KingdomKingdomPlantaePlantae

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

• They are complex, multicellular organisms• The cells have a cell wall, a nucleus and other

organelles• They have chlorophyll and can make their own

food by photosynthesis• Most of them are anchored to the ground, and

only parts of the body can move slightly as a result of growth

• They live on land and in water

Classification of PlantsClassification of Plants

PlantsPlants

NonNon--flowering plantsflowering plants Flowering plantsFlowering plants

GymnospermsGymnospermsMossesMosses

FernsFerns

DicotsDicotsMonocotsMonocots

NON-FLOWERING NON-FLOWERING PLANTSPLANTS

Non-Flowering PlantsNon-Flowering Plants

Non-flowering plants DO NOT produce flowers!

Major groups include:

• Mosses

• Ferns

• Gymnosperms

MossesMosses

• They are the simplest plants

• They have simple stems and leaves but NO roots. Instead, they have some hair-like structures called rhizoids arising from the base of the stem. The rhizoids fix the plant body in the soil and absorb water and minerals

RhizoidsRhizoids

MossesMosses

• They are the simplest plant• They have simple stems and leaves but NO

roots. Instead, they have some hair-like structures called rhizoids arising from the base of the stem. The rhizoids fix the plant body in the soil and absorb water and minerals

• They do not have vascular tissues • They reproduce by releasing spores from

capsules to be dispersed by wind

MossesMosses

• They are the simplest plant• They have simple stems and leaves but NO

roots. Instead, they have some hair-like structures called rhizoids arising from the base of the stem. The rhizoids fix the plant body in the soil and absorb water and minerals

• They do not have vascular tissues • They reproduce by releasing spores from

capsules to be dispersed by wind• They grow in damp places in land

MossesMosses

MossesMosses

FernsFerns

• They have roots, underground stems and leaves. The leaves are usually divided into small parts

• They have vascular tissues for transporting water, minerals and food substances. The system also supports the plant body

• Ferns reproduce by releasing spores from spore-producing organs on the underside of the leaves

• They are found mainly in damp and shady places

Spore-Producing OrgansSpore-Producing Organs

FernsFerns

GymnospermsGymnosperms

• Most of them are tall evergreen trees with well developed roots, woody stems and needle-shaped leaves

Needle-Shaped LeavesNeedle-Shaped Leaves

GymnospermsGymnosperms• Most of them are tall evergreen trees with well

developed roots , woody stems and needle-shaped leaves

• They have efficient vascular tissues • They produce male and female cones which

contain reproductive structures. The seeds needed for reproduction are not enclosed by fruits and are called naked seeds. These seeds are held in female cones. When mature, the seeds are dispersed by wind

Male pine conesMale pine cones Female pine conesFemale pine cones

GymnospermsGymnosperms• Most of them are tall evergreen trees with well

developed roots , woody stems and needle-shaped leaves

• They have efficient vascular tissues • They produce male and female cones which contain

reproductive structures. The seeds needed for reproduction are not enclosed by fruits and are called naked seeds. These seeds are held in female cones. When mature, the seeds are dispersed by wind

• They are adapted to grow in relatively dry places

Examples of GymnospermsExamples of Gymnosperms

• Pines • Cycads

FLOWERING FLOWERING PLANTSPLANTS

(Angiosperms)(Angiosperms)

Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants

Flowering plants DO produce flowers!

They may be in the form of:

• Herbaceous plants

• Shrubs

• Trees

Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants

• They can be found in different habitats such as forests, grasslands, dry lands and wetlands

• They have well developed roots, stems and leaves

• They have vascular tissues• They produce flowers that develop into fruits.

The fruits contain seeds, which can develop into new plants

Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants

MonocotyledonsMonocotyledons (Monocots)(Monocots)

DicotyledonsDicotyledons (Dicots)(Dicots)

Monocotyledonous Monocotyledonous PlantsPlants

MonocotsMonocots

• They have only one cotyledon (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. corn)

Definition of a cotyledon: a simple embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, which, in some species, forms the first green leaf after germination

MonocotsMonocots

• They have only one cotyledon (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. corn)

• The veins on the leaves are usually parallel

Notice that the veins are all running parallel to one another

MonocotsMonocots

• They have only one cotyledon (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. corn)

• The veins on the leaves are usually parallel

• Most of them are herbaceous plants (plants with no woody stem)

• Flower parts are in multiples of three

Examples of MonocotsExamples of Monocots

• Grass

• Orchid

• Lily

• Our 4 most important food – corn, rice, wheat and barley – all came from monocots

GrassGrassMaizeMaize

BarleyBarley

LilyLilyWild RiceWild RiceOrchidOrchid

Dicotyledonous Dicotyledonous PlantsPlants

DicotsDicots

• They have two cotyledons (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. bean, peanut)

2 first leaves2 first leaves

DicotsDicots

• They have two cotyledons (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. bean, peanut)

• The veins on the leaves are usually in network form

Notice that the veins are all branching out and forming a network

DicotsDicots

• They have two cotyledons (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. bean, peanut)

• The veins on the leaves are usually in network form

• They cab be trees, shrubs (a low, woody plant) or herbs

• Flower parts are in multiples of four or five

BauhiniaBauhinia

Examples of DicotsExamples of Dicots

• Dandelion

• Sunflower

• Rose

• Most flowering trees such as oak, walnut, willow, apple, papaya, etc.

DandelionDandelion

SunflowerSunflower

Oak TreeOak Tree RoseRose Papaya TreePapaya Tree

Monocots vs. DicotsMonocots vs. Dicots

• One CotyledonOne Cotyledon

• Veins in parallel Veins in parallel formform

• Petals in multiples Petals in multiples of threeof three

• Two cotyledonsTwo cotyledons

• Veins in network Veins in network formform

• Petals in multiples Petals in multiples of four of fiveof four of five

Summary of the Plant KingdomSummary of the Plant KingdomPlantsPlants

Non-Flowering Plants Non-Flowering Plants Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants

Spore-Bearing PlantsSpore-Bearing Plants Naked Seed PlantsNaked Seed Plants

Mosses Mosses (No vascular tissues; with simple stems and leaves but no roots) FernsFerns

(With vascular tissues; with roots, underground stems and leaves)

GymnospermsGymnosperms Monocotyledonous PlantsMonocotyledonous Plants

(With one seed leaf)

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Dicotyledonous PlantsDicotyledonous Plants

(With two seed leaves)