J. ZhouJ. Zhou11, X. Zhu, X. Zhu11, T. Wang, T. Wang11, and X. Zhang, and X. Zhang22

11 College of Resources and Information Tech., China University of Petroleum College of Resources and Information Tech., China University of Petroleum22 Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences

October 19, 2007October 19, 2007

Characterization of Organic Characterization of Organic Aerosol in the Suburban Aerosol in the Suburban

Area of BeijingArea of Beijing

Introduction of on-going researchIntroduction of on-going research Study designStudy design Chemical composition of particulate Chemical composition of particulate

organic matter (POM)organic matter (POM) PAHs pollution and the major sourcePAHs pollution and the major source

ss Preliminary results regarding health Preliminary results regarding health

risk assessmentrisk assessment Future workFuture work

Outline

MotivationMotivation

Impact on climate change, visibility, Impact on climate change, visibility, atmospheric chemistry in stratosphere atmospheric chemistry in stratosphere and troposphere and adverse effect on and troposphere and adverse effect on human healthhuman health

Need for more monitoring data to refine Need for more monitoring data to refine the knowledge of organic aerosol the knowledge of organic aerosol pollution in Chinapollution in China

Characteristics of organic aerosol Characteristics of organic aerosol pollution in suburban and rural areaspollution in suburban and rural areas

ResearchResearch

Distribution of organic compounds in particles Distribution of organic compounds in particles with different size (2003-2004, cooperation with with different size (2003-2004, cooperation with Dr. Zhang)Dr. Zhang)

Difference in air pollution characteristics betweDifference in air pollution characteristics between urban and suburban areas (2003-2004, coopeen urban and suburban areas (2003-2004, cooperation with Dr. Zhang)ration with Dr. Zhang)

Chemical composition of POM in PMChemical composition of POM in PM2.52.5 and PM and PM1010 (2003-present)(2003-present)

Effect of human activities on POM, especially PAEffect of human activities on POM, especially PAHs and alkanes (2003-present)Hs and alkanes (2003-present)

Specific Aim:Specific Aim: to characterize POM pollution in suburban to characterize POM pollution in suburban area and to understand the major sourcesarea and to understand the major sources

Study DesignStudy Design

Sampling sitesSampling sites Changping DistrictChangping District －－ subursubur

ban areaban area ；； Haidian District Haidian District － － urban aurban a

rearea

Sampling campaignsSampling campaigns Suburban area: 2003Suburban area: 2003 － － prepre

sentsent Urban area: 2003 Urban area: 2003 － － 20042004 In four seasonsIn four seasons

Particulate Matter CollectedParticulate Matter Collected

Particles with different size (≥7.0μm; 3.3 ～ 7.0μm; 2.

0 ～ 3.3μm 1.1 ～ 2.0μm ≤1.1μm) – during 2003-2004;

PM10 － during 2003-2007 ；

PM2.5 – during 2004-2007.

Extraction

Concentration

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Polar Compounds

GC-MS

GC-MS

Qualification & Quantification

PAHsStandard solut

ion

Data analysis

Sample collection

Column cleaning

BSTFA

BSTFA

郊区夏季

05

10152025303540

正烷烃

多环芳烃

正脂肪酸

正脂肪醇

藿烷/ 甾烷

单糖

二元酸

/ 酯类

酞酸酯

其它

未知物

相对含量（％）

郊区春季

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

正烷烃

多环芳烃

正脂肪酸

正脂肪醇

/藿烷甾烷

单糖 /

二元酸酯类

酞酸酯

其它

未知物

%相对含量（）

郊区秋季

02468

101214161820

正烷烃

多环芳烃

正脂肪酸

正脂肪醇

/藿烷甾烷

单糖 /

二元酸酯类

酞酸酯

其它

未知物

相对含量（％）

郊区冬季

0

510

1520

2530

35

正烷烃

多环芳烃

正脂肪酸

正脂肪醇

/藿烷甾烷

单糖 /

二元酸酯类

酞酸酯

其它

未知物

相对含量（％）

城乡结合部春季

0

510

1520

2530

35

正烷烃

多环芳烃

正脂肪酸

正脂肪醇

/藿烷甾烷

单糖 /

二元酸酯类

酞酸酯

其它

未知物

相对含量（％）

城乡结合部夏季

05

101520253035404550

正烷烃

多环芳烃

正脂肪酸

正脂肪醇

/藿烷甾烷

单糖 /

二元酸酯类

酞酸酯

其它

未知物

相对含量（％）

城乡结合部秋季

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

正烷烃

多环芳烃

正脂肪酸

正脂肪醇

/藿烷甾烷

单糖 /

二元酸酯类

酞酸酯

其它

未知物

相对含量（％）

城乡结合部冬季

0

5

10

15

20

25

30正烷烃

多环芳烃

正脂肪酸

正脂肪醇

/藿烷甾烷

单糖 /

二元酸酯类

酞酸酯

其它

未知物

相对含量（％）

n-Alkane:13.7 ％ -23.3 ％ (average

of 19.0 ％ ) ， highest in winter

com

posit

ion

Fatty acid: 18.9 ％∼ 43.5 ％ (average of ，30 ％ ) ， highest in summer

n-Alkanol: 6.2 ％∼ 21.8 ％ (average of

11.0 ％ ) ， highest in spring

PAHs: 2.1 ％∼ 15.4 ％ (average of 5.8 ％ ) ，highest in winter

Sugar: 0.8 ％∼ 15.3 ％ (average of 6.5 ％ ) ，highest in autumn

Hopane & Sterane: average of 2.8 ％

Dicarboxylic acid and ester: average of

1.33%, products of photochemical reaction

Bacteria and Algae

Higher plant wax

Fossil fuel

Pyrolysis origin

Biomass burning

Secondary

Unknown

Natural

Anthropogenic31.431.4 ％％

24.024.0 ％％

20.120.1 ％％

10.410.4 ％％

3.603.60 ％％

1.331.33 ％％

9.109.10 ％％

Majo

r sou

rces

Seasonal variation of PAHsSeasonal variation of PAHs

Correlation analysis: temperature and PAH dCorrelation analysis: temperature and PAH decayecay

Multiple approaches to investigate the major Multiple approaches to investigate the major sources:sources:

Molecular markerMolecular marker Source profile comparisonSource profile comparison Specific ratiosSpecific ratios Multi-variable statistical analysisMulti-variable statistical analysis

Seasonal Variation and Temp.Seasonal Variation and Temp.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

03年春季 03年夏季 03年秋季 03年冬季 04年春季 04年夏季 04年秋季 04年冬季

多环芳烃总量

ng/

m3

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

温度

℃

郊区 城乡结合部 温度

Seasonal Variation and Decay in AirSeasonal Variation and Decay in Air

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

PA

Hs总量

/ng/

m3

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

BeP

/BaP

PAHs总量 BeP/BaP

春 夏 秋 冬 春 夏 秋 冬城乡结合部 郊 区

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

PA

Hs总量

/ng/

m3

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

BeP

/BaP

PAHs总量 BeP/BaP

春 夏 秋 冬 春 夏 秋 冬城乡结合部 郊 区

Seasonal Variation and Emission Seasonal Variation and Emission SourcesSources

郊区 春季

19%

夏季2%

秋季27%

冬季52%

Major sources and the contributionsMajor sources and the contributions

Coal/wood combustion: 26.8Coal/wood combustion: 26.8 ％％ ;;Petroleum combustion: 41.8Petroleum combustion: 41.8 ％％ ;;Coke plant: 28.3Coke plant: 28.3 ％％ ;;Diesel vehicle: 3.1Diesel vehicle: 3.1 ％％

Seasonal variation in the contribution of coal combustion

Benzo(a)Pyrene concentration in PMBenzo(a)Pyrene concentration in PM1010

12. 28

1. 4 1. 9

4. 4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

ng/

m3浓度

北京 罗马 伦敦 哥本哈根

[a]苯并 芘

NAAQS

Health Risk AssessmentHealth Risk Assessment Corrected PAHs conc. with toxic equivalency factors (TEF) in BeijingCorrected PAHs conc. with toxic equivalency factors (TEF) in Beijing ng/mng/m33

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

化合物 TEFs Urbanarea

Suburban area

Urbanarea

Suburban area

Urbanarea

Suburban area

Urbanarea

Suburban area

Naphthalene 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.001 ＜ 0.001

Acenaphthylene 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.003 0.001

Acenaphthene 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001

Fluorene 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.002

Phenanthrene 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 ＜ 0.001 0.010 0.006 0.028 0.016

Anthracene 0.01 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.014 0.011 0.059 0.030

Fluoanthene 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.013 0.016 0.055 0.029

Pyrene 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.013 0.015 0.048 0.028

Benzo[a]anthracene 0.1 0.259 0.294 0.007 0.035 1.368 1.250 2.433 1.776

ChryseneChrysene 0.01 0.047 0.054 0.003 0.006 0.227 0.182 0.290 0.219

Benzo[b+k]fluoanthene*

0.1 1.278 1.155 0.006 0.128 0.626 0.846 3.046 2.260

Benzo[a]pyrene 1 5.299 4.511 0.027 0.581 5.582 5.396 14.305 11.113

Indo[1,2,3cd]pyrene 0.1 1.651 1.217 0.001 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.155 1.970 1.003

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene

1 2.088 1.470 0.001 0.105 0.001 0.323 4.624 1.314

Benzo[ghi]perylene 0.01 0.185 0.150 0.001 0.022 0.119 0.065 0.184 0.141

∑PAHs 10.815 8.866 0.054 0.882 7.978 8.266 27.048 17.934

BaP/∑PAHs 0.49 0.51 0.50 0.66 0.70 0.65 0.53 0.62

Corrected concentration provides the information regarding health risk.

For example, pyrene (lower corrected conc. while high ambient conc.), benzo(a)pyrene (higher corrected conc. while lower ambient conc.)

High corrected conc. were observed with 11.47ng/m3 in urban area and 8.98ng/m3 in suburban area.

Future WorkFuture Work

1.1. Characterization of air pollution in suburban and Characterization of air pollution in suburban and rural arearural area①① Organic aerosolOrganic aerosol②② Trace metals, especially those in HAP list (chromium)Trace metals, especially those in HAP list (chromium)

2.2. Application of multiple approaches to source Application of multiple approaches to source apportionment of POMapportionment of POM①① Molecular markers or organic tracersMolecular markers or organic tracers②② Carbon isotopesCarbon isotopes

3.3. Air toxic pollution and human healthAir toxic pollution and human health①① Measurement of personal exposureMeasurement of personal exposure②② Outdoor/indoor sources and personal exposureOutdoor/indoor sources and personal exposure

Thank youThank you