ¼2006½ o`ri=kaph tckcnkjh] ldkG 20 vkWDVkscj-

5- fHkarkMs fo-jk- ¼1994½ ‘kS{kf.kd la’kks/ku in~/krh uwru izdk’ku iq.ks]ik-ua- 18]19-

6- ukxiqjs o-jk-¼1992½ izkFkfed f’k{k.k vH;klØe] 1988- lapkyd] egkjk‛Vª

jkT; ‘kS{kf.kd la’kks/ku] izf’k{k.k ifj‛kn] iq.ks] ik-ua- 8rs 11 o 117] 171] 172-

7- ckiV Hkk-xks-¼1975½ Hkwxksy v/;;u vkf.k v/;kiu Oghul izdk’ku] iq.ks] ik-ua-

64 rs 70-

8- iksa{ks n-ck- ¼2003½ Hkwxksykps v/;kiu] uwru izdk’ku] iq.ks] ik-ua-7]8]44]45]101

rs 110-

9- dk;ans ikVhy xaxk/kj fo-¼2005½ la’kks/ku in~/krh pSrU; ifCyds’kUl~] ukf’kd]

ik-ua- 1-9 rs 1-11

10- HkkaMkjdj MkW-iq-y-¼1990½ lkekftd la’kks/ku in~/krh] egkjk‛Vª fo|kihB xzaFk

fufeZrh eaMGklkBh fo|k cqDl] vkSjaxkckn] ik-ua-10

11- dkGikaMs olar ¼2005½ eaMG fu.kZ; ykn.kkj ukgh- ldkG 23 vkWDVkscj-

12- [kMisdj fou;k ¼2005½ O;kdj.kkr Hkk‛kk xqne: u;s- ldkG 23 vkWDVkscj-

13- xkMxhG ckGk ¼2005½ ?kkrd fu.kZ;- ldkG 23 vkWDVkscj-

14- nkrs ‘k-jk- ¼2005½ Hkk‛kk Eg.kts iksj[ksG uOgs- ldkG 23 vkWDVkscj-

15- dksÙkkiYys ukxukFk ¼2005½ pqdhpk fu.kZ;- ldkG 23 vkWDVkscj-

64

16- nkrs ‘k-jk- ¼2002½ iqLrdkrhy pqdk] xkaodjh 8 vkWDVkscj-

17- pkS/kjh e/kqdj /kuth ¼1984½ f’k{k.k o jk‛Vªh; fodkl ¼izLrkousrwu½] ikVhy

Mh-vkj- jkosj rkyqD;krhy vkfnoklh izkFkfed ‘kkGkae/khy fo|kF;kZaph xGrh

o LFkfxrhpk vH;kl ,e-fQy izca/k]iq.ks fo|kihB- ik-ua-1

18- f’kjokMdj fo-ok- ¼1988½ f’k{kd xkSjo lekjaHk] vad izdk’ku lkoZtfud

okpuky;] ukf’kd] ik-ua-1 o 2

19- ldkG ¼2005½ ‘kkGse/;s vkrk loZ fo‛k;kalkBh izdYi- ldkG 26 uksOgsacj-

20- ldkG ¼2005½ ft-Ik-‘kkGkaph la[;k ?kVrs;- ldkG 29 es-

21- tks’kh y{eh’kkL=h rFkkih rdZrhFkZ ¼1979½ ejkBh fo’odks’k vkBok [kaM

egkjk‛Vª jkT; lkfgR; laLd`rh eaMG] izdk’ku] eqacbZ] ik-ua- 571 rs 576-

22- tks’kh ia-egknso’kkL=h ¼1889½ Hkkjrh; laL”rh dks’k Hkkx pkSFkk] Hkkjrh;

laLÑrh dks’k eaMG]iq.ks] ik-ua- 82 rs 86-

23- mikluh uk-ds-¼1972½ ‘kS{kf.kd d`rhla’kks/ku&Lo:Ik] lk/kus o dk;Zin~/krh-

egkjk‛Vª jkT; ikBîkIkqLrd fufeZrh o vH;klØe la’kks/ku eaMG] iq.ks] ik-ua-

7-