KEYBOARD OPERATION DEVANAGARI LINOTYPE

KEYBOARD OPERATION

DEVANAGARI LINOTYPE

THE DEVANAGARI LINOTYPE

may also be used for the composition of any

modern language in Roman and other

scripts, including Arabic

Keyboard Operation

DEVANAGARI LINOTYPE

For composing Sanskrit, Hindi,

Marathi, Gujarati & other

vernaculars of India

19 3 3 MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY

BROOKLYN, NEW YORK

Devanagari is the name of the script used originally for Sanskrit,

the classical language of the Aryans in India. Most modern ver¬

naculars of India such as Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati and Bengali,

are derived from Sanskrit, in much the same way that French,

Italian, Spanish, etc., are derived from Latin. These vernaculars are

written either in Devanagari or a script based on or derived from it.

Devanagari is known also as Sanskrit script and, like the lan¬

guage, is very systematic. It is based on phonetic principles, and in

pronouncing it every letter of a word must be sounded. There are

no definite rules for dividing words. The written and the printed

characters are very nearly alike. There are no capitals, small capi¬

tals, lower case, or italics in Devanagari. The punctuation generally

used consists of a half-pause (i) and a full pause (n). But most of

the common English punctuation marks are frequently employed

in modern printing.

The Devanagari alphabet has 49 characters, consisting of 16

vowels and 33 consonants. Modern vernaculars of India usually

require about a dozen additional characters and sometimes omit a

few which are gradually disappearing from usage. But substan¬

tially the original alphabet remains as the standard throughout

India. The Devanagari characters are divided into three groups, as

follows:

VOWELS

CONSONANTS

NUMERALS AND MONETARY SIGNS

3

LIN

OT

YP

E

DE

VA

NA

GA

RI

Key

bo

ard

Dia

gra

m N

o.

154.

Main

and A

ux

ilia

ry M

agazin

es

Wh

ere

tw

o d

iffe

ren

t chara

cte

rs a

re s

how

n o

n t

he s

am

e k

ey i

n t

his d

iagra

m,

the u

pper

run

s i

n t

he m

ain

m

agazin

e,

an

d th

e lo

wer

in th

e au

xil

iary

m

agazin

e.

Bo

th a

re c

ontr

oll

ed by t

he o

ne k

ey

.

Some of the sounds found in modern vernaculars and others,

borrowed from the Arabic and Persian, are represented by the ad¬

dition of a dot to certain letters, e.g.,

ofj 7% *t sr f j

When vowels are added to consonants the vowels assume an

abbreviated form which is placed before or after, above or below,

the consonantal characters, thus:

3T 3TT 3' *[ T t V 3T:

T f t 9 r [ l u t f ' 1 :

SB set fa se; sf 9 f ^5“ grt urf fa se:

w far fa *5 fa ?r ?ft fa TT:

^rr fa 1 • ^ =gf V

<r 2T fa a; t # at af a1 a:

cT 3T fa % ?f <f at af a cT:

T JT It ' ft s t- + ff t

W fT fa¬ * % * f i f ft i if

* fT ff ** < < w t f ft fa

*r *rr fa iff if #' *rf fa

V IV i < f f ft V

V *rf fa iff n If if itf : iff V

sr TTT fa % ** ff V TT:

3T 5TT fa * * if if nt t 5T:

fa 1 «? «art fa fa

tET fa Tffl fa fa fa tE:

The short vowel (3f) is inherent in all the consonants. In order

to represent a consonant without a vowel a symbol (), called

virama, is placed under or just in front of the consonantal charac¬

ter to indicate the absence of the inherent vowel Or), e.g.,

In the hand composition of Devanagari for printing from 700 to

1000 characters are employed. The Devanagari Linotype produces

all classes of composition, vernacular or classic, from a keyboard

of 90 keys. An auxiliary magazine containing 34 characters, oper¬

ated from the same keyboard by the use of a shift key, contains

numerals and other characters of infrequent usage.

It will be found that in Sanskrit there are a few special charac¬

ters that are rarely used, as well as symbols of minor importance,

for which no provision has been made in the Linotype keyboard.

Matrices of these characters are included in the standard fount

and carried as side sorts.

The following chart shows the character layout of the Devana¬

gari Linotype keyboard:

1 7 _ 13 19 79 85 3 “P 31f 37[f 431 49 5 65 j; 613 67 3 73 3

2 j. 8 j; 11 Cj. 20 26 32 38 ^ 44 1 50 ^ 5G ^ 62 ^ 6S ^ 74 80 ^ 86

3 £> 9 • 15 _ 21 _ 27 _ 33 _ 39 _ 45 l 51 57 _ 63 T r R C

<j.j -xu t; <jj. m . uo u9 75 _ 81 87 _

1 5 , N 2 Z 9 ^ 3

4 12 10 £1 16 22 _

r IT * < * [ 28 T 34 . 40 _ 46

9 S 9 «\

58 i 64 „ 70 _ 76 _ 82 k V 5 $

5 _ 11 ft 17 23 29 35 41 47 53 59 _ 65 71 _i 77 * 83 _ 89 _

6 12 _ 18 _ 24 30 _ 36 _ 42 _ 48 £ 54 . 60 _ 66 _ 72 _ 78 _ 84 90 _

91 97 102 108 J 114 C£ 120 i 114 ? 120

92 98 103 109 _ 115 4 121 .

^ t : 3 _ 115 4 121 _

? si 5

93 * 99 Q. 104 F 119 £ 116 j 122i

94 ^ 100 ^ 105 £ 111 JL 117 4 123 _

‘ft 123f

106 __ 112 _ 118 _

6 7 ^

96 101 , 107 v 113 _ 119 __ 124 _ 5 ( ) ? fT S

The following is a list of the special characters previously re¬

ferred to which are carried as side sorts and inserted in the line by

hand as the occasion demands:

201 202 203 204 ± 205 £ 206 * 207 ± 208 * 209 *

^ ^ 9 {

210 ^ 211 £ 212 213 “ 214 _ 215 210 12 217 fc 218 £

\ ,s [ * * y

219 £ 220 £ 221 f

9^5

2 jl 223 £ 224 p 225 Cp 226 Jp 227 p

228 £ 229 _ 230 _ 231 232 _ 233 234 _ 235 _ 236 _

[ [ 5 51 ' £ $ 7= 5

237 __ 238 239 240 241 242 _ 243 4 244 4 245 4

246 4 247 4 248 4 249 _ 250 _ 251 252 _ 253 . 254

255 _ 256 257 _ 258 _ 259 __ 260 _ 261 _ 262 _ 263 _

264 205 266 267 268 A, 269 _ 270 271 272

273 274 _ 275 ^ 276 277 t 278 ; 279 ^ 280 ^ 281 ^

282 283 . 284 ^ 285 j 280 ^ 287 : 288 .

In the following group is shown a list of the sectional Linotype

characters which are used in combination with one another to form

all the simple and compound letter forms of the Devanagari al¬

phabet. In illustrating the method of combining the various sec¬

tional characters, attention is directed to the fact that only a few

typical examples are indicated. The operator, who should be well

acquainted with the Devanagari alphabet and the vernacular or

language in which he is going to compose type, will find that all

the various combinations and conjunct consonants can be built up

on the Linotype from characters provided on the keyboard, and

an occasional matrix from side sorts.

13 s *r

is _ 7r grf 21 o 13 R 7‘ 2f ft' 7- 8f

3TT 13« *r 7r <T 17 c 7r grf

21 _ 15 _ 7 _ 4 JZ © R 1 ff

33^ 35p

T 781

7 _ 17 c 13 R gf 21 _ 15 _ 43 i

© R 3>

288 . 21 _ 15 _

. © R

f 771

7 _ ST

30 _ « 7r g>: 21 _ 15 _ 103

© R : W 41_ 229 _

^ r T 00 3

7 _ 35 V *r 3T 22? 4r 7r

288 . 41 5 _

^ 5

00 3 54 _

JT 23 r 7r fg 3f 22? 4r i 39 220 £

^ c\

59 _ 53 _ ? F "[

28 5 7r *

22 _ 10 ^

i 30 _ 221 £

J 5 59 _ 53 _ ? F r 27 ? 7 _ "ij- i

oo 0*>5 £ -- - J- 42 _ <r "[ «r

42 _ <3T *r

.{ IT 17c 7r 213f 42 _ or

7 [ sr 21 _

C 7r 22c 2t f 50 ^ 105 £

T 72 <? *r °°f 7r * 22 C 4f ft 39 ^ 7 _ 104 Jc

t 71 i 7 _ 06 c 4r gf 22r 'r 2t If

24 j. 101 p

13« *r 2f 16 * lr gf 22? 7r *f <ff 05 _ 9 • 104 £ 5 r r 13s 4r *f W 33 f 7 - g 22_ »j. fg 114 £^: 21 _ 1 J.

sr 13s 9r $r 82 f ‘r g: 22 _ 1 . 103 c r : ft

39 ^ 120

13s ‘r 103 # 59 ‘r gr 2„r .r »r 22 _ 220 ^

SR 21 _

C 13 R ? 88 _

* 7r fg 31f 29f 4r T 73^ 433

HZ 41 7r sr 083 *r iff “g 14ff t 71 ^ 431

JT 24 r 7r 29 * 47 [

20j; «• gf 13 ® 7r 203r

sr 83 z 7r 24 r " [ V 20 32 56 i

75 _ 15

5 FJ

12 _ X *r Tf 24 r 48 f if 29 F 8f i?

35 112. 1

*- 7 r 3T

30 _ O’ 7r cfc

21 _ C 111 ft if 29r 25f

29 112 _ 1

f 7 r

35 v 13 R * 17c 111 ft gf 29 j: 4r 8f V ^ 215 r

90 _ o- 7r c gf 29I 4r 23f g 73j 4r

T 03 a 7 _

39 3 N f

33 43 i 10 112 _ 1

r 7 r

r 70 s 7 _

SRT 21 _ 15 _ 7 .

© R ■ 4r ft 33^ T. »•

fr 1435 4r

3" 73 3 7 _ 10

S

U—

CO

13 R tv 31 ^ 33 _j 7 .

f 413? 7-

70 T 7r 21 _ 15 _

© R 14t ft 33^

fr 124? 4r

<r c 4r 21 _ 15 _

© R 34 _

9 V

33 52 i

^ 9 f 124 7 _

%

23« ‘r 21 _ 15 _

© R 40.

V

33 58 i

^ « fr 1025 4r

^r 39 f 7 _

c^“ 01

7U

7 _ t

38 ^ 43 i ?r

242 1

5 r

04 s *r gf 21o 19^ 44 1

f 38 45 l

fr 78 ^ 214 . 1 j.

Below is illustrated word forms built up with Linotype sec¬

tional characters:

ara s r « r t 3 <r r *pr r 5 ^ * 3TPT 3 r r r r hrnr f «■ r ? ■ ^;rrr

« g “ r * r t - r ^rrr rrn X it cr r c R ; 5 r

V ? - X ft 3 r ^v5 V R ; 3 rrt ^ rur C E T r WRl o f ^ r r RTRR srrrrr 9 T r RTT c^rr?'

1 " * r 3 5\ * ■ ^TT x r c r r i " ?* r X t - r F « j [ 3 ■ * r jrter * r f cr r *T^T Frrf 3 ^ r *h>r 7 t r fw f 3 % r r ^ “ 5 R 3F>TT c £ - * r ^T ^ - Z Z [

^ - s r O f> 1 - 3TJT 5 r r f RVR s r 1 * r 5 F [ c E *• r 3# ^ r f r w* r 3FT 3; r r HT^T * R ' - r STTW 5 r r <r r

^ff 3 ' t ? - - { * R ^cr^rr t*r * m T r #3 T= t 3

The principal conjunct consonants composed on the Linotype

are shown below:

tG ^T oF^T ITT 5^

HT *cT R- 'ZR w 5^ f 1 W 1

xgj ^T tT ^T ^G r ^ ^g

f i i 1 5 35T 5 5 f f I f w ^T

or T3 UT OITf tT r^T r^T R" R" r%T

«T sr «T r 7 «r 5" »T ^r 3" sr 5 g- «r

=*T *T R- r ^ ^ ^ q R-

sr «SJ" «3* cy i-^T WT J-H) R" TR TR

j^t wT 33T ?r *Z

I ^ ^ ?r * f ^ f *i ^ % k T

EUf i*T ^r ^r FR FT FT »5G ^

*1 af ^T Tf R"

3 3 qtfR <rfl$nidl$H dt lief; cfa SR PP^ I

vrnniwR 3prff farin’# pt fpr *tr ^t fpRbp ft ^tt f t# irr <pft qr

tRo# pp«t srrfcRt qr# ^ncft f mr dfpr pft ft ^rrffr pt W f i fn#,

2JPTT#, pfiR, apt# PRT PRP appff PR sniw fPR> ar^TTRT f I aHdoUTtf pt

tRr# ft 3nt?Rt #t pqqp3pf pt Rftq- srot #r pmi«Ri <n# r# f 1

:pft # pr airr airff p«tr fc& # f, f##p pr^p ft ?iw arfp- ptprp ft 5T5f # <pK pt # t I |R# apfcjtPPf; 3R Rqpapt # RI=MU| cfft p^Rp Pft <JR; pft

ift if I '*' xiT, 4) 4, fsKRT, ff^?Tb -Ml antf PR if cTRft ^TTcft f I t|Ri ddd, ffdRPP

arfr dfd-'R, 'Jif^d, 31## atfp sjPPP# at JTR: PPPTR qpt 3fp<t f 1 Rf aRf ?

fprispt f sr fR RRarf drr aprff p*pr <jr> # f 1 ## f hrr faj; fprtt # w

# tddi d4i ft# # % d4l PPPfTPRT dfpt ft ■Hdi # # ? ## arff sTTfft Pppqparf pf

Id)# Md>IP ^JT RP^Tptrp PPift TO 3TRT I

fprpt srr- fhrr f 1# <pr grra sir sr fa> ^r ppprpt diTddt # ftR ft P*iR qp rfct atfp ipB ft M #5# n I TPft P&IR <T? PPRdPffR cf?P aiRTR f aTP I

R#rP ftt qT 3R Sftcfi-PPPRr iR# 3TTTWT ft # fPP iff ft fTfTTTf factor

ffcfRT ?rt fHR ?ppr tffrarf ft artr n# ap|V an# ^rfr rsir ttR

4 ^1 ?PRRT '■*! * h 5frft I

SfgRrcj,# Ht<d«Jd R HTR t iil^l^R'Ji # # 3TRT f#T TRT I ff a{TTf**R>

TRtrT ^T ^R cfTff %TT ? ffT RT- ^rt t#R THR JRrflf^JRPft^ffi#

W#IT # #fRt # ft *TfR ^T JRRT IHdm R I fPRT PR f 1# Tf#

tdtd^M (fd^dd ) # ft JTfR #t d^fd ft I *Tf tTTfTR aTRRnTRr aR f I

fpmrr ffRt ^rtt RRFar iff 1# gf rir r i fRirr ^tr *if ^rrt f t# aTRhnfrT #t WPfTf fcS # ^»TR it tw# f I f# SR7TT W # f<R

f ft qf fPRRCT PT# RPPT jiT PTcPRT t# ^f ^t# # HPR # tf# aU'^Tantf #

f#3T #Tf ftw ^Tct *t I #RcP fPTR # ptTPT ft PP^TT f t# 3f Pj^T PTRP t td W, im # RSP ?R # 3ptPd5 fppRcft # I

PR WTT # ffR ^7T PPiRTT PfTR # f I Tf# PTPPP R# f, dR# d HP IR ^pprt

fR ^T apTTPPT ftdP f I ?R # #t Mtt df# pt PTP^RP ^TT anpTR ftrfT t I fPTPT

cfSJ pr#f ^“t t# 3R aiT^RIfT #t fTPRf tWR ft# aTTTPvr flc # dTT PRP^

PPPRdP ^TT apppipp # T^ch r *TT I PPpRTarRR pi^ n^th fht 5Pt *t I | pd< aRT

tddip pft trpt ft ^frr m a?#t# ?prp fvRP aprzfanipRf pt tw # fsnt ft f t 'tfR' Rf pt fqd) ft f*f “Deity, divine'7 fR# Theos 3prff fPP ^R

f PTP# t I cfTRT t T#t, arrRi Daughter, ;qpRpft fPfrtP apfp PTFfR fff#

pt #pft PTPPRR qr# r# f ? ftq #t tti# # ptrppp ft ^ft # arfp- $ #pt rtfapt

Specimen page of 12 point Linotype Devanagari, leaded two points

September, 1933. 610.12 pB'NTfO