TNG CC MI TRNG

VIN KHOA HC QUN L MI TRNG PGS. TS PHM VN LI (Ch bin)

KINH T HA LNH VC MI TRNG:

MT S VN L LUN V THC TIN

(Sch chuyn kho)

H Ni, 2011

1

THAM GIA BIN SON

PGS. TS. Phm Vn Li (ch bin)

TS. Mai Thanh Dung

TS. Nam Thng

TS. Nguyn Hi Yn

ThS. Nguyn Th Qunh Hng

ThS. Mai Th Thu Hu

ThS. Nguyn Hong Mai

ThS. Bi Hoi Nam

CN. Nguyn Th Thu Hoi

CN. Trn Bch Hng

CN. Hn Trn Vit

(Cun sch c bin son v in n vi s ti tr ca Hp phn Kim sot

nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho - PCDA)

(This book is prepared and printed with support from Pollution Control In

Poor Densely Populated Areas Component)

2

LI GII THIU

Nn kinh t Vit Nam ang tng bc hi nhp vi nn kinh t th gii.

Qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha khng ngng pht trin, km theo l

s gia tng nhim v suy thoi mi trng. V vy, hot ng bo v mi

trng (BVMT) l mt trong nhng hot ng cn c tin hnh song song,

ng thi vi qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi, c bit trong giai oan hin

nay ca nc ta khi nn kinh t ang vn hnh theo c ch th trng c s qun

l cht ch ca Nh nc.

Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca vic tng cng hiu qu trong cng

tc qun l mi trng, hng ti mc tiu BVMT v pht trin bn vng. Ch

trng kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng c Ban cn s ng B

Ti nguyn v Mi trng xc nh l ch trng ln v lu di ca ngnh, cn

c y mnh trong thi gian ti.

T yu cu, nhim v t ra cho ngnh mi trng, vi s h tr ca Hp

phn Kim sot nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA), nhm tc

gi do PGS.TS Phm Vn Li lm ch bin nghin cu v bin son cun

sch chuyn kho Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng: Mt s vn l lun v

thc tin vi hy vng v mong mun lm r hn khi nim, mc tiu, nguyn

tc v ni dung ca kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng, ng thi lm r nhng

vng mc, bt cp trong qu trnh trin khai, t c th kin ngh, xut

nhng gii php nhm y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng. Kinh t ha

lnh vc mi trng l mt vn mi, kh v cn nhiu kin khc nhau. Do

vy, nhm tc gi mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc c gi.

H Ni, thng 7 nm 2011

Nhm tc gi

3

MC LC

CHNG I. MT S VN L LUN V KINH T HA LNH VC MI TRNG .............................................................................................................. 6

I. Mi quan h gia mi trng v kinh t ............................................................ 6

II. Quan im ca ng v Nh nc v y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng ............................................................................................................................. 9

III. Khi nim, mc tiu, nguyn tc v ni dung thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng .................................................................................................................... 15

1. Khi nim kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng ..................................................... 15

2. Mc tiu kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng ........................................................ 19

3. Nguyn tc c bn thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng ................. 20

CHNG II. THC TIN TRIN KHAI KINH T HA .................................. 24

LNH VC MI TRNG ....................................................................................... 24

I. Kinh nghim ca mt s nc trn th gii lin quan n kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng .................................................................................................................... 24

1. Cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng ................................................. 24

1.1 Nhm cng c to lp th trng ................................................................. 31

1.1.1 Chi tr dch v mi trng (chi tr dch v sinh thi) .......................... 31

1.1.2 Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng ............................................... 36

1.2 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo v mi trng .................................................................................................................... 39

1.2.1 t cc hon tr ...................................................................................... 39

1.2.2 K qu mi trng ................................................................................... 43

1.2.3 Bi thng thit hi mi trng ............................................................. 47

1.2.4 Nhn sinh thi ( Nhn mi trng) ....................................................... 53

2. Cc cng c h tr i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng ....................................................................................... 63

2.1 nh gi, lng gi mi trng ................................................................... 63

2.2 Hch ton mi trng .................................................................................. 74

II. Thc tin trin khai cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng ti Vit Nam ............................................................................................................................... 87

2.1 Nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh nc ............ 87

2.2. Nhm cng c to lp th trng .............................................................. 101

4

2.2.1 Chi tr dch v mi trng .................................................................... 101

2.2.2 Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng ............................................. 104

2.3 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo v mi trng .................................................................................................................. 106

2.3.1 t cc hon tr .................................................................................... 106

2.3.2 K qu mi trng ................................................................................. 106

2.3.3 Bi thng thit hi mi trng ........................................................... 108

2.3.4 Nhn sinh thi ....................................................................................... 115

2. 4 Cc cng c h tr i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng .......................................................................... 116

2.4.1 nh gi, lng gi gi tr mi trng .................................................. 116

2.4.2 Hch ton mi trng ............................................................................ 121

CHNG III. YU CU, GII PHP Y MNH KINH TH HA LNH VC MI TRNG ................................................................................................ 127

I. Yu cu .................................................................................................................... 127

1. m bo h thng qun l ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng ............... 127

2. Pht trin bn vng lnh vc mi trng ........................................................ 128

3. To ngun thu cho ngn sch quc gia, nng tm ng gp ca lnh vc mi trng i vi nn kinh t quc dn .................................................................... 129

II. Gii php ............................................................................................................... 129

1. Nhm cc gii php chung ............................................................................... 129

2. Nhm cc gii php c th ................................................................................ 136

2.1 Tng cng hiu qu p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng .................................................................................................................. 136

2.1.1 Nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh nc ....... 136

2.1.2 Nhm cng c to lp th trng .......................................................... 151

2.1.3 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo v mi trng ............................................................................................................... 153

2.2 Cc cng c h tr i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng .......................................................................... 157

PH LC ................................................................................................................... 159

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................. 188

5

DANH MC CH VIT TT

BVMT Bo v mi trng

CAC Cng c ch huy v kim sot

CERs Chng ch gim pht thi

CM Phng php la chn

CVM Phng php nh gi ph thuc vo th trng gi

nh

CTR Cht thi rn

EMA Hch ton qun l mi trng

GDP Tng sn phm quc ni

GEN Mng li nhn sinh thi ton cu

ISO T chc tiu chun quc t

KTTT Kinh t th trng

NSNN Ngn sch nh nc

PES Chi tr dch v mi trng

OECD T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t

TNMT Ti nguyn mi trng

UNEP Chng trnh mi trng Lin Hip Quc

XHCN X hi ch ngha

WTP S sn lng chi tr

WTA S sn lng chp nhn

6

CHNG I. MT S VN L LUN V KINH T HA LNH

VC MI TRNG

I. Mi quan h gia mi trng v kinh t

Khi nim v mi trng: Khi nim v mi trng rt rng ln Mi

trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v yu t vt cht nhn to quan h mt thit

vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng ti i sng, sn sut, s tn ti,

pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin1. Cc yu t t nhin nh vt l, ha

hc, sinh hc tn ti ngoi mun ca con ngi nhng cng t nhiu chu tc

ng ca con ngi. Yu t nhn to l tng th cc nhn t do con ngi to

nn lm thnh tin nghi cho cuc sng ca con ngi nh my bay, t, nh ,

cc khu vui chi gii tr... Tuy nhin, khi xem xt mi quan h tng tc gia

mi trng v kinh t, ngi ta thng ngm hiu mi trng trn kha cnh l

tng ha ca cc yu t t nhin bao gm mi trng t, mi trng nc, mi

trng khng kh, mi trng bin, h ng thc vt

Khi nim v h thng kinh t: H thng kinh t l mt quy trnh bao gm

sn xut, phn b cc yu t u vo, phn phi cc yu t u ra ca sn xut,

tiu dng cc hng ha v dch v trong nn kinh t2. y l mt h thng m,

bn cnh mi quan h ni ti hnh thnh bn trong h thng kinh t- mi quan h

cht ch v thng nht ca cc yu t, thnh phn trong h thng kinh t, cn tn

ti mi quan h gia ton b h thng kinh t vi h thng bn ngoi. Trong h

thng kinh t lun lun din ra qu trnh khai thc ti nguyn, ch bin nguyn

liu v phn phi tiu dng. u tin trong chu trnh hot ng ca h thng

kinh t l khai thc cc ti nguyn t mi trng, sau ch bin nhng ti

nguyn thnh nhng sn phm c th tiu dng c, v cui cng l thi ra

mt khi lng ln cc ti nguyn b hao mn hay b bin i (cn gi l

cht thi).

Khi nim v pht trin kinh t: Pht trin kinh t l qu trnh ci thin v

1 Lut Bo V Mi trng 2005, iu 1. 2 NA, 2007, Economic Systems, The New Encyclopdia Britannica, v. 4, p. 357.

7

nng cao cht lng sng cho ngi dn ca mt quc gia (bao gm cc iu

kin sng v vt cht v tinh thn) vi s tng trng bn vng t nn kinh t

n gin, thu nhp thp sang nn kinh t hin i, thu nhp cao3 4. Pht trin l

xu th chung ca nhn loi, ca loi ngi, l s tng tin mi mt trong nn

kinh t.

Mi quan h gia mi trng v h thng kinh t

Mi trng v h thng kinh t c mi quan h tng tc, c s gn kt

cht ch vi nhau. Mi trng va l yu t u vo, va l yu t u ra ca

qu trnh sn xut. Mi trng l ni cung cp cc nguyn vt liu, nng lng

cho qu trnh sn xut (nh khong sn, g, du m), l khng gian sng,

cung cp cc gi tr cnh quan, vui chi, gii tr phc v cho cuc sng ca con

ngi. Mi trng cng l ni cha cht thi ca cc hot ng trong nn kinh

t nh qu trnh sn xut, qu trnh lu thng v qu trnh tiu dng. Cc cht

thi ra mi trng tn ti di nhiu dng nh: dng rn, dng kh, dng lng.

Khi cc cht thi vi s lng v cht lng nht nh c thi ra mi tng

th cc qu trnh l, ha, sinh.. ca h t nhin s t phn hy, lm sch chng.

Tuy nhin, nu cht thi vt qu kh nng hp th ca mi trng chng s

lm thay i cht lng mi trng, gy nh hng n cuc sng ca con

ngi v sinh vt.

3 Alan Deardorff, Economic development, Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics 4 Hla Myint and Anne O. Krueger, 2009, Economic development, Encyclopdia Britannica.

8

Hnh 1. Mi quan h gia mi trng v h thng kinh t5

Mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin kinh t

Qu trnh pht trin kinh t s gp phn to ra ngun ti chnh h tr cho

qu trnh ci to mi trng, phng chng suy thoi, s c mi trng xy ra

Pht trin kinh t to tim lc BVMT. Tuy nhin, qu trnh pht trin kinh t

din ra vi tc nhanh v mnh cng dn n vic khai thc, s dng qu mc

cc ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng, gy nguy c cn kit ti nguyn,

nhim, suy thoi mi trng.

Mi trng cng tc ng n tnh n nh v bn vng ca s pht trin

kinh t. Mi trng to ra cc tim nng t nhin mi cho cng cuc pht trin

kinh t trong tng lai, gp phn thc y qu trnh pht trin kinh t. Ngc

li, mi trng cng tc ng tiu cc, gy bt li cho qu trnh pht trin kinh

t. nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy ra cc hin tng thi tit bt thng

(sng m dy c, ma , ma axit), cc thm ha v thin tai (bo, l lt,

hn hn). iu ny s tc ng n tt c cc lnh vc, ngnh ngh hot ng

trong nn kinh t, nh hng n qu trnh lu thng, cc hot ng sn xut

kinh doanh trong nn kinh t nh: lm ngng tr qu trnh sn xut; gy thit hi

v kinh t (ti sn, ca ci, vt cht).

5 Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Kinh t v qun l Mi trng, tr.36-tr.38, Nh xut bn thng k, i hc Kinh t quc dn.

9

T mi quan h gia mi trng v h thng kinh t, mi trng v pht

trin kinh t ta thy c v tr v vai tr ca mi trng trong h thng kinh t,

trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t l yu t ch yu v khng th thiu c

trong bt k hot ng no ca nn kinh t. V vy, trong chin lc pht trin

kinh t- x hi ca mi quc gia, vng, khu vc cn lng ghp yu t mi

trng vo trong cc ch trng, chnh sch m bo s kt hp hi ha gia li

ch kinh t v li ch mi trng, va p ng c nhu cu ca hin ti trong

tng trng v pht trin va khng lm nh hng n nhu cu ca th h trong

tng lai v trong cc chnh sch qun l v bo v mi trng cng nn lng

ghp yu t kinh t m bo nhng chnh sch ny pht huy c tnh hiu

qu trong thc tin hng ti mc tiu bo v mi trng v pht trin bn

vng.

II. Quan im ca ng v Nh nc v y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

Hot ng bo v mi trng (BVMT) ti Vit Nam chnh thc c ghi

nhn t nm 1993 khi Lut Bo v mi trng c Quc hi thng qua ngy

27/12/1993 l vn bn quy phm php lut c hiu lc php l cao nht ca Nh

nc Vit Nam v vn BVMT (hin nay c thay th bi Lut BVMT nm

2005). Nhn thc r vai tr v tm quan trng ca hot ng BVMT i vi

vic pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc, tri qua gn 20 nm Nh nc Vit

Nam ban hnh nhiu chnh sch, cc vn bn quy phm php lut trong lnh

vc mi trng v t chc thc thi kh hiu qu cc chng trnh, d n thc

hin chin lc BVMT.

Ch th s 36/CT-TW ngy 25-6-1998 ca B Chnh tr V tng cng

cng tc bo v mi trng trong thi k cng nghip ha, hin i ha t

nc. Ch th khng nh BVMT l s nghip ca ton ng, ton dn v

ton qun; BVMT l mt ni dung c bn khng th tch ri trong ng li,

ch trng v k hoch pht trin kinh t- x hi ca tt c cc cp, cc ngnh,

l c s quan trng bo m pht trin bn vng, thc hin thng li ca s

10

nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. Ch th cng yu cu Ban cn s

ng ch o vic xy dng chin lc quc gia v BVMT, kin ton b my

qun l nh nc v BVMT Trung ng v a phng; cc cp y ng v

chnh quyn cn lnh o v ch o trc tip vic kt hp k hoch pht trin

kinh t- x hi vi cng tc BVMT.

Trong i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX ca ng Cng Sn Vit

Nam v Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi 2001-2010 quan im pht trin bn

vng c ti khng nh: Pht trin nhanh, hiu qu v bn vng, tng

trng kinh t i i vi thc hin tin b, cng bng x hi v bo v mi

trng.

i hi i biu ton quc ln thc XI ca ng Cng Sn Vit Nam tip

tc khng nh trong Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi 2011- 2020: Nng cao

thc bo v mi trng, gn nhim v, mc tiu bo v mi trng vi pht

trin kinh t x hi. i mi c ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng.

a ni dung bo v mi trng vo trong chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht

trin ngnh, lnh vc, vng; vo cc chng trnh, d n

Ngh quyt s 41/NQ-TW ngy 15 thng 11 nm 2004 ca B Chnh Tr

v bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha

t nc. y l Ngh quyt u tin ca B Chnh tr c bit quan tm ti

cng tc bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng trong thi k y mnh cng

nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. Ngh quyt nu r: Mun bo m pht trin

kinh t - x hi bn vng v hi nhp kinh t thnh cng, nht thit phi quan

tm n vn bo v ti nguyn v mi trng.

Quyt nh s 153/2004/Q-Ttg ngy 17 thng 8 nm 2004 ca Th

tng Chnh ph v vic ban hnh nh hng chin lc pht trin bn vng

Vit Nam (Chng trnh Ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam) nu nguyn tc ch

ng gn kt v c ch ti bt buc lng ghp yu cu bo v mi tng trong

vic lp quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh v d n pht trin kinh t- x hi,

coi yu cu bo v mi trng l mt tiu ch quan trng trong nh gi pht

11

trin bn vng, mt trong nhng cng vic c u tiu thc hin l R sot

quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t- x hi cc vng trng im, quy hoch

pht trin cc ngnh kinh t, c bit l nhng ngnh tc ng mnh m ti mi

trng, nhm bo m pht trin bn vng, bo m s dng tit kim ti

nguyn thin nhin, kim sot nhim v qun l cht thi c hiu qu, th

ch ha vic a yu t mi trng vo quy hoch, k hoch pht trin kinh t-

x hi hng nm, 5 nm v di hn ca c nc, cc b, ngnh v a phng t

cp Trung ng n cp c s.

Thy r c tm quan trng ca hot ng BVMT trong tin trnh pht

trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc, cn phi xy dng th ch, chnh sch qun

l v bo v mi trng ng b vi c ch vn hnh ca nn kinh t th trng

theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, m bo hi ha c c li ch v kinh t v

li ch v mi trng, hng ti mc tiu pht trin bn vng. T u nm

2008, Ban cn s ng b Ti nguyn v Mi trng xc nh ch trng

kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng l nhim v trng tm v lu di

ca ngnh trong thi gian ti. y l mt ch trng ng n, gp phn thc

y i mi c ch qun l v bo v mi trng sao cho ng b vi th ch

kinh t th trng (KTTT) theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, ch ng vn dng

cc quy lut khch quan, kh nng t iu tit ca KTTT, tng cng p dng

cc c ch, cng c kinh t trong qun l, nng cao nng lc, t duy, nghin cu

v phn tch kinh t trong lnh vc mi trng.

Ngy 02 thng 12 nm 2009, Ban Cn s ng b Ti nguyn v Mi

trng ban hnh Ngh Quyt s 27-NQ/BCSBTNMT v y mnh kinh t

ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng. Ngh Quyt a ra quan im ch o

trong vic y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng nh:

Th nht, thc s coi ti nguyn l ngun lc khan him, BVMT l thc

o hiu qu v tnh bn vng ca hot ng kinh t v c th hch ton ton

din v y pht trin bn vng t nc;

Th hai, bo m s ng b v nht qun gia phng thc qun l ti

12

nguyn v bo v mi trng vi th ch kinh t th trng theo nh hng x

hi ch ngha;

Th ba, i mi cc c ch chnh sch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi

trng; y mnh ci cch hnh chnh l cc nhim v trng tm y mnh

kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;

Th t, con ngi l trung tm, l nhn t quyt nh ca qu trnh y

mnh kinh t ha trong ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng, ch trng xy dng i

ng cn b, cng chc ca ngnh p ng yu cu v nhim v trong tnh hnh

mi.

Ngh Quyt 27 cng a ra cc nhim v chung ca ngnh Ti nguyn v

Mi trng cn thc hin trong thi gian ti. l:

a) Nghin cu, lm r c s l lun, xc lp nguyn tc, phng thc

thc hin, mc tiu, cc nhim v trng tm, nhng gii php t ph v l trnh

thc hin y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng; xy dng h

thng c s d liu ng b v ti nguyn v mi trng;

b) Hnh thnh nguyn tc, phng php, c ch nh gi, lng gi,

hch ton ti nguyn v mi trng ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng nh

hng x hi ch ngha, thit lp h thng ti khon quc gia v ti nguyn v

mi trng;

c) a dng ha ngun vn, nng hiu qu u t, tng cng ng dng

cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh vin thm trong iu tra c bn ti nguyn v

mi trng; hnh thnh c ch ti chnh qun l, khai thc v s dng thng tin,

d liu ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;

d) y mnh cng tc d bo xu th bin ng ti nguyn v cc vn

mi trng, cung - cu, cnh tranh, xung t v ti nguyn trn th gii v tc

ng n pht trin kinh t - x hi nc ta lm c s xy dng chin lc,

chnh sch, c ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng hp l v hiu qu;

e) R sot, xut chuyn i cc c ch qun l mang tnh hnh

13

chnh, bao cp km hiu qu trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng sang

c ch qun l hiu qu hn da trn cc nguyn tc c bn ca kinh t th

trng kt hp vi y mnh ci cch hnh chnh theo hng minh bch v hiu

qu;

f) Nghin cu, xy dng khung chnh sch v l trnh p dng cc cng

c kinh t trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng;

g) Nghin cu, xut khung chnh sch, c ch to ngun thu ngn

sch t ti nguyn v mi trng trn nguyn tc: Ngi s dng, hng li t

ti nguyn v mi trng phi tr tin, Ngi gy nhim mi trng v suy

thoi ti nguyn phi tr chi ph khc phc v ti to;

h) Thc y pht trin cc n v nghin cu, t vn, doanh nghip

cung ng dch v qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng p ng nhu cu

trong nc, tin ti m rng cung ng dch v ra nc ngoi; hnh thnh cc

qu ti nguyn, qu ti chnh h tr qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng

ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; y mnh sn xut hng ho mi trng;

thc hin thng mi ho thng tin, s liu v ti nguyn v mi trng;

i) Xy dng v p dng b tiu ch hiu qu kinh t - x hi - mi

trng trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng; pht trin phn tch chi

ph - li ch thnh cng c qun l nh nc v ti nguyn v mi trng.

Ngy 09 thng 04 nm 2010, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh

Quyt nh 675/Q-BTNMT v k hoch hnh ng thc hin Ngh Quyt 27-

NQ/BCSTNMT a ra nhng mc tiu, nhim v, gii php nhm y

mnh kinh t ha ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Mc tiu tng qut ca vic

y mnh thc hin kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng l hon thin

th ch qun l ti nguyn v mi trng, thc y ngnh ti nguyn v mi

trng pht trin nhanh v bn vng, ng b vi tin trnh pht trin cc th

ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha, nng tm ng gp v v th

ca ngnh trong nn kinh t quc dn, v mc tiu pht trin bn vng t nc.

14

Mc tiu c th l:

Th nht, to s chuyn bin mnh m trong nhn thc v thng nht

hnh ng ca cc cp y ng, chnh quyn, on th trin khai thnh cng cc

nhim v, gii php y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;

Th hai, hnh thnh khung chnh sch tng th v hon thin cc cng c

thc hin ch trng y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng vo

nhng nm u v trin khai thc hin ng b cc chnh sch c th theo tng

lnh vc trong cc nm tip theo ca k hoch 5 nm 2011- 2015;

Th ba, tip tc pht huy v i mi th ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v

mi trng trn cc nguyn tc c bn ca nn KTTT nh hng x hi ch

ngha, pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh, a dng ha ngun thu cho ngn sch

nh nc (NSNN), gp phn pht trin bn vng t nc.

Quyt nh cng quy nh cc nhim v, gii php c th cho tng lnh

vc trong ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng. i vi lnh vc mi trng, nhng

nhim v v gii php c th sau:

a) Tip tc r sot, hon thin xy dng v ban hnh h thng vn bn

quy phm php lut v mi trng, thc hin xy dng B Lut Mi trng theo

hng xc lp c ch qun l v bo v mi trng ng b vi th ch kinh t

th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha;

b) R sot, hon thin, i mi c ch qun l cc hot ng quan

trc, phn tch mi trng, lp v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi

trng, bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc, cng nhn, chng nhn v mi

trng, cung ng dch v mi trng ph hp vi c ch th trng;

c) y mnh p dng cc cng c kinh t trong bo v mi trng;

tip tc b sung, hon thin cc c ch thu ngn sch t cc hot ng lin quan

n mi trng; t chc th nghim, tin ti p dng c ch chuyn nhng,

trao i quyn pht thi; thc hin k qu phc hi mi trng trong khai thc

khong sn; th im tin ti nhn rng cc m hnh p dng c ch chi tr dch

15

v h sinh thi; ng thi s dng cc cng c thu, ph mi trng iu tit

v m cc hot ng kinh t theo hng c li cho mi trng;

d) y mnh hot ng nh gi, lng gi v hch ton mi trng,

d bo cung cu v xu th bin ng mi trng, t chc xc lp, hon thin v

a yu t mi trng vo trong gi thnh sn phm;

e) Xy dng, ban hnh v t chc thc hin Chnh sch pht trin

kinh t mi trng Vit Nam;

f) y nhanh tin ph duyt v ban hnh Ngh nh v bi thng

thit hi do nhim mi trng, suy thoi ti nguyn gy ra;

g) Tin hnh quy hoch, tng cng u t v nng cao hiu qu hot

ng ca h thng quan trc ti nguyn v mi trng quc gia. Thc y hp

tc quc t, p ng cc cam kt vi cng ng quc t v bo v mi trng;

h) y mnh cng tc tuyn truyn, x hi ha hot ng bo v mi

trng. Vn hnh h thng qun l thng tin, m bo cung cp thng tin cht

lng mi trng kp thi, chnh xc cho cng ng v cc cp qun l, tin ti

xy dng n thng mi ha thng tin, s liu v mi trng ph hp vi c

ch th trng.

III. Khi nim, mc tiu, nguyn tc v ni dung thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

1. Khi nim kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

Trn c s quan im ca ng v Nh nc v kinh t ha lnh vc mi

trng, c th hiu kinh t ha trn mt s cc kha cnh sau:

Kinh t ha c ngha l s thay i cc c ch, chnh sch qun l mi

trng sao cho ng b vi th ch ca nn kinh t th trng. Kinh t ha

khng lm thay i bn cht, mc tiu ch o xuyn sut trong cc chnh sch

qun l v bo v mi trng, l bo m cho s pht trin bn vng.

Qun l mi trng l mt hot ng trong lnh vc qun l x hi, c

tc ng iu chnh cc hot ng ca con ngi da trn s tip cn c h

16

thng v cc k nng iu phi thng tin i vi cc vn mi trng c lin

quan n con ngi xut pht t quan im nh hng, hng ti pht trin bn

vng v s dng hp l ti nguyn6. Qun l mi trng c thc hin bi

tng hp cc bin php, lut php, chnh sch, kinh t, k thut, x hi thch hp

nhm bo v cht lng mi trng sng v pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi

quc gia.

Nn kinh t th trng l nn kinh t m mi hot ng mua bn v trao

i din ra trn th trng u vn hnh theo quy lut cung- cu; gi c v s

lng hng ha, dch v th trng c xc nh trn c s gi tr ca hng

ha, dch v v thng qua mi quan h gia cung v cu7. Khi lng cu v

hng ha ln hn lng cung th c xu hng lm tng gi c hng ha, nhm

ngi tiu dng c kh nng chi tr cao hn v y gi ca th trng ln.

Ngc li, khi lng cung vt qu lng cu v hng ha th gi c hng ha

c xu hng gim. C ch iu chnh v gi v lng ny gip th trng t

n im cn bng, ti ngi sn xut s sn xut ra ng bng lng m

ngi tiu dng mun mua.

T c ch t iu tit ca th trng, gi c s l tn hiu ngi sn

xut v ngi tiu dng t iu chnh hnh vi. N a ra tn hiu cho ngi tiu

dng v chi ph ca vic sn xut ra mt sn phm no l bao nhiu v tn

hiu cho ngi sn xut v s nh gi tng i v s chi tr ca ngi tiu

dng sn phm l bao nhiu Gi s, mt loi hng ha c nhu cu cao s lm

tng gi, gi tng s to ng lc ngi sn xut gia tng sn lng p

ng nhu cu, qua ngun lc trong x hi s c huy ng p ng cho

nhu cu ny. Ngc li, nu mt loi hng ha c nhu cu thp, gi s gim,

ngi sn xut s gim bt sn lng dch chuyn ngun lc sang nhng lnh

vc khc c hiu qu hn. Thng qua qu trnh vn ng nh vy, nhng ngun

lc ca x hi s c phn b mt cch ti u, p ng mt cch tt nht nhu

cu x hi.

6 Lu c Hi, 2006, Cm nang qun l mi trng, Nh xut bn gio dc. 7 http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_th%E1%BB%8B_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng

17

Da trn c s nhng nguyn l ca nn kinh t th trng, vn dng cc

quy lut trong pht trin kinh t vo trong cc cng tc qun l mi trng gp

phn h tr cho cc nh hoch nh a ra c cc chnh sch hp l v cc

cng c kinh t thch hp iu chnh hnh vi ca cc i tng trong nn

kinh t, phn b hp l cc ti nguyn thin nhin, nh hng hot ng sn

xut v tiu dng c li cho cng tc bo v mi trng. Nn kinh t Vit Nam

l nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha (XHCN). l nn

kinh t vn hnh theo c ch th trng c s qun l cht ch ca Nh nc

php quyn XHCN hng ti mc tiu dn giu, nc mnh, x hi cng bng,

dn ch, vn minh 8. y l mt nn kinh t hn hp, va vn hnh theo c ch

th trng vi cc quy lut khch quan ca nn kinh t th trng, va c s iu

tit cht ch ca Nh nc. Nh nc XHCN qun l nn kinh t bng chin

lc, chnh sch, php lut ng thi s dng c ch th trng, p dng cc

hnh thc kinh t v phng php qun l ca kinh t th trng hn ch v

khc phc nhng mt tiu cc ca c ch th trng, hay nhng tht bi ca th

trng. Chnh v th, cc c ch, chnh sch trong qun l mi trng phi p

dng cc quy lut vn ng ca nn kinh t th trng kt hp vi s qun l

cht ch ca Nh nc tng cng tnh hiu trong vic thc thi nhng c ch,

chnh sch ny.

Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng c ngha l lm cho hot ng qun l

mi trng t hiu qu hn t gc kinh t thng qua vic lng ghp cc yu

t kinh t, vn dng cc quy lut pht trin kinh t vo trong cc hot ng qun

l mi trng trn c s coi bo v mi trng l thc o hiu qu v bn

vng ca hot ng kinh t. Trong cng tc qun l v bo v mi trng cn p

dng ng b cc cng c lut php, hnh chnh, k thut vi cc cng c kinh

t tng cng trch nhim tun th cc quy nh php lut v bo v mi

trng, m bo tnh hiu qu trong vic thc thi quy nh, chnh sch php lut

qun l mi trng; gp phn lm cho hot ng bo v mi trng pht trin

song song, ng hnh cng vi s pht trin v tng trng ca kinh t. Ngoi 8 Ngh quyt 21-NQ/TW ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam kha X

18

vic y mnh o dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng, cng

tc qun l mi trng t hiu qu di gc kinh t th vic hnh thnh cc

c ch nh gi, lng gi gi tr mi trng cng ng vai tr quan trng, h

tr cho cc nh qun l a ra cc quyt nh phn b hp l, hiu qu ti

nguyn ny, trnh vic khai thc v s dng ba bi lm suy gim cht lng

mi trng v hu ht mi trng thng mang gi tr phi th trng (tc l

khng c gi trn th trng, khng c s mua bn trao i trn th trng).

Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng cng c ngha l vic xy dng cc c

ch lm tng ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc thng qua cc hot ng qun

l v bo v mi trng. C th, kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng l y mnh

vic p dng cng c thu/ph mi trng. Thu/ph mi trng l cng c va

gp phn iu chnh hnh vi ca ngi gy nhim, iu tit v m cc quan h

x hi theo hng s dng tit kim, hiu qu ti nguyn v bo v mi trng

va gp phn to thm ngun thu trong ngn sch nh nc (NSNN), ti u t

vo cc hot ng bo v mi trng, hn ch, khc phc nhim, suy thoi

mi trng. Thu/ph mi trng l mt trong nhng cng c da vo th trng

(Market Based Instruments) hay cc cng c kinh t (Economic Instruments), n

s gip ngi gy nhim a ra la chn ph hp, hiu qu nht tun th

php lut v p ng cc yu cu, tiu chun v mi trng. Nh vy, Kinh t

ha lnh vc mi trng khng nhng gp phn hn ch, gim thiu nhim,

suy thoi mi trng, lm cho cng tc qun l mi trng t hiu qu m n

cn gp phn tng ngun thu cho NSNN v tng t trng ng gp ca lnh vc

trong tng thu nhp quc ni (GDP), khng nh v th ca lnh vc mi trng

trong s tng trng v pht trin ca nn kinh t.

Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng cng c ngha l vic hnh thnh, to lp

v pht trin ng b cc loi th trng hng ha v dch v v mi trng (th

trng chuyn giao giy php x thi, th trng chi tr dch v mi trng);

pht trin ngnh cng nghip mi trng nh ngnh sn xut, ch to cc thit

b, my mc x l, ti ch, ti s dng cht thi, ngnh ch to ra cc thit b o

19

lng, quan trc mi trng Kinh t ha coi mi trng nh l mt th trng

mi c th khai thc, to ra doanh thu, li nhun cho cc bn lin quan, v th

cn thit lp mi trng php l thng thong, thun li, a ra cc c ch,

chnh sch ng b thc y, to iu kin thun li cho th trng ny pht

trin, to ngun thu cho nn kinh t, ng gp v s tng trng kinh t.

Tng qut li, Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng c th c hiu l s i

mi c ch, chnh sch trong qun l mi trng ph hp, ng b vi c

ch ca nn kinh t th trng c s qun l ca Nh nc nhm lm cho cng

tc qun l mi trng tr nn hiu qu hn vi mc tiu bo v mi trng;

to ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc v ng gp cho tng trng kinh t.

2. Mc tiu kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

Cn c theo Quyt nh 675/Q- BTNMT ngy 9 thng 4 nm 2010 ca

B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng v k hoch hnh ng thc hin Ngh Quyt 27-

NQ/BCSTNMT, mc tiu ca vic y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

l:

- i mi, hon thin th ch qun l v bo v mi trng da trn

nguyn tc ca nn KTTT theo nh hng XHCN. Nng cao nng lc phn tch

kinh t, vn dng cc quy lut pht trin kinh t vo trong qun l mi trng

- Thc y lnh vc mi trng pht trin nhanh v bn vng, ng b

vi tin trnh pht trin cc th ch KTTT theo nh hng XHCN.

- Nng tm ng gp v v th ca lnh vc mi trng trong nn kinh

t quc dn v mc tiu pht trin bn vng t nc.

Nhng li ch ca vic thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng mang li:

Kinh t ho lnh vc mi trng gp phn lm cho mc tiu bo v mi trng c thc hin mt cch hiu qu hn thng qua vic coi bo v mi

trng l thc o hiu qu v c tnh bn vng ca hot ng kinh t.

Kinh t ha m bo nhng quyt sch c a ra da trn nhng nh gi nh lng v khng b bt cp so vi quy lut vn ng ca nn kinh t th

20

trng. Kinh t ha gp phn hon thin th ch chnh sch trong qun l v bo

v mi trng ng b vi tin trnh xy dng th ch kinh t th trng theo

nh hng XHCN nhm tng cng, nng cao hiu qu qun l ca nh nc

trong lnh vc mi trng thng qua vic p dng ng b cc cng c lut

php, hnh chnh vi cc cng c kinh t trong thc t, tng cng tnh hiu qu

ca cc cng c ny.

Kinh t ha gp phn lm tng trch nhim tun th cc quy nh v bo v mi trng. Kinh t ha iu chnh hnh vi ca ngi gy nhim thng qua

cc quy lut ca th trng, cc mi quan h th trng trong nn kinh t, t

hn ch, gim thiu c nhim, suy thoi mi trng hng ti mc tiu pht

trin bn vng.

Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng nh gi, lng ha cc gi tr hng ha v dch v mi trng, hch ton chng vo trong cc hot ng, quy trnh ca

nn kinh t, t tng cng hiu qu ca vic khai thc v s dng bn vng

ti nguyn thin nhin v gim thiu nhng thit hi kinh t do suy thoi v

nhim mi trng, h tr Chnh ph trong vic cn i c nhng chnh sch

v m trong nn kinh t.

Kinh t ha pht huy tim nng, nng tm ng gp v v th ca lnh vc mi trng trong nn kinh t quc dn. Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

nng cao mc ng gp t hot ng bo v mi trng cho ngn sch nh

nc, tng ngun vn ti u t vo cc hot ng bo v mi trng, khc

phc, phng nga nhim, suy thoi v cc s c v mi trng.

Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng thc y vic hnh thnh v pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip v dch v mi trng, to mi trng php l thng

thong, thun li cho loi hnh hot ng ny pht trin.

3. Nguyn tc c bn thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng, lm cho cc c ch, chnh

sch trong qun l mi trng ph hp vi th ch vn hnh ca nn kinh t th

trng theo nh hng XHCN cn da trn 2 nguyn tc c bn sau:

21

Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin

Vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cng nh lao ng v cc

nguyn liu u vo ca qu trnh sn xut s dn ti thi cc cht thi vo mi

trng t, nc, khng kh. Do khng c gi chnh xc v c tnh m ca ti

nguyn v mi trng nn s dn n vic khai thc v s dng qu mc, gy

nhim, suy thoi v cn kit ti nguyn, do cn phi ni ha nhng chi ph

ca vic s dng v lm suy thoi ti nguyn v mi trng. Nguyn tc ngi

gy nhim phi tr tin ra i.

Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin (PPP- Poluter Pays Principle)

bt ngun vo nm 1972 t xut ca Hi ng OECD (T chc hp tc v

pht trin kinh t) v hng dn nhng nguyn tc lin quan n kha cnh kinh

t quc t ca cc chnh sch mi trng.

Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin l nguyn tc m theo

nhng ngi gy nhim phi chu chi ph cho cc bin php nhm gim thiu

nhim do nhng thit hi gy ra cho x hi hoc vt qu mc (tiu chun)

nhim cho php9.

Theo nguyn tc ny, tt c nhng ai gy nhim mi trng, tc ng

tiu cc n mi trng th u phi np ph. Nguyn tc ny xut pht t

nhng lun im ca Pigow v nn kinh t phc li. Theo , th gi c ca cc

loi hng ha, dch v trn th trng phn nh y tng chi ph sn xut bao

gm chi ph ca tt c cc ngun lc c s dng. V d: mt ngi ch s

hu t la chn phng n thot nc vng t ngp nc t nhin trn khu

t ca h y tng tnh hiu qu ca ti sn ca h, do h y phi chu ton

b chi ph cho vic lm . Tng chi ph c th bao gm chi ph c nhn v

nhng thit hi gy ra cho x hi do s gim h sinh thi .

Nguyn tc ny a ra cc gii php bo v mi trng thng qua vic

buc nhng ngi gy nhim mi trng phi tip thu y cc chi ph sn

9 Glossary of Environment Statistics, 1997, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New York.

22

xut (bao gm cc chi ph mi trng). N gp phn khc phc nhng tht bi

ca th trng, gim nhng tn tht v phc li x hi.

Nguyn tc ngi hng li phi tr tin

Nguyn tc ngi hng li phi tr tin (BPP- Benefit Pays Pricnciple)

tng t nh nguyn tc ngi s dng phi tr tin (UPP- User Pays Principle)

c hiu l nhng ngi s dng hay c hng li t vic s dng hng

ha dch v u phi chu chi ph chi vic cung cp chng10. C th l, tt c

nhng ai hng li do c c mi trng trong lnh, khng b nhim u

phi np ph. V d, ngi ch s hu khu t bo tn nhng vng t ngp

nc t nhin nhm mc ch mi trng th chi ph c chia s cho tt c

nhng ai c hng li t h sinh thi t ngp nc .

Nguyn tc ny ch trng vic phng nga v ci thin mi trng cn

c h tr t pha nhng ngi mun thay i hoc nhng ngi khng phi

tr gi cho cc cht thi gy nhim mi trng. Thc hin nguyn tc BPP

nhm hng ti mc tiu bo v mi trng hay phc hi mi trng thng qua

cc khon thu t cng ng.

Trn thc t, vic kt hp cc nguyn tc ny gp phi kh khn. Kh

khn ch yu l vic xc nh i tng chnh hng li. V d: Vic duy tr

a dng sinh hoc v gim thiu bin i kh hu s mang li li ch cho mi

ngi dn c v tt c mi ngi trn th gii, tuy nhin nhiu bin php bo

tn nh thit k m hnh gim thiu nhng tc ng ca mn th ch yu

mang li li ch cho mt khu vc c th hoc mt bang. Do , vic p dng

nguyn tc BPP khng m bo c tnh cng bng trong thc t, bi l n

khng i hi tt c mi ngi phi tr y chi ph cho cc hng ha v dch

v m h s dng.

10David Pannell, 2004, The University of Western Australia, Who should pay for the environment? http://cyllene.uwa.edu.au/~dpannell/pd/pd0021.htm

23

4. Ni dung ca y mnh thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

Thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng bao gm nhiu ni dung c th

khc nhau. Tuy nhin, da trn c s nhng c th ring ca qun l trong lnh

vc mi trng, trong phm vi nghin cu ny, y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc

mi trng gm 2 ni dung ch o, ct li sau:

Th nht, y mnh p dng cc nhm cng c kinh t trong cng tc

qun l mi trng nh nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh

nc (thu, ph mi trng), nhm cng c to lp th trng (chi tr dch v

mi trng, giy php x thi), nhm cng c nhm nng cao trch nhim x hi

trong hot ng BVMT (t cc hon tr, bi thng thit hi mi trng, k

qu mi trng, nhn sinh thi).

Th hai, xy dng v p dng nhm cng c h tr cho vic i mi cc

c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng ph hp vi nn KTTT nh: nh gi,

lng gi, hch ton mi trng.

24

CHNG II. THC TIN TRIN KHAI KINH T HA

LNH VC MI TRNG

Nh ni dung trnh by trong chng I, y mnh thc hin kinh t

ho lnh vc mi trng trong nghin cu ny bao gm hai ni dung chnh l

y mnh p dng cc cng c kinh t trong cng tc qun l mi trng, hnh

thnh v p dng cc cng c h tr cho vic i mi cc c ch, chnh sch

qun l mi trng ph hp vi nn KTTT. Ti chng II, chng ti tp trung

lm r hai ni dung ny da trn thc tin trin khai ti mt s quc gia trn th

gii v ti Vit Nam.

I. Kinh nghim ca mt s nc trn th gii lin quan n kinh t ha

lnh vc mi trng

1. Cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng

Cc cng c kinh t pht huy vai tr quan trng trong vic thc hin

qu trnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng v ang tr thnh nhm chnh sch

c p dng ngy cng rng ri trong nhng thp k va qua trong bo v mi

trng. Ngay t u nhng nm 1970, cc quc gia trn th gii bt u s

dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng. n nay, cc loi cng c

ny c s dng rng ri cc cp khc nhau t quc gia n a

phng nhm kim sot nhim v s dng bn vng cc ngun ti nguyn.

Cng c kinh t hay cc cng c da vo th trng c nh ngha l

bin php khuyn khch kinh t, c xy dng da trn nn tng ca cc quy

lut kinh t th trng. Cng c kinh t c th c hiu l cc cng c chnh

sch s dng nhm tc ng ti chi ph v li ch trong cc hot ng ca c

nhn v t chc kinh t to ra cc tc ng nh hng n hnh vi ca cc

tc nhn kinh t theo hng c li cho mi trng11.

So vi cng c ch huy v kim sot (CAC- Command and Control) l

cng c chnh sch trong qun l mi trng, bao gm ch huy tc l t ra

11 Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Gio trnh Kinh t v qun l Mi trng, Nh xut bn Thng K

25

tiu chun mc nhim ti a c th cho php v kim sot tc l s

gim st v thc thi cc tiu chun12 th cc cng c kinh t c nhng u im

vt tri hn. V hiu qu ca p dng cng c CAC tng i hn ch: do theo

cch tip cn ca cng c CAC th mc tiu chun ti u l kh xc nh, c

bit l i vi hng ha khng c trao i trn th trng nh nc v khng

kh. Ngoi ra, khi thc thi phng php CAC do khng c s tr gip ca nhng

khuyn khch kinh t da vo th trng do khng khuyn khch c cc

doanh nghip a ra nhng bin php gim thiu lng nhim vt qu

tiu chun cho php cng nh khuyn khch ngi tiu dng khng s dng cc

sn phm gy tn hi n mi trng. Mt khc, cng c kinh t hay cng c

da vo th trng l nhng cng c khuyn khch thay i hnh vi thng qua

nhng tn hiu ca th trng hn l thng qua cc quy nh, ch th r rng v

mc v phng thc kim sot nhim (Stavins, 2003). Cng c da vo th

trng c thit k da trn vic s dng cc tc nhn th trng (Stavins,

1998; OECD, 1989, 1998). N cho php cc i tng gy nhim c th thc

hin vic kim sot mc nhim ca h, hng ti mc tiu kinh doanh bn

vng (li ch em li trong di hn). Vic p dng cng c kinh t cho php cc

doanh nghip, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh c th linh hot trong vic ra quyt

nh l c nn thay i hnh vi ca mnh (nh gim thiu cht nhim thi ra

mi trng; u t trang thit b my mc...) hay chu chi ph ca vic gy

nhim mi trng.

Hin nay, cng c kinh t c p dng hu ht cc nc pht trin

v cc nc ang pht trin, v ngy cng phong ph v th loi. Trong khun

kh nghin cu ny, chng ti chia cc cng c kinh t thnh ba nhm chnh

nhm y mnh kinh t ho trong lnh vc mi trng bao gm: (1) nhm cng

c to ngun thu trc tip cho NSNN, (2) nhm cng c to lp th trng v (3)

nhm cng c nhm nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng BVMT.

12 ESCAP, 1999(c), Integrating Environmental Considerations into Economic Policy Making Processes, http://www.unescap.org/drpad/vc/orientation/M5_2.htm

26

1. 1 Nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh nc

Kinh nghim th gii cho thy ng gp chnh ca lnh vc mi trng

cho ngn sch l cc loi thu/ph mi trng v mt s ph nh vo sn phm,

ph x thi, giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng, ty theo tng quc gia v

tng giai on khc nhau m cch thc v phn ng gp ny l khc nhau.

Doanh thu t nhm thu/ph mi trng trung bnh chim khong 5% tng GDP

(dao ng t 3% n 13%) ti nhiu quc gia khc nhau13.

Thu v ph mi trng l cng c kinh t c s dng to ngun thu

trc tip cho NSNN. Cng c ny nhm 2 mc tiu ch yu l khuyn khch

ngi gy nhim gim lng cht thi ra mi trng v tng ngun thu cho

NSNN thng qua vic a chi ph mi trng vo trong gi thnh sn phm theo

nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin.

* Thu mi trng

Thu mi trng (Environmental Tax) l mt cng c kinh t gii

quyt cc vn mi trng. y l khon thu cho NSNN t nhng i tng

gy nhim, lm thit hi cho mi trng. N gp phn hn ch, gim thiu cc

tc nhn gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng, khuyn khch cc hot ng

BVMT. Thu mi trng c thit k ni ha chi ph mi trng v to ra

ng lc kinh t cho c nhn, t chc thc y cc hot ng sinh thi bn

vng14. Thu mi trng thng thng nh ch yu vo cc cht gy nhim

mi trng hay cc sn phm hng ha m vic sn xut, s dng chng c tc

ng tiu cc n mi trng, gy nhim mi trng nh: thu nh vo

ngun gy nhim (thu Sunfua, thu CFCs, thu CO2) v thu nh vo cc

sn phm gy nhim mi trng (thu xng, du, than, thuc bo v thc

vt).

13 Vin Chin lc, chnh sch Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2010, Kinh t ha tng ng gp ca ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng cho ngun thu ngn sch v GDP, http://www.isponre.gov.vn/home 14 Japan Center for a Sustainable Environment and Society (JACES), What are Environmental Taxes?, http://www.jacses.org/en/paco/envtax.htm

27

* Ph mi trng

Ph mi trng l khon thu ca NSNN dnh cho hot ng bo v mi

trng nh thu gom v x l ph thi, nc thi, khc phc nhim mi

trng...15. Mc ch chnh ca vic thu ph mi trng l hn ch cc tc nhn

gy nhim mi trng, ngn nga vic x cc cht thi ra mi trng, m cc

cht thi ny c kh nng x l c. Ph mi trng buc nhng ngi gy

nhim mi trng phi x l cc cht thi trc khi thi ra mi trng hay hn

ch s dng cc ngun nguyn liu c nguy c gy ra nhim, v vy cng c

ny khuyn khch cc c s sn xut kinh doanh, nhng ngi gy nhim phi

x l cc cht nhim trong ngun thi trc khi thi ra mi trng. Ph mi

trng c tnh ton da trn lng pht thi ca cht nhim v chi ph x l

nhim, khc phc nhim...

Mt s loi thu/ph nhim mi trng ph bin bao gm: ph nc thi,

ph gy nhim khng kh, thu cacbon, thu sulphur, ph gy suy thoi tng

zn, thu chn lp rc, thu xng du, thu s dng kh gas, thu mi trng,

gn y l vic p dng mi cc loi thu lin quan n cht thi rn (CTR), v

tng thu sut i vi thu CTR. i vi thu nh vo ngun gy nhim: c 2

loi thu ch yu c p dng cc nc trn th gii l thu sulphur v

thu CO2.

Thu/ ph mi trng cc quc gia trn th gii c s dng nhm ti

u t cho cng tc bo v mi trng, v gp phn h tr cho an sinh x hi.

Ti Phn Lan, thu mi trng bt u c p dng t nm 1997, bao gm

thu sinh thi, thu nng lng nhm h tr cho nhng ngi c thu nhp thp.

Ti c, thu mi trng c p dng i vi nhin liu v lm gim mc

tiu th nhin liu xung 0,8% tng ng vi vic tit kim c khong 9 t

DM (s liu nm 1999), ng gp vo Qu tr cp Quc gia. Ti H Lan,

mt phn ln ngun thu t cc loi thu nng lng gp phn gim cc

khon ng gp an sinh x hi (s liu nm 1999). Ti Thy S, ngun 15 Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Kinh t Qun l Ti nguyn v Mi trng, tr.423, Nh xut bn Thng k

28

thu t thu sinh thi i vi cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOCs) v nhin

liu si m (tr nng lng mt tri) s c s dng phn phi li cho cc

h gia nh di hnh thc l cc khon h tr bo him y t (1999). Ti Anh,

ngun thu 450.000.000 / nm t thu bi rc (s liu nm 1996) c s

dng gii quyt cc vn an sinh x hi.16

Di y l mt s kinh nghim v thu/ph c p dng ti mt s

quc gia trn th gii:

Ti an Mch - Thu sulphur17

an Mch c ngha v p ng mc tiu gim pht thi kh sulphur theo

quy nh ca iu c quc t. Mc d mc tiu gim pht thi c thng

qua nm 1980, p ng mc tiu ca an Mch a ra nhiu bin php ct

gim s pht thi kh sulphur dn n s ra i ca thu sulphur. Mc thu c

xem nh l thu xanh k t khi n c p dng nhm t c mc tiu bo v

mi trng. Theo quy nh ca iu c quc t, an Mch c ngha v phi

gim pht thi kh sulphur vo nm 2000 tng ng vi khng qu 80% ca

mc nm 1980. y l s u i thu gim hm lng sulphur ca cc nhin

liu ha thch18. Thu ny ch p dng cho nhin liu vi hm lng sulphur cao

hn 0,05% .

Thu sulphur c p dng trong cc ngnh nh hn ngch kh thi cho

nh my in, kh sulphur bt buc i vi cc n v trong cc nh my in

mi, gii hn gi tr ca hm lng sulphur trong nhin liu.

Thu sulphur ca an Mch c hai hnh thc bao gm: (1) Thu sn

phm l thu nh vo cc hm lng sulphur trong nhin liu c p dng vi

mc thu 20 DKK/kg SO2 ; v (2) Thu pht thi l loi thu nh vo lng

pht thi kh sulphur t hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh vi mc thu 10

DKK/kg SO2 (s liu nm 1999). 16 Updated from OECD, 1997, Environment taxes and green tax reform 17 http://economicinstruments.com/index.php/air-quality/article 18 Danish Environmental Protection Agency,1999, Economic Instruments In Environmental Protection in Denmark, Ministry of Environment and Energy , pp93-96.

29

Thu sulphur ca an Mch c tc ng ng k n cng tc qun l

mi trng:

- Thu lm tng chi ph nng lng, cc c s sn xut da trn vic s

dng cc nhin liu c cha sulphur. Do , tng nng lng tiu th s

gim;

- Thu lm thay i c cu gi nng lng, qua to ng c s dng

nhin liu thay th c hm lng sulphur thp hn so vi cc nhin liu

ho thch (nh than v du);

- Thu thc y u t cng ngh x l cui ng ng.

Thu sulphur an Mch p dng rt thnh cng, hm lng sulphur

ca c hai loi nhin liu l du m v kh thin nhin gim t 0,2% n

0,05% v hm lng sulphur trong than gim c mt phn ba (1999 EEA).

ng thi thu c tc ng tch cc n s pht trin ca cc nh my lc

sulphur v cng ngh x l kh thi (B Thu an Mch 1998 c trch dn

trong nm 1999 EEA). Nm 1996, an Mch gim c 33% lng pht thi

SO2 v thay i thnh phn ca nhin liu cha lng sulphur thp (EEA D

tho Bo co nm 2000). Theo Sterner (2003), mc sulphur nm 1997 (bnh

qun 22 kg ca SOx/ ngi) gim 76% so vi nm 1980.

c bit, thu sulphur ng gp mt khon ln cho ngn sch an

Mch, nm 1996 l 296,5 triu DKK, v 1998 l 375 triu DKK.

Ti Thy in

Vic nh thu pht thi kh sulphur ti Thu in cng em li nhng

kt qu kh quan trong kim sot nhim, c tnh c tc ng lm gim 30%

lng pht thi trong thi gian t nm 1989 n nm 199519.

Thy in cng p dng cng c thu mi trng trong kim sot

nhim. Loi thu ny p dng cho tt c hot ng gy nhim nh s dng

19 Sterner, 2003, Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management. Resources for the Future, Washington

30

nng lng, hot ng gy nhim, s dng ti nguyn, s dng cc phng

tin giao thng. Tng s thu mi trng thu c hng nm ca Thy in

trong giai on t nm 1993 n nm 1998 c th hin trong bng 2 di y.

Bng 1. Thu mi trng Thy in t nm 1993 n nm 199820

(triu SEK )

Cc loi

thu

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Nng lng 39,017 42,043 44,161 49,733 49,352 52,652

nhim 582 566 682 753 551 508

Giao thng 8,119 5,852 5,798 6,721 6,451 6,336

Ti nguyn 70 131 142

Tng 49,711 50,455 52,636 59,273 58,482 61,636

Ti Ba Lan

Ba Lan p dng kt hp cc cng c kinh t gim lng nhim v

h tr ti chnh cho cng tc x l nhim. Thu pht thi i vi sulphur ca

Ba Lan trong thi gian t nm 1990 n nm 1996 dao ng trong khong t 60

100 USD/tn SO2. Vic p dng cng c thu pht thi Ba Lan thnh

cng trong vic khuyn khch cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh gim nhim ng

thi to ngun thu cho ngn sch nhm u t x l nhim.

Ti Indonesia

Nm 1980, Chnh ph Indonesia bt u nh thu ph ti trng rng

(reforestation fee) vi mc thu l 4 USD/1m3 i vi cc hot ng n g.

n nm 1989, mc ph ny tng ln 7 USD/ 1m3 v 22 USD/1 m3 vo nm

1997. Vi tin ph thu c, qu s dng ti trng rng v thc y cc hot

20 Glenn-Marie Lange, 2003, Policy Applications of Environmental Accounting

31

ng bo v rng.

1.1 Nhm cng c to lp th trng

1.1.1 Chi tr dch v mi trng (chi tr dch v sinh thi)

Theo bo co nh gi h sinh thi (2005) do Lin Hip Quc ti tr

nh gi tnh trng h sinh thi trn th gii. Bn bo co a ra nh ngha

Dch v h sinh thi l nhng li ch trc tip hoc gin tip m con ngi

hng th t cc chc nng ca h sinh thi. Bn bo co xc nh danh

mc cc loi hnh dch v sinh thi cung cp nh: sn phm lng thc, thc

phm (nh la go, vt nui, thy hi sn...); cc cy cng nghip (nh bng,

g, gai du...); cc ngun dc liu; cung cp ngun nc; iu ha khng kh;

iu tit ngun nc; hn ch xi mn; cc dch v vn ha (bao gm c tinh

thn v tn gio, cc gi tr thm m, gii tr, du lch sinh thi...)21... Cng theo

bo co, khong 60% dch v sinh thi trn th gii ang b suy thoi hoc khai

thc, s dng khng bn vng. Do , nhm mc ch thc y pht trin h

sinh thi da vo cng ng, khi phc li nhng h sinh thi b ph hy v duy

tr vic cung cp cc dch v sinh thi quan trng dn n vic hnh thnh cng

c chi tr dch v h sinh thi.

21 Living Beyond Our Means; Statement from the board of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.429.aspx.pdf

32

Chi tr dch v mi trng (Payments for Environment Services-PES)

hay cn gi l (Payments for Ecosystems Services-PES) chi tr dch v sinh thi

l cng c kinh t s dng nhng ngi c hng li t cc dch v h

sinh thi chi tr cho nhng ngi tham gia duy tr, bo v v pht trin cc

chc nng ca h sinh thi 22. y l c ch chuyn giao ngun ti chnh t

nhng ngi c hng li t dch v sinh thi nht nh cho nhng ngi

cung cp cc dch v sinh thi.

Chi tr dch v sinh thi23 l s giao ko, k kt t nguyn v cng c

li gia nhng ngi c hng li t h sinh thi v nhng nh cung cp dch

v sinh thi. Bn cung cp dch v sinh thi nm quyn s hu hng ha, dch

v mi trng mang li nhng li ch cho bn c nhu cu. Bn c hng li

t dch v sinh thi s sn sng chi tr mt mc gi thp so vi phc li ca h

do h sinh thi mang li. Bn cung cp dch v sinh thi sn sng chp nhn mt

mc chi tr cao hn chi ph ca vic cung cp cc dch v sinh thi. Chng

trnh PES l mt v d in hnh ca nh l Coase. Theo nh l Coase, ngoi

ng mi trng c th c gii quyt thng qua thng lng ring gia

nhng ngi sn sng chi tr gim nhng mi nguy hi v mi trng v

nhng ngi sn sng chp nhn cc khon bi thng cho vic gim hot ng

m to ra cc gnh nng mi trng.

PES gp phn nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v gi tr ca dch v

h sinh thi , ci thin sinh k bn vng cho nhng ngi cung cp dch v v

nng cao cht lng cuc sng cho ton x hi. Ngoi ra, c ch PES cn gp

phn hnh thnh th trng gi c cho cc dch v sinh thi thng qua vic lng

gi cc gi tr ca h sinh thi, quan h mua bn trao i gia ngi hng li t

h sinh thi (ngi mua) v ngi cung cp dch v h sinh thi (ngi bn),

22 Hunh Th Mai, Ban Qun l ti nguyn nc v a dng sinh hc, Chi tr dch v h sinh thi- Gii php bo tn a dng sinh hc, http://hieuanh.com.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126:chi-tr-dch-v-h-sinh-thai-gii-phap-bo-tn-a-dng-sinh-hc&catid=1:tin-tc, 23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_for_ecosystem_services

33

t hnh thnh th trng chi tr dch v sinh thi v to ra ngun ti chnh bn

vng duy tr v bo tn cc chc nng dch v ca h sinh thi.

PES chia thnh 4 loi chnh: chi tr cho bo v rng u ngun

(watershed protection); chi tr cho cnh quan mi trng (landscape beauty); chi

tr cho bo tn a dng sinh hc (biodiversity); chi tr cho hp th cacbon

(carbon sequenstration).

Bng 2. Cc loi c ch chi tr cho dch v mi trng

C ch c im

Chi tr cho bo v rng u ngun (watershed protection)

Cc khu rng u ngun cung cp rt nhiu dch v cho x hi bao gm kim sot xi mn t, duy tr cht lng nc v iu chnh dng chy ca nc. Nhng gi tr ny c th thu c thng qua nhiu c ch khc nhau nh thanh ton trc tip hay cc loi ph s dng nc.

Chi tr cho cnh quan mi trng (landscape beauty)

Du khch ti thm nhng cnh quan thin nhin p/nhng khu bo tn, vn quc gia lu tr cc gi tr cnh quan v a dng sinh hc. Nhng gi tr ny c th thu c thng qua ph vo ca hoc tr tin cho quyn tip cn.

Chi tr cho bo tn a dng sinh hc

(biodiversity)

Ngi dn sn lng chi tr cho vic duy tr v bo tn a dng sinh hc ca thin nhin.

Chi tr cho hp th cacbon (carbon sequenstration)

Ti nguyn rng c chc nng sinh thi quan trng l hp th cacbon. Ngh nh th Kyoto hn ch lng pht thi cacbon to ra th trng mua bn giy php pht thi kh nh knh thng qua C ch Pht trin sch (CDM).

Ngun: Nguyn Cng Thnh (2008)

PES c s dng rng ri cc nc trn th gii, c bit l cc nc

pht trin nh Mexico, Canada, cc nc Chu M La tinh, Costa Rica... PES

cng c pht trin v thc hin th im ti mt s nc chu nh

Indonesia, Philippines, Trung Quc, n , Nepal v Vit Nam. c bit l ti

34

Indonesia v Philippines c rt nhiu cc sng kin v PES lin quan n dch

v sinh thi ca rng u ngun.

Mt trong nhng chng trnh PES tin tin nht cho n nay c

pht trin trn o Lombok, Indonesia, c thc hin bi t chc Qu ng

vt hoang d quc t (World Wild Fund WWF) nhm bo tn cc khu rng

ca MiRinjani. Cc khu rng c vai tr rt quan trng, to ra 50.000.000

USD mi nm cho sn phm ngnh nng nghip ca khu vc, v cung cp nc

sinh hot tr gi 14 triu USD. ng thi cc hot ng du lch sinh thi to

thm ngun thu nhp cho ngi dn a phng. Mt nghin cu ca WWF cho

thy gn nh tt c 43 nghn h gia nh khu vc ny s ng chi tr khong

0,60 USD/thng cho cc hot ng lin quan n mi trng. Mc ch ca

chng trnh PES l s dng s tin thu c chi tr cho vic bo tn cc khu

rng u ngun ca sng Segara v ci thin iu kin x hi ca cng ng

xung quanh. n PES mang li nim hy vng ln nhm duy tr vic bo v v

qun l nhiu rng v li ch ca cng ng a phng v bo v mi trng t

nhin thng qua vic huy ng cc ngun ti chnh bn vng cho bo tn 24.

Kt qu thc hin chi tr dch v mi trng mt s nc bao gm:

Costa Rica, Mexico, Brazil 25.

Ti Costa Rica

Costa Rica thc hin n PES chnh thc bt u t nm 1996 vi vic

sa i Lut Lm nghip v a ra cc kinh nghim i vi cc hnh thc tr

cp trc tip cho ngnh lm nghip. n tp trung vo cc dch v mi trng

mang tnh ton cu bao gm bo tn a dng sinh hc v hp th cacbon. Tuy

nhin, n ny ch yu c ti tr bi ngun thu t thu trong nc i vi

vic s dng nhin liu ha thch. Ban u c bn hnh thc PES c nhn

tr cp l bo v rng, qun l rng, ti trng rng v trng cy. T nm 1997

24 http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/projects/ecosystemserv/item1987.html 25 Herman Rosa, Deborah Barry, Susan Kandel, and Leopoldo Dimas, 2004, Compensation for Environmental Services and Rural Communities: Lessons from the Americas

35

n nm 2002, chng trnh c p dng trn hn 300.000 ha rng v tng s

tin thu c vt qu 80 triu USD, trong 70% s tin thu c s dng vo

vic bo v rng.

Ti Mexico

Ti Mexico, ngi dn bn a a phn sng ph thuc vo ngun ti

nguyn thin nhin, 80% din tch t rng thuc s hu ca cng ng a

phng. V vy, vic qun l ti nguyn Mexico p dng phng thc da

trn cng ng bao gm bo v a dng sinh hc, lu tr cacbon, du lch sinh

thi, mi trng v sn xut thn thin. Trong cc bang min nam ca Chiapas,

v d, hn 300 nng dn tham gia d n Scolelte vi hnh thc thanh ton trc

tip cho ngi dn khi h bo v rng gip tng thu nhp cho h. Ngi dn

cng c nhn nhiu u i i vi cc hot ng lin quan n kh nng thm

nhp th trng g v tch hp hp th cacbon vo sn xut c ph hu c hoc

cc sng kin sinh thi nng nghip khc.

Ti Brazil

So vi Mexico, cng ng bn x ti Brazil sng ph thuc rt ln vo

thin nhin, v vy hot ng sinh k ca ngi dn ni y gy p lc ln

n ti nguyn thin nhin. Nhng kinh nghim ca Brazil lin quan n vic

m rng v bo v quyn li ca cng ng da vo vic qun l v s dng

hiu qu ti nguyn thin nhin.

Cc khi nim truyn thng v bo v m khng c ngi tham gia ang

dn nhng ch cho quan im rng hn. V d, trong vn quc gia JAU - mt

di sn th gii v cng vin quc gia ln th hai ca Brazil - mc d c iu lut

chnh thc cm cc khu nh c trong cng vin quc gia. Tuy nhin, c s php

l ny nhm di di cng ng bn a vn c t lu i trong cng vin ny

khng c trin khai trn thc t do nh hng n cng tc bo tn

cng vin v cuc sng ca cng ng. m bo quyn, li ch hp php ca

cng ng v h tr sinh k cho ngi dn sng trong cc khu bo tn (nh cc

hot ng thu hoch cao su v cc sn phm g khc) th phi kt hp cc gii

36

php v php lut v kinh t. Theo quy nh ca nh nc Acre, v d, theo Lut

Chico Mendes, cc hip hi cao su s chi tr cho ngi dn mt khon tin

khong 0,20 USD/ kg cao su thu hoch nhm cng nhn vai tr qun l rng

ca ngi dn v duy tr dch v mi trng.

1.1.2 Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng

Giy php x thi l loi giy php cp cho cc n v sn xut, kinh

doanh, dch v, quy nh mi mt n v c th c php x thi n mt mc

nht nh ph hp vi tiu chun mi trng ti khu vc . Vic phn phi

giy php x thi thng da vo mc nhim hoc hin trng tc ng mi

trng ca tng doanh nghip, n v. Mt s n v, c s sn xut kinh doanh

mun thi ra lng thi ln hn lng thi cho php c quy nh i vi n

v, c s v mt s n v, c s sn xut kinh doanh c mc x thi thp

hn lng thi c php x theo qui nh. V vy, xut hin nhu cu mua bn,

trao i, chuyn nhng giy php x thi gia cc n v, c s sn xut kinh

doanh trong , ngi mua l cc n v cn giy php x thi cn ngi bn l

cc n v s hu giy php x thi v hnh thnh th trng mua bn giy php

x thi. Th trng ny vn hnh theo quy lut cung cu nh cc th trng

thng thng khc, tuy nhin hng ha giao dch trn th trng ny c bit

hn cc th trng khc, l vic mua bn cc chng ch hay giy php mang

mt gi tr nht nh vi gi c c nh ot theo ch quan, k vng v d bo

ca cc bn tham gia giao dch26, hay ni cch khc, gi c ca giy php x thi

c quyt nh trn quan h cung cu ca th trng.

Th trng mua bn, chuyn nhng giy php x thi cho php cc n

v, c s sn xut kinh doanh la chn cc phng n l mua thm giy php x

thi tip tc thi hay tm cch ci thin cht lng mi trng bng cch

gim thi, t to ra ng c khuyn khch cc n v, c s sn xut kinh

doanh, dch v hn ch hnh vi gy nhim mi trng. Thng qua vic mua

26 Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Gio trnh Kinh t qun l Ti nguyn v Mi trng, tr.427, Nh xut bn Thng k.

37

bn, trao i giy php x thi cht lng mi trng vn c m bo ng

thi c ngi mua v ngi bn u c li.

Trong nhng nm gn y, vic s dng giy php pht thi c th

chuyn nhng nh l cng c chnh sch mi trng da trn th trng

c cc nh hoch nh chnh sch ngy cng quan tm. Chnh sch ny cng

ni ln nh mt cng c kim sot nhim hiu qu t nhng nm 1970.

Giy php pht thi c th chuyn nhng tr thnh mt phng php tip

cn mi trng ngy cng c chp nhn nhiu nc. Vic hnh thnh hn

ngch pht thi hoc tng giy php php thi ph hp vi kh nng ca mi

trng l cch thc hiu qu kim sot nhim v m bo c mc tiu

kinh t. Cng c ny p dng ph bin vi nc thi v kh thi ti cc nc

pht trin nh M, Thy in, Ba Lan v.v...

M, cc chng trnh SO2 ct gim c mt lng ng k kh thi

SO2 vi chi ph thp hn d kin v em li li ch v sc khe cho con ngi.

Lin minh chu u thnh lp mt chng trnh giao dch thng mi cho cc

kh nh knh v cc nc khc nh o, Nht Bn, Chile, Hn Quc v New

Zealand ang xem xt vic s dng cc chng trnh nh vy kim sot

nhim27..

Vic p dng giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng c cp

mt s nc nh sau:

Lin minh chu u17

K hoch thng mi kh thi ti Lin minh chu u (hoc EU ETS) l t

chc c nhiu quc gia ln nht v tham gia mua bn pht thi kh nh knh ti

cc nc trn th gii. Giy php pht thi c th mua bn l mt trong nhng

cng c chnh sch ca EU p ng mc tiu gim pht thi kh gy hiu ng

nh knh ra trong Ngh nh th Kyoto. Vic p dng mua bn giy php

pht thi thc hin t nguyn ti Vng quc Anh v an Mch, trong giai on

27 Mohamed Amine Boutaba, Olivier Beaumais, Sandrine Lardic, 2008, Permit Price Dynamics in the U.S SO2 Trading Scheme: a Cointegration Approach - PRELIMINARY VERSION

38

1 vo u nm 2005 c 15 quc gia thnh vin ca Lin minh chu u tham gia,

cho n nay c 25/27 quc gia thanh vin EU tham gia. Cc chng trnh ct

gim CO2 c p dng vi cc nh my in v nh my cabon chuyn su v

bao gm gn mt na (46%) thnh vin ca EU phi ct gim. Giai on u

ca chng trnh ct gim pht thi CO2 cho php cc t chc tham gia giao

dch vi nhau v trong khon tn dng xc nhn thng qua Ngh nh th Kyoto

ca C ch pht trin sch.

EU ETS s lm tng lng pht thi c tnh t c trong hai nm hot

ng u tin l 50-100 MtCO2/ nm. Theo mt cng b t y ban chu u,

u nm 2008 Na Uy, Iceland, v Lichtenstein, gia nhp h thng thng mi

kh thi Lin minh chu u (EU ETS). B Mi trng Na Uy cng pht hnh

bn d tho K hoch quc gia phn b chng trnh mua bn pht thi cacbon

vi tng lng giao dch l 15 triu tn CO2, trong 8 triu tn CO2 c thit

lp bn u gi. Theo Bo kinh t ca OECD, mt cuc kho st ca Na Uy

nm 2010, cc quc gia cng b mc tiu t nm 2008 n nm 2012 l 10%

cc quc gia EU cam kt theo Ngh nh th Kyoto v ct gim c 30% so

vi nm 1990 vo nm 2020.

Ti Trung Quc28

Nm min ng Trung Quc, Giang T l mt tnh c nn kinh t tng

i pht trin v t chc qun l tng i hiu qu. Lng pht thi kh SO2

trong tnh l rt ln ln n 1,2 triu tn trong nm 2000 v gy hin tng

ma axit c tc ng nghim trng n khu vc. kim sot lng kh thi

SO2 v t tng s hn ngch TEC (1 triu tn) c qui nh bi Chnh ph,

Giang T p dng mt chng trnh mua bn pht thi nhm thc y hiu

qu gim pht thi SO2 trong ngnh in do y l ngnh gy pht thi SO2 ln

nht trong tnh.

28 OECD Headquarters, 2003, OECD Global forum on sustainable development: Emissions trading concerted action ob tradeable emissions permits country - Implementing SO2 Emissions in China by Jintian Yang and Jeremy Schreifels

39

Ti Nht Bn29

Thnh ph Tokyo ca Nht Bn tiu th nng lng rt ln v c ngnh

nng lng ng gp gi tr ln vo GDP. Tokyo tiu th nng lng nhiu

bng "ton b quc gia Bc u, v sn xut ra sn phm tng ng vi

GDP ca 16 t nc ln nht th gii". Giai on u tin ca chng trnh ct

gim pht thi kh nh knh ca Nht Bn n 2014, cc t chc tiu th nng

lng s phi ct gim lng kh thi cacbon xung cn 6%. T nm 2011,

nhng t chc hot ng x thi kh khng t x l hoc gim thiu kh thi ca

mnh s c yu cu mua cc chng nhn pht thi kh thi vt qu hoc bng

vi lng pht thi cho php, hoc bng cch khc l u t vo Giy chng

nhn nng lng ti to. Cc cng ty, t chc khng tun th s b pht

tin. Mc tiu di hn ca chng trnh ct gim pht thi kh l ct gim kh

thi cacbon ca th xung 25% t nm 2000 n nm 2020.

1.2 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo

v mi trng

1.2.1 t cc hon tr

t cc hon tr 30 l khon ph ph thm vo trong gi thnh sn phm

c kh nng gy nhim mi trng, ngi tiu dng cc sn phm ny phi tr

thm mt khon tin (t cc) khi mua hng nhm m bo cam kt sau khi tiu

dng s em sn phm (hoc phn cn li ca sn phm ) tr li cho cc

n v thu gom ph thi hoc ti nhng a im quy nh ti ch, ti s

dng hoc tiu hy theo cch an ton i vi mi trng. Nu thc hin ng,

ngi tiu dng s c nhn li khon t cc do cc t chc thu gom hon tr

li.

Cng c ny nhm mc ch khuyn khch ti s dng l rc thi, ti ch

li rc thi hoc x l rc thi mt cch an ton i vi mi trng. y l mt

trong nhng cng c nhm nng cao trch nhim bo v mi trng thng qua 29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading 30 Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Gio trnh Kinh t qun l ti nguyn v mi trng, tr. 429, NXB thng k.

40

vic t cc, v hon tr cc sn phm hoc phn cn li ca sn phm cho cc

trung tm x l, ti ch, ti s dng.

Cng c t cc hon tr v h thng hon tr li nh sn xut (take back)

l cng c hiu qu trong vic to ra ng c lm gim pht sinh cht thi v

tng cng ti ch, ti s dng. t cc hon tr ph bin cc nc nh

Australia, o, Canada (Quebec, New Brunswick, British Columbia), Sc, an

Mch, Phn Lan, Hungary, Aixlen, , Hn Quc, Mehico, H Lan, Nauy, Ba

Lan, Thu in, Th Nh K, Hoa K

H thng ny ph hp nht i vi cc sn phm c th ti ch, ti s

dng. p dng ph bin i vi cc bao b (nhm, thu tinh, nha), bao b cha

thuc bo v thc vt, v t, lp v cc thng cha axit v.v... Phn ln nhng

h thng t cc hon tr da trn tinh thn t nguyn. Ph bin nht, mm

mng nht l p dng cho t cc hon tr chai v lon nc gii kht sau khi s

dng. Tuy nhin cng c nhng h thng t cc hon tr bt buc i vi

nhng cht thi nguy hi. Ti Mexico, c quy xe hi mi khng cho php bn

tr khi c quy c c tr li.

Cng c t cc hon tr c p dng u tin cho ti ch bao gi. Nm

1991, lut ng gi ca c ra i, yu cu nh sn xut thu hi v ti ch bao

b sn phm. Vic thu hi ny phi c gim st v bo co cho n v chc

nng v nhng kt qu t c theo nh k. Cc nh sn xut c c th

trnh vic t thu hi v ti ch bao gi khi doanh nghip m bo c nhng c

s ti ch hp php thu gom v ti ch bao b ca h - thng qua vic t nhn

hiu Green-Dot trn sn phm. i vi nhng cng ty nc ngoi mun a sn

phm ca h vo th trng nc c th hoc l phi nhn li nhng bao b v

tr mt mc ph thu gom, vn chuyn cao hoc l c th giao cho mt cng ty

no ca c ng gi sn phm vi chi ph rt ln.

Hin nay, h thng hon tr li nh sn xut cn c p dng cho cc

sn phm in t, xe t, du nht thi, sn thi, dung mi, nhin liu, thuc

bo v thc vt, lon nc gii kht, dc phm, cht lng d chy,

41

B, cc nh sn xut nc gii kht s dng lon, chai khng th ti s

dng s phi tr mt khon thu sinh thi. M, tt c nhng lon nc gii kht

bn trn th trng i hi c mt h thng thu hi li v tr qu. Phn ln cc

bang ny cng yu cu cc nh phn phi tr khong 20% gi tr ca lon cha

nh mt phn ph x l.

u im ca h thng t cc hon tr l tng cng mc tiu bo v mi

trng, gim thiu vn CTR v vic thi b bng bin php chn lp, nng

cao t l thu hi ca cc chng trnh ti ch. Tuy nhin, cc chi ph s gia tng

i vi ngi tiu dng cng nh nh sn xut.

Ti Canada, h thng t cc hon tr c tn l h thng Encorp thu

hi c hn mt t chai l (nm 2009). Dng tin t v sn phm ca H thng

Encorp c minh ho trong hnh 2 sau y.

Hnh 2. Quy trnh thu hi chai l v dng tin trong h thng t cc

hon tr ca Canada 31

31 http://www.encorp.ca/ar2009/

42

H thng ny tit kim c nng lng thng qua h thng ti ch cc

vt liu thu hi ng thi gim thiu mt lng ln kh nh knh. Cc hot ng

ca Encorp nm 2009 gim c khong 137,000 tn CO2 thi ra mi trng

khng kh. S liu thng k ca chng trnh c trnh by trong (bng 3).

Hnh 3. S lng chai l thu hi thng qua h thng Encorp ca

Canada 32

Bng 3. Nng lng tit kim v CO2 gim thiu thng qua h thng

t cc hon tr Encorp33

Vt liu % nng lng tit kim c t vic s dng nguyn liu ti ch cho sn xut (%)

Lng CO2 gim thiu tng ng (tn)

Nhm 93 79,724

Nha 86 21,551

Ti da/ ti hp 53 1,028

Thu tinh 34 26,526

Kim loi 82 1,036

Bao b nha tng hp 53 7,679

Tng 137,545

32 http://www.encorp.ca/ar2009/_pdf/encorp_AR_2009_page4.pdf 33 http://www.encorp.ca/ar2009/

43

1.2.2 K qu mi trng

K qu/ tri phiu mi trng34 l khon ti chnh m cc doanh nghip,

cc c s sn xut kinh doanh phi np/ t cc ti cc Ngn hng hay cc t

chc tn dng trc khi tin hnh cc hot ng c th gy nhim mi trng

nhm bo m cam kt v thc hin cc bin php hn ch nhim v suy

thoi mi trng. S tin k qu phi ln hn hoc xp x vi kinh ph cn

khc phc mi trng nu doanh nghip, cc c s kinh doanh gy ra nhim

suy thoi mi trng. Trong qu trnh thc hin u t v sn xut, nu doanh

nghip c cc bin php ch ng khc phc khng xy ra nhim, suy thoi

mi trng ng nh cam kt th s tin k qu c hon tr li cn ngc li

nu doanh nghip khng thc hin ng nh cam kt hoc ph sn th s tin

c rt ra khi ti khon ngn hng chi cho cng tc khc phc s c nhim.

V c bn, c ch thc hin ca k qu/ tri phiu mi trng tng t

nh h thng t cc hon tr, nhng c s can thip su ca Nh nc. Trong

lnh vc bo v mi trng, vic qui nh k qu nhm m bo ngha v bo v

mi trng i vi cc i tng gy nhim mi trng do Nh nc qui nh

bt buc. Ni k qu do Nh nc quy nh c th, thng l cc ngn hng

thng mi, kho bc Nh nc, ni cc i tng k qu c ti khon giao dch.

K qu/ tri phiu mi trng thng c p dng trong cc ngnh kinh

t d gy nhim mi trng trm trng nh: khai thc khong sn, xy dng

cc nh my tim n mc nhim mi trng caov l cng c kinh t cn

thit trong qun l mi trng, tc ng trc tip n vic thc hin trch nhim

BVMT ca doanh nghip thng qua vic khuyn khch h tm ra nhng bin

php thch hp nhm hn ch nhim, suy thoi mi trng nhn li s tin

k qu. Ngoi ra, k qu mi trng cn gip cho Nh nc khng phi mt

1 khon tin trong NSNN chi cho vic u t khc phc nhim, suy thoi mi

trng. y l mt cng c kinh t cn thit trong qun l ti nguyn mi

34 Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Gio trnh Kinh t qun l Ti nguyn v Mi trng, tr.431, Nh xut bn Thng k.

44

trng, ng vai tr tc ng trc tip n thc hin trch nhim BVMT ngay

sau khi khai thc ti nguyn ca cc t chc, c nhn.

Sau y l mt s v d v k qu mi trng c p dng ti mt s

quc gia trn th gii:

Ti Quebec (Canada) 35

K qu mi trng c p dng trong ngnh khai thc khong sn ti

Quebec (Canada) t u nhng nm 1990. Theo quy nh ca B Ti nguyn v

B Mi trng Quebec trong Lut khai thc m th t ngy 9 thng 4 nm 1995,

bt k c nhn tham gia khai thc m hoc iu hnh h thng khai thc phi

trnh k hoch phc hi v mt khon ti chnh m bo, chim 70% chi ph

phc hi khu vc khai thc. Cc doanh nghip khai thc m phi thc hin y

cc th tc v bo him ti chnh theo qui nh ca Chnh ph. Khon ti

chnh ny c th dng tin mt, tri phiu, sc, hoc chng nhn m bo u

t. Khon tin hay bo him c k qu vi B Ti chnh phi ph hp vi cc

hot ng k qu cho ti khi chng nhn c thu hi li. Tuy nhin, khon bo

m ti chnh c th gim khi d n c xem xt li nu vic phc hi c

hon tt hoc khon m bo ti chnh c th tng nu ngi k qu thay i cc

hot ng khai thc. Bn hp ng k qu gia ngn hng v ch d n phi

m bo cc iu khon sau: (a) khng c nhn no c th thu hi hoc hon tr

m khng c s cho php ca B trng vi mc ch bo m cho cc k

hoch phc hi c thc hin y ; (b) B cn s dng mt phn tin bo

m chi tr cho cc hot ng phc hi cn thit. Khon tin k qu ph

thuc vo d n phc hi v tng ng vi 70% chi ph c tnh i vi vic

phc hi khu vc khai thc. Khon k qu c s dng cho khu vc phc hi

vi cc mc tiu: no vt lng h bao gm bn y v cnh quan h, dn dp

thi, cht thi khai thc, x l cht nhim trong nc h.

35 Ministre des Ressources naturelles du Qubec and the Ministre de l'Environnement et de la Faune du Qubec, 1997, Guidelines for preparing a mining site rehabilitation plan and general mining site rehabilitation requirements.

45

i vi cc d n thm d, khai thc ko di mt nm hoc t hn, th

khon k qu phi c thc hin trong 15 ngy ph duyt k hoch phc hi

vng khai thc. Nu cc d n ny ko di hn 1 nm th khon k qu phi

c chi tr hng nm vi ln chi tr u tin tng ng vi chi ph c tnh ca

vic phc hi c thc hin hoc s thc hin trong sut 1 nm . Mi

khon k qu hng nm phi chi tr tng ng vi chi ph phc hi c tnh

trong nm .

i vi cc d n khai thc m, khon k qu hng nm ca doanh nghip

c xc lp da trn thi gian thc hin d n. Doanh nghip s c xc lp

lch trnh k qu (ti a l 15 nm) mt ln ph duyt k hoch phc hi. Khi k

hoch c p dng, th ln chi tr khon k qu u tin trong 15 ngy ph

duyt k hoch phc hi. Khi cc hot ng khai thc ko di khng n 10

nm, khon k qu c th c tr hon v b sung vo khon chi tr hng nm

tip theo. Khng c tr hon khon k qu ny qu 2 nm. Khi cc hot ng

khai thc m ko di qu 10 nm, hai ln chi tr ti khon k qu lin tip c th

c tr hon nhng khng qu 3 nm.

Ti Philipine36

K qu mi trng cng c p dng trong lnh vc khai thc khong

sn ti Philipine. Theo Ngh nh sa i s 7942 nhm trin khai thc hin

Lut khai thc m nm 1995 ca Philipine, ti iu 13 qui nh v khon k qu

m ngi khai thc khong sn phi chi tr c thc hin d n c ni dung

nh sau: ngi k hp ng/ s hu giy php/ thu t s phi chi tr cho

Chnh ph mt khon tin t cc c gi tr ti thiu bng 5% gi tr th trng

ca ton b sn lng khong sn khai thc hoc cc sn phm ch bin khng

bao gm tt c cc loi thu khc. 10% khon tin trn v 10% doanh thu khc

nh qun l hnh chnh, v sinh, khai thc v cc ph lin quan khc c thu t

hot ng thm d, khai thc, pht trin v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn

36http://mines2.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/implementing_rules_of_the_mining_act.pdf

46

khong sn cng vi khong sn d tr s c Chnh ph qun l nh mt qu

tn dng v s c k qu vo ngn qu ca Chnh ph phn phi cho cc d

n c bit v cc chi ph hnh chnh khc lin quan n thm d, khai thc, pht

trin v qun l mi trng khong sn.

Ti Australia37

T l tri phiu mi trng cc khu khai thc m pha ty Australia

ngy cng gia tng t u nm 2011, iu c ngha l chi ph thc hin cc

hot ng thm d v khai thc bang ny cng ang gia tng. T cui nm

1980, tri phiu mi trng c p dng ti Ty Australia nh l mt dng bo

him nhm m bo cho khu vc ny trnh khi cc nguy c v ti chnh trong

trng hp hot ng khai thc m tht bi trong vic phc hi mi trng sau

khi khai thc. Tri phiu mi trng c qun l bi Cc Mi trng ca B

m v du kh (DMP).

Cc ch khai thc khong sn phi m bo tun th cc qui nh v thm

d, khai thc v cho thu giy php khai thc theo Lut khai thc m 1975.

Khon tri phiu c c tnh bng cc tiu ch ti thiu do DMP ban hnh

nhm phn nh cc chi ph phc hi khai thc khong sn. Khon bo him khai

thc m thng thng c c tnh khong 25% tng chi ph phc hi, tuy

nhin theo kho st v p dng tri phiu mi trng ti Australia vo thng 11

nm 2006 cho thy khon chi ph ny chim 40 50% tng chi ph phc hi c

tnh. Chnh quyn Ty Australia can thip cho php mc ri ro ti chnh

cao hn lin quan n cc hot ng phc hi trong khai thc m so vi cc

bang khc. Vo gia nm 2008, do tc ng ca khng hong kinh t ton cu,

chnh quyn bang phi tr hon vic gia tng t l tri phiu h tr cc yu

t ti nguyn, v vy, n cui nm 2009, t l tri phiu mi trng tiu chun

c gi n nh. Trong iu kin nn kinh t vn cha c hi phc vo

cui 2010, chnh quyn vn duy tr vic tr hon ny.

37http://www.claytonutz.com/publications/newsletters/energy_and_resources_insights/20100906/increase_in_environmental_bond_rates_for_wa_miners.page

47

1.2.3 Bi thng thit hi mi trng

Bi thng thit hi mi trng l cng c kinh t p dng i vi cc t

chc, c nhn c hnh vi gy tn hi n mi trng c quy nh trong php

lut. Theo TS. V Th Hnh (2007), hin nay, trn th gii, tn ti 2 quan im

lin quan n bi thng thit hi do lm nhim suy thoi mi trng:38

Quan im th nht, bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi

trng ch bao gm vic bi thng do nhng hnh vi gy nh hng n cht

lng mi trng (nh mi trng t, nc, khng kh....)

Quan im th hai, bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng

bao gm c vic bi thng do nhng hnh vi gy nh hng n cht lng

mi trng v nhng hnh vi gy nh hng n sc khe, thit hi v ti sn

ca c nhn. Thit hi i vi sc kho v tnh mng con ngi do c th hp

thu hoc b tc ng bi cc cht c hi dn n pht sinh cc bnh tt hoc tn

thng khc. Thit hi v ti sn nh do tc ng ca nhim ln mi trng

sng ca h sinh thi dn n s suy thoi, gim nng sut cy trng, vt nui,

thoi ho t

Ti mt s quc gia trn th gii nh Cng ho lin bang Nga, Nht Bn,

Australia, thit hi do nhim mi trng u c quy nh trong php lut

theo quan im ny. Thit hi i vi sc kho v tnh mng con ngi do c

th hp thu hoc b tc ng bi cc cht c hi dn n pht sinh cc bnh tt

hoc tn thng khc. Thit hi v ti sn nh do tc ng ca nhim ln mi

trng sng ca h sinh thi dn n s suy thoi, gim nng sut cy trng, vt

nui, thoi ho t Ngoi ra Australia, thit hi cn tnh n kha cnh vn

ho, tinh thn, do nhng tc ng ca cc hot ng gy nhim dn n s nh

hng n mi trng sng lm gim cht lng cuc sng, thay i cnh quan,

ph v vn ho bn a.

38 V Thu Hnh, 2007, Bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng, Tp ch khoa hc php l s 3

48

Ty thuc vo cch thc xc nh thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut

gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng, cc nc u c quy nh c th v trch

nhim bi thng; phng php xc nh thit hi; c quan c thm quyn gii

quyt; c ch, trnh t, th tc gii quyt... Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy rng vn

xc nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng l vn khng n gin

ngay c nhng nc pht trin, nht l vn lng ha thit hi v mi

trng theo chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi thnh phn mi trng khi b

nhim, suy thoi; thit hi v vt cht tnh theo chi ph b mt, chi ph khc phc

hu qu ca thit hi, ci to mi trng...

Theo Chng trnh mi trng Lin Hip quc nm 2000 (UNEP), cch

thc xc nh thit hi mi trng c chia lm bn nhm bao gm: (1) To n

hoc cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc mi trng xc nh gi tr tn tht i vi

mi trng; (2) xc nh thit hi theo phng thc quy i mt khon tin c

nh; (3) Vin chc hnh chnh hoc chnh quyn a phng xc nh gi tr

thit hi; (4) cch thc khc.

Ti Italia v New Zealand thc hin cch thc thuc nhm 1, to n ng

vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh tn tht39. Trong trng hp khng th

xc nh c thit hi, s c to n quy i thnh mt khon tin ph hp

chi ph cho vic phc hi m ngi gy tn hi phi tr cho bn chu tn tht do

nhim, suy thoi mi trng40. Nhm cch thc th hai c p dng ph bin

cc nc Ty Ban Nha, Hungary, Mng C v cc nc chu M La tinh. Ti

Ty Ban Nha, gi tr ca mt loi ng vt c nh gi t 2500 peseta ln n

1,5 triu peseta (i vi cc ng vt c nguy c b tuyt chng nh gu, mo

rng Iberia); c nc ngt c gi t 100.000 n 500.000 peseta; ti Hungary,

ngi vi phm c th phi tr gp 10 ln gi tr ca nhng ng thc vt ang

c bo v c bit b hy hoi41 .Ti c v B s dng phng thc nh gi

39 Lut bo tn New Zealand, ngy 31/3/1987 40 iu 18 Lut s 349 ngy 8/7/1986 v vic thnh lp B Mi trng v cc quy tc i vi nhng thit hi v mi trng. 41 V Thu Hnh, 2007, Bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng, Tp ch khoa hc php l s 3.

49

thit hi khc l phng php Koch. y l phng php s dng ph bin

trong vic xc nh tn tht i vi cy ci, cc chi ph cn phi bi thng bao

gm chi ph mua cy mi thay th, trng v chm sc ban u, phng chng cc

nguy c bt gc, chm sc thng xuyn v tin li t s tin chi ph trn42.

Nht Bn, cng vi h thng ta n c thm quyn xt x cc hnh vi

vi phm php lut v mi trng (bng vic pht t, pht tin i vi c nhn v

php nhn) th cn c h thng cc t chc gii quyt tranh chp mi trng,

ng u l y ban iu phi tranh chp mi trng (EDCC). EDCC l c

quan c thm quyn thc hin cc chnh sch, gii quyt tranh chp mi trng.

EDCC c by thnh vin c Th tng b nhim vi s nht tr ca Ngh

vin (Quc hi). EDCC c th b nhim cc chuyn gia iu tra cc vn

v khoa hc, k thut khi cn thit, ng thi thnh lp cc y ban kim tra tnh

trng nhim cp tnh (PPECs). Cc y ban ny s tip nhn cc v kin mi

trng, thc hin cc th t v ha gii, phn x, xc nh thit hi trong cc

tranh chp....V vy, cc tranh chp mi trng c gii quyt nhanh chng

v chnh xc, m bo c quyn li ca ngi b thit hi.

Hay nh M, mt trong nhng cn c xc nh bi thng thit hi

do vi phm php lut v mi trng l doanh thu b thit hi, chi ph khc phc

thit hi. in hnh nh v trn du do gin khoan Deepwater Horizon trn vnh

Mexico ca Tp on Du kh Anh British Petroleum (BP) b n v chm thi

gian va qua, BP phi c trch nhim bi thng cho cc ch tu c, thuyn

vin, c nhn v doanh nghip b thit hi trong trong vic nh bt, kinh doanh

hi sn, thm ch i tng c bi thng cn bao gm c cc cng nhn mt

vic do Chnh ph ngng cp php khoan ging du mi, cng nhn dn du

trn b nh hng sc khe. ...

Hnh thc bi thng thit hi c th c thc hin bi cng ng a

phng v c th to ra s dn xp n tho gia cc bn. Bin php ny to ra

c hi cho ngnh cng nghip c th t vn ng tho hip vi cng ng v 42 Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc Php l- B T php, Trch nhim dn s do hnh vi gy thit hi v mi trng, Bn tin Lut so snh, S 1/2004.

50

t ci thin qui trnh vn hnh ca mnh xanh, sch v nng sut cao hn. c

bit, bi thng thit hi c tim nng to ra cc tc ng tch cc n mi

trng, nu vic bi thng c thc hin tho ng s gip cho vic phc hi

tn tht mi trng v bo v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin hiu qu. Ngoi

ra, cch thc ny to c hi cho vic duy tr s tin nghi v mi trng tt cho

cng ng trong khi cc hot ng khai thc vn c th din ra. iu xy

dng mi quan h tin tng vng chc gia cng ng v ngi sn xut. Cc

bn lin quan c th tho hip, chia s quyn li m bo cc gi tr v c

trng ca mi trng c bo tn. Hn th, bi thng thit hi khin nh sn

xut thn thin hn vi cc yu t mi trng thay v chng li n.

Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im trn, bi thng thit hi cng bc l

nhng nhc im nh vic xc nh thit hi v thi hnh bi thng trong thc

tin thc s rt kh khn. Qu trnh ny khng thch hp vi cc t chc quy m

nh hoc c nhn. Cch thc ny c th gy qu ti cho cc gi tr ca vic pht

trin ti nguyn. Trong mt s trng hp, bi thng thit hi c tim nng tr

thnh gii php thoi thc trch nhim v l gii php thay th cho cc bin

php trnh hoc phc hi cc nh hng mi trng. iu ny tri ngc vi

ni hm ca bi thng thit hi l nhm hn ch ti a hoc qun l cc hot

ng gy nh hng ti mi trng. Hn th, bi thng thit hi c nguy c

lm gia tng cc chi ph ca d n bi cc khon bi thng ca ngi tiu

dng. c bit, phng thc ny c th b lm dng nhm phc v cho li ch

ca mt s nhm ch cng nghip theo ch ngha c hi thay v n b cho

cng ng b thit hi. Mi trng tr thnh ti sn mang tnh th trng v vic

n b c th khng thch ng vi s hu hoi mi trng, v nhng vng

c bo v c th s khng c duy tr lu di. Trn thc t, mt s qu trnh

bi thng thit hi khng c thc hin r rng, c t chc tt v vt qu

thi gian quy nh. i vi cc d n c quy m ln v tc ng nghim trng

n mi trng, mc d bi thng thit hi cng c cp, nhng trong mt

vi trng hp cc gii php khng c thc hin dn n nguy c suy thoi

51

mi trng khng c gii quyt43. Di y l mt s v d v bi thng

thit hi do nhim mi trng mt s quc gia trn th gii:

Bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng ti Nht Bn44

T nm 1956, vnh Minamata, tnh Kumamoto ca Nht Bn b

nhim nghim trng bi du x cht thi c cha thu ngn t qu trnh sn xut

ca Cng ty Nippon Carbide, tin thn ca Cng ty Chisso. C ti Vnh cht

hng lot, v mt s loi ng vt trn cn nh ln, mo cng b cht do ri lon

thn kinh. Con ngi cng b nh hng bi ngun nc b nhim c ny.

Trung tm Chm sc sc kho Minamata tip nhn bnh nhn u tin mc

chng bnh do nhim ny gy ra, gi l bnh Minamata. Bnh gy ra do s

nh hng ca hp cht thu ngn n h thng thn kinh ca con ngi v

ng vt. Triu chng bnh biu hin nh t lit tay chn, gim th lc, mt tr,

bi lit, bt tnh v c th t vong. Tnh n thng 3 nm 2001 c 2.265 nn

nhn c xc nh l nhim bnh Minamata. Cn bnh ny cng c pht

hin khu vc dn c sng gn sng Agano, tnh Niigata vo nhng nm 1960.

Nguyn nhn gy bnh y cng l do nhim thu ngn bi c s sn xut

Kanose. Tnh n thng 3 nm 1999 c 690 ngi nhim bnh Chnh ph

Nht Bn tin hnh ng b cc bin php v kim sot nhim, tr gip

ngi dn, thc y iu tra, kho st nguy c nh hng ca cht nhim n

sc kho ngi dn sng quanh vng. Chi ph cho cc gii php ny v thit hi

gy ra rt ln. Vic p dng cng c bi thng thit hi h tr rt hiu qu

trong vic ci thin mi trng v cha tr cho ngi dn.

Cc chi ph thit hi c chia lm 3 phn bao gm chi ph thit hi v

sc kho, chi ph thit hi i vi ngnh ng nghip v chi ph thit hi nhim

vnh (chi ph dng cho no vt, chn lp bn lng nhim ti vnh). Nm 1973,

To phn quyt khon bi thng gc hng nm m Cng ty Chisso phi bi

43Renee Murphy, The contribution of environmental compensation to the sustainable development of resources, Harrison Grierson Consultants Limited 44 Nguyn Vn Ti, Nguyn Vn Huy, 2010, nhim mi trng ti Nht Bn - trng hp bnh Minamata, tp ch mi trng s 10/2010, tr 59

52

thng cho cc bnh nhn Minamata l 1,184 t yn. Khon bi thng ny

phi c tr u trong 30 nm vi li sut 7% hng nm. Tng chi ph bi

thng thit hi trung bnh nm k t sau nm 1974, c tnh khon 7,671 t

yn/nm (tnh theo gi tr nm 1989). i vi khon chi ph bi thng thit hi

nhim vnh hng nm c c tnh khon 4,271 t yn/ nm. V khon chi

ph bi thng cho thit hi ng nghip hng nm khong 690 triu yn/ nm.

Tng thit hi hng nm do nhim gy ra cn phi bi thng khong 12,632

t yn (tnh theo gi tr nm 1989).

Khon chi ph ny so snh vi khon chi ph m cc cng ty phi b ra khi

s dng cc bin php kim sot nhim khng gy ra hu qu ch c 125

triu yn, th thc s l khon tin khng l. Bi hc ny cho chng ta thy r

vn mi trng cn c quan tm ng mc ngn chn nhng hu qu

khn