jenney’s first year latin lesson 2 - wordpress.com · 2019-11-10 · jenney’s first year latin...
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Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 2
1. Lesson 2 Vocabulary2. Basics of Latin Verbs
3. Present Tense of 1st Conjugation Verbs4. Subject-Verb Agreement
5. Accusative of Direct Object
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Lesson 2 Vocabulary
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amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
to love
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dō, dare, dedī, datus
to give
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laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
to praise
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nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus
to sail
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occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus
to seize, capture
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parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus
to prepare, prepare for
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portō, portāre, portāvī, portātus
to carry
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pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus
to fight
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spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātus
to watch, look at
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vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus
to call
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ad
to, towards
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cum
with
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et
and
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sed
but
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nōn
not
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amīcitia, amīcitiae, f.
friendship
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patria, patriae, f.
country, fatherland, native land
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Latin Verbs – The Basics
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Basics – Conjugations
• Like English verbs, verbs in Latin express an action or state of being
• Latin verbs are inflected– the inflection of verbs is called conjugation
• Like nouns, verbs are divided into families.– these families are called conjugations; there are 4
(1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)
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Characteristics of Latin Verbs
• Verbs have FIVE characteristics– Person– Number– Tense– Voice – Mood
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Characteristic 1: Person• Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with
reference to the speaker• There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and
3rd
• In English, we show person by personal pronounsPerson Singular Plural
1st I We
2nd You You (pl.) [y’all]
3rd he/she/it they
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Characteristic 1: Person
• In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person Singular Plural
1st ō / m mus
2nd s tis
3rd t nt
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Characteristic 2: Number
• Just like nouns, verbs can be either singular or plural
• Number is coded into the personal endings
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Review
• So, just like nouns have case endings, verbs have personal endings
• Two important pieces of information are coded into the endings of both nouns & verbs:– Nouns: case and number– Verbs: person and number
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Characteristic 3: Tense
• Tense (<tempus, temporis, n.: time) tells you when the action or state of being of the verb is happening
• There are six tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect. (see timeline)
• Present Tense: indicates the verb is happening or being NOW
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Characteristics – A Review
• Verbs belong to families, called conjugations– there are 4: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
• Verbs have five characteristics: person, number, tense, voice, and mood
• Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
• Tense indicates the time when the action is taking place
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Dictionary Entry
• Most verbs have four principal parts• Dictionary entry = principal parts + definition
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight1 2 3 4 5
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Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight1 2 3 4 5
1. pugnō – 1st Principal Part
– 1st SG present tense form (“I fight”)
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Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight1 2 3 4 5
2. pugnāre – 2nd Principal Part– Present Infinitive (“to fight”)– Vowel next to ending –re tells you a verbs
conjugation [–ā– = 1st conjugation]– Dropping the –re gives you present stem
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Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight1 2 3 4 5
3-4. pugnāvī, pugnātus– 3rd-4th Principal Parts– don’t worry about these for now
5. to fight – definition/meaning– definition should always be in the infinitive form
(to…)
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Forming the Present Tense
1. Find the PRESENT STEM– go to the 2nd principal part– drop the –re
2. Add the PERSONAL ENDINGS– -ō/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
e.g. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
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Translating the Present Tense
• Latin does not have special forms for progressive or emphatic verbs
• So, present tense verbs can be translated from Latin THREE ways:– am/is/are ___________ing (present progressive)
– _____________s (simple present)
– does/do _____________ (emphatic present)
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Translating the Present Tense
• E.g.: Pugnāmus.– We fight.
– We are fighting.
– We do fight.
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Subject Verb Agreement
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Subject Verb Agreement
• All subjects must agree with (aka match) their verbs in person and number
• singular verbs must have singular subjects• plural verbs must have plural subjects
NO EXCEPTIONS!
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Subject Verb Agreement
Agricola puellam amat.[sg. subject + sg. verb]
The farmer loves the girl.
Agricolae pugnant.[pl. subject + pl. verb]
The farmers are fighting.
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Accusative of Direct Object
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Recap…
• subject of a sentence = doer of the action or state of being
• subject is represented by the nominative casein Latin
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Accusative of Direct Object
• direct object = the receiver of the action of a verb
• direct object is represented by the accusative case in Latin
Poētās laudāmus.We praise the poets.
Puella poetam laudat.
The girl is praising the poet.