kog; gjpg;gupikailaj

f.ngh.j (cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd; gpd;dUk; eilngwTs;s guPl;irf;fhd tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;Gk; khjpup tpdhf;fSk; - njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiw

- ii -

KOg; gjpg;GupikAilaJ

f.ngh.j. (cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - njhopDl;tpay; ghlj;Jiw

2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd; gpd;dUk; eilngwTs;s guPl;irf;fhd tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;Gk; khjpup

tpdhf;fSk;

,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;

Kjw; gjpg;G 2015

Ma;T mgptpUj;jpf; fpis

Njrpa kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; guPl;rpj;jYf;Fkhd Nrit


epjp mDruiz

cyf tq;fpapd; fy;tpj;Jiw mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; (ESDP) Clhf

mr;Rg;gjpg;G : ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;


- iii -

guPl;ir Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

r%fj; Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; jpwd;fs; epiwe;j fy;tpia khztu;fSf;F toq;Ftjd;

Nehf;Fld; njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiw ghlj;njhFjpf;F mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. f.ngh.j. (c.jug;

ghlj;Jiwf;F mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l ,g;Gjpa ghlj;JiwapD}lhf khztu;fis Ntiy cyfpw;Fg;

gupr;rag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjd; %yk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; njhopDl;g cyfpy; njhopy; tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,g;ghlj;Jiwf;fhf mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;l ve;jputpay; njhopDl;gtpay;> capu;Kiwikj;

njhopDl;gtpay;> njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; vd;Dk; ghlq;fisf; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; f.ngh.j.

(c.ju)g; guPl;irf;fhf Kjy; jlit 2015 Mk; Mz;by; Njhw;Wtu;. ,q;F ve;jputpay; njhopDl;gtpaYk;

capu;Kiwikj; njhopDl;gtpaYk; vd;Dk; ,U ghlq;fSk; f.ngh.j.(cau; ju)g; guPl;irapy; vOj;Jg;

guPl;irf;F Nkyjpfkhfr; nra;Kiwg; guPl;irAk; elj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;Nfw;g Gjpa ghlj;Jiwapd; fPo;

mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; mg;ghlj;jpl;lq;fSf;F ,irthf 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk;

mjd; gpd;dUk; elj;jg;gLk; f.ngh.j.(cau; ju)g; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;Wk; gps;isfspd; gad;ghl;bw;fhf

tpdhj;jhspdJk; nra;Kiwg; guPl;irapdJk; fl;likg;GfisAk; Kd;khjpup tpdhf;fisAk; ghlrhiyfSf;F

toq;fNtz;bAs;sJ.

,g;ghlq;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; gy ghlj;Jiwfisf; nfhz;Lk; mtw;wpy; nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;

,lk;ngw;Wk; ,Ug;gjdhy; mg;ghlj;Jiwfspyhd epGzu;fisf; nfhz;l ,U rigapdhy; ,g;gzp

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thNw f.ngh.j(cau; ju) ,d; Vida ghlj;JiwfSf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;Gfspy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpg; Gjpa ghlq;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fSf;F ,irthf

,Uf;FkhW tpdhj;jhs;fspd; fl;likg;Gfisj; jahupf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

,jw;Nfw;g 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd; gpd;dUk; elj;jg;gLk; f.ngh.j(cau; ju)g; guPl;irf;fhf

tpdhj;jhspdJk; nra;Kiwg; guPl;irapdJk; fl;likg;GfSk; Kd;khjpup tpdhf;fSk; Kd;khjpupr; nra;Kiwg;

guPl;irAk; ,lk;ngWk; mwpTWj;jw; ifE}yhf njhopDl;gtpaw; ghlj;Jiwf;fhd nghJj;jfty;fSk; gFjp

I, II ,d; tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;Gld; Kd;khjpup tpdhf;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,jidg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;

%yk; khztu;fisg; gupr;rag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf;fhfj; jahu;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd tha;g;G

Mrpupau;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. MfNt guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;Wk; khztu;fSf;Fk; guPl;irf;Fj; jahu;gLj;Jk;NghJ

ghlrhiyfspd; mjpgu;fSf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; mjDld; njhlu;Ggl;l topfhl;bfSf;Fk; ghlrhiyr;

rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,J kpfTk; cjTk;. vdNt ,e;E}ypy; cs;s tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;GfisAk; Kd;khjpup

tpdhf;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; khztu;fs; ,g;guPl;irapy; vt;tif kjpg;gPl;il vjpu;nfhs;tu;

vd;gJ gw;wpa mt;tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwyhk;.

,jpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;GfisAk; Kd;khjpup tpdhf;fisAk; jahupf;Fk; NghJ xj;Jiog;ig

ey;fpa rfy gy;fiyf;fof Nguhrpupau;fSf;Fk; fy;tp mikr;rpd; mYtyu;fSf;Fk; ,isQu; mYty;fs;

kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; mYtyfu;fSf;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

cl;gl tpupTiuahsu;fSf;Fk; ts MszpapdUf;Fk; ,yq;ifg;guPl;irj; jpzif;fsj;jpd; Ma;T mgptpUj;jpf;

fpisapd; mYtyu;fSf;Fk; gzpahsu; FOTf;Fk; E}iy mr;rpLtjw;fhf epjpAjtp mspj;j cyf tq;fpr;

nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; gzpr; rigf;Fk; ,jid ed;whf mr;rpl;l ,yq;ifg;guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; gzpahsu;

FOtpw;Fk; ,g;gzpia ntw;wpfukhf;Ftjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jtu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wp cupj;jhFk;.

lgps;a+.vk;.vd;.N[. G\;gFkhu

guPl;ir Mizahsu; ehafk;

2015.01.26

Ma;T mgptpUj;jpf; fpis



- v -- iv -


- vii -

cs;slf;fk;

gf;f ,yf;fk;

gFjp

guPl;irfs; njhlu;ghd nghJj; jfty;fs; ---------------------- 1

gFjp

Kd;khjpup tpdhf;fs; ---------------------- 5

nghwpapaw; njhopDl;gtpay;

tpdhj;jhspd; fl;likg;G ---------------------- 7

Kd;khjpup tpdh - tpdhj;jhs; ---------------------- 8

tpdhj;jhs; ---------------------- 16

nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf; fl;likg;G ---------------------- 29

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

- tpz;zg;gjhupfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy; ---------------------- 30

- guPl;rfu; FOTf;fhd mwpTWj;jy; ---------------------- 45

capu;Kiwikj; njhopDl;gtpay;



tpdhj;jhs; ---------------------- 70

nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf; fl;likg;G ---------------------- 79

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

- guPl;rfu; FOTf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fSk;

kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; ---------------------- 79

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;



tpdhj;jhs; ---------------------- 102

,izg;G ---------------------- 116


- 1 -- v -

MNyhrid : lgps;A. vk;. vd;. N[. G\;gFkhu - guPl;irfs; Mizahsu; ehafk;

newpg;gLj;jYk; xOq;fikg;Gk; : fahj;up mNgFzNrfu - guPl;irfs; Mizahsu; (Ma;T mgptpUj;jp)

,izg;ghf;fk; : N[. V. N[. Mu;. [af;nfhb - cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;

ghl ,izg;ghf;fk;

nghwpapaw; njhopDl;gtpay; ( <. FyNrfu - gpujpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;

N[. V. N[. Mu;. [af;nfhb - cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;

yrpf;f rkuNfhd; - cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;

capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay; : Gj;jpf;fh ngNuuh - cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; : kNdhkp nrdtpuj;d - cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;

`rd;jh FWg;G - cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;

v];. gpufhrd; - cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;

jahupg;Gk; nrt;tpjhf;fKk; :- nghwpapaw; njhopDl;gtpay; fyhepjp uP. V. gparpup - JizNte;ju;> njhopy;rhu; njhopDl;gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp vy;. B. N[.v];. ehzaf;fhu - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - njhopy; Kfhikj;Jtf; fw;ifj;Jiw>

fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp vy;. vy;. Vf;fehaf;f - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - rptpy; nghwpapaw; fw;ifj;Jiw>

nkhul;Litg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nf.gP.vy;. ue;jpf;fh fg;GNf - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - re;ij Kfhikj;Jtf; fw;ifgPlk;>

rg;gpufKt gy;fiyf;fofk;

gP. [P.Mu;.vd;.I. G];]y;y - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - Gtp tpQ;QhdgPlk;> rg;gpufKt

gy;fiyf;fofk;

V.B. ee;jNrd - fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu; (njhopDl;gk;) - fy;tp mikr;R

vd;.uP.Nf. nyhf;Fypad - gzpg;ghsu; (njhopDl;gf; fy;tp) - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

[P.Nf. fkNf - cjtp tpupTiuahsu; - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

[P. V. N[.gP. ngNuuh - rpNu\;l gapw;rp ve;jpupau; - yq;fh N[u;kd; ifj;njhopw; gapw;rp

epWtdk;

vk;.v];.Mu;. gu;dhe;J - rpNu\;l gapw;rp ve;jpupau; - yq;fh N[u;kd; ifj;njhopw; gapw;rp

epWtdk;

N[. Muparpq;` - tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;Tngw;w) - njhopDl;gf; fy;Y}up> kUjhid

vd;.B. [arpup - tpupTiuahsu; - ifj;njhopy; nghwpapaw; gapw;rp epWtdk;

ejPf;fh mk;gf`tj;j - gapw;rp mjpfhup - Njrpa njhopw;gapw;rp rig

Nf. [P. ghj;jpa mkuehj - gapw;rp mjpfhup - Njrpa njhopw;gapw;rp epWtdk;

a+.B.Nf.vd;. rkuNrf;fu - rpNu\;l Nghjdhrpupau; - yq;fh N[u;kd; ifj;njhopw; gapw;rp

epWtdk;

vr;.Mu;.V.gP. Fzjpyf;f - Nghjdhrpupau; - njhopDl;gf; fy;Y}up> kUjhid

Nf. N[. V. uP. [atu;jd - Nghjdhrpupau; - njhopDl;gf; fy;Y}up> fk;g`h

vr;.Mu;.V.gP. Fzjpyf;f - Nghjdhrpupau; - njhopDl;gf; fy;Y}up> kUjhid

Mu;.V. lgps;A. v];.[P. uztf;f - Nghjdhrpupau; - njhopDl;gf; fy;Y}up> kUjhid

gP.vk;.N[.gP. tpN[Nfhd; - Nghjdhrpupau; - Nkhl;lhu; thfd ve;jpug; gapw;rp epWtdk;>


- 2 -- vi -

jahupg;Gk; nrt;tpjhf;fKk; - capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay;

rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau; fhkpdp Nrdhehaf;fh - cgNte;ju;> WFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; jpyf; gP. B. fkNf - gPlhjpgjp> kPd;gpb> rKj;jputpay; njhopDl;gg; gPlk;>

WFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; vk;.vk;.vk;. eh[pk; - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - tpyq;fpay; gPlk;> fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;

vk;. uk;gz;lh - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - tptrha ve;jputpay; gPlk;>

Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp Nf.v];. N`kre;jpu - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - tptrha capupay; gPlk;


fyhepjp v];.vk;.rP.a+.gP. Rgrpq;` - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - td tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; Rw;whly; gPlk;>

= [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp rdj; mkuJq;f - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - tptrha ve;jputpay; gPlk;>


fyhepjp vk;.V.N[. tq;rghy - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - czT njhopDl;g tpQ;Qhdk;>


fyhepjp gP.lgps;A. md;ud; ngNuuh - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - fhy;eilfs; tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>

WFZ gy;fiyf;fofk; V.vy;. re;jpf;f - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - tptrha nghUspay; gPlk;>

WFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nf.[P.lgps;A.Nf. fl;Lf;FUe;j - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

vd;.V. Fztu;j;jd - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - (Xa;Tngw;w) - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

<.V.rP.vd;. ngNuuh - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - Njrpa fy;tp epWtdk;.

fPjhdp re;jpujh] - Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrha) - tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk; N`hkhfk

Mu;. Rju;kh uj;djpyf;f - Mrpupau; Nrit - N`hkhfk k. k. tp.> N`hkhfk

jahupg;Gk; nrt;tpjhf;fKk; - njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nguhrpupau; Rje;j ypadNf - gPlhjpgjp - gpuNahf tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>

= -[atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp B.vy;.[auj;d - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - Ez;Zapu; tpQ;QhdgPlk; fsdp

gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp B.B. fUzhuj;d - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - fzpdpf; fw;if epiyak;>

nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp lgps;A.N[.vk;. rkuehaf;f - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - ngsjpftpay; fw;ifg; gpupT fsdp

gy;fiyf;fofk;

rhzf;a N[. tpN[uj;d - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - fzpj fw;ifg; gpupT nfhOk;G

gy;fiyf;fofk;


- 3 -- vii -

fyhepjp v];.B.vk;. rpe;jf;f - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - ,urhad tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>


fyhepjp vk;.V.gP. gpurhd;j - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - ,urhad tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>


fyhepjp g`d; nfhlFk;Gu - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - ,urhad tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>


fyhepjp vk;.vd;. nfskhy; - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - ,urhad tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>

nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp tP.vk;. jjhdp - rpNu\;l Ma;T tpupTiuahsu; - eNdh njhopDl;g

epWtfk;> N`hkhfk

v];.vd;. khJtNf - gzpg;ghsu; - jfty; njhopDl;gk;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

fyhepjp vy;.lgps;A.Mu;. j my;tp]; - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gP. kytpgjpuz - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

V.B. mNrhf j rpy;th - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

N[.vk;.vy;. yf;\;kd; - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;T ngw;w)

- rpad Njrpa fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}up

Mu;.[P.Mu;. jkae;jp - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - rpad Njrpa fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}up

vr;.gP.a+.v];.I.Nf. ngNuuh - epiya Kfhikahsu; - fzpdp ts epiyak;> q;Fud;nfj;j

tP.gP.Nf. Rkjpghy - Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> ty];Ky;y.

Nf.gP. tpjhuz - Mrpupau; - uh[rpq;f k.k.tp> Utd;nty;y

nkhopngau;g;G

nghwpapaw; njhopDl;gtpay; - e. thfPr%u;j;jp

Xa;Tngw;w fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> fy;tp mikr;R

uP. ghyrpq;fk;

Xa;Tngw;w cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;> guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;

capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay; ( j. kjptjdd;

Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> gpypae;jy tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; ( vk;.vr;.vk;. ah$j;

Xa;Tngw;w gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

fzpdp gf;f tbtikg;G:

nghwpapaw; njhopDl;gtpay; ( v];. w`Pdh `h\pk;

fzpdpj; juTg; gjpthsu;

capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay; ( Rg;ukzpak; fhQ;rdh


njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; ( Rg;ukzpak; fhQ;rdh


Kfg;G ml;il tbtikg;G ( Gj;jpf epGz Nrdhehaf;f



- 1 -

gFjp

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju (cau;ju)g; guPl;ir njhlu;ghd

nghJj; jfty;fs;

mwpKfk;

,yq;ifapd; rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; ,Wjpr; rhd;wpjo;g;gLj;Jk; guPl;irahf f.ngh.j

(c.ju)g; guPl;ir cs;sJ. ,J Kf;fpakhf rhd;wpjo;g;gLj;Jk; guPl;irahf eilngw;wNghJk;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> NtW cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}upfs; vd;gtw;wpw;Fj;

jifikiaj; njupT nra;tjw;Fk; ,g;guPl;irapd; ngWNgW mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gLtjhy; ,J

xU Nju;Tg; guPl;irahfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,J Nghd;Nw eLj;ju kl;lj;jpy; njhopiyg; ngWtjw;Fk; ,g;guPl;irg; ngWNgWfs; mbg;gilj;

jifikahf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. 2014 Mk; Mz;L tiuf;Fk; f.ngh.j (c.ju)g; guPl;ir juk; 12> 13

vd;gtw;wpd; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L capupay;> ngsjpftpay;> tu;j;jfk;> fiy

vd ehd;F ghl newpfspd; fPo; eilngWtJld; 2015 ,ypUe;J njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;JiwapYk;

guPl;ir eilngWk;.

njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwf;Fupa ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;jy;

fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l ,y ED/01/12/02/06/01 ck; 2013.06.11 Mk; jpfjpAk;

cs;s fbjj;jpdhy; Ie;jhk; ghlj; Jiwahfj; njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiw mwpKfQ;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

f.ngh.j. (cau; ju) ,w;fhd njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fis 2013 Mk;

Mz;L juk; 12 ,w;F mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;l mNjNtis mg;ghlj;jpl;lq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

Kjy; jlit f.ngh.j. (c.j.)g; guPl;ir 2015 Mz;by; eilngWk;. Nkw;Fwpj;j ED/01/12/02/06/01 ,y.

fbjj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; Vw;ghLfSf;Nfw;gg; gpd;tUkhW ,g;ghlj; Jiwf;F ,irthfg; ghlq;fisj;

njupe;njLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwiaf; fw;f cj;Njrpj;Js;s khztu;fs;

m gpd;tUk; ghlq;fisf; fl;lhakhf njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ve;jputpaw; njhopDl;gtpay; my;yJ capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay;


M %d;whtJ ghlk; gpd;tUk; ghlq;fspypUe;J njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nghUspay;

Gtpapay;

kidg; nghUspay;

Mq;fpyk;

njhlu;ghly; Clff; fw;if

jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;

rpj;jpuf;fiy

tzpff; fy;tp

tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;

fzf;fPL

f.ngh.j.(c.ju)g; guPl;irf;F gpujhd ghlq;fs; %d;wpw;Fj; Njhw;WtJld; mjw;F Nkyjpfkhf

gy;fiyf;fof EioTf;F cj;Njrpj;Js;s khztu;fs; nghJ rhjhuz tpdhj;jhs; guPl;irapYk;

rpj;jpaile;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gy;fiyf;fof Eiotpw;F ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glhtpbDk; khztu;fs;

jk; tpUg;Gf;F Vw;g nghJ Mq;fpyg; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wyhk;.


- 2 -

f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;irf;fhf mq;fPfupg;gl;l ghlq;fs;

f.ngh.j. (c.ju) njhopDl;gtpay; guPl;irf;fhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ghlq;fSk; ghl ,yf;fq;fSk;

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. guPl;irf;F tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpw;Fupa ghl ,yf;fq;fisNa gad;gLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

ghlk; ghl ,yf;fk;

tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;

jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;

nghUspay;

Gtpapay;

kidg; nghUspay;

njhlu;ghly; Clff; fw;if

tzpff; fy;tp

fzf;fPL

rpj;jpuf;fiy

nghwpapaw; njhopDl;gtpay;

capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay;


Mq;fpyk;

f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;irapy; njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiw njhlu;ghf ntspaplg;gl;l

epge;jidfSf;f Vw;g Nkw;Fwpj;j ghlq;fSs; %d;wpidj; njupT nra;ayhk;. mg;gpujhd ghlq;fisj;

jtpu ,g;guPl;irapy; gpd;tUk; ghlq;fs; ,uz;Lf;Fk; Njhw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nghJr; rhjhuzg; guPl;ir

,yq;ifapy; gy;fiyf;fofk; xd;wpd; cs;sf khztuhf Eiotjw;F ,g;ghlj;jpy;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; ,optsTg; Gs;spiag; ngWjy; mj;jpatrpakhFk;. ,j; jifikia xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy;

ngw;wpUe;jhy; gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gy;fiyf;fof EioTf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

,t;tplaj;Jf;fhfg; ngwg;gLk; Gs;spfs; 'Z' Gs;sp fzpg;gpLk;NghJ Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ.

nghJ Mq;fpyk;

,g;ghlk; f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;ir njhlu;ghd gpujhd ghlk; md;W. nghJ Mq;fpyj;jpy;

ngwg;gLk; Gs;spNah rpj;jpNah gy;fiyf;fof EioTf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;glkhl;lhJ. vdpDk; ,e;jg;

ghlj;jpy; ngWk; ngWNgW f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;irr; rhd;wpjopy; jdpahff; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

juq;fisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

xt;nthU ghlj;jpYk; ngwg;gLk; nkhj;jg; Gs;spfSf;F Vw;g gpd;tUk; juq;fs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

Gs;sp tPr;R juk;

A tpNrl rpj;jp Distinction PassB kpfj; jpwikr; rpj;jp Very Good Pass C jpwikr; rpj;jp Credit Pass S rhjhuz rpj;jp Ordinary Pass F rpj;jpapd;ik Fail


- 3 -

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL

Nehf;fq;fs;

juk; 12/ 13 ,y; fy;tp ngWk; khztu;fspd; f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;irapy; mstpl Kbahj

Mw;wy;fs; Nju;r;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw epfOk; Ntisapy; mstplYk;

,aYik ,ayhik vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L FiwghLfs; cs;s khztu;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpd;D}l;ly;

epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; ,jd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;. ,e;j Ntiy xOq;fikg;gpd;

fPo; tFg;giwapy; fw;Fk; khztu;fisf; fzpg;gPL nra;tJld; khztu;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

,uz;L nraw;wpl;lq;fSk; fzpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk;.

fzpg;gPL epfo;j;jg;gLk; tpjk;

tFg;giwapy; fw;wypy; <LgLk; ghlq;fSf;fhfr; nra;ag;gLk; fzpg;gPL

(m) tFg;giwapy; fw;Fk; vy;yhg; ghlq;fSf;fhfTk; xU jtizapy; %d;W

fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fspD}lhf fzpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw epfo;j;jg;gLk;.

(,jw;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW fzpg;gPl;L tiffisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

Ntz;Lk;.)

(M) tFg;giwapy; fw;Fk; nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghl;Lld; $ba ghlq;fs; (ve;jputpay;

(nghwpapaw;) njhopDl;gtpay;> capu;Kiwikj; njhopDl;gtpay;> tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;>

kidg;nghUspay;> Nghd;w ghlq;fs;) njhlu;ghff; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU jtizapy; xU

nra;Kiwf; fzpg;gPL ,lk; ngWtJld; kw;iwa ,U fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

NtW fzpg;gPL tiffisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

(,) xU jtizf;F %d;W fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; tPjk; juk; 12 ,y; %d;W

jtizfSf;Fk; 9 fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; juk; 13 ,y; jtiz I jtiz II ,w;fhf 6 fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fSkhf ,uz;L tUl fhyj;jpy; 15 fzpg;gPLfs;

,lk; ngWk;.

(<) ,e;j 15 fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fspdJk; Gs;spfspd; ruhrup juk; 13 ,d; ,uz;lhk;

jtiz ,Wjpapy; ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

,e;jg; Gs;spfSf;fikaj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g;

ngWNgw;W gj;jpuj;jpy; jdpahd epuypy; gpd;tUk; tpjj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.

ghlrhiy kl;lf;

fzpg;gPL

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

mjpcau; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Excellent Level Competency cau; Nju;r;rp kl;lk;p High Level Competencyjpwikj; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Credit Level Competency mz;kpj;j Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Near Competency Nju;r;rp kl;lk; milag;gltpy;iy Not reached Competency Level

nraw;wpl;lf; fzpg;gPL

f.ngh.j. (c.ju)j;jpy; fy;tp gapYk; vy;yh khztu;fSk; ,uz;L nraw;wpl;lq;fisr;

nra;J Kbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; xd;W jdpg;gl;l nraw;wpl;lkhFk;. kw;iwaJ FOr;

nraw;wpl;lkhFk;.

jdpahs; nraw;wpl;lk;

(m) jdpahs; nraw;wpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G

xd;W njupT nra;ag;gl;L mJ ghlrhiyapd; nraw;wpl;lf; FOtpdhy;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

(M) juk; 12 ,y; Kjyhk; ,uz;lhk; jtizfSs; ,r; nraw;wpl;lk; epiwT

nra;ag;gLtJld; tFg;Gg; nghWg;ghrpupau; my;yJ ghlg; nghWg;ghrpupau;

,jw;Fupa topfhl;liy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.


- 4 -

(,) nraw;wpl;lk; njhlu;ghd ehshe;j nraw;ghLfis fsg;gjpNtl;Lg; Gj;jfj;jpy;

gjpTnra;J nraw;wpl;lg; nghWg;ghrpupau; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;;

Ntz;Lk;.

(<) nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; <LgLtjD}lhf khztu; jkJ Ra Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;jf;

$bajhapUg;gJld; Neubahfg; gy;NtW epWtdq;fSlDk;> r%fj;JlDk;

njhlu;gpidg; NgzTk; gy;NtW jdpegu;fSld; nraw;gLjy; gw;wpa

tpsf;fj;ijAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;FjYNk

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

FOr; nraw;wpl;lk;

(m) FOr; nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;fhfg; ghlrhiy khztu; 10 Ngu; mlq;fpa FOf;fs;

ghlrhiy nraw;wpl;lf; FOtpdhy; ngau; Fwpj;J epakpf;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

(M) ,f; FOf;fs; ghlrhiyapd; tpQ;Qhdk; tu;j;jfk; fiyj;Jiw njhopDl;gJiw

Mfpa ehd;ifAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; mikf;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

(,) FOr; nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;fhd nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G FOtpdhy; nraw;wpl;lf;

FOTf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;L mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

(<) juk; 12 ,y; %d;whk; jtiz juk; 13 ,y; Kjyhk; jtiz cs;spl;l

fhyg;gFjpapy; ,r; nraw;wpl;l eltbf;iffs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(c) FO czu;Tld; nraw;gLjy;> gy;NtW epWtdq;fSlDk; jdpegu;fSlDk;

eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;> fs eltbf;iffs; njhlu;gpy; tpsf;fk;

ngWtjpy; re;ju ;g ;gq;fs; toq;Fjy; ,r; nraw;wpl ;lj;jpd; %yk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nraw;wpl;lf; fzpg;gPL

5 epajpfspd; fPo; nraw;wpl;lf; fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gLtJld; nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;fhd

nghWg;ghrpupau; FO xt;nthU epajpfSf;Fk; mika khztu; nraw;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij

mtjhdpj;J Gs;sp toq;Fjiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhf ,Wjpg; Gs;spahf 20 toq;fg;gLtJld; mg;Gs;sp 10

,w;F khw;wg;gl;L guPl;irf;Fj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk;.

,e;j ,uz;L nraw;wpl;lq;fspdJk; ,Wjpr; ruhrupg; Gs;spf;F mika jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2.1 (<) ,y; Fwpg;gpl;l khjpupf;Nfw;g f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; ngWNgw;Wg; gj;jpuj;jpy;

,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.


- 5 -

gFjp II

Kd;khjpup tpdhj;jhs;

f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;ir rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; ,Wjpapy; elhj;jg;gLk; ,Wjpr; rhd;wpjo;g;

guPl;irahFk;. ,g;guPl;irapd; ngWNgWfs; mbg;gilapy; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; fy;tpapaw;

fy;Y}upfs; Mfpa epWtdq;fSf;F khztu;fisj; njupT nra;jy; eilngWtjhy; ,J xU njupTg; guPl;irapd;

gz;GfisAk; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,jw;fika f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;ir tpdhj;jhs;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ milTg; guPl;irapy; fhzg;glf;

$ba gz;Gfspy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLtJld; ,g;ngWNgWfspd; mbg;gilapy; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> cau;

fy;tp epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F khztu;fisj; njupT nra;jYk; ,lk; ngWtjhy; ,it gw;wpAk; ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

mjw;Nfw;g khztu;fspd; milT kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd vOj;Jg; guPl;ir Kiwfspy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijf;

fl;Liutifr; NrhjidfSk; Gwtar; NrhjidfSk; (ghlj;Jld; ,ize;jjhf) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fl;Liu

tifapyhd tpilfspy; guPl;irfspd; jdpahs; ,ay;G nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JtJld; Gwtar; Nrhjid tpdhf;fspy;

xU rupahd tpil kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mJ KOikahfj; jdpahs; mftaj; jd;ikaw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;.

fl;Liu tif Gwtar; Nrhjidtif ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; FW tpil tpdhf;fs;> mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tif

tpdhf;fs; vd;gtw;wpYk; jw;NghJ guPl;rfu;fspd; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tpdhf;fSf;F

toq;f Ntz;ba tpilfs; tpdhtpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rpy tiuaiwapDs; mikAkhW fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;Nfw;g

tpilfSf;Fg; Gs;sp toq;Fk;NghJ guPl;irfSf;fpilapy; Gs;sp toq;fypy; rkepiyj; jd;ikiag; ghJfhf;ff;

$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy; Gwtatif tpdhf;fs;> mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fs; vd;gd guPl;irj; Jiwapy;

Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;irf;fhd tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kl;LNk

fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJld; Gwta tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gjpy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,JNghyNt f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;ir tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ epidthw;wyhd mwpit kl;Lkd;wp fpufpj;jy;>

gpuNahfk;> gFg;gha;T> njhFg;G Mfpa caupa csj;jpwd;fisAk; mstplf;$ba tpjj;jpy; tpdhf;fisj;

jahupg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,aYkhdtiuapy; nra;KiwAld; njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gjD}

lhf khztu; ahjhapDk; xd;iw tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;sy; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfis mJNghd;w NtW

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jjy;> gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy;> ju;f;f uPjpahf rpe;jpj;jy;> Gjpa MNyhridfs;> jpl;lq;fis

Kd;itj;jy;> tplaq;fis xg;gPL nra;jy;> nkhopiar; rpwe;j tpjj;jpy; ifahSjy;> fUj;Jfisj; njspthf

ntspg;gLj;jy; Mfpa jpwd;fis mstpLk; tpjj;jpYk; tpdhf;fs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,g;gFjpapy; tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;G Gs;spfs; toq;Fk; tpjk; vd;gtw;Wld; Kd;khjpup tpdhf;fSk;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdpDk; ,it khjpup tpdhj;jhs;fsy;y. vdNt tpdhhj;jhs;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ

tpdhf;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s cggFjpfspd; vz;zpf;if Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba tpjk; vd;gd tpdhf;fs;

jahupg;gjw;F mbg;gilahd ghlg;gFjpfSf;Nfw;gTk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;fikaTk; khw;wkila ,lKz;L.

,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Kd;khjpup tpdhf;fs; jtpu Gwtatif tpdhf;fs;> fl;Liu tiftpdhf;fs; vd;gd

guPl;irf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. gf;fk; 6 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; vy;yh tpdh tiffSk; NtW tpdh tiffSk;

f.ngh.j. (c.ju)g; guPl;irf;fhd tpdhj;jhs;;fspy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Nfw;g cs;slf;Fk; cupik guPl;ir Mizahsu;

ehafj;Jf;F cz;L.


- 6 -

Gwta Nrhjidfs; (Objective Tests)

toq;fy; tif

(Supply Type)njupjy; tif

(Selection Type)

,izf;Fk; tif

(Matching Type),UNju;T tif

(Alternative Type)gy;Nju;T tif

(MCQ Type)

tpdh tif (Question Type)KbTw;w $w;W tif (In Complete Statement Type)vjpu;kiwahd tif (Negative Type)$l;L Jyq;fy; tif (Combined Response Type)kpfr;rpwe;j tpil tif (Best Answer Type)gy tpil tif (Multiple Response Type)nghJ tpil tif (Common Response Type)gpujpaPl;L tif (Substitution Type)Nrhb nrhw;nwhlu; tif (Double Statement Type)$w;Wk; fhuzKk; tif (Assertion & Reason Type)

fl;Liu Nrhjidfs; (Essay Tests)

fl;Liutif tpdhf;fs;

(Essay Type Questions)fl;likg;Gf; fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fs;

(Structured Essay Type Questions)

khjpup %yk;

fl;likf;Fk;

tif

(Structuring by using subsections)

toq;Fk;

jfty; %yk;

fl;likf;Fk;

tif

(Structuring by information provided)

nray;Kiw

fl;likf;Fk;

tif

(Structuring by function)

jpwe;j Jyq;fs;

(Open Response Type)

%ba Jyq;fs;

tif

(Controlled Response Type)

65 - nghwpapaw; njhopDl;gtpay;


- 7 -

65 - nghwpapaw; (ve;jputpay;) njhopDl;gtpay;

tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;G

tpdhj;jhs; I - Neuk; : 02 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

Ie;J njupTfisf; nfhz;l 50 tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk;

tpil vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhtpd; rupahd tpilf;F 03 Gs;sp tPjk; nkhj;jg; Gs;sp 150 MFk;.

ghlg;gug;gpw;F Vw;g tpdhf;fs; gfpug;gl;Ls;s tpjk;

÷ ve;jputpay; njhopDl;gtpaiy mwpKfQ; nra;jy; - 01 tpdh ÷ Fbrhu; njhopDl;gtpay; - 14 tpdhf;fs; ÷ nghwpKiwj; njhopDl;gtpay; - 14 tpdhf;fs; ÷ kpd;> ,yj;jpud; njhopDl;gtpay; - 14 tpdhf;fs; ÷ ve;jputpay; tiujy; - 01 tpdh ÷ msitapay; - 02 tpdhf;fs; ÷ cldyKk; ghJfhg;Gk; - 01 tpdh ÷ ve;jputpay; epakk; - 01 tpdh ÷ Kaw;rpahz;ikAk; Kfhikj;JtKk; - 02 tpdhf;fs;

tpdhj;jhs; II - Neuk; : 03 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

,t;tpdhj;jhs; A, B, C, D vd ehd;F gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.

gFjp A mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tifiar; Nru;e;j ehd;F tpdhf;fs;. vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk;

,j;jhspNyNa tpil vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhtpd; rupahd tpilf;F 60 Gs;sp tPjk; nkhj;jg; Gs;sp 240 MFk;.


tpdh 1 - ve;jputpay; tiujy;

tpdh 2 - xd;wpize;j (Fbrhu;> nghwpKiw> kpd;> ,yj;jpudpay;)

tpdh 3 - cldyKk; ghJfhg;Gk;> msitapay; mwpKfk;

tpdh 4 - Kaw;rpahz;ik> Kfhikj;Jtk;

B, C, D gFjpfs; ,U fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fs; 06 tpdhf;fs; tPjk; xU gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;jgl;rk;

xU tpdh tPjk; njupTnra;J ehd;F tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. xU

tpdhtpd; rupahd tpilf;F 90 Gs;sp tPjk; nkhj;jk; 360 MFk;.


gFjp B - Fbrhu; njhopDl;gtpay; gFjp C - nghwpKiwj; njhopDl;gtpay; gFjp D - kpd;> ,yj;jpud; njhopDl;gtpay;

tpdhj;jhs; II ,w;F nkhj;jg; Gs;sp = (240 �� 8�4 = 150

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

ve;jputpay; guPl;irapy; 75] MdJ vOj;Jg; guPl;irf;Fk; 25] MdJ nra;Kiwg;

guPl;irf;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Nfw;g ,g;ghlj;jpw;Fj; Njhw;Wk; khztu;fs;

vOj;Jg; guPl;irf;Fk; nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf;Fk; Njhw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,Wjpg; Gs;spfisf; fzpj;jy; : tpdhj;jhs; I } 150

tpdhj;jhs; II } 150

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir } 100

,Wjpg; Gs;sp } 400 ÷ 4 } 100


- 8 -

tpdhj;jhs; I ftdpf;f :

� �� vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil vOJf.

� �� rupahd my;yJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupe;njLf;f (guPl;irapy; tpil vOJtjw;Fg;

gy;njupTj; jhs; toq;fg;gLk;).

01. Xu; cNyhfj; jz;bd; (shaft) tpl;lk; 0.01 mm Ir; rupahf msg;gjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd

cgfuzk;

^1& cUf;Ff; Nfhy; ^2& Ntzpau; ,Lf;fp ^3& cl;gf;f ,Lf;fp

^4& ntspg;gf;f ,Lf;fp ^5& Ez;khdp

02. xU Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rpapd; tl;l mstpil 50 rk gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;tstpil

xU Rw;Wr; Rw;Wk;NghJ Vfgupkhz (Neu;Nfhl;L) mstpilapy; 0.5 kpy;ypkPw;wu; ,lg;ngau;r;rp

mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mf;fzpr;rpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if vj;jid kpy;ypkPw;wu; MFk;? ^1& 0.1 ^2& 0.05 ^3& 0.02 ^4& 0.01 ^5& 0.001

03. jug;gl;Ls;s cUf;fspy; SLS epakq;fSf;Nfw;gg; gupkhzq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s cU ahJ?

\��

^3&��

^1&��

^2&

\��

^4&

\��

^5&

04. cUf;F thA cUisfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ jbg;ghd jfLfis cUfpizf;fg; nghUj;jkhd

Kiw

^1& xl;rp - mrw;wyPd; cUfpizj;jy; ^2& kpd; tpy; cUfpizj;jy;

^3& nghl;L (spot) kpd; cUfpizj;jy; 4& jq;fpjd; rlj;Jt thA (TIG) cUfpizj;jy;

^5& cNyhfr; rlj;Jt thA (MIG) cUfpizj;jy;

05. njhopDl;g Kfhikr; nrad;Kiwapd; $Wfs;

^1& ,dq;fhzy;> jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikg;G> epUthfk;> topfhl;ly;

^2& ,dq;fhzy;> jpl;lkply;> tiutpyf;fzk;> xOq;fikg;G> topfhl;ly;

^3& ,dq;fhzy;> Mf;fj;jpwd;> jpl;lkply;> epUthfk;> topfhl;ly;

^4& jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikg;G> tiutpyf;fzk;> topfhl;ly;> epUthfk;

^5& Mf;fj;jpwd;> jpl;lkply;> epUthfk;> topfhl;ly;> xOq;fikg;G

÷ 06, 07 Mfpa tpdhf;fs; gpd;tUk; jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.

rpwpy; vjpu;fhyj;ijf; $u;e;J Nehf;Ftjw;fhd Mw;wy; cs;s rhJupakhd ,sk; tpahghupahthu;.

Fbf;Fk; ePu;g; Nghj;jy;fSf;fhf ,yq;ifapNy re;ijfspy; Nfs;tp mjpfupg;gjdhy; Fbf;Fk; ePu;g;

Nghj;jy;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd xU tpahghuj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F mtu; cj;Njrpj;Js;shu;.

06. ,t;tpahghuj;ij elj;Jk;NghJ mtu; fUjpg; ghu;f;f Ntz;ba mfpyr; Rw;whlw; fhuzpfs; khj;jpuk;

,lk;ngWk; tpil ahJ?

^1& kiotPo;r;rp> gztPf;fk;> Efu;Nthu; tpUg;gk;> Ms;tPj tUkhdk; ^2& nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if> murpay; nfhs;iffs;> njhopyhsu; gpur;rpid> muR xj;Jiog;G ^3& Nghl;b> kUj;Jtf; nfhs;if> fy;tp kl;lk;> epakr; rhd;wpjo; ^4& tq;fp tl;b tPjk;> tuptpjpg;Gf; nfhs;if> njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wk;> tho;f;iff; Nfhyk; ^5& rka ek;gpf;if> Gjpa rl;lq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;> tu;j;jfr; rpd;dk;> tpepNahf topfs;

65 - nghwpapaw; (ve;jputpay;) njhopDl;gtpay;


- 9 -

07. rpwpy; ,f;Fbf;Fk; ePu;g; Nghj;jy;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp> epuk;gy; vd;gd gw;wpa gpd;tUk; $w;Wfisf;

fUJfpd;whu;. A - Fbf;Fk; ePu;g; Nghj;jy;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp tisap ePu;g; Nghj;jypd; tpiy khWk;NghJ

,lk;ngau;fpd;wJ.

B - Fbf;Fk; ePu;g; Nghj;jypd; re;ij tpiy FiwAk;NghJ Fbf;Fk; ePu;g; Nghj;jy;fspd; epuk;gy;

msT Fiwfpd;wJ. C - Efu;Nthupd; tUkhd kl;lk; khWk;NghJ Fbf;Fk; ePu;g; Nghj;jy;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpahdJ Nfs;tp

tisap topNa NkYf;F my;yJ fPOf;Fr; nry;fpwJ.

D - Fbf;Fk; ePu;g; Nghj;jy; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Gjpa nghwpj;njhFjpfis ,wf;Fkjp

nra;tjw;fhd tupia ePf;fpdhy;> epuk;gy; tisap tykhf ,lk;ngaUk;.

,f;$w;Wfspy; kpfr; rupahdit

^1& A, B Mfpad. ^2& A, C Mfpad. ^3& A, D Mfpad. ^4& B, C Mfpad. ^5& B, D Mfpad.

08. 20 m ePsKs;sjhff; fUjg;gLk; xU rq;fpypapdhy; ,U ,lq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uj;ij

msf;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; mstPL 400 m Mf ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; rq;fpypapd; cz;ik ePsk; 20 m ,Yk;

ghu;f;f 0.05 m vd;Dk; mstpdhy; $banjdg; gpd;du; mwpag;gl;lJ> ,jw;Nfw;g J}uk; msf;fg;gl;l

,U ,lq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s rupahd J}uk; ahJ?

^1& 390 m ^2& 399 m ^3& 401 m ^4& 405 m ^5& 410 m

09. kl;lkhf;fhzw; (levelling) nrad;Kiwapy; ngw;w ehd;F thrpg;Gfs; KiwNa 0.350 m, 0.420 m, 1.750 m, 1.890 m MFk;. ,q;F ,uz;lhk; thrpg;igg; ngw;w gpd;du; kl;l cgfuzk; Kd;Ndhf;fpf;

nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ. Kjyhk; kl;lkhf;fy; ,lj;jpy; khw;wpa cauk; 96.75 m vdpd;> ehd;fhk; thrpg;G ngwg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; khw;wpa cauk; ahJ?

^1& 90.89 m ^2& 94.91 m ^3& 95.21 m ^4& 96.54 m ^5& 102.61 m

5

10

0

20

305F

GA

E

B

C

D10

10

10

10. cUtpy; xU epy msitapayhsupd; Gy Vl;Lf; Fwpg;gpypUe;J

ngau;j;njLj;j xU gFjp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; vy;yh mstPLfSk;

kPw;wupyhFk;. ABCDEFGA apdhy; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gLk; epyg; gFjpapd;

fpilg;glk; 1 : 1000 mstpilf;F tiuag;gLk;NghJ mjd; gug;gsT

rJu nrd;upkPw;wupy;

^1& 3.0 MFk;. ^2& 3.5 MFk;. ^3& 4.0 MFk;. ^4& 35.0 MFk;. ^5& 40.0 MFk;.

11. xU ehw;gf;fy; %ba Nghfpd; (closed traverse) mff; Nfhzq;fspd; gUkd; xU jpNahliyw;wpdhy;

msf;fg;gl;lJ. mit 92$��'�40", 98$��' 40", 103$��' 20",67$��' 20" Mf ,Ue;jd. tpfpjrk

Kiwapd; %yk; Nghfpd; tOf;fisj; jpUj;Jtjw;F Xu; mff; Nfhzj;jpw;Fg; gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;ba

nrk;ik

^1& <�00$��'30" MFk;. ^2& <�00$��' 20" MFk;. ^3& <�00$��' 00" MFk;.

^4& �00$��' 30" MFk;. ^5& �00$��'v 20" MFk;.

12. rq;fpyp msitaPL (chain surveying) gw;wpa gpioahd $w;iwj; njupe;njLf;f. ^1& mbg;gilf; nfhs;if Kf;Nfhzpahf;fy; MFk;.

^2& ngupa epyg; gFjpfis msf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

^3& rkjsf; fhzpfis msg;gjw;F kpfTk; cfe;jJ. ^4& mstPLfspd; nrk;ikiar; Nrhjpg;gjw;Fg; gpzp NfhLfs; (Tie lines) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ^5& gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; njhlu;G mikitj; Jzptjw;F vjpuikg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

13. xU fl;llj;jpd; tPl;Lj; js Kbg;G gw;wpj; jPu;khdpf;ifapy; kpfTk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplak;

^1& fpuak; ^2& ghJfhg;G ^3& ftu;r;rpahd Njhw;wk;

^4& jdpg;gl;l tpUg;gk; ^5& fl;llj;jpd; gad;ghL


- 10 -

14. xU fl;llj;jpd; $iuiaj; jahu; nra;Ak;NghJ Kfl;L tis (ridge plate) gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ ^1& $iuapd; epiw Rtu; kPJ rPuhfg; guk;gpapUg;gjw;F

^2& ,U rha;jsq;fs; fpilahf xd;iwnahd;W ,ilntl;Lk;NghJ

^3& mjpf cijg;Gr; Rik fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; jPq;ifj; jtpu;g;gjw;F

^4& tpUk;gpathW $iuapd; tbtj;ijg; ngWtjw;F

^5& $iu %Lifiag; nghUj;jiy vspjhf;Ftjw;F

15. xU gjhu;j;jj;jpd; jw;wpwd;fs; gw;wpa gpd;tUk; $w;Wfisf; fUJf.

A - mlu;j;jpAk; gug;gpOitAk; ngsjpf ,ay;GfshFk;.

B - nefpopikAk; tpfhur; rf;jpAk; nghwpKiw ,ay;GfshFk;.

C - gug;gpOitAk; ,Oitr; rf;jpAk; ntg;gtpay;Gs;sit.

D - pH ngWkhdKk; cUFepiyAk; ,urhad ,ay;GfshFk;.

,tw;wpy; cz;ikahdit

^1& A, B Mfpad khj;jpuk; ^2& A, D Mfpad khj;jpuk; ^3& B, C Mfpad khj;jpuk; ^4& B, D Mfpad khj;jpuk; ^5& C, D Mfpad khj;jpuk;

16. ,q;fpypRf; fl;L Kiwapy; fl;lg;gl;l 1B mfyKs;s nrq;Nfhzr; Rtu; %iyapd; Kjy; tupapd;

fpilg;glj;ijr; rupahff; fhl;Lk; cU ahJ?

^4&^5&^3&^1& ^2&

17. kPstYt+l;ba nfhq;fpwPw;Wj; J}z; (column) xd;wpd; gpujhd kPstYt+l;bfisj; njhLg;gjd; rupahd

eilKiwiaf; fhl;Lk; cU ahJ?

^1& ^2& ^3& ^5&^4&

18. fz;lfw; Rtupy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Xu; mbg;gil ,ay;G ahJ? ^1& xt;nthU tupapdJk; cauk; rkkhf ,Uj;jy;. ^2& gpizf;Fk; fw;fisr; Rtupd; mfyj;jpw;F ,Ljy;. ^3& fpil %l;L xNu tupirapy; ,Uj;jy;. ^4& epiyf;Fj;J %l;L xNu tupirapy; ,Uj;jy;. ^5& Rtupd; mfyk; ,ilapilNa khWjy;.

19. cs; mstPLfs; ��mm =�2000 mm MfTs;s Xu; miwapy; 100 mm jbg;Gs;s nfhq;fpwPw;Wg; gyif kPstYt+l;bfs; ,lg;gLk; tpjj;ijr; rupahff; fhl;Lk; cU ahJ?

2000

^2&

2000

^3&

2000

3000 3000

^4& ^5&

^1&


- 11 -

20. xU fl;llj;jpd; rpy Ntiy cUg;gbfspd; mstPl;L myFfs; fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

A - mj;jpthu mfopfis ntl;Ljy; - fd kPw;wu; B - epy Nkw;gug;G 150 mm jbg;Gs;s nfhq;fpwPw;iw ,Ljy; - rJu kPw;wu; C - 225 mm jbg;Gs;s nrq;fw; Rtiuf; fl;Ljy; - fd kPw;wu;. D - fUq;fw; Rtiuf; fl;Ljy; - fd kPw;wu;

SLS 573 : 1999 epak mstPl;L Kiwf;Nfw;g mstPl;L myFfs; fhl;lg;gLtJ

^1& A, B Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ^2& A, C Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ^3& A, D Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ^4& B, C Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ^5& C, D Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;

21. tPl;L ePu; toq;fy;> fopT ePu; tbfhyikg;Gj; njhlu;ghd rpy $w;Wfs; fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mtw;wpy; gpioahd $w;W ahJ?

^1& Foha;g; ghijfspy; ePu; gha;tijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F thy;Tfs; (valves)gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ^2& PVC Fohapd; Type 1000 vd;gjd; fUj;J Foha; jhq;fj;jf;f cau;e;jgl;r mKf;fkhFk;.

^3& ePu;g; gupfupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa nraw;ghLfs; KiwNa fhw;Nww;wk;> gbjy;> ciwjy;> tbj;jy;>

njhw;WePf;fy; MfpadthFk;.

^4& ky$lj; JizAWg;GfSf;F ePu;g; nghwpia ,Ltjd; %yk; Foha;g; ghijapy; cs;s Ju;ehw;wKk;

Fohapy; ,Uf;Fk; g+r;rpfSk; tPl;bDs;Ns gpuNtrpj;jy; jLf;fg;gLk;.

^5& ePu;f;fl;Lf; fopthf ky$lf; fopTg; nghUs;fSk; jpz;kf; fopTg; nghUs;fshfr; rikayiwf;

fopTg; nghUs;fSk; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

22. Xu; Vzpia mjd; fPo; Kid xU fpil epyj;jpd; kPJk; Nky; Kid xU rhuj;jpw; rhu;j;jpAk; itj;Jg;

gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;F Vzpapd; fPo; Kidf;Fk; rhuj;jpw;FkpilNa

Ngzg;gl Ntz;ba fpilj; J}uj;jpw;Fk; epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}uj;jpw;FkpilNa cs;s rupahd tpfpjk;

ahJ?

^1& 1 : 1 ^2& 1 : 2 ^3& 1 : 3 ^4& 1 : 4 ^5& 2 : 1

23. ,yq;ifapy; mikg;Gj; Jiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epakq;fs; ICTAD, SLS Mfpa epWtfq;fspdhy;

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;Nfw;gg; gpd;tUk; $w;Wfspy; gpioahd $w;iwj; njupe;njLf;f.

^1& ICTAD epakq;fSf;Nfw;gr; rPnke;ij msf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; msitg; ngl;bapd;

gupkhzq;fs; 400 × 350× 290 mm MFk;.

^2& ICTAD epakq;fSf;Nfw;gr; rhjhuz Nghl;ye;Jr; rPnke;jpw;fhd ,Wjpahd milay;

(,Wfw;) fhyk; 10 kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;F Nkw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

^3& ICTAD epakq;fSf;Nfw;gf; fk;gpapdhy; ntl;lg;gl;l nrq;fy;ypd; ruhrup neUf;F jifg;G

10 N mmï�� ,Yk; ghu;f;ff; FiwjyhfhJ.

^4& SLS 375 epakq;fSf;Nfw;g tpyhTU cUf;Ff; (Ribbed Steel) fk;gpapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba

Fiwe;jgl;r ,Oitj; jifg;G 460 N mmï�� MFk;.

^5& SLS 39 epakq;fSf;Nfw;g xU nrq;fy;ypd; epak mstPLfs; 225 × 112.5 × 75 mm MFk;.

24. Xu; cNyhfg; gFjpapy; jt;itj; Jisg;gjw;F Kd;du; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba mbg;gilg; gbKiw

^1& cNyhfg; gFjpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; gprpu;ePf;fy;.

^2& cNyhfg; gFjpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; muhTjy;.

^3& ,Lf;fpapdhy; Fwpia ,Ljy;. ^4& ikaf; Fj;jpiaAk; Rj;jpaiyAk; gad;gLj;jpf; Fwpia ,Ljy;.

^5& cNyhfg; gFjpapy; jt;T Jisf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ,lj;ijg; ngd;rpyhy; Fwpj;jy;.

25. ,U cNyhfg; gFjpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W epue;jukhfj; njhLf;fj;jf;fJ

^1& xl;Ltjd; %yk; (bonding) ^2& %l;Ltjd; %yk; (joining) ^3& cUfpizg;gjd; %yk; (welding) ^4& Gupahzpfis ,Ltjd; %yk; (nut and bolt) ^5& jiwtjd; %yk; (riveting)


- 12 -

26. vQ;rpdpy; thy;T ,sf;fj;ij (valve clearance) Vw;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;

^1& thy;Tj; njhFjpapy; eilngWk; tpuptpw;F ,lkspj;jy;

^2& thy;Tj; njhFjpapy; fhgd; gbitj; jLj;jy;.

^3& thy;Tj; njhFjpia ed;whf krfply;.

^4& thy;Tf; fhyg;gLj;jypd; nrk;ikiag; Ngzy;.

^5& thy;tpD}lhf mjpf msT tspia ,Oj;jy;.

27. rpwpa Kidg; Nghjpif (small-end bearing) Nkhl;lu; thfd vQ;rpdpd; ve;jj; JizAWg;G njhLf;fg;gLk;

,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;?

^1& njhLjz;Lk; (connecting rod) Row;wpj;jz;Lk; (crankshaft) ^2& njhLjz;Lk; KryKk;

^3& Row;wpj;jz;Lk; vQ;rpdpd; clYk; ^4& rPg;Gj;jz;Lk; (camshaft) vQ;rpdpd; clYk; ^5& cr;rpf; NfhYk; gwg;Gr;rpy;Yk;

28. vQ;rpdpd; vupgw;wy; �ÀULQJ�RUGHU��vd;gJ ^1& cUisapy; ,yf;fkpLk; xOq;FKiw ^2& gpujhd fjpu; mike;jpUf;Fk; xOq;FKiw ^3& tY mbg;G cz;lhFk; xOq;FKiw ^4& Kryk; ,Uf;Fk; xOq;FKiw ^5& thy;T ,Uf;Fk; xOq;FKiw

29. Nkhl;lu; thfdj;jpd; vupgw;wy; njhFjpf;Fupa xU $whf mikahjJ

^1& jPg;nghwpr; nrUfp ^2& gw;wup ^3& njhLif Kid

^4& vupgw;ww; RUs; ^5& ntg;gr; nrUfp

30' vQ;rpdpd; mbg;G (stroke) vd;gJ ^1& Kryj;jpd; cau;e;jgl;r ,lg;ngau;r;rp ^2& Kryj;jpd; jz;bd; ePsk; ^3& Kryj;jpd; cauk; ^4& Row;wpj;jz;bd; fjpu;fSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uk;

^5& cUisapd; KO cauk;

31. Nkhl;lu; thfdj;jpd; vQ;rpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tYitAk; fjpiaAk; thfdj;jpd; Xl;lj;jpw;Fj;

NjitahdthW ifahs;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; CLflj;jy; njhFjpf;Fupa $W ^1& Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jpj; (differential) njhFjp ^2& ce;jpj; jz;L

^3& fpau;g; ngl;b ^4& fpsr;Rf; Nfhg;G ^5& nrYj;Jk; mr;rhzp

32. vupgw;ww; RUspd; (ignition coil) %yk; nra;ag;gLtJ

^1& kpd; jPg;nghwpia cz;lhf;fy;. ^2& cau; Nthy;w;wsit cw;gj;jp nra;jy;. ^3& cau; Nthy;w;wsitg; gfpu;jy; ^4& cau; Xl;lj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

^5& cau; Xl;lj;ijg; gfpu;jy;.

33. FspNuw;wpapy; neUf;fpapypUe;J njhlq;fpr; Row;rp Kiwahfj; JizAWg;Gfs; njhLf;fg;gLk;

xOq;FKiw ahJ? ^1& xLf;fp> jputj; Njf;fpAk; cyu;j;jpAk;> ntg;gepWj;jp tpupT thy;T> Mtpahf;fp

^2& jputj; Njf;fpAk; cyu;j;jpAk;> ntg;gepWj;jp tpupT thy;T> Mtpahf;fp> xLf;fp ^3& jputj; Njf;fpAk; cyu;j;jpAk;> xLf;fp> Mtpahf;fp> ntg;gepWj;jp tpupT thy;T

^4& ntg;gepWj;jp tpupT thy;T> Mtpahf;fp" xLf;fp> jputj; Njf;fpAk; cyu;j;jpAk;

^5& Mtpahf;fp> xLf;fp> jputj; Njf;fpAk; cyu;j;jpAk;> ntg;gepWj;jp tpupT thy;T

34. ePupay; tY CLflj;jy; njhFjpapy; (hydraulic power transmission system) rf;jp toq;fw;

gk;gpapypUe;J njhopw;gLj;jp tiuf;Fk; njhLf;fg;gLk; gFjpfs; KiwNa

^1& irif Nrhjpf;Fk; thy;T> jpir fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; thy;T> cs;sPl;L thy;T

^2& cs;sPl;L thy;T> jpir fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; thy;T> irif Nrhjpf;Fk; thy;T

^3& cs;sPl;L thy;T> irif Nrhjpf;Fk; thy;T> jpir fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; thy;T

^4& jpir fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; thy;T> cs;sPl;L thy;T> irif Nrhjpf;Fk; thy;T

^5& jpir fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; thy;T> irif Nrhjpf;Fk; thy;T> cs;sPl;L thy;T


- 13 -

35. nte;J}upr; (venturi) nrad;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;glhj JizAWg;G

^1& njspg;ghd; (spray gun) ^2& vspa njspg;ghd; ifg;gk;gp (hand spray gun) ^3& fhGNww;wu; (carburettor) ^4& Cl;Lk; gk;gp (feed pump) ^5& ntg;gepWj;jp tpupT thy;T (thermostatic expansion valve)

36. fzpr;rp mKf;fk; (gauge pressure) vd;gJ ^1& jdp mKf;fj;jpypUe;J tspkz;ly mKf;fj;ijf; fopf;Fk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; ngWkhdk; ^2& tspkz;ly mKf;fj;jpypUe;J jdp mKf;fj;ijf; fopf;Fk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; ngWkhdk; ^3& tspkz;ly mKf;fj;jpypUe;J ntw;wpl mKf;fj;ijf; fopf;Fk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; ngWkhdk; ^4& jdp mKf;fj;Jld; tspkz;ly mKf;fj;ijf; $l;Lk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; ngWkhdk; ^5& ntw;wpl mKf;fj;Jld; tspkz;ly mKf;fj;ijf; $l;Lk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; ngWkhdk;

37. Njrpa tY toq;fypy; fiy Nthy;w;wsT> top Nthy;w;wsT Mfpad KiwNa

^1& 220 V, 400 V MFk;. ^2& 230 V, 400 V MFk;. ^3& 230 V, 415 V MFk;.

^4& 240 V, 400 V MFk;. ^5& 250 V, 400 V MFk;.

38. tPl;L kpd; Rw;Wf;F kpd;id toq;Fk;NghJ A - khdp (meter) B - ,lW Msp (trip switch) C - gug;gw; gyif (distribution board) D - gpujhd Msp (main switch) vd;Dk; gpujhd cgfuzq;fs; njhLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xOq;FKiw ahJ? ^1& A, B, C, D ^2& A, D, B, C ^3& A, D, C, B ^4& D, B, C, A ^5& D, C, B, A

39. kpd;nde;jputpay; epWtfj;jpd; (IEE) jw;fhy xOq;FtpjpfSf;Nfw;g toq;fypypUe;J Fij ntsptopf;F

(Socket outlet) ,Uf;fj;jf;f cau;e;jgl;r mOj;j tPo;r;rp> fiy ehz; njhLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba jpir

Mfpad KiwNa ^1& 2.5%, tyg; gf;fk; MFk;. ^2& 2.5%, ,lg; gf;fk; MFk;.

^3& 4.0%, tyg; gf;fk; MFk;. ^4& 4.0%, ,lg; gf;fk; MFk;. ^5& 4.0%, ve;jg;; gf;fKk; MFk;.

40. xU NeNuhl;;lg; gpwg;ghf;fpapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kpd;dpaf;f tpir (Eg) rhu;e;jpuhj fhuzp ahJ? ^1& gpwg;ghf;fpapd; Row;rpf; fjp

^2& gpwg;ghf;fpapd; KidT vz;zpf;if ^3& gpwg;ghf;fpapd; xt;nthU fhe;j KidtpdJk; fhe;jg; ghak; ^4& kpd; ngwg;gLk; RUspd; KWf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if ^5& MNkr;ru;f; flj;jpfspd; jil

41. NeNuhl;lj; njhlu;epiyr; Rw;wy; tif kpd; Nkhl;lu;fs; Rikapy;yh (no load) my;yJ Fiwe;j Rik

(light load) epiyikapd; fPo;j; njhopw;glhikf;Ff; fhuzk;

^1& Nkhl;lupd; jpwd; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;wik.

^2& MNkr;rupd; Row;rpf; fjp mjpfupj;J mJ mopaj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;fpd;wik.

^3& Fiwe;j Rikr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; tYf; nfhs;ssT tPzhfpd;wik.

^4& Nkhl;lupy; $Ljyhd Nthy;w;wsT tPo;r;rp Vw;glj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;fpd;wik.

^5& Nkhl;lu; XLk;NghJ mjpf Xl;lk; nry;yj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;fpd;wik.

42. gpd;tUk; jdpf; fiyj; J}z;ly; Nkhl;lu; tiffisf; (single phase induction motor) fUJf. A - epow;wpa KidT Nkhl;lu; (shaded pole motor) B - nfhs;sstpj; njhlf;fp Nkhl;lu; (capacitor start motor) C - nfhs;sstp Xl;l Nkhl;lu; (capacitor run motor) D - nfhs;sstpj; njhlf;fp> nfhs;sstp Xl;l Nkhl;lu; (capacity start and capacity run motor) E - gpsTf; fiy Nkhl;lu; (split phase motor) ,tw;Ws; Fiwe;jgl;rj; njhlf;fp KWf;Fjpwd; (torque) cs;s Nkhl;lu; tifAk; cau;e;jgl;rj;

njhlf;fp KWf;Fjpwd; cs;s Nkhl;lu; tifAk; KiwNa

^1& A Ak; B Ak; MFk;. ^2& A Ak; C Ak; MFk;. ^3& A Ak; D Ak; MFk;. ^4& D Ak; A Ak; MFk;. ^5& D Ak; E Ak; MFk;.


- 14 -

A

VS L ~

43. cUtpy; fhzg;gLk; Rw;wpy; VS MdJ kPbwd; khw;wg;glj;jf;f

Xu; MlNyhl;l toq;fy; MFk;. ,t;toq;fy; A apd; %yk;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s xU JizAWg;gpD}lhf xU tpsf;F L cld;

njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. VS ,d; kPbwd; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ tpsf;fpd;

xsp mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. JizAWg;G A ahjhf ,Uf;fyhk;? ^1& jil ^2& J}z;b ^3& ,Uthap ^4& nfhs;sstp ^5& kpd; tpsf;F

~

~

6.2 VD1

D2 5.6 V

Vout 20 V

44. cUtpy; fhzg;gLk; Rw;W xU RikAld;

njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nrdu; ,Uthapapd;

Kd;Kff; Nfhly; Nthy;w;wsT 0.6 V vdpd;> gag;G miyapd; tbtj;ijAk; gag;G

Nthy;w;wsT Vout IAk; fhl;Lk; cU ahJ?

t

V

t

(5)

0

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t

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0

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45. cUtpy; cs;s Nru;khdj; jUf;fr; Rw;wpd; gag;Gf;fhd rupahd nka; ml;ltiz ahJ?

ZB

A

^1& A B Z0 0 10 1 11 0 01 1 0

^2& A B Z0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 0

^3& A B Z0 0 00 1 01 0 11 1 1

^4& A B Z0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 1

^5& A B Z0 0 10 1 01 0 11 1 0


- 15 -

~

10 V 1 k1

5.6 V

<

1 k1

LDR

100 k1

VO

46. cUtpy; xU nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fp ,lg;gl;l Xu;

xg;gPl;Lr; Rw;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpy; LDR ,y; xsp tpohjNghJ gag;G Nthy;w;wsT ahJ?

^1& 0 V ^2& 2.8 V ^3& 5.0 V ^4& 5.6 V ^5& 10.0 V

1

2 3 4

47. cUtpy; xU nra;epuy; jUf;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; njhFjpf;F

(PLC) cupa Jz;l tupg;glk; (block diagram) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjpy; 1" 2" 3" 4 Mfpatw;wpdhy; ,yf;fkplg;gl;l $Wfs;

KiwNa

^1& ika Kiwtop myF (CPU), nga;g;G> gag;G> epidtfk;

MFk;. ^2& ika Kiwtop myF> gag;G> nga;g;G> epidtfk; MFk;.

^3& epidtfk;> nga;g;G> gag;G> ika Kiwtop myF MFk;.

^4& epidtfk;> nga;g;G> ika Kiwtop myF> gag;G MFk;.

^5& epidtfk;> gag;G> ika Kiwtop myF> nga;g;G> MFk;.

nga;g;G gag;G

fl;Lg;ghl;L Kbtplk;

48. cUtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wthW xU njhlu;epiyj; juT

CLflj;jy; topapypUe;J xU Fwpj;j Rw;Wf;Fj; juTfisg;

ngwNtz;baNghJ mjpy; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l thapy;

(gate) ahJ? (fl;Lg;ghl;L Kbtplj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;Lj; jUf;f

epiyik 1 vdf; fUJf) ^1& AND ^2& OR ^3& X - OR ^4& NAND ^5& NOR

49. MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsit NeNuhl;l Nthy;w;wsthf khw;Wtjw;Fr; rPuhf;fy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

rPuhf;fypd;NghJ Rik (load) nry;Yk; Fw;wiy Nthy;w;wsit ,ad;wtiu Fiwj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Fw;wiy Nthy;w;wsT mjpfupg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;

^1& Rik mjpfupj;jy;

^2& gag;G Xl;lk; Fiwjy;

^3& xg;gkhff; nfhs;sstpg; ngWkhdk; mjpfupj;jy;

^2& Rik mjpfupj;jy;

^4& KO miyr; rPuhf;fiyg; gad;gLj;jy; ^5& njhluhf xU J}z;b njhLf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;

50' xU ePu;kpd; tY epiyaj;jpNy ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpypUe;J kpd; tY epiyaj;jpd; ,Wjp ePu; mikT KbT

tiuf;Fk; ePu; ghAk;NghJ flf;Fk; gFjpfs; fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

A - Ruq;fk; (tunnel) B - ePu;j;Njf;fk; (reservoir) C - vOr;rp miw (surge chamber) D - Royp (turbine) E - kil (penstock) F - filNahil (tailrace) Nkw;Fwpj;j gFjpfs; mike;Js;s xOq;FKiw

^1& A, B, D, E, F, C MFk;. ^2& B, A, C, E, D, F MFk;. ^3& B, A, E, C, D, FMFk;. ^4& B, C, A, D, E, F MFk;. ^5& B, E, A, C, D, F MFk;.

* * *


- 16 -

65 - nghwpapaw; (ve;jputpay;) njhopDl;gtpay; tpdhj;jhs; II

mikg;Gf; fl;LiuAk; fl;LiuAk;

ftdpf;f

* gFjp A ,d; vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilfis ,j;jhspNyNa vOJf. xt;nthU tpdhtpd; rupahd

tpilf;Fk; 60 Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

* B, C, D Mfpa gFjpfspy; xU gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU tpdh tPjk; njupe;njLj;J ehd;F

tpdhf;fSf;F khj;jpuk; tpil vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU tpdhtpd; rupahd tpilf;Fk; 90

Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

gFjp A - mikg;Gf; fl;Liu

1. nky;YUf;fpdhy

; nra;ag;gl;l Xu; Vw;Wk; Fw;wpapd; (M

ount

ing

Blo

ck) x

U rktsT cU fPNo fhz

g;gLfpd;wJ. jug;gl;Ls;s

mstPLfSf;Nfw;gf; Fw;wpapd; Kfg;G epiyg;glk;> gf;f epiyg;glk;> fpilg;glk; Mfpatw;iw mLj;j gf;fj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s

nea;aupapy; Kjw;Nfhz

vwpa Kiwf;F tiuf.

vy;yh

mstPLfSk;

mm

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ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;Jf.

^60 Gs;spfs;&

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30

40

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- 17 -


- 18 -

2. epyj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s Xu; miuf;Fk; nghwpiaj; (grinding machine) njhopw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fiy kpd; Nkhl;liuAk; epyj;jpy; nghUj;j cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kPstYt+l;ba

nfhq;fpwPw;W epyj;jpd; Fwpj;j ,lk; mjw;fhff; nfhq;fpwPw;W ,Ltjw;F tplg;gl;Ls;sJ. cupa tptuq;fs;

fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

* kpd; Nkhl;lUf;Fk; miuf;Fk; nghwpf;FkpilNa cs;s fpilj; J}uk; 1.5 m Mf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

* xU %yj; jfl;bd; (base plate) %yk; kpd; Nkhl;lu; epyj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gLk;. mjw;F

12 mm = 200 mm RiuahzpfSk; RiufSk; (bolts & nuts) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

* Kf;fiy (three phase) kpd; Nkhl;lupd; tY (power) 3 kW MFk;.

(i) Riuahzpfs; (bolts) epyj;jpy; mkpoj; Njitahd nfhq;fpwPw;Wf; fyitapd; rPnke;J : kzy;: fy;

tpfpjk; ahJ?

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(ii) kpd; Nkhl;liug; nghUj;Jtjw;F Kd;ghff; nfhq;fpwPw;W xU epr;rakhd fhyj;Jf;Fg; gjg;gLj;jg;gl

(curing) Ntz;Lk;.

(a) ,t;thW nfhq;fpwPw;iwg; gjg;gLj;Jtjd; njhopDl;gj; Njit ahJ?

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(b) nfhq;fpwPw;iwg; gjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(iii) mjpu;TfSf;Fj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;FkhW RiuahzpfisAk; RiufisAk; nghUj;Jk;NghJk; kpd;

Nkhl;liu epyj;jpy; nghUj;Jk;NghJk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba ,U eltbf;iffis vOJf.

1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^08 Gs;spfs;&

(iv) kpd; Nkhl;lupd; Row;rpj; jpiria khw;Wtjd; %yk; miuf;Fk; nghwpapd; Row;rpj; jpiria

khw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f kpf vspa kpd; njhopDl;g Kiwapay; ahJ?

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^04 Gs;spfs;&

(v) kpd; Nkhl;lupd; Xl;lj;ijj; njhlf;Ftjw;F Neub topj; (DOL) njhlf;f Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ

Vd;?

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(vi) kpd; Nkhl;liuAk; egu;fisAk; kpd; tpgj;JfspypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;F kpd; Rw;iw epWTk;NghJ

gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba Kw;fhg;G tPjk; vOJf.

1' kpd; Nkhl;lu; ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2' egu;fs; ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^08 Gs;spfs;&


- 19 -

(vii) ,q;F Nkhl;lupd; tYit miuf;Fk; nghwpf;F CLflj;Jtjw;Fj; jl;ilahd thu;fisg;

�ÁDW�EHOWV� gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU fhuzj;ij vOJf.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(viii) rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tYit CLflj;Jtjw;Fj; jl;ilahd thu;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf V thu;fisg;

(V belts) gad;gLj;Jtjd; Xu; mD$yj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^04 Gs;spfs;&

(ix) (a) ,j;njhFjpf;F tYit toq;Ftjw;fhf kpd; Nkhl;lUf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f xU

khw;W Kiwiaj; njuptpf;f.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^04 Gs;spfs;&

(b) NkNy njuptpf;fg;gl;l Kiwapd; Xu; mD$yj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^04 Gs;spfs;&

(x) nghwpKiw tY CLflj;jypd; jpwid cau;j;jg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba ,U cj;jpfis

vOJf.

1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^08 Gs;spfs;&

3. (i) (a) 've;jputpay; njhopDl;gtpay;" vd;gij tiuaWf;f.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(b) njhopDl;gtpaypd; gad;ghLfisAk; fyhrhu khw;wq;fisAk; mbg;gilaha;f; nfhz;L

njhopDl;gtpaypd; tpUj;jpia Ie;J fhyq;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mtw;iw xOq;F Kiwahfg;

ngaupLf.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(ii) (a) njhopDl;gtpaypd; tpUj;jpapd; typikahd ,U jpUg;G Kidfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&


- 20 -

(b) etPd njhopDl;gtpaiyg; gad;gLj;JtJld; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j njhopDl;gtpay; kiwe;J

NghFk; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhzyhk;. mj;jifa ,U re;ju;g;gq;fis vOJf.

1''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(iii) xU Fwpj;j gzpapy; <LgLtjd; tpisthf xUtUila gy;NtW cWg;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;

gw;wpg; gzpj;jpwdpay; (Ergonomics) Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjw;Nfw;g Nkrd; jdJ gzpapy; <LgLk;NghJ

Vw;glj;jf;f ehd;F gzpj;jpwdpay; ,lu;fisf; (Ergonomic Hazards) Fwpg;gpLf.

1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

3' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

4' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^08 Gs;spfs;&

(iv) Nkhl;lu; thfdq;fs; gOJghu;f;fg;gLk; Xu; ,lj;jpy; Vw;glj;jf;f ,lu;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F

Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f ehd;F eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

3' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

4' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^08 Gs;spfs;&

(v) gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; tpisthf cz;lhFk; jPapd; ehd;F tiffSk; jPaizfUtpfspd; ehd;F

tiffSk; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jPapd; tiff;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f

jPaizfUtpf;F vjpNu 3 Fwpia ,l;L ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;Jf. ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f

cau;e;jgl;r 3 Fwpfspd; vz;zpf;if 10 MFk;.

jPapd; tif

jPaizfUtpapd; epwKk; cs;slf;fKk;

rptg;G

(ePu;)

(water)

,sk;

kQ;rs;

(Eiu)

(foam)

fWg;G

(fhgdPnuhl;irl;L)

(CO2)

ePyk;

(cyu; J}s;)

(dry powder)

fljhrp / kuk; / Jzp

ngw;Nwhy; / kz;nzz;nza;/ nkOF / jPe;ij / nfhOg;G

kpd;

nghwpfSk; thfdq;fSk;

^20 Gs;spfs;&


- 21 -

(vi) Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rpapypUe;J mstPLfisg; ngWk;NghJ mstPl;L tOf;fis

,optsthf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba ,U eilKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(vii) ntg;gepiyia msg;gjw;Fg; guidw;W mstpilAk; nry;rpa]; mstpilAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,t;tpU mstpilfSk; Vfgupkhz mstpilfshf ,Uf;Fk; mNj Ntis ePupd; cUFepiyAk;

nfhjpepiyAk; guidw;W mstpilapy; KiwNa 32 °F MfTk; 212 °F MfTk; ,Uf;Fk; mNj

Ntis nry;rpa]; mstpilapy; KiwNa 0 °C > 100 °C MFk;.

guidw;W mstpilapy; thrpf;fg;gl;l thrpg;igr; nry;rpa]; mstpilf;F khw;Wtjw;F cfe;j

xU #j;jpuj;ij ca;j;jwpf.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

4. fRd; nghwpj;njhFjp %yk; rPnke;Jj; Jz;lf; fw;fis cw;gj;jpnra;J tpw;Fk; ,yq;if Kaw;rpahsuhthu;.

tpahghuj;ij Muk;gpj;J Xu; Mz;L fope;jpUf;Fk; mNjNtis Jz;lf; fw;fspd; cau; juk; fhuzkhf

mtUf;F mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Efu;Nthu; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nfs;tpiag; g+u;j;jp

nra;a Kbahikahy; mtu; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;s NeupLfpd;wJ. mtu; jdJ ehd;F

ez;gu;fis tpahghuj;jpy; <LgLj;jpf;nfhz;L Gjpa nghwpfisAk; Nru;j;J tpahghuj;ij NkYk; tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;F cj;Njrpj;Js;shu;. (a) (i) fRdpd; tpahghuk; vt;tif Kaw;rpahFk;?

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^02 Gs;spfs;&

(ii) ,t;tpahghuj;jpd; ,U gyq;fisf; (strengths) Fwpg;gpLf.

1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(b) (i) fRd; jdJ ez;gu;fSf;Fk; cupik fpilf;fj;jf;fjhf §K & M Jz;lf; fy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;"

vd;Dk; ngaupy; jdJ tpahghuj;ijg; gjpT nra;tjw;F cj;Njrpj;jpUe;jhy;> ve;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

mt;thW gjpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;?

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^02 Gs;spfs;&

(ii) Gjpa tpahghuj;ij elj;Jifapy; Vw;glj;jf;f ,U mr;RWj;jy;fisf; (threats) Fwpg;gpLf.

1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&


- 22 -

(iii) §K & M Jz;lf; fy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;" vd;Dk; tpahghuj;jpdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Jz;lf;

fw;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp gw;wpj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; %d;W gpujhd fhuzpfisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^06 Gs;spfs;&

(iv) §K & M Jz;lf;fy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;" tpahghuj;Jf;F epjp ngwg;glj;jf;f ,U cs; epjp

toptiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^04 Gs;spfs;&

(v) §K & M Jz;lf;fy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; tpahghuk; njhlu;ghfj; jug;gl;Ls;s jfty;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.

xU Jz;lf; fy;ypd; tpw;gid tpiy &. 42 nrytplg;gLk; %yg;nghUs;fspd; tpiy &. 22 xU Jz;lf; fy;iy cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fr; nrytplg;gLk; ciog;G &. 08 xU Jz;lf; fy;Yf;Fr; nrytplg;gLk; khWk; Nke;jiyf; fpuak; &. 06 khj epy thlif &. 60 000 khj epiyahd njhiyNgrpf; fl;lzq;fs; &. 10 000 nghwpfis elj;Jtjw;fhd khjr; Nritr; nryT &. 30 000 khjj; njhopyhsu; Ntjdk; &. 26 000

(1) epiyahd fpuaj;ijf; fzpf;f. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^10 Gs;spfs;&

(2) khWk; fpuaj;ijf; fzpf;f. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^08 Gs;spfs;&

(3) gq;fspg;igf; fzpf;f. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^04 Gs;spfs;&


- 23 -

(4) rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;spiaf; fzpf;f. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^04 Gs;spfs;&

(5) ,yhgr; rkg;ghl;L myfpd; msitj; jw;NghJ cs;s mstpYk; ghu;f;f

,optsT myfpy; ngWtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba xU eltbf;ifiaj;

njuptpf;f.

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''^02 Gs;spfs;&

(vi) fRd; ,t;tpahghuk; njhlu;ghfr; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk; xd;iw epu;khzpg;gjw;F cq;fSila

xj;Jiog;igf; NfhUfpd;whu;. re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk; xd;wpd; gbKiwfisf; fhl;LkhW gpd;tUk;

ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;Jf.

gbKiw Nehf;fk; $ gzp

(1) xl;Lnkhj;jkhd Nehf;fq;fs;

epWtdj;jpw;F $ re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd

mbg;gil topfhl;ly;

(2) re;ijg;gLj;jy; fzf;fha;T ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(3) ........................................ ........................................

epWtdj;jpd; rf;jp> FiwghLfs;> re;ju;g;gq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg;

gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

(4) re;ijg;gLj;jypd;

Nehf;fq;fs;

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

(5) ........................................ ........................................ re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tpjk;

(6) re;ijg;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj;

jpl;lq;fs;

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

(7) tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jj; Njitahd

tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij kjpg;gpLjy;

(8) eilKiwg;gLj;jy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

(9) epUthfk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mstpl;L

mJ vjpu;ghu;j;jthW ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd;gij mwpjYk;

jpUj;Jtjw;fhd cj;jpfis Nkw;nfhs;sYk;

^02 =�5��10 Gs;spfs;&


- 24 -

gFjp B - fl;Liu - (Fbrhu; njhopDl;gtpay;)

* ,g;gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU tpdhTf;NfDk; tpil vOJf. xt;nthU tpdhtpd; rupahd


5. (a) xU tPl;bd; nfhq;fpwPw;Wf; fl;likg;gpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fw;fs; ntspNa te;J Njd;$l;L (honey combed) tbtpy; Jisfs; cs;s Neu;j;jp ,Ug;gjhf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;

fl;likg;gpy; Jisfs; ,y;yhj Nkw;gug;gpYk; ntbg;Gfs; Vw;gl;L kPstYt+l;ly;fs; cf;Fk;

,ay;Gfs; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ld.

(i) nfhq;fpwPw;W Nkw;gug;gpy; Njd;$l;L tbtpy; Jisfs; cs;s Neu;j;jp Vw;gLtjw;F %d;W

fhuzq;fis vOJf. ^09 Gs;spfs;&

(ii) Nkw;gug;G ntbj;J kPstYt+l;ly;fs; ntspg;gl;Lj; JUg;gpbg;gjw;F %d;W fhuzq;fis

vOJf. ^09 Gs;spfs;&

(iii) ,q;F cs;s FiwghLfisj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhz;L jukhd nfhq;fpwPw;Wf; fl;likg;igg;

ngWtjw;Ff; nfhq;fpwPw;iwf; fyj;jy;> Njf;fp itj;jy;> ,Wf;Fjy;> gjg;gLj;jy; vd;Dk;

re;ju;g;gq;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba ,U tplaq;fs; tPjk;

Fwpg;gpLf. ^24 Gs;spfs;&

(b) (i) xU fl;llj;jpd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; Rikfspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gl;L mt;tiffs;

xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; Xu; cjhuzk; tPjk; je;J mjidr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff. ^28 Gs;spfs;&

(ii) fl;llj;jpd; mj;jpthu tiffspy; rhjhuz fPy mj;jpthuj;jpd; (plain strip foundation) tupg;glj;ij tiue;J> mjd; kPJ gpd;tUk; gFjpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

÷ mbg;gPlr; Rtu; (plinth wall) ÷ cyu; kz;iz epug;gy; �HDUWK�ÀOOLQJ�� ÷ <uk; Gfh tup (DPC) ÷ mbg;gPlf; fhiu (plinth plastering) ÷ mbg;gl;ilg; gyif (skirting) ^20 Gs;spfs;& 6. Xu; cj;Njrpj;j tFg;giwapd; fpilg;glKk; FWf;Fntl;L tptuKk; cUtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjpy;

mj;jpthu mfopia ntl;ly;> 300 mm jbg;Gs;s fUq;fw; Rtu;> 225 mm jbg;Gs;s nrq;fw; Rtu; (fjT> ad;dy; fopTfs; ,y;yhky;) Mfpatw;Wf;Ff; fzpak; vLj;jy; jhisj; (TDS) jahupf;f. ,jw;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s khjpupAUitg; gad;gLj;Jf.

Sri Lanka Standards 573 : 1999 Mtzj;jpy; Section D - Excavation and Earthwork, Section G1 - Brickwork / Blockwork, Section G2 - Stonework ,w;F cupa tpjg;Giufisg;

gad;gLj;Jf. ^90 Gs;spfs;&

W W

W

A

D

12000

8000

900

�� XT´ND�KJ�6K

IPG�M�XhJX

�� PUG�

450

300

3000

1400

300

900

225

75

PRO

DU

CED

BY

AN

AU

TOD

ESK

ED

UC

ATI

ON

AL

PRO

DU

CT


PRO

DU

CED

BY A

N A

UTO

DESK

EDU

CA

TION

AL PR

OD

UC

T


epy kl;lk;

50 × 150 Kfl;Ltis100 × 50 ifkuk;


- 25 -

tpdh ,yf;fk; : Rl;nlz; :

T D S tptuk; T D S tptuk;


- 26 -

gFjp C - fl;Liu (nghwpKiwj; njhopDl;gtpay;)

* ,g;gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU tpdhtpw;NfDk; tpil vOJf. xt;nthU tpdhtpd; rupahd


7. 2 mm jbg;Gs;s xU jfl;bypUe;J gpd;tUk; fpilg;glj;jpw;F Vw;g 'g" IAk; nfhSf;fpiaAk; cw;gj;jp

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

2080

100

4

151525

515

��[�1RV�

A C

2

1.5

4

3

B

PRO

DU

CED

BY

AN

AU

TOD

ESK

ED

UC

ATI

ON

AL

PRO

DU

CT


PRO

DU

CED

BY A

N A

UTO

DESK

EDU

CA

TION

AL PR

OD

UC

T


(i) mjpy; A, B (Mg;Gr;rhtp Mzp)> C vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s $Wfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; cw;gj;jp

nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f xt;nthU %yg;nghUisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mk;%yg;nghUisj;

njupe;njLf;Fk;NghJ fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba ,U gz;Gfs; tPjk; vOJf. ^15 Gs;spfs;&

(ii) ,q;F $W A apy; fhzg;gLk; jt;itj; Jisj;Jj; jahu;nra;tjw;F cfe;j cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;

gbKiwfis xOq;F Kiwahf tptupf;f. ^30 Gs;spfs;&

(iii) ,q;F $W C apy; fhzg;gLk; jt;itj; jahu;nra;tjw;F cfe;j cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;

gbKiwfis xOq;FKiwahf tptupf;f. ^30 Gs;spfs;& (iv) 'g" ck; nfhSf;fpAk; vd;gjd; gz;G Kbg;igAk; ePbj;jpUg;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f

cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfs; ahit? ^15 Gs;spfs;&

8. (i) Xu; vQ;rpdpd; cau;e;jgl;r tYg; gag;igg; ngWtjw;Fk; vupnghUs; Efu;r;rpia ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fk;

vQ;rpidj; njhopw;ghl;L ntg;gepiyapy; NgZtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupf;f. ^15 Gs;spfs;& (ii) vQ;rpdpd; njhopw;ghl;L ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F ntg;gepWj;jp thy;T (thermostat

valve) vq;qdk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wnjd tptupf;f. ^30 Gs;spfs;&

(iii) mfj; jfd vQ;rpDf;Ff; fpau;g; ngl;bia ,Ltjd; Njitia tpsf;fp> mt;thW ,Lk; fpau;g;

ngl;bapd; ,U tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf. ^15 Gs;spfs;&

(iv) A B S jLg;G Kiwapd; ehd;F rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mit xt;nthd;iwAk; tptupf;f. ^30 Gs;spfs;&


- 27 -

gFjp D - fl;Liu (kpd; njhopDl;gtpay;)

* ,g;gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU tpdhtpw;NfDk; tpil vOJf. xt;nthU tpdhtpd; rupahd

tpilf;Fk; 90 Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk;. 9. (i) xU nfhs;sstpAk; xU jilapAk; njhluhfTs;s jdpf; fiy MlNyhl;lr; Rw;W xd;wpd; xU

tupg;glj;ij tiue;J> mjd; xt;nthU JizAWg;Gf;FkpilNa cs;s mOj;j tpj;jpahrKk;

Xl;lKk; ,Uf;Fk; tpjj;ij xU fiy tupg;glj;jpd; %yk; fhl;Lf. ^15 Gs;spfs;&

(ii) xU rPypq;F tprpwp Nkhl;lupd; Rw;W tupg;glk; fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Xl;lr; RUs;

njhlf;Fk; RUs;

230V 50Hz

÷÷

(a) Rw;wpy; cs;s Xl;lr; RUSf;Fupa kpd; rkepiyr; Rw;wpd; tupg;glj;ij tiue;J> mjd; gpujhd

$Wfisg; ngaupLf. ^05 Gs;spfs;&

(b) mf;$Wfs; xt;nthd;wpD}lhfTk; cs;s Nthy;w;wsitAk; mjD}lhfg; ghAk; Xl;lj;ijAk;

xU fiy tupg;glj;jpd; %yk; fhl;Lf. ^05 Gs;spfs;&

(c) mr;rPypq;F tprpwpf;F 230 V, 50 Hz toq;fiy mspf;Fk;NghJ Xl;lr; RUspD}lhf 0.5 A Xl;lj;ijg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;L tprpwp njhopw;gLk;NghJ toq;fy; Nthy;w;wstpw;Fk; Xl;lj;jpw;FkpilNa cs;s

fiyf; Nfhzk; 60° MFk;. jlq;fy; Kf;Nfhzpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jlq;fy;> jil> J}z;ly;

jhf;Fjpwd; Mfpatw;iwf; fzpf;f. ^35 Gs;spfs;&

(iii) kpd; tY cw;gj;jp> CLflj;jy;> tpepNahfk; vd;Dk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd nrad;Kiwia tifFwpg;gjw;Fg;

gpd;tUk; tupg;glj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s jdpf; Nfhl;L tupg;glj;jpy; (single line diagram) A, B, C, D, E vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s epiykhw;wpfs; gbAau;j;J epiykhw;wpfsh> gbFiw epiykhw;wpfsh

vdTk; me;epiykhw;wpfs; xt;nthd;wpdJk; Nthy;;w;wsT tpfpjq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf. ^10 Gs;spfs;&

A

B

ifj;njhopy; Efu;Nthu;G kpd; gpwg;ghf;fp

11 kV

33 kV 11 kV

D

C

E

rpwpa mstpyhd

ifj;njhopy; Efu;Nthu;

415 kV

tPl;L Efu;Nthu;

1 ø 3 ø

(iv) Kf;fiy 415 V, 50 Hz nrt;td; Nthy;w;wstpd; %yKk; kPbwdpd; %yKk; njhopw;gLk;

ifj;njhopy; kpd; Efu;NthUf;fhf toq;fy; mjpfhupapd; ,Wjp tpepNahf epiykhw;wpapd; %yk;

kpd;tY toq;fg;gLk; tpjj;ij epiykhw;wpapd; Rw;wy;fspd; njhLf;Fk; KiwfSlDk; cupa

Nthy;w;wsTfSlDk; Rw;W tupg;glj;ij tiue;J fhl;Lf. ^20 Gs;spfs;&


- 28 -

10. (i) xU jpuhd;rpw;wiu Xu; Mspahfg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ me;j Msp nghwpKiw MspapYk; ghu;f;fj;

jpwd;kpf;fjhf ,Ug;gjw;Fupa %d;W fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. ^15 Gs;spfs;&

(ii) gpd;tUk; Rw;W Xu; Mspahfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f Xu; vspa Rw;whFk;. mr;Rw;wpy; Fw;wpl;l Nfhl;bdhy;

fhl;lg;gLk; flj;jpiaj; njhLg;gfw;Wk;NghJ LED xspu;fpd;wJ.

IB

RC

X

Y

RB

5 V

Rw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;il tptupf;f.

,r;Rw;iwr; nra;Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f xU re;ju;g;gj;ij vOJf (VBE = 0.6 V MFk;). ^25 Gs;spfs;&

(iii) IB = 100 +A vdpd;> RB ,d; ngWkhdj;ijf; fzpf;f. ^25 Gs;spfs;&

(iv) Xu; mQ;rypiaj; (relay) njhopw;gLj;jj; Njitahd Xl;lj;ij ,j;jpuhd;rpw;wupypUe;J ngw

Kbahtpbd;> NtnwhU jpuhd;rpw;wiug; gad;gLj;jp> mQ;rypiaj; njhopw;glr; nra;tjw;F ,r;Rw;W

Nkk;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij xU Rw;W tupg;glj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tptupf;f. ^25 Gs;spfs;&

* * *


- 29 -

65 - nghwpapaw; (ve;jputpay;) njhopDl;gtpay; - nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

f.ngh.j. (cau; ju)g; guPl;irapy; ve;jputpay; njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;jpw;Fupa KOg; Gs;spfspy;

75] MdJ vOj;Jg; guPl;irf;Fk; 25] MdJ nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Nfw;g

,g;ghlj;jpw;Fj; Njhw;Wk; khztu;fs; vOj;Jg; guPl;irf;Fk; nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf;Fk; fl;lhak; Njhw;w

Ntz;ba mNjNtis nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf; fl;likg;G gpd;tUkhwhFk;.

nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf; fl;likg;G

Neuk; 03 kzpj;jpahyk;

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir Kw;whfr; nraw;ghLfis mbg;gilaha;f; nfhz;l mNj

Ntis Fbrhu; njhopDl;gtpay;> nghwpKiwj; njhopDl;gtpay;> kpd;> ,yj;jpud;

njhopDl;gtpay; vd;Dk; Jiwfs; xt;nthd;wpd; fPOk; 01 kzpj;jpahyk; tPjkhd %d;W

nraw;ghLfs; cs;sd. ,jw;Nfw;g xt;nthU khztDk; xd;Wf;Fg; gpd;du; xd;whf

%d;W nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspYk; <Lgl Ntz;ba mNj Ntis Ie;J gpujhd

epajpfis mbg;gilaha;f; nfhz;l rpy tpNrl epajpfis mbg;gilaha;f; nfhz;L

Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,U guPl;rfu;fisf; nfhz;l xU guPl;rfu; rigapdhy; khztu;fs;

nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;L> xt;nthU guPl;irf;Fk; 100 Gs;spfs; tPjk; toq;fg;gLk;.

Fbrhu; njhopDl;gtpay; nra;Kiw - 100 Gs;spfs; ^01 kzpj;jpahyk;& nghwpKiwj; njhopDl;gtpay; nra;Kiw - 100 Gs;spfs; ^01 kzpj;jpahyk;& kpd;> ,yj;jpud; njhopDl;gtpay; nra;Kiw - 100 Gs;spfs; ^01 kzpj;jpahyk;& nkhj;jk; } 300 } 300 ÷ 3 ,Wjpg; Gs;sp } 100

Fwpg;G :

,r;nra;Kiwg; guPl;irapy; ve;jputpay; njhopDl;gtpaYf;Fupa rupahd ifahl;rpj; jpwd;fis

kjpg;gpl vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wikahy;> xt;nthU nra;Kiwg; guPl;irapYk; mjw;Fupa tpje;Jiuj;j

thz;ikj; njhopy; cgfuzq;fisg; (Proper professional equipment) gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; guPl;irf;Fj;

Njhw;Wk; vy;yhg; guPl;rhu;j;jpfSf;Fk; tha;g;ig toq;f Ntz;Lk;. MfNt Fwpj;j cgfuzq;fs; ,y;yhj

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khw;W cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhfhJ. mNj Ntis mtw;Wf;Fg; gjpyhfj;

Njitahd cgfuzq;fs; toq;fg;glj;jf;f guPl;irfis khj;jpuk; xOq;Fnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

guPl;rfu; rigf;Fk; guPl;rhu;j;jpfSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk; nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa rpy

cjhuzq;fs; ,j;Jld; NtWNtwhfj; jug;gLk;.

nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;Wk; xt;nthU guPl;rhu;j;jpAk; mg;guPl;irapy; <LgLtjw;F cfe;j

cilia mzpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; cgfuzq;fisf; ifahs;tjw;Fk; mtjhdpg;Gfis$ thrpg;Gfisg; ngWtjw;Fk; jilahf ,Uf;Fk; my;yJ jkJ ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jhjthW ,Uf;Fk;

cilia mzpe;jpUg;gijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;ba mNj Ntis Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cfe;jthW

ifAiwfs;> ghjzpfs;> jiy kiwg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw mzpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.


- 30 -

guPl;rhu;j;jpfSf;F toq;f cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

mwpTWj;jy;fSf;fhd tpje;Jiuj;j Kd;khjpupfs;

Fbrhu; njhopDl;gtpay; - nra;Kiwg; guPl;irfs;

guPl;ir 01 xU FWfpa ghijg; gFjpapd; neLk;ghl;L ntl;ilj; jahupg;gjw;fhf thrpg;Gfisg; ngWjy;

1' toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fs; ÷ kl;l cgfuzk; (Level) ÷ kl;lkhf;F Nfhy; (Levelling staff) ÷ Kf;fhyp (Tripod) ÷ kl;lg; Gj;jfj;jpd; gf;fk; (Level page) 2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& cupa ghijg; gFjpapd; thrpg;Gfis vLg;gjw;F cgfuzk; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU

jhdj;ijj; njupe;njLf;f.

^2& ghijg; gFjpapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jhdq;fspy; thrpg;Gfis vLf;f.

^3& vy;yh thrpg;GfisAk; kl;lg; gf;fj;jpy; cfe;jthW Fwpf;f.

^4& Kjyhk; kl;lj; jhdj;jpy; cauj;ij 100 m vd vLf;f.

^5& kl;lg; Gj;jfj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;Jf.

3' kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk;

^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ kl;lg; gf;fj;ijj; jahu;nra;jy;. (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ cgfuzq;fisj; jhdg;gLj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ kl;lkhf;fy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ juTfis thrpj;jYk; Fwpj;jYk; (20 Gs;spfs;)

^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ khw;wpa cauj;ijf; fzpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;)

÷ fzpg;Gfspd; nrk;ik (10 Gs;spfs;) ^5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 02 rq;fpyp msitaPl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jug;gl;Ls;s rpwpa epyj; Jz;il mse;J mjd;

epyf; fpilg;glj;ij Kd;itj;jy;

1' toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fs;

÷ 50 m msit ehlh ÷ 20 m msit ehlh ÷ %d;W tupirg;ghl;Lf; Nfhy;fs; ÷ juTfisf; Fwpf;fj; Njitahd jhs;fs; ÷ glj;ij tiuaj; Njitahd A4 jhs; ÷ tiujy; cgfuzq;fs;

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

vy;iyfisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;bj; jug;gl;Ls;s rpwpa epyj; Jz;ilr; rq;fpyp msitaPl;L

Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp mse;J mjd; epyf; fpilg;glj;ij Kd;itf;f. Njitnadpd;

cjtpahsupd; cjtpiag; ngWf.


- 31 -


^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ juTfisg; ngWjYk; Fwpj;jYk; (40 Gs;spfs;) ÷ mstpiliaj; njupe;njLj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ tiujYk; juTfisf; Fwpj;jYk; (10 Gs;spfs;)

÷ cjtpj; juTfisf; Fwpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 03 jug;gl;Ls;s xU rpwpa nrt;tf epyj; Jz;bd; ehd;F %iyfSf;Fk; jpNahliyw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj;

jpirNfhs;fis msj;jy;


÷ jpNahliyw;W (Theodolite) ÷ Kf;fhyp (tripod) ÷ tupirg;ghl;Lf; Nfhy;fs; (surveying poles) ÷ juTfisf; Fwpf;fj; Njitahd A4 jhs;

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& Njitahd cgfuzq;fisj; njupe;njLf;f.

^2& Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s msitj; jhdj;jpd; kPJ jpNahliyw;iwj; jhdg;gLj;jp mjpy; jw;fhypf

mikg;Gfisr; nra;f. ^3& Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tlf;Fj; jpirf;Ff; fpilf; Nfhzk; 000 00' 00'' vd mikf;f.

^4& epyj;jpd; ehd;F %iyfSf;Fk; jpirNfhs;fisg; ngWf.

^5& thrpg;Gfisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.


^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ jpNahliyw;iwj; jhdg;gLj;jy;; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ jpNahliyw;iw kl;lkhf;fy;; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ tlf;Fj; jpirf;Ff; fpilf; Nfhzk; 000 00' 00''~vd mikj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ epyj;jpd; ehd;F %iyfSf;Fk; thrpg;Gfisg; ngWjy; (10 Gs;spfs;)

÷ thrpg;Gfisf; Fwpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 32 -

guPl;ir 04 fspkz; rhe;ijg; gad;gLj;jp xU jdpr; nrq;fy; (1B) mfyKs;s Xu; ,q;fpypRf; fl;by; (English

bond ) xU Rtiu %d;W nrq;fy; (3B) ePsj;jpw;F ,U tupfSf;Ff; fl;Ljy;

1B

3B

1. toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fs;

÷ fspkz; rhe;J ÷ Nkrd; fuz;b

÷ ePu;kl;lk; ÷ khdpf; Nfhy; ÷ nrq;fw;fs; ÷ kl;lg; gyif

÷ rhe;Jg; gyif ÷ %iykl;lk;

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& Fwpj;j msTf;F epiyf;Fj;J> fpil %l;Lfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.

2& fl;L tiff;Nfw;gr; rupahfr; nrq;fw;fis mLf;Ff.

^3& Rtupd; Fwpj;j tbtj;ijg; Ngzpf;nfhz;L jug;gl;Ls;s mstpw;Fr; Rtiuf; fl;Lf.

4& Rtupd; Fwpj;j epiyikfisg; (epiyf;Fj;Jk; fpilAk;) NgZf.

5& gad;gLj;jpa fUtpfisAk; $ cgfuzq;fisAk; jhdj;ijAk; Jg;Guthf;Ff.


^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ ,uhzp Kbg;igf; Fwpj;j jhdj;jpy; ,Ljy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rtupd; ,U me;jq;fSk; mfyj;jpy; rkkhf ,Uj;jy;

(mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��mm& (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Kbj;j Kfj;jpy; Rtupd; ,U me;jq;fspdJk; %iyfs; ��$�Mf ,Uj;jy; (mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��$& (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ jiyf;fy;Yk; ePbirf;fy;Yk; epiyf;Fj;jhfr; rkr;rPuhf ,Uj;jy;

(mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��mm& (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ epiyf;Fj;J Kfj;jpy; gf;fj;jpy; ,U tupfis NtWNtwhff; fpilahf

kl;lkhf;F Nfhiy itf;Fk;NghJ ,lk; ,y;yhjpUj;jy; ((��mm& (10 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Fwpj;j fl;L tiff;Nfw;gf; Fwpj;j nrq;fy; vz;zpf;ifia mLf;fy; (10 Gs;spfs;)

÷ Kbg;Gk; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; Kbj;jYk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs;

(fUtpfisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; ifahsYk; Jg;GuTk;) (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 33 -

guPl;ir 05 jug;gl;Ls;s JizAWg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp xU ePu;f; Foha;r; rl;lj;ij mij;jy;

'

q�25

q�25

q�20q�20

q�20 q�20

600

450

300

300


cUtpy; fhzg;gLk; ePu;f; Foha;r; rl;lj;ijj; jahu;nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fSk;

cgfuzq;fSk;

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUs;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpf; Fohapy; ePu; gha;tjw;Fs;s

jil ,optsthf ,Uf;FkhW cUtpy; fhzg;gLk; khjpupAUtpw;Nfw;gf; Foha;r; rl;lj;ij mikf;f.


^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ mstPLfs; rupahf ,Uj;jy;

(mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��mm& (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ 12 Foha; Kidfisj; jahu;nra;jy;; (20 Gs;spfs;) (mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��$& ÷ jpUFgpbf;Fj; jpnwl;rPiy ,Ljy; (10 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ ehd;F %iyfisAk; 90$ Mf ,Uf;FkhW jahu;nra;jy;

(mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��$& (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; rl;lj;ijj; jahupj;J Kbj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 34 -

nghwpKiwj; njhopDl;gtpay; - nra;Kiwg; guPl;irfs;

guPl;ir 01 Xu; cUisj; jiyapy; cUisapd; thy;Tfis miuj;jy;

1' toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fs; ÷ Xu; cUisj; jiy ÷ thy;T cau;j;jp (Valve lifter) ÷ fUtpg; ngl;b ÷ ngw;Nwhy; 50 ml ÷ Valve grinding compound ÷ Valve lapper ÷ Jzpj; Jz;L

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

(1) njhopYf;F cfe;j XU jhdj;jpy; cUisj; jiyiaj; jhdg;gLj;Jf.

(2) Njitahd xU cgfuzq;fisj; njupe;njLf;f.

(3) Valve lifter If; nfhz;L thy;itf; fow;Wf.

(4) Kjypy; rough valve grinding compound Ig; gad;gLj;jp miuf;f.

(5) ,uz;lhtjhf fine valve grinding compound Ig; gad;gLj;jp miuf;f.

(6) thy;Tfisr; rupahf cUisj; jiyapy; nghUj;Jf.

(7) ngw;Nwhiyg; gad;gLj;jp thy;T miuj;jiyr; Nrhjpf;f.

(8) rupahf ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> gbKiw (3) ,ypUe;J gbKiw (7) tiuf;Fkhd nray;

xOq;FKiwia kWgbAk; gpd;gw;Wf.

(9) rupahfj; njhopiy Kbf;f.


^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ thy;Tfisf; fow;wp vLj;jYk; rupahfj; jpUk;gg; nghUj;jYk; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ thy;Tfis miuj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ miuj;jy; rupahntdr; Nrhjpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ thy;itr; Nrhjpf;Fk;NghJ miuj;jy; rupahf / rupahf mikahky;

,Uf;Fnkdpd; miuj;jw; nrad;Kiwia kWgbAk; gpd;gw;wy; (20 Gs;spfs;) 5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 02 toq;fg;gl;l Xu; vQ;rpdpd; njupe;njLj;j Xu; cUisapd; thy;T ,sf;fj;ijr; nrg;gQ;nra;jy;

(valve clearance adjusting)


÷ Ml;bg; Gak; cs;s vQ;rpd; jiy ÷ czu; khdp cs;s fUtpg; ngl;b

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& Njitahd rupahd cgfuzq;fisj; njupe;njLf;f.

^2& vQ;rpd; jiyapd; jg;ngw;W %Lifiaf; (Tappet cover) fow;wp mfw;Wf.

^3& thy;T ,sf;fj;ij epr;rakhfr; nrg;gQ;nra;aj;jf;fjhfr; Row;wpj;jz;ilr; Row;Wf.

^4& cupa ngWkhdKs;s czu; khdpiaj; njupe;njLf;f.

^5& Fwpj;j ngWkhdq;fSf;F cupathW njupe;njLj;j czu; khdpiag; gad;gLj;jp

,sf;fj;ijj; jahu;nra;f.

^6& vQ;rpd; jiyapd; jg;ngw;W %Lifiag; nghUj;Jf.

^7& rupahfg; gzpiar; nra;J Kbf;f.


- 35 -


^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ thy;T ,sf;fj;ijr; nrg;gQ;nra;aj;jf;fjhfr; Row;wpj;jz;ilr; Rw;wy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ cupa ngWkhdKs;s czu; khdpiag; gad;gLj;jp thy;T ,sf;fj;ijr;

nrg;gQ;nra;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ vQ;rpd; jiyapd; jg;ngw;iwf; fow;wYk; kWgbAk; nghUj;jYk; (15 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Fwpj;j ngWkhdq;fSf;Nfw;g thy;T ,sf;fj;ijj; jahu;nra;jpUj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;)

^5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 03 Xu; vQ;rpdpy; cUisj; jiyia toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tptuf;$w;WfSf;Nfw;gg; nghUj;jy;


÷ jug;gl;Ls;s KWf;Fjpwdpw;Nfw;g cUisj; jiyiag; nghUj;Jtjw;F cfe;j Xu; vQ;rpd;

÷ toq;fg;gLk; tptuf;$w;W ÷ KWf;F KWf;fyp

÷ tisar; rhtp ÷ fUtpg; ngl;b

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& Njitahd rupahd cgfuzq;fisj; njupe;njLf;f.

^2& vQ;rpd; clypy; Fwpj;jthW ,izg;gpWf;fpia (gasket) ,Lf. ^3& vy;yh MzpfisAk; cUisapd; jiyapy; cupa Jisfspy; GFj;Jf.

^4& epakq;fSf;Nfw;g cUisj; jiyia ,Wf;Ff.

^5& vy;yh MzpfSk; Fwpj;j KWf;Fjpwdpw;F ,WfpAs;sdthntd kWgbAk; Nrhjpf;f.

^6& rupahfg; gzpia Kbf;f.

3' kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; ^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ rupahf ,izg;gpWf;fpia ,Ljy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ jug;gl;Ls;s epakq;fSf;Nfw;gj; jiyapy; Mzpfis ,Wf;Fjy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Fwpj;j KWf;Fjpwdpw;Nfw;gj; jiyapy; Mzpfs; ,Wf;fkhf

,Uf;fpd;wdthntd kWgbAk; Nrhjpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Fwpj;j KWf;Fjpwd;fspw;Nfw;g vQ;rpd; jiyapy; Mzpfs; ,WfpapUj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;)

5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 36 -

guPl;ir 04 Xu; ,Nyrhd thfdj;jpd; gpw;gf;ff; Flj; jLg;igr; (drum brake) nrg;gQ;nra;jy;


÷ xU gpw;rpy;iyf; fow;Wtjw;F cfe;j Xu; ,Nyrhd Nkhl;lu; thfdk;

÷ thfd ahf;F (Jack)

÷ fUtpg; ngl;b ÷ rpy;Yfisg; g+l;Ltjw;F Mg;Gfs;

÷ rpy;Yr; Riu fow;wp

÷ Mjhuk;

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& Kw;rpy;Yfspd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; Mg;Gfis itj;J thfdj;ij epiyahf itj;Jf;

nfhs;f.

^2& thfdj;ij Mjhuj;jpd; kPJ ,Uf;f tpLf.

^3& vy;yhr; RiufisAk; fow;wpr; rpy;iy mg;ghy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;f.

^4& Flj; jLg;igr; Nrhjpj;Jj; Njitnadpd; nrg;gQ;nra;f.

^5& rpy;iyg; nghUj;Jf.

^6& vy;yhr; RiufisAk; xOq;fhf ,Wf;Ff.

^7& rupahfg; gzpia Kbf;f.

3' kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; ^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ cfe;j gbKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp thfdj;ij cau;j;jpr; rpy;iyf;

fow;wp ePf;fy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Flj; jLg;igr; Nrhjpj;jYk; nrg;gQ;nra;jYk; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ rpy;iy kWgbAk; nghUj;jp cfe;j gbKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp

Mjhuj;ijAk; ahf;ifAk; mfw;wy; (15 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Fwpj;jthW Flj; jLg;igr; nrg;gQ;nra;jpUj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;)

5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 05 Xu; 2 mm nky;YUf;Fj; jfl;bypUe;J Nghj;jy; %b jpwg;ghidj; (Bottle opener) jahupj;J Kbj;jy;


÷ xU 105 = 55 = 2 mm nky;YUf;Fj; jfl;Lj; Jz;L ÷ cNyhf ths;

÷ Fspu;epiy ntl;bUk;G (Cold chisel) ÷ Nkirf; fj;jup

÷ JisnghwpAk; Jwg;gz myFk; ÷ ikaf; Fj;jp

÷ Fz;Lj; jiyr; Rj;jpay; ÷ cUf;F tiuNfhy;

÷ tiujY}rp ÷ %iykl;lk;

÷ jl;ilauk; ÷ rJu muk;

÷ vkupj; jhs; ÷ Ntiy Nkir


- 37 -

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& jug;gl;Ls;s tupg;glj;ij thrpj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;f.

��

q��

��

��

��

��=��$

��=��$

��

��

��

��

��

^2& Njitahd nghUs;fs;> fUtpfs;> cgfuzq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; njupe;njLf;f.

^3& rupahd El;gKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wf.

^4& Njitahd ghJfhg;G cj;jpiag; gpd;gw;Wf.

^5& rupahd xOq;FKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpf; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; Ntiyg; gFjpiaj; jahupj;J Kbf;f.

^6& Ntiyj; jhdj;ij Kd;du; ,Ue;jthW jahu;nra;f.


^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; (50 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT - mstPLfs; rupahf ,Uj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ^5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 38 -

kpd;> ,yj;jpud; njhopDl;gtpay; - nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

guPl;ir 01 jug;gl;l jdpf; fiy Nkhl;liu ,af;Fjy;

÷ gy;khdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; njhlf;fpr; RUisAk; Xl;lr; RUisAk; ,dq;fhzy;

÷ nfhs;sstpj; njhlf;fp> Xl;l Nkhl;lupd; Rw;W tupg;glj;jpw;F ,irthfr; RUisAk;

nfhs;sstpiaAk; njhLj;jy; ÷ ghJfhg;G cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp kpd;nde;jputpay; epWtfj;jpd; xOq;FtpjpfSf;Nfw;g Nkhl;liu

,af;fy;

÷ jdpf; fiy Nkhl;lupd; Row;rpj; jpiria khw;Wjy;


÷ nfhs;stpj; njhlf;fp> Xl;l Nkhl;lu; (Capacitor run motor) ÷ Nkhl;lUf;F toq;fiy mspg;gjw;fhd Xu; MspAk; ehz;fSk; ÷ Kidthf;fj;jpw;fhf xU jpUfhzp nrYj;jpAk; Nru;f;iff; FwLk;

÷ xU gy;khdp

÷ xU gy;gzpf; FwL

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& gy;khdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jug;gl;Ls;s Nkhl;lupd; Xl;lr; RUisAk; njhlf;fpr; RUisAk;

,dq;fhz;f.

^2& Fwpj;jthW nfhs;sstpiaj; njhLj;J Nkhl;liu Xlr; nra;f (Xu; Mspf;Ff; FWf;Nf

toq;fiy mspf;f).

^3& NkNy ,aq;fr; nra;j jpirf;F vjpuhd jpirapy; Nkhl;liu Xlr; nra;f. ,jw;fhf kpd;

njhlu;Gilik khw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tpjj;ij xU tupg;glj;ijf; nfhz;L fhl;Lf.

^4& Rw;Wf;F kpd; toq;fg;gLk; xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; guPl;rfu; rigapd; Kd; mDkjpiag;

ngWf.

3' kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; ^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ gy;khdpiaj; jahu;nra;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ RUspd; jiliar; Nrhjpj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rw;iw mikj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Nkhl;liu ,af;FjYk; cupa Rw;W tupg;glj;ijf; fhl;lYk; (20 Gs;spfs;)



- 39 -

guPl;ir 02 jdpf; fiyr; Rw;iw epWty;

÷ flj;Jfhy;fisg; (Conduit) gad;gLj;jp Xu; xU top Mspr; Rw;iw mikj;jy;

÷ flj;Jfhy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; Fij ntsptopr; (Socket outlet) Rw;iw mikj;jy;

÷ cfe;jthW fk;gpia Kbtplkhf;fy;;

÷ Rw;Wf;Fupa IEE xOq;FtpjpfisAk; epakq;fisAk; ,dq;fhzy;


÷ 750 mm� = 600 mm� gyif - 01 ÷ 20 mm� tpl;lKs;s P.V.C. flj;Jfhy; - 1.5 m ÷ P.V.C. jdp mkpo;j;Jk; ngl;b (Sunk box single) - 02 ÷ %top tl;lg; gpshj;jpf;Fr; re;jpg; ngl;b - 02 (3 way junction box for conduit) (20 mm) ÷ xU topg; gpshj;jpf;Fr; re;jpg; ngl;b - 01 (P.V.C. end box) (20 mm) ÷ 240 V, 5 A, nrUfp - 01�� 240 V, 5 A, 3 pin socket outlet) ÷ 240 V, 5 A, xU top Msp - 01�� One way one gang switch) ÷ 240 V, 6 A, rpW Rw;Wilg;ghd; - 01�� 6 A, M.C.B.) ÷ gw;wd; tpsf;Fg; gpb - 01�� Straight type batten holder) ÷ 240 V, 60 W ,io tpsf;F - 01 ÷ 1/1.13 mm ,ul;ilf; fhty; nrg;Gf; flj;jp (ePyepwk;) - 2 m �P.V.C. double insulated cable - blue) ÷ 1/1.13mm ,ul;ilf; fhty; nrg;Gf; flj;jp (fgpy epwk;)- 3 m �P.V.C. double insulated cable - brown) - 3 m ÷ 7/0.67 mm Gtpf; fk;gp ^Earth wire& - (2.5 mm2) 1 m ÷ Plastic conduit clips (20 mm) - 10 ÷ 20 mm, ,y. 7 jpUfhzp - 07 Nos ÷ 12 mm, ,y. 6 jpUfhzp - 30 Nos ÷ Two port connector bar - (10 A) - 01 ÷ Din rail - (For installation of MCB) ÷ gy;gzpf; FwL (Combination plier) - 01 ÷ ntl;Lk; FwL (Cutting plier) - 01 ÷ rpwpa Rj;jpay; (Ball pene hammer (250 g) ÷ kpd; Nrhjpg;ghd; (Electric tester) - 01 ÷ 6'' screw driver ^jpUfhzp nrYj;jp& - 01 ÷ kpd; njhopDl;gf; fj;jp (Cable knife) - 01 ÷ msit ehlh (measuring tape) 3 m ÷ mypRf;$u; (bradol) - 01


- 40 -

2' nray; xOq;FKiw fPNo tifFwpf;fg;gLk; kpd;Dgfuzj; jsf;Nfhy tupg;glj;jpy; (Layout diagram) L ,dhy;

Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,io tpsf;F (Filament lamp), S ,dhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU top Msp (One way switch) %yk; njhopw;gLj;jg;glj;jf;fjhfTk; So ,dhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fij ntsptop

(Socket outlet) njhlu;r;rpahf capu;g;ghf ,Uf;FkhWk; kpd; Rw;iw epWTtjw;Fj; Njitahd

flj;Jfhy;fis kug;gyifapy; epWTf.

300

300

300150

300

So S

L


^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ kpd; tpsf;fpd; njhopw;ghL (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Fij ntsptopapd; njhopw;ghL (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ flj;jpapd; Kbtplkhf;fy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ epakg; gad;ghL (10 Gs;spfs;)

4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Rw;iw epWTjy;> cgfuzq;fisg; nghUj;jy;> ehz;fis ,izj;jy;> toq;fiy

mspj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) 5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 41 -

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir 13 - kpd;> ,yj;jpud; njhopDl;gtpay;

guPl;ir 03 jug;gl;l xU epiykhw;wpf;F toq;fiy mspj;J Nthy;w;wsitAk; Xl;lj;ijAk; gy;khdpiaf;

nfhz;L msj;jy;


gy;khdpapdhy;

÷ Kjd;ikr; RUSk; Jizr; RUSk; ngauplg;gl;Ls;s 240 V/ 24 V 250 VA epiykhw;wp

÷ 5 A connector bar (njhLf;Fk;) Jz;Lfs; 6 ÷ gy;gzpf; FwL

÷ Nrhjpg;ghDk; (tester) 6 mq;Fyj; jpUfhzp nrYj;jpAk;

÷ 24 V, 21 W ,io tpsf;Fk; gpbAk; (holder) ÷ 24 V, 5 W ,io tpsf;Fk; gpbAk; ÷ 16/.20 my;yJ 13/.20 T.T. fk;gp 1 kPw;wu; ÷ 5 A plug Top

2' nray; xOq;FKiw ^1& epiykhw;wpf;F toq;fiy mspf;Fk;NghJ Kjd;ikr; RUspd; Kbtplq;fSf;fpilNaAk;

Jizr; RUspd; Kbtplq;fSf;fpilNaAk; cs;s Nthy;w;wsit mse;J fhl;Lf. ^2& epiykhw;wpapd; Jizr; RUspd; ,U Kbtplq;fspYk; 24 V, 21W ,io tpsf;ifg; nghUj;jp

,io tpsf;F xspUk;NghJ tpsf;F ngWk; Xl;lj;ij mse;J fhl;Lf. ^3& Nkw;Fwpj;j ,io tpsf;Fld; NtNwhu; 24 V, 5 W ,io tpsf;ifr; rkhe;jukhfg; nghUj;jp

xspur; nra;J xl;Lnkhj;jkhd Rw;W ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Xl;lj;ij mse;J fhl;Lf.

3' kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk;. ^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ RUs;fspd; Kbtplq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s Nthy;w;wsit msj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ ,io tpsf;fpd; Xl;lj;ij msj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ xl;Lnkhj;jkhd Rw;W ngWk; Xl;lj;ij msj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Nthy;w;wsitAk; Xl;lj;ijAk; mse;J ngw;w thrpg;Gfspd; nrk;ik (20 Gs;spfs;)


guPl;ir 04 jug;gl;l g+yf; Nfhitapd; ^Boolean expression& gag;igg; ngWtjw;F thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

xU Rw;iw mikj;jy;

1' toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fs; ÷ 5V NeNuhl;l toq;fy; ÷ nraw;wpl;lg; gyif ÷ Mspfs; ÷ jdpf; fk;gp ehz; (single standard wire& ÷ LED ÷ 7400, 7402, 7404, 7408, 7432 xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; ÷ 220 1�jilfs;


- 42 -

VCC

7408

VCC

7400

VCC

7402

VCC

7404

VCC

7432

2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& gpd;tUk; g+yf; Nfhitapd; gag;igg; ngwj; Njitahd thapy;fisg; ngaupLf.

Z = A . B ^2& mt;thapy;fspd; xUq;fpize;j Rw;iwj; njupe;njLf;f.

^3& xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lg; gyif kPJ Rw;Wfisf; Nfhf;f.

^4& cupa nga;g;Gfis toq;fpg; gag;igg; ngWf.

^5& gag;gpw;F nka; ml;ltizia vOJf.

3' kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; ^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ g+yf; Nfhitf;Fupa thapy;fisg; ngaupLjy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfisj; njupe;njLj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rw;Wfisf; Nfhj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ gag;igg; ngWjy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ nka; ml;ltizia vOJjy; (20 Gs;spfs;)



- 43 -

guPl;ir 05 nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpia Neu;khw;wpahfg; gad;gLj;jy; 1' toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fs; ÷ jilapfs;> nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpfs;> xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; ^741& ÷ nraw;wpl;lg; gyif

÷ NeNuhl;l tY toq;fy;

÷ miyTfhl;b ÷ irifg; gpwg;ghf;fp

÷ njhLf;Fk; ehz;fs;

2' nranyhOq;F Kiw

^1& gpd;tUk; Rw;Wf;Fj; Njitahd JizAWg;Gfisf; nfhz;L nraw;wpl;lg; gyifapy; Nfhf;f.

+

+�<

�<

VinVo

R2 = 100 k1

R1 = 10 k1

+

�<

Vcc

741

^2& NeNuhl;l tY toq;fiy Xu; ,ul;il toq;fyhfj; jahu;nra;J xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wld;

njhLf;f.

^3& irifg; gpwg;ghf;fpapypUe;J xU 10 mVP< P ird; tisapr; irifiag; nga;g;Gf;F

toq;Ff.

^4& toq;fiyAk; nga;g;Gr; irifiaAk; toq;Ftjw;F Kd;du; guPl;rfuplk; fhl;Lf.

^5& gag;Gr; irifia miyTfhl;bapypUe;J mse;J Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.

^6& rkd;ghL Vo = <�Vin

R2

R1

,w;Nfw;gg; gag;ig tha;g;Gg; ghu;f;f.


^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ Rw;iwf; Nfhj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ tY toq;fiyj; njhLj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ miyTfhl;biag; gad;gLj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;)

^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Rw;wpd; nrk;ikAk; Kbg;Gk; (20 Gs;spfs;) ^5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 44 -

guPl;ir 06 jpuhd;rpw;wiu Xu; Mspahfg; gad;gLj;jy;


÷ khWe; jilfs; ÷ LDR ÷ C 828 jpuhd;rpw;wu; ÷ LED ÷ NeNuhl;l tY toq;fy; ÷ nraw;wpl;lg; gyif


2' nray; xOq;FKiw

^1& Njitahd JizAWg;Gfisj; njupe;njLj;Jg; gpd;tUk; Rw;iwr; nraw;wpl;lg; gyifapy;

Nfhf;f.

220 1

10 K

LDR

330 1

+5 V

^2& Rw;iwj; jahu;nra;J guPl;rfu; rigaplk; Kd;itf;f.

^3& rupahd KidTj;jd;ikapypUe;J tY toq;fiyj; njhLf;f. toq;fypy; Mspiaj;

njhopw;gLj;J Kd;ghfg; guPl;rfupd; mDkjpiag; ngWf.

^4& khWe; jiliar; nrg;gQ;nra;J ,Ul;by; LED xspUkhW Rw;iwj; jahu; nra;f.

^5& Rw;iwj; njhopw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

3' kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; ^1& Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^2& ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^3& rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ Rw;iwf; Nfhj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ tY toq;fiyj; njhLj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rw;wpd; njhopw;ghL (15 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ rupahfr; nrg;gQ;nra;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rw;wpd; Kbg;G (10 Gs;spfs;) ^5& ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 45 -

guPl;rfu; FOTf;F toq;f cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

mwpTWj;jy;fSf;fhd tpje;Jiuj;j Kd;khjpupfs;

Fbrhu; njhopDl;gtpay; - nra;Kiwg; guPl;irfs;

guPl;ir 01 xU FWfpa ghijg; gFjpapd; neLk;ghl;L ntl;ilj; jahupg;gjw;fhf thrpg;Gfisg; ngWjy;

1. toq;f Ntz;ba cgfuzq;fs;

÷ kl;l cgfuzk; (Level) ÷ kl;lkhf;F Nfhy; (Levelling staff) ÷ Kf;fhyp (Tripod) ÷ kl;lg; Gj;jfj;jpd; gf;fk; (Level page) 2 . nray; xOq;FKiw

A� kl;lkhf;F Nfhiyf; ifahs;tjw;F thz;ikj; njhopy; msitaPl;L cjtpahsupd;

Nritia toq;Ff.

A� xU Fwpj;j FWfpa ghijapd; gFjpapd; eLf; Nfhl;bd; (centre line) kPJ fpilj; J}uk; 10 m ,ilntspapy; ,Uf;FkhW 5 jhdq;fisf; Fwpj;J itf;f.

A� mj;jhdq;fspy; khw;wpa cauj;ijf; fzpj;J itf;f.

^4& kl;l cgfuzj;ij mikg;gjw;F cfe;j xU jhdj;ijj; njupe;njLg;gjpy; ftdkhf ,Uf;f

(gUk;gbahf Kd;Ndhf;F> gpd;Nehf;Fj; jhdq;fspilNa eLj; jhdkhf ,Uj;jy;)

A� cgfuzk; jhdg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;jpYk; kl;lkhf;fg;gLk; tpjj;jpYk; ftdkhf ,Uf;f.

^6& kl;l cgfuzj;jpd; cauj;ij msf;f.

A� Kjyhk; kl;lj; jhdj;jpd; cauk; 100 m vdf; nfhz;L kw;iwa jhdq;fspd; khw;wpa

cauj;ijf; fzpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ftdkhf ,Uf;f.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk;

A� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ kl;lg; gf;fj;ijj; jahu;nra;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ cgfuzq;fisj; jhdg;gLj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ kl;lkhf;fy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ juTfis thrpj;jYk; Fwpj;jYk; (20 Gs;spfs;)

^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ khw;wpa cauj;ijf; fzpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;)

÷ fzpg;Gfspd; nrk;ik (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 02 rq;fpyp msitaPl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jug;gl;Ls;s rpwpa epyj; Jz;il mse;J mjd; epyf;

fpilg;glj;ij Kd;itj;jy;.


÷ 50 m msit ehlh ÷ 20 m msit ehlh ÷ %d;W tupirg;ghl;Lf; Nfhy;fs; ÷ juTfisf; Fwpf;fj; Njitahd jhs;fs; ÷ glj;ij tiuaj; Njitahd A4 jhs; ÷ tiujy; cgfuzq;fs;


- 46 -

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

A�� xU NfhL topNa vLf;fg;gLk; thrpg;Gfs;> vjpuikg;Gj; J}uq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;

khj;jpuk; glj;ij tiuaj;jf;fthW xU rpwpa nrt;tf epyg; gFjpiaj; njupe;njLf;f.

epyj;jpd; mstPLfs; 15 m =�10 m Mf ,Uj;jy; cfe;jJ>

mjd; vy;iyfisf; Fwpj;J itf;f.

A�� ,U gpujhd msitaPl;Lj; jhdq;fisf; Fwpj;J itf;f. A� 50 m msit ehlhit mt;tpU jhdq;fSf;fpilNa mikj;jiy mtjhdpf;f.

Njitnadpd;> cjtpahsupd; cjtpiag; guPl;rhu;j;jpf;F toq;Ff.

^4& vy;yhj; juTfSf;Fk; 20 m msit ehlhtpypUe;J juTfs; ngwg;gLk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpf;f.

A� juTfs; Fwpf;fg;gLk; tpjk; gw;wpf; ftdkhf ,Uf;f.

^6& epyf; fpilg;glj;ij tiujiyAk; mjpy; cjtpj; juTfisf; Fwpj;jiyAk; mtjhdpf;f.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk;

�� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ juTfisg; ngWjYk; Fwpj;jYk; (40 Gs;spfs;) ÷ mstpiliaj; njupe;njLj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ tiujYk; juTfisf; Fwpj;jYk; (10 Gs;spfs;)

÷ cjtpj; juTfisf; Fwpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 03 jug;gl;Ls;s xU rpwpa nrt;tf epyj; Jz;bd; ehd;F %iyfSf;Fk; jpNahliyw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj;

jpirNfhs;fis msj;jy;


÷ jpNahliyw;W (Theodolite) ÷ Kf;fhyp (tripod) ÷ tupirg;ghl;Lf; Nfhy;fs; (surveying poles) ÷ juTfisf; Fwpf;fj; Njitahd A4 jhs;

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

A� rpwpa nrt;tf (Vwj;jho 15 m =�10 m) ntWk; epyg; gFjp xd;iwf; Fwpf;f.

A� epyj;jpd; eL msitaPl;Lj; jhdk; xd;iwAk; tlf;Fj; jpir topNa xU Fwpj;j FwpiaAk;

Fwpj;J itf;f.

A� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdkhf ,Uf;f. � � � ��msitaPl;Lj; jhdj;jpd; kPJ jpNahliyw;iwj; jhdg;gLj;jy;> ikag;gLj;jy;> kl;lkhf;fy;.

� � � ��Nfhl;L vjpuikg;Gfspd; %yk; KO epyj;ijAk; cs;slf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.

� � � ��tlf;Fj; jpirapy; fpilf; Nfhzj;ij ��'��''w vd mikj;jy;.

4' epyj;jpd; ehd;F vy;iyfspYk; jpirNfhs;fSf;fhf thrpg;Gfisg; ngWjy;. 3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ jpNahliyw;iwj; jhdg;gLj;jy;; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ jpNahliyw;iw kl;lkhf;fy;; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ tlf;Fj; jpirf;Ff; fpilf; Nfhzk; 000 00' 00''~vd mikj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ epyj;jpd; ehd;F %iyfSf;Fk; thrpg;Gfisg; ngWjy; (10 Gs;spfs;)

÷ thrpg;Gfisf; Fwpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 47 -

guPl;ir 04 fspkz; rhe;ijg; gad;gLj;jp xU jdpr; nrq;fy; (1B) mfyKs;s Xu; ,q;fpypRf; fl;by; (English

bond ) xU Rtiu %d;W nrq;fy; (3B) ePsj;jpw;F ,U tupfSf;Ff; fl;Ljy;

1B

3B


÷ fspkz; rhe;J ÷ Nkrd; fuz;b

÷ ePu;kl;lk; ÷ khdpf; Nfhy; ÷ nrq;fw;fs; ÷ kl;lg; gyif

÷ rhe;Jg; gyif ÷ %iykl;lk;

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

� � A� jahupj;j fspkz; rhe;ijAk; nrq;fw;fisAk; Njitahd mstpw;Fj; jahu;nra;J itf;f.

� � A� Ntiynra;Ak; ,lj;ij (kl;lkhf;fpa rkjs epyk;) jahuhf itf;f.

� � A� xU jdpr; nrq;fy; (1B) mfyKk; %d;W nrq;fy; (3B) ePsKk; cs;s Rtiu ,U tup

mstpw;F mikf;Fk; tha;g;ig toq;Ff.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ ,uhzp Kbg;igf; Fwpj;j jhdj;jpy; ,Ljy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rtupd; ,U me;jq;fSk; mfyj;jpy; rkkhf ,Uj;jy;

(mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��mm& (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Kbj;j Kfj;jpy; Rtupd; ,U me;jq;fspdJk; %iyfs; ��$�Mf ,Uj;jy; (mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��$& (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ jiyf;fy;Yk; ePbirf;fy;Yk; epiyf;Fj;jhfr; rkr;rPuhf ,Uj;jy;

(mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��mm& (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ epiyf;Fj;J Kfj;jpy; gf;fj;jpy; ,U tupfis NtWNtwhff; fpilahf

kl;lkhf;F Nfhiy itf;Fk;NghJ ,lk; ,y;yhjpUj;jy; ((��mm& (10 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Fwpj;j fl;L tiff;Nfw;gf; Fwpj;j nrq;fy; vz;zpf;ifia mLf;fy; (10 Gs;spfs;)

÷ Kbg;Gk; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; Kbj;jYk; (10 Gs;spfs;) ��A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs;

(fUtpfisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; ifahsYk; Jg;GuTk;) (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 48 -

guPl;ir 05 Fiwe;jgl;rj; JizAWg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp xU ePu;f; Foha;r; rl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;

'

q�25

q�25

q�20q�20

q�20 q�20

600

450

300

300


÷ cNyhfk; mupAk; ths; (hacksaw) ÷ Foha; ntl;b ÷ jl;il muk; ÷ 3 m cUf;F ehlh ÷ %iykl;lk; ÷ Foha; ,Lf;fp ÷ mfw;rpf;fUtp ÷ 25 mm q� PVC Foha; - 750 mm ÷ 20 mm q� PVC Foha; - 1350 mm ÷ 20 mm� Koq;if tisT (Elbow) - 02 ÷ 25 mm� Koq;if tisT (Elbow) - 01 ÷ 25 = 20 mm� Fiwf;Fk; Koq;if tisT (Reducing elbow) - 01 ÷ 20 mm� jpUFgpb (Faucet socket) - 01 ÷ 25 = 20 mm� Fiwf;Fk; Fij (Reducing socket) - 01 ÷ 20 mm� jpUFgpb 'T' Fij (Faucet 'T' socket) - 01

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

÷ vy;yhj; JizAWg;Gfs;> nghUs;fs;> cgfuzq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; jahuhf itf;f.

÷ Foha; ,Lf;fp nghUj;jg;gl;l xU Nkiriaj; jahuhf itj;jpUf;f.

÷ rl;lj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;F ,ltrjp cs;s Xu; ,lj;ijg; ngWf.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ mstPLfs; rupahf ,Uj;jy;

(mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��mm& (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Foha; Kidfisj; jahu;nra;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ jpUFgpbf;Fj; jpnwl;rPiy ,Ljy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ ehd;F %iyfisAk; ��$�Mf ,Uf;FkhW jahu;nra;jy;

(mDkjpf;fj;jf;f msT (��$�& (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; rl;lj;ijj; jahupj;J Kbj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 49 -

nghwpKiwj; njhopDl;gtpay; - nra;Kiwg; guPl;irfs;

guPl;ir 01 Xu; cUisj; jiyapy; cUisapd; thy;Tfis miuj;jy;


÷ Xu; cUisj; jiy ÷ thy;T cau;j;jp (Valve lifter) ÷ fUtpg; ngl;b ÷ ngw;Nwhy; 50 ml ÷ Valve grinding compound ÷ Valve lapper ÷ Jzpj; Jz;L 2. nray; xOq;FKiw

(1) njhopYf;F cfe;j Xu; jhdj;jpy; cUisj; jiyiaj; jhdg;gLj;Jf.

(2) Njitahd rupahd cgfuzq;fisj; njupe;njLf;f.

(3) Valve lifter If; nfhz;L thy;itf; fow;Wf.

(4) Kjypy; rough valve grinding compound Ig; gad;gLj;jp miuf;f.

(5) ,uz;lhtjhf fine valve grinding compound Ig; gad;gLj;jp miuf;f.

(6) thy;Tfisr; rupahf cUisj; jiyapy; nghUj;Jf.

(7) ngw;Nwhiyg; gad;gLj;jp thy;T miuj;jiyr; Nrhjpf;f.

(8) rupahf ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> gbKiw (3) ,ypUe;J gbKiw (7) tiuf;Fkhd nray;

xOq;FKiwia kWgbAk; gpd;gw;Wf.

(9) rupahfj; njhopiy Kbf;f.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ thy;Tfisf; fow;wp vLj;jYk; rupahfj; jpUk;gg; nghUj;jYk; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ thy;Tfis miuj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ miuj;jy; rupahntdr; Nrhjpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ thy;itr; Nrhjpf;Fk;NghJ miuj;jy; rupahf / rupahf mikahky;

,Uf;Fnkdpd; miuj;jw; nrad;Kiwia kWgbAk; gpd;gw;wy; (20 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 02 Ml;bg; Gak; (Rocker arm) cs;s Xu; vQ;rpdpd; njupe;njLj;j Xu; cUisapd; thy;T ,sf;fj;ijj;

jug;gl;Ls;s tptuf;$w;WfSf;F> mjhtJ cwpQ;R thy;T ,sf;fk; = 0.20 mm ntspafw;W thy;T ,sf;fk; = 0.30 mm Vw;gr; nrg;gQ;nra;jy; (valve clearance adjusting)


÷ czu; khdp cs;s fUtpg; ngl;b ÷ Ml;bg; Gak; cs;s vQ;rpd; jiy

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

A�� gzpf;F cfe;j Xu; ,lj;jpy; vQ;rpid itf;f.

� A� Njitahd rupahd cgfuzq;fisj; njupe;njLf;f.

� A� vQ;rpd; jiyapd; jg;ngw;W %Lifiaf; (Tappet cover) fow;wp mfw;Wf.

^4& thy;T ,sf;fj;ij epr;rakhfr; rPuhf;fj;jf;fjhfr; Row;wpj; jz;ilr; Row;Wf.

� A� cupa ngWkhdk; cs;s czu; khdpiaj; njupe;njLf;f.

^6& Fwpj;j ngWkhdq;fSf;F cupajhfj; njupe;njLj;j czu; khdpiag; gad;gLj;jp

,sf;fj;ijj; jahu;nra;f.

� A� vQ;rpd; jiyapd; %Lifiag; nghUj;Jf.

^8& rupahfg; gzpiar; nra;J Kbf;f.


- 50 -

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ thy;T ,sf;fj;ijr; nrg;gQ;nra;aj;jf;fjhfr; Row;wpj;jz;ilr; Rw;wy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ cupa ngWkhdKs;s czu; khdpiag; gad;gLj;jp thy;T ,sf;fj;ijr;

nrg;gQ;nra;jy;. (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ vQ;rpd; jiyapd; jg;ngw;iwf; fow;wYk; kWgbAk; nghUj;jYk; (15 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Fwpj;j ngWkhdq;fSf;Nfw;g thy;T ,sf;fj;ijj; jahu;nra;jpUj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;)

��A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 3 toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tptuf;$w;Wf;;Nfw;g Xu; vQ;rpdpd; cUisj; jiyiag; nghUj;jy;.

MzpfSf;Fg; gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;ba KWf;Fjpwd; 20 Nm MFk;.


÷ jug;gl;Ls;s KWf;FjpwDf;Nfw;g cUisj; jiyiag; nghUj;Jtjw;F cfe;j Xu; vQ;rpd; ÷ KWf;F KWf;fyp ÷ tisar; rhtp

÷ fUtpg; ngl;b 2. nray; xOq;FKiw

A� njhopYf;;F cfe;j Xu; ,lj;jpy; vQ;rpid itf;f.

� � A� Njitahd rupahd cgfuzq;fisj; njupe;njLf;f.

� � A� vQ;rpd; clypy; Fwpj;jthW ,izg;gpWf;fpia (gasket) ,Lf. ^4& vy;yh MzpfisAk; cUisapd; jiyapy; cupa Jisfspy; GFj;Jf.

� � A� vy;yh MzpfisAk; cupa Foha;r; rhtpapd; %yk; kpfTk; nkJthf ,Wf;Ff.

^6& Xu; cUisj; jiyiag; nghUj;Jk;NghJ gad;gLj;Jk; Mzpfs; Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,U

jlitfspNyDk; ,Wf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

^c-k;: Kjypy; 10 Nm, ,uz;lhtjhf 20 Nm&

� � A� epakq;fSf;Nfw;g cUisj; jiyapy; Mzpfis ,Wf;Ff.

^8& vy;yh MzpfSk; Fwpj;j KWf;Fjpwdpw;F ,WfpAs;sdthntdj; jpUk;gr; Nrhjpf;f.

^9& vQ;rpd; jiy %Lifiag; nghUj;Jf.

� � A�� rupahf Ntiyia Kbf;f.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ rupahf ,izg;gpWf;fpia ,Ljy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ jug;gl;Ls;s epakq;fSf;Nfw;gj; jiyapy; Mzpfis ,Wf;Fjy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Fwpj;j KWf;Fjpwdpw;Nfw;gj; jiyapy; Mzpfs; ,Wf;fkhf

,Uf;fpd;wdthntd kWgbAk; Nrhjpj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Fwpj;j KWf;Fjpwd;fspw;Nfw;g vQ;rpd; jiyapy; Mzpfs; ,WfpapUj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;)



- 51 -

guPl;ir 04 Xu; ,Nyrhd thfdj;jpd; gpw;gf;ff; Flj; jLg;igr; (drum brake) nrg;gQ;nra;jy;


÷ xU gpw;rpy;iyf; fow;Wtjw;F cfe;j Xu; ,Nyrhd Nkhl;lu; thfdk;

÷ thfd ahf;F (Jack)

÷ fUtpg; ngl;b ÷ rpy;Yfisr; rpiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Mg;Gfs;

÷ rpy;Yr; Riu fow;wp

÷ Mjhuk;

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

A�� njhopYf;F cfe;j Xu; ,lj;jpy; thfdj;ij epw;ghl;b itf;f.

� � A�� Kw;rpy;Yfspd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; Mg;Gfis itj;J thfdj;ij epiyahf itj;Jf;

nfhs;f.

� � A�� fow;w Ntz;ba rpy;ypy; Riufisr; rpwpjstpy; jsu;j;Jf.

^4& fow;w Ntz;ba rpy;Y RahjPdkhfr; Royj;;jf;f kl;lj;jpw;F thfdj;ij cau;j;Jf.

� � A�� thfdj;ij Mjhuj;jpd; kPJ ,Uf;f tpLf.

^6& vy;yhr; RiufisAk; fow;wpr; rpy;iy mfw;Wf.

� � A�� Flj; jLg;Gfisr; nrg;gQ;nra;J Nrhjpf;f.

^8& rpy;iyg; nghUj;Jf.

^9& kWgbAk; ahf;iff; nfhz;L rw;W cau;j;jp Mjhuj;ij mfw;Wf.

� � A��ahf;if mfw;Wf.

� � A�� vy;yhr; RiufisAk; xOq;fhf ,Wf;Ff.

� � A�� gad;gLj;jpa fUtpfisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; Jg;Guthf;Ff.

� � A�� rupahf Ntiyia Kbf;f.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ cfe;j gbKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp thfdj;ij cau;j;jpr; rpy;iyf;

fow;wp ePf;fy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Flj; jLg;igr; Nrhjpj;jYk; nrg;gQ;nra;jYk; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ rpy;iy kWgbAk; nghUj;jp cfe;j gbKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp

Mjhuj;ijAk; ahf;ifAk; mfw;wy; (15 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Fwpj;jthW Flj; jLg;igr; nrg;gQ;nra;jpUj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;)



- 52 -

guPl;ir 05 Xu; 2 mm nky;YUf;Fj; jfl;bypUe;J Nghj;jy; %b jpwg;ghidj; (Bottle opener) jahupj;J Kbj;jy;

��

q��

��

��

��

��=��$

��=��$

��

��

��

��

��


÷ xU 105 = 55 = 2 mm nky;YUf;Fj; jfl;Lj; Jz;L ÷ cNyhf ths;

÷ Fspu;epiy ntl;bUk;G (Cold chisel) ÷ Nkirf; fj;jup

÷ JisnghwpAk; Jwg;gz myFk; ÷ ikaf; Fj;jp

÷ Fz;Lj; jiyr; Rj;jpay; ÷ cUf;F tiuNfhy;

÷ tiujY}rp ÷ %iykl;lk;

÷ jl;ilauk; ÷ rJu muk;

÷ vkupj; jhs; ÷ Ntiy Nkir

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

A�� Njitahd nghUs;fs;> fUtpfs;> cgfuzq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; njupe;njLj;jy;

� � A�� nky;YUf;Fj; jfL njhopYf;Fg; NghjpaJ vdTk; cfe;jJ vdTk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;

� � A�� topfhl;Lk; tpspk;igj; jahu;nra;jy;

^4& Fwpj;jy; (tbtj;ijj; jahu;nra;J mfw;Wk; gFjpfis ,dq;fhzy;)

� � A�� ntl;ly;> muhTjy;> Jisj;jy;

^6& kl;lkhf;fy;

� � A�� xg;gkhf;fy;

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; (50 Gs;spfs;) ^4& ,Wjp tpisT - mstPLfs; rupahf ,Uj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 53 -

kpd;> ,yj;jpud; njhopDl;gtpay; - nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

guPl;ir 01 jug;gl;l jdpf; fiy Nkhl;liu ,af;Fjy;

÷ gy;khdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; njhlf;fpr; RUisAk; Xl;lr; RUisAk; ,dq;fhzy;

÷ nfhs;ssTj; njhlf;fp> Xl;l Nkhl;lupd; Rw;W tupg;glj;jpw;F ,irthfr; RUisAk;

nfhs;sstpiaAk; njhLj;jy; ÷ ghJfhg;G cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp kpd;nde;jputpay; epWtfj;jpd; xOq;FtpjpfSf;Nfw;g Nkhl;liu

,af;fy;

÷ jdpf; fiy Nkhl;lupd; ,U RUs;fspy; xd;wpd; Kbtplq;fis khw;Wk;NghJ Row;rpj; jpiria

khw;wyhkh vd mwpjy;


÷ nfhs;sstpj; njhlf;fp> Xl;l Nkhl;lu; (Capacitor run motor) ÷ Nkhl;lUf;F toq;fiy mspg;gjw;F MspAk; ehZk;

÷ gy;khdp ÷ gy;gzpf; FwL

÷ Kbtplj;jpw;Fj; jpUfhzp nrYj;jp (Combination plier)

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

� � A�� gy;khdpiag; gad;gLj;jp Xl;lr; RUisAk; njhlf;fpr; RUisAk; ,dq;fhzy;

A

C

B

$ba jilg;

ngWkhdk;

kj;jpk jilg;

ngWkhdk;

Fiwe;j jilg;

ngWkhdk;

njhlf;fpr; RUs;

Xl;lr; RUs;

A. B $ba jilg; ngWkhdk; -

,U RUs;fspdJk; nkhj;jj; jil

A. C kj;jpk jilg; ngWkhdk; -

njhlf;fpr; RUshf ,dq;fhzy;

C. B Fiwe;j jilg; ngWkhdk; -

Xl;;lr; RUshf ,dq;fhzy;

� � A�� Fwpj;jthW nfhs;sstpiaj; njhLj;J Nkhl;liu Xlr; nra;jy; (Xu; MspapD}lhf

toq;fiy mspj;jy;)

L

N

jil

Fiwe;j

Xl;lr; RUs;

jil $ba

njhlf;fpr;

RUs;

� � A�� NkNy Xlr;nra;j jpirf;F vjpuhd jpirapy; Nkhl;liu Xlr;nra;jYk; mjw;fhf Nkhl;lupd;

RUs;fspd; Kbtplq;fs; njhLf;fg;gLk; tpjj;ij tiue;J fhl;lYk;. gpd;tUk; a, b, c Mfpa

Rw;W tupg;glq;fspy; ahjhapDk; xU glj;Jf;F KOg; Gs;spfisAk; toq;Ff.


- 54 -

a b c

Fwpg;G :

�� gy;khdpiar; rupahfg; gad;gLj;jp Nkhl;lupd; %d;W Kbtplq;fisAk; xU jlitf;F ,uz;lhf

NtWNtwhf vLj;Jj; jilfspd; ngWkhdk; rupahfg; ngwg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gjpy; ftdkhf

,Uf;f.

�� NkNy ngw;w jilfspd; ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L Nkhl;lupd; %d;W Kbtplq;fisAk; rupahf

,dq;fhz;gjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.

�� Nkhl;lupd; ,dq;fz;l njhlf;fpr; Rw;wYld; nfhs;sstpiaj; njhLj;J Xl;lj;jpw;Fj; jahuhf

,Uf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

4' xU fl;Lg;ghl;L cgfuzj;jpD}lhfg; ghJfhg;ghf kpd; toq;fiy mspg;gjw;Fr; Rw;W

jahu;nra;ag;gLfpd;wjhntdr; Nrhjpf;f.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ gy;khdpiaj; jahu;nra;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ RUspd; jiliar; Nrhjpj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rw;iw mikj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) 4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Nkhl;liu ,af;FjYk; cupa Rw;W tupg;glj;ijf; fhl;lYk; (20 Gs;spfs;)



- 55 -

guPl;ir 02 jdpf; fiyr; Rw;iw epWty;

÷ flj;Jfhy;fisg; (Conduit) gad;gLj;jp Xu; xU top Mspr; Rw;iw mikj;jy;

÷ flj;Jfhy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; Fij ntsptopr; (Socket outlet) Rw;iw mikj;jy;

÷ cfe;jthW fk;gpia Kbtplkhf;fy;

÷ Rw;Wf;Fupa IEE xOq;FtpjpfisAk; epakq;fisAk; ,dq;fhzy;


÷ 750 mm� = 600 mm� gyif - 01 ÷ 20 mm� tpl;lKs;s P.V.C. flj;Jfhy; - 1.5 m ÷ P.V.C. jdp mkpo;j;Jk; ngl;b (Sunk box single) - 02 ÷ %top tl;lg; gpshj;jpf;Fr; re;jpg; ngl;b - 02 (3 way Junction box for conduit) (20 mm) ÷ xU topg; gpshj;jpf;Fr; re;jpg; ngl;b��01 (P.V.C. End Box) (20 mm) ÷ 240 V, 5 A, nrUfp��01�� 240 V, 5 A, 3 Pin socket outlet) ÷ 240 V, 5 A, xU top Msp��01�� One way one gang switch) ÷ 240 V, 6 A, rpW Rw;Wilg;ghd;��01�� 6 A, M.C.B.) ÷ gw;wd; tpsf;Fg; gpb��01�� Straight type batten holder) ÷ 240 V, 60 W ,io tpsf;F ��01 ÷ 1/1.13 mm ,ul;ilf; fhty; nrg;Gf; flj;jp (ePyepwk;) ��2 m �P.V.C. double insulated cable - blue) ÷ 1/1.13 mm ,ul;ilf; fhty; nrg;Gf; flj;jp (fgpy epwk;)��3 m �P.V.C. double insulated cable - brown) ��3 m ÷ 7/0.67 mm Gtpf; fk;gp ^Earth wire��(2.5 mm2) 1 m ÷ Plastic conduit clips (20 mm) - 10 ÷ 20 mm, ,y. 7 jpUfhzp ��07 Nos ÷ 12 mm, ,y. 6 jpUfhzp ��30 Nos ÷ Two port connector bar - (10 A) - 01 ÷ Din rail - (For installation of MCB) ÷ gy;gzpf; FwL (Combination plier) - 01 ÷ ntl;Lk; FwL (Cutting plier) - 01 ÷ rpwpa Rj;jpay; (Ball pene hammer (250 g) ÷ kpd; Nrhjpg;ghd; (Electric Tester) - 01 ÷ 6'' screw driver ^jpUfhzp nrYj;jp& - 01 ÷ kpd; njhopDl;gf; fj;jp (Cable knife) - 01 ÷ msit ehlh (measuring tape) 3m ÷ mypRf;$u; (bradawl) - 01


- 56 -

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

fPNo tifFwpf;fg;gLk; kpd;Dgfuzj; jsf;Nfhy tupg;glj;jpy; (Layout diagram) L ,dhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,io tpsf;F (Filament lamp), S ,dhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU top Msp

(One way switch) %yk; njhopw;gLj;jg;glj;jf;fjhfTk; SO ,dhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fij ntsptop

(Socket outlet) njhlu;r;rpahf capu;g;ghf ,Uf;FkhWk; kpd; Rw;iw epWTtjw;Fj; Njitahd

flj;Jfhy;fis kug;gyifapy; nghUj;Jf.

300

300

300150

300

So S

L

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ kpd; tpsf;fpd; njhopw;ghL (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Fij ntspapd; njhopw;ghL (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ flj;jpapd; Kbtplkhf;fy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ epakg; gad;ghL (10 Gs;spfs;)

4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Rw;iw epWTjy;> cgfuzq;fisg; nghUj;jy;> ehz;fis ,izj;jy;> toq;fiy

mspj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ��A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)


- 57 -

guPl;ir 03 jug;gl;l xU epiykhw;wpf;F toq;fiy mspj;J Nthy;w;wsitAk; Xl;lj;ijAk; gy;khdpiaf;

nfhz;L msj;jy; ÷ epiykhw;wpapd; Kjd;ikr; RUspy; cs;s Nthy;w;wsitg; gy;khdpiaf; nfhz;L msj;jy;

÷ epiykhw;wpapd; Jizr; RUspy; cs;s Nthy;w;wsitg; gy;khdpiaf; nfhz;L msj;jy; ÷ epiykhw;wpapd; JizAld; xU Rikiaj; (load) njhLj;J mr;Rik ngWk; Xl;lj;ijg;

gy;khdpiaf; nfhz;L msj;jy; ÷ mr;RikAld; NtnwhU Rikiar; rkhe;jukhfj; njhLf;Fk;NghJ ngwg;gLk; nkhj;j

Xl;lj;ijg; gy;khdpiaf; nfhz;L msj;jy;;


÷ Kjd;ikr; RUSk; Jizr; RUSk; ngauplg;gl;Ls;s 240 V/ 24 V 250 VA epiykhw;wp

÷ 5 A connector bar (njhLf;Fk;) Jz;Lfs; 6 ÷ gy;gzpf; FwL

÷ Nrhjpg;ghDk; (tester) 6 mq;Fyj; jpUfhzp nrYj;jpAk;

÷ 24 V, 21 W ,io tpsf;Fk; gpbAk; (holder) ÷ 24 V, 5 W ,io tpsf;Fk; gpbAk; ÷ 16/0.2 my;yJ 13/0.2 T.T. fk;gp ��kPw;wu; ÷ 5 A plug top

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

gy;khdpapdhy;

� A�� epiykhw;wpf;F toq;fiy mspf;Fk;NghJ Kjd;ikr; RUspd; Kbtplq;fSf;fpilNaAk;

Jizr; RUspd; Kbtplq;fSf;fpilNaAk; cs;s Nthy;w;wsit mse;J fhl;lj; Njitahd

epiykhw;wpia xU gyifapy; nghUj;Jf.

�� A�� epiykhw;wpapd; Jizr; RUspd; ,U Kbtplq;fspYk; 24 V, 21W ,io tpsf;ifj; njhLg;gjw;F

mt;tpsf;ifg; gyifapy; nghUj;jp itf;f.

� A�� Nkw;Fwpj;j ,io tpsf;Fld; NtNwhu; 24 V, 5 W ,io tpsf;ifr; rkhe;jukhfg; nghUj;jp

xspur; nra;aj;jf;fjhf mt;tpsf;ifAk; gyifapy; nghUj;jp itf;f.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ RUs;fspd; Kbtplq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s Nthy;w;wsit msj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ ,io tpsf;fpd; Xl;lj;ij msj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ xl;Lnkhj;jkhd Rw;W ngWk; Xl;lj;ij msj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;)

4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Nthy;w;wsitAk; Xl;lj;ijAk; mse;J ngw;w thrpg;Gfspd; nrk;ik (20 Gs;spfs;)



- 58 -

guPl;ir 04 jug;gl;l g+yf; Nfhitapd; Boolean expression& gag;igg; ngWtjw;F thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

xU Rw;iw mikj;jy;


÷ 5V NeNuhl;l toq;fy; ÷ nraw;wpl;lg; gyif

÷ jdpf; fk;gp ehz; (single standard wire& ÷ Mspfs; ÷ 7400, 7402, 7404, 7408, 7432 xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; ÷ LED ÷ 220 1�jilfs;

VCC

7408

VCC

7400

VCC

7402

VCC

7404

VCC

7432

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

÷ jug;gl;l xU g+yf; Nfhitf;F cupa Rw;iwj; jahupf;fj; Njitahd xUq;fpize;j

Rw;Wfis toq;Ff.

÷ nraw;wpl;lg; gyifiaAk; njhLf;Fk; fk;gpiaAk; toq;Ff.

÷ tY toq;fy; khWnkdpd;> 5V I toq;FkhW mjidr; nrg;gQ;nra;J rupahd

KidTj;jd;ik njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gjpy; ftdkhf ,Uf;f.

÷ Mspfspd; %yk; cupa ngag;Gfis toq;Ftjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.

÷ nka; ml;ltiz rupahf epug;gg;glj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.


- 59 -

jug;gl;Ls;s Nfhit Z = A . B

jUf;fr; Rw;W

ZAB

Njitahd thapy; ( AND ck; NOT ck; Njitahd xUq;fpize;j Rw;W ( 7408��7404 nka; ml;ltiz : A B Z 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ g+yf; Nfhitf;Fupa thapy;fisg; ngaupLjy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfisj; njupe;njLj;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rw;Wfisf; Nfhj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ gag;igg; ngWjy; (10 Gs;spfs;)

^4& ,Wjp tpisT (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ nka; ml;ltizia vOJjy;

�� A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 05 nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpia Neu;khw;wpahfg; gad;gLj;jy; ÷ cupa JizAWg;Gfisj; njupe;njLg;gjw;fhd Mw;wiyr; Nrhjpj;jy; ÷ Xu; xUq;fpize;j Rw;wpd; Kbtplq;fis thrpg;gjw;fhd Mw;wiyr; Nrhjpj;jy; ÷ Xu; ,yj;jpudpaw; Rw;iwr; nraw;wpl;lg; gyifapy; Nfhg;gjw;fhd Mw;wiyr; Nrhjpj;jy;

÷ nga;g;G> gag;G miyfspd; mstPLfis miyTfhl;bapd; %yk; thrpg;gjw;fhd Mw;wiyr;

Nrhjpj;jy;


÷ Njitahd jilfSld; NtW ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;l rpy Nkyjpfj; jilapfs;

÷ nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fp xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; A�� ÷ nraw;wpl;lg; gyif ÷ NeNuhl;l tY toq;fy;

÷ miyTfhl;b ÷ irifg; gpwg;ghf;fp



- 60 -

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

� A��toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Rw;Wf;F cupa JizAWg;Gfisj; njupe;njLg;gjw;fhd tha;g;ig toq;Ff.

+

+�<

�<

VinVo

R2 = 100 k1

R1 = 10 k1

+

�<

Vcc

741

Vo = Vin R2

R1

A�� Rw;iwr; nraw;wpl;lg; gyif kPJ / NtNuhg; gyifapy; Nfhj;Jr; irifg; gpwg;ghf;fpiag;

nga;g;Gld; njhLf;fr; nra;f.

A�� toq;fiy toq;FKd;ghf KidTj;jd;ik rupahntdr; Nrhjpf;f

^4& cupa irif kl;lk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjhntdr; Nrhjpf;f

A�� cupa jilj; njhlu;Gilikf;Nfw;gf; fpilf;Fk; gag;ig Neubahf miyTfhl;biag;

gad;gLj;jp msf;fr; nra;f.

^6& miyTfhl;bapd; nrg;gQ;nra;iffs; rupahf eilngw;Ws;sdthntdr; Nrhjpf;f.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ Rw;iwf; Nfhj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ tY toq;fiyj; njhLj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ miyTfhl;biag; gad;gLj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;)

^4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ Rw;wpd; nrk;ikAk; Kbg;Gk; (20 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

guPl;ir 06 jpuhd;rpw;wiu Xu; Mspahfg; gad;gLj;jy;

÷ Xu; ,yj;jpud; Rw;iw xU nraw;wpl;lg; gyif kPJ Nfhg;gjw;fhd Mw;wiyr; Nrhjpj;jy;

÷ cupa JizAWg;Gfisj; njupe;njLg;gjw;fhd Mw;wiyr; Nrhjpj;jy; ÷ Njitahd njhopw;ghl;ilg; ngWtjw;fhf xU Rw;wpd; nrg;gQ;nra;iffisr; nra;a

KbAkhntdr; Nrhjpj;jy;


÷ Njitahd jilfSld; NtW ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;l rpy Nkyjpfj; jilapfs;

÷ khWe; jilapfs; ÷ LDR ÷ C 828 jpuhd;rpw;wu; ÷ LED ÷ NeNuhl;l tY toq;fy; ÷ nraw;wpl;lg; gyif



- 61 -

2. nray; xOq;FKiw

A� rpy jilapfspypUe;Jk; rpy jpuhd;rpw;wu;fspypUe;Jk; Rw;Wf;Fj; Njitahd jilapfisAk;

jpuhd;rpw;wu;fisAk; njupe;njLg;gjw;F tha;g;ig toq;Ff.

2201

10K

LDR

3301

+5V

A� Nkw;Fwpj;j Rw;iwr; nraw;wpl;lg; gyif kPJ / NtNuhg; gyifapy; Nfhf;fr; nra;f.

A� Rw;Wr; rupahff; Nfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhntdr; Nrhjpj;J> toq;fiyr; rupahd

KidTj;jd;ikapypUe;J njhLf;fr; nra;f.

^4& KidTj;jd;ik khwpapUg;gpd; rupahfr; nra;ar; nra;f.

A� Rw;W rupahfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wjhntdr; Nrhjpf;f.

3. kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lKk; �� A�� Kd;dhaj;jk; (10 Gs;spfs;) �� A� ghJfhg;G cj;jp gw;wpa ftdk; (10 Gs;spfs;) A� rpf;fdKk; rupahd El;gKiwfSk; ÷ Rw;iwf; Nfhj;jy; (20 Gs;spfs;) ÷ tY toq;fiyj; njhLj;jy; (15 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rw;wpd; njhopw;ghL (15 Gs;spfs;)

4& ,Wjp tpisT ÷ rupahfr; nrg;gQ;nra;jy; (10 Gs;spfs;) ÷ Rw;wpd; Kbg;G (10 Gs;spfs;)

�� A� ey;y Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs;) (100 Gs;spfs;)

* * *

66 - capu;Kiwikj; njhopDl;gtpay;

f.ngh.j (c.ju)g; guPl;ir - 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd; gpd;dUk; eilngwTs;s guPl;irf;fhd tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;Gk; khjpup tpdhf;fSk; - njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiw

- 62 -

66 - capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay;

tpdhj;jhspd; fl;likg;G

tpdhj;jhs; I Neuk; - 02 kzpj;jpahyk;

,J 05 njupTfs; nfhz;l 50 gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. vy;yh

tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhTf;F 03 Gs;spfs; tPjk; 150

Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

tpdhj;jhs; II Neuk; - 03 kzpj;jpahyk;

,e;j tpdhg;gj;jpuk; mikg;Gf; fl;Liu> fl;Liu vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf;

nfhz;ljhFk;.

gFjp A mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fs; ehd;iff; nfhz;ljhFk;.

vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU

tpdhTf;F 60 Gs;spfs; tPjk; nkhj;jk; 240 Gs;spfs;

toq;fg;gLk;.

gFjp B MW fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mtw;Ws;

ehd;Ff;F tpilaspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhTf;F

90 Gs;spfs; tPjk; 360 Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

tpdhj;jhs; II ,w;fhd nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; = 600 ÷ 4 = 150

,Wjpg; Gs;spiaf; fzpj;jy; tpdhj;jhs; I = 150 tpdhj;jhs;; II = 150

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir = 100 ,Wjpg; Gs;sp = 400 ÷ 4 = 100

tpdhj;jhs; I

ftdpf;f :

∗ vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil vOJf.

∗ rupahd my;yJ kpfg;nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupTnra;f.

(guPl;irapd;NghJ tpilaspf;f gy;Nju;T tpilg;gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk;.)

1. Nkl;Lepyg; gapUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kz; <uypg;G epiyahf miktJ>

kz; ePuhy; epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk; epiyahFk;.

kz; jw;fhypf thlw; Gs;spia mz;kpj;j epiyahFk;.

,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;f ePu; 50% tiu Fiwtile;Js;s epiyahFk;.

kiof;F my;yJ ePu;ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd epiyahFk;.

kz; taw;nfhs;ssT epiyapy; cs;s epiyahFk;.

2. ePupy; mlq;fpAs;s Nrjdf; fopTg; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; msit mstplg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epak gukhdkhf

(Parameter) miktJ>

fbdj;jd;ik kpd; flj;Jjpwd;

capupay; xl;rprd; Nfs;tp NfhypNghu;k; gw;wPupahf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

pH ngWkhdk;

3. ehd;F rpy;Y jpuhf;uupy; tl;lj;jl;Lf; fyg;ig ,izf;fg;gLJ>

cr;rpapizg;gpyhFk;. (top link) ,Oitj; jz;byhFk;. (draw bar)PTO mr;rpyhFk;. Kg;Gs;sp ,izg;gpyhFk;. (three point linkage),Oitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpapyhFk;. (draft controller)

4. ghy; fwf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpg; gRf;fspy; ghy; fwf;fg;gLk;NghJ>

Kiyf;fhk;Gf;fspd; kPJ mjpf mKf;fk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;.

Kiyf;fhk;Gf;fspy; miu ntw;wpl epiyik gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;.

ghy;kbapy; Fiwthd mKf;f epiyik gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;.

ghy;kbapy; re;jj;Jf;Fupa RUq;fy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Kiyf;fhk;Gfs; jdpj;jdpahfj; cupQ;rYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk;.



- 63 -

5. Kl;ilapLk; myq;fhu kPd; tiffspy;> Vd;[y; kPd;fs;>

Kl;ilfisg; gug;Gk; tifapyhFk;.

Kl;ilfis ,lg;gLj;Jk; tifapyhFk;.

Kl;ilfisg; Gijf;Fk; tifapyhFk;.

Kl;ilfis thapy; itj;Jg; NgZk; tifapyhFk;.

$Lfis mikf;Fk; tifapyhFk;.

6. kuts;spr; nra;iff;F kpf ,d;wpaikahj mWtilf;F Ke;jpa nraw;ghlhf miktJ>

mWtil nra;a Kd;du; gapu;r;nra; epyj;jpw;F ePu;ghrdk; nra;jy;.

mWtil nra;tjw;nfd cyu; fhyepiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

mWtilf;F Kd;gjhf Kjpu;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;biaf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sy;.

mWtilf;F Kd;gjhf jhtuj;jz;bd; epwj;ijf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sy;.

mWtilf;F Kd;gjhf ,iyfspd; epwq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sy;.

7. ikaePf;fg; gk;gpfs; %yk; ePu; gk;gg;gLtJ>

epfu;khw;W Kryj;jpd; (reciprocal piston) %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; cwpQ;ry; %ykhFk;.

nkd;wfl;bd; (diaphragm) ,af;fj;jpd; %ykhFk;.

js;sp (impeller) %yk; ePupy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Row;rp ,af;fj;jpd; %ykhFk;.

gf;fg; gw;rpy;Yfspd; (gear wheels) %yk; vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mKf;fj;jpd; %ykhFk;.

xU jpirapy; kl;Lk; nraw;gLk; thy;Tfspd; (valves) njhopw;ghl;bd; %ykhFk;.

8. tl;lg;GO Nehia ,dq;fhz Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;T$lg; gupNrhjid>

ePu;g;ghar; Nrhjid guk;giuayFr; Nrhjid

Ngu;khd; Gdy; Nrhjid rhWtbjw; Nrhjid

tsu;g;G+lfj;jpy; tsu;f;Fk; Nrhjid

9. ,Y}w;wpdhf;Fk; XNkhd; (LH) gRkhLfspy;>Glf tpUj;jpf;F cjTk;. fUf;fl;lYf;F cjTk;.

fUg;ig aftzp epyTiff;F cjTk;. #yplYf;F cjTk;.

Kisatsu;r;rpf;F cjTk;.

10. Fbngau; gwitfisg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;nfd Gfyuz;fspDs; nry;Yk; egnuhUtiu miof;fg; nghUj;jhd

ngau;>

cy;yhrg; gazp Ma;thsu;

Rw;whly; Rw;Wyhg; gazp Muha;r;rpahsu;

kjpg;gPl;lhsu;

11. ehw;WNkilf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd ,lkhf miktJ>

Nghjpa #upaxsp fpilf;Fk; rpwg;ghf ePu; tbg;Gila ,Uthl;b kz; nfhz;l rkjiuahd epyk;.

,yFtpy; ePu;tbaf;$ba mupg;;GFs;shfhj ,Uthl;b kz; nfhz;l epyk;.

XusT #upaxsp fpilf;Fk; ,Uthl;b kz; nfhz;l ,yFthf ePu; tbe;Jnry;yhj rkjiuahd

epyk;.

Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp nfhz;l NghjpasT #upaxsp fpilf;Fk; kzy; kz;izf; nfhz;l ,lk;.

epoiyAk; rpwg;ghd ePu;tbg;igAk; nfhz;l ,Uthl;b kz; nfhz;l rkjiuahd epyk;.

12. nfhq;fpwPw;Wf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhf miktJ>

,Oitr; Rikiaj; jhq;FjyhFk;. neUf;fw; Rikia jhq;FjyhFk;.

mjpu;r;rpr; Rikiaj; jhq;FjyhFk;. cijg;Gf; fl;likghFk;.

khWk; Rikia jhq;FjyhFk;.

13. Gw;wiunahd;wpd; Xuj;ijg; guhkupg;gjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd cgfuzk;>

Xuk; fj;jupf;Fk; fj;jpupNfhy; G+q;fhf; fj;jp

ifKs;S gpiwr;re;jpu tbt XueWf;fp

Gy;ntl;Lk; fj;jupf;Nfhy;.


- 64 -

14. ngw;NwhYf;Fg; gpujpaPlhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; capu; vjNdhy; cw;gj;jpf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

gapu;tiffs; nfhz;l njhFjp>

Mkzf;F> ,wg;gu;> fUk;G Nrhsk;> ,wg;gu;> rPdpgPl;W}l;

fpsprpupBah> Mkzf;F> ,wg;gu; NfhJik> fUk;G> Nrhsk;

fUk;G> rPdpgPl;W}l;> fpspuprPbah

15. njhopy;uPjpahfg; G+r;rpehrpdp tprpWnkhUtu; rpy tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; G+r;rpehrpdpia tprpWk;NghJ

kaf;fNkw;gl;L itj;jparhiyapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tUf;F Vw;gl;l ,lu;

,urhad ,lu; MFk;. ngsjpf ,lu; MFk;.

capupay; ,lu; MFk;. njhopy; ,lu; MFk;.

csr;r%f ,lu; MFk;.

16. taw;nfhs;ssT epiyiaf; nfhz;l kz;zpy; nra;ifgz;zg;gl;Ls;s gapu;fs;>

kapu;j;Jis ePu; KOtijAk; mfj;JwpQ;Rk;.

gUF ePu; KOtijAk; mfj;JwpQ;Rk;.

kapu;j;JisePupd; ngUk;gFjpia mfj;JwpQ;Rk;.

GtpaPu;g;G ePupd; xU gFjpia mfj;JwpQ;Rk;.

kapu;j;Jis> GtpaPu;g;G ePu; Mfpatw;wpy; xU gFjpia mfj;JwpQ;Rk;.

17. A, B Mfpa ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Fj;Jau NtWghl;il mwptjw;F kl;lq;;fhzpiag; (level) nghUj;j Ntz;baJ>

A, B Mfpa Gs;spfspy; ve;jnthU Gs;spapyhFk;.

A, B Mfpa Gs;spfspd; ikag; Gs;spapyhFk;.

Gs;sp A apypUe;J A, B Mfpa Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd J}uj;jpd; 1/10 gq;F J}uj;jpyhFk;.Gs;sp B apypUe;J A, B Mfpa Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd J}uj;jpy; 1/10 gq;F J}uj;jpyhFk;.

Gs;sp A apy; my;yJ Gs;sp B apyhFk;.

18. Ez; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd;NghJ Ez;zq;fpj; njhw;Wjiyj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,urhadg;

gjhu;j;jk; vJ?

Vfhu; (Agar)Nrhbak; xl;rp FNshiul;L (NaOCl),d;Nlhy; gpA+w;wpf;fkpyk; (IBA)Nfrpd; i`l;NuhypNdw;W (Casein hydrolynate)Vtg;gl;l fhgd; (Activated carbon)

19. nghJthf> njhw;WePf;fg;gl;l ghiyg; nghjpnra;tjw;F ,Ul;lhd nghjpapL gjhu;j;jq;fs; rpghu;R nra;ag;gLk;. ,t;thW rpghu;R nra;ag;gLtjd; Nehf;fk;>

cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; kPjhd Efu;Nthu; tpUg;ig mjpfupj;jyhFk;.

cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; Nghriz msitg; ghJfhj;jyhFk;.

cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; Ez;Zapu;f; Fbj;njhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhFk;.

cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; ngsjpf ,ay;Gfisg; ghJfhj;jyhFk;.

cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; nghjpaply; nrytpdj;ijf; Fiwj;jyhFk;.

20. Ngustpy;> nrwpthd Kiwapy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; khl;Lg; gz;iznahd;wpy; NrUk; rhzk;> rpWePu;

Mfpatw;iw cupathW Kfhiknra;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba Kfhikj;Jt

mZFKiwahf miktJ mtw;iw

Fopfspy; Njf;fpitj;Jg; gpd;du; ghrdePUld; taYf;Fg; gpuNahfpj;jyhFk;.

capu;thAg; gpwg;ghf;fpapd; %yg;nghUshf gad;gLj;jyhFk;.

ghupa Ftpay;fshff; Ftpj;J fha;e;j gpd;du; gz;izapypUe;J mfw;WjyhFk;.

cyu;j;jpa gpd;du; vupj;J vQ;Rk; rhk;giy gris cw;gj;jpfhfg; gad;gLj;jyhFk;.

ehshe;jk; grisahf taypw;F ,LjyhFk;.


- 65 -

21. Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;yp toq;fg;gLk; fhyg;gFjpapy; me;jg; gRtpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ghiy Neubahf Efu;tpw;Fg;

gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk;>

Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;ypfs; fhuzkhf ghy; jpiujyhFk;.

Efu;Nthu; Ez;Zapu;f; nfhy;ypfSf;F czu;jpwd; nfhz;Nlhuhff; fhzg;glyhFk;.

mjpy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd gw;wPupahf;fs; fhzg;glyhFk;.

mjpy; jdpj;Jtkhd kzk; Vw;glyhFk;.

mjd; epwj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;glyhFk;.

22. Kl;ilfspd; juj;ij mstpLk;NghJ “N`h myFg; ngWkhdk;” (Haugh units score) Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,e;j

mstPl;bd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gukhdq;fshtd>

jbj;j my;gpA+kpd; gilapd; ePsk;> mfyk; MfpadthFk;.

kQ;rl;fUtpd; cauk; kw;Wk; tpl;lk; MfpadthFk;.

jbj;j my;gpA+kpd; gilapd; cauk;> Kl;ilapd; cauk; MfpadthFk;.

kQ;rl;fUtpd; cauk;> Kl;ilapd; epiw MfpadthFk;.

jbj;j my;gpA+kpd; gilapd; cauk;> kQ;rl;fUtpd; cauk; MfpadthFk;.

23. czT ew;fhg;G El;gKiwfs; %yk; Neubahf>

my;Y}l;lk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. gUtfhyj;jpyhd khw;wq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gLk;.

nghjpaplw; nryT FiwAk;. nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd nryT FiwAk;.

cw;gj;jpr; nryT FiwAk;.

24. jiuayq;fupg;gpd;NghJ gpwupd; ftdj;ij <u;g;gjw;F>ed;F mtjhdpf;ff;$ba ,lj;jpy; vLg;ghd $Wfis epWTjy; Ntz;Lk;.

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l $Wfis NkYk; NkYk; gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; $Wfisg; gbg;gbahf khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rkr;rPu; Nfhl;by; G+q;fhf; $Wfis epWTjy; Ntz;Lk;.

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vy;yhf; $WfspdJk; msTfis xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;jf;$bajhfr; nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

25. gpd;tUtd g+q;fhtpd; rpy ,ay;Gfs; MFk;.

A gy;NtW jhtu ,dq;fs; Vuhskhff; fhzg;gly;.

B td;> nkd; $Wfs; rkr;rPuhff; fhzg;gly;.

C Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fs; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gly;.

,tw;Ws; epak Kiwapyike;j G+q;fhtpy; fhzg;glf;$baJ/ $bad>A kl;Lk; B kl;Lk; C kl;Lk; A, B kl;Lk; B, C kl;Lk;

26. ePUapupd tsu;g;G Kiwapy; ePu; cl;nry;yy;> ntspNaWjy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd topfs; jdpj;jdpNa

mike;jpUj;jy; kpf Kf;fpakhf miktJ>

xU jlhfj;jpypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; ePupdhy; kWjlhfj;ij epug;Gtjw;fhFk;.

Neha; gutf;$ba tha;g;igf; Fiwg;gjw;fhFk;.

xt;nthU jlhfj;jpYk; eilngWk; ePu;g;gupkhw;wj;ijr; rPuhfg; NgZtjw;fhFk;.

mizf;fl;bD}lhd ePupog;igj; jtpu;;g;gjw;fhFk;.

rpwg;ghdsT xl;rprd; kl;lj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhFk;.

27. fhyepiyf;fhuzp capu;Kiwikapy; gy;NtW topfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. mjw;fika gpd;tUk;

$w;Wfspy; kpfr; rupahdJ>

mjpf rhuPug;gjd; nfhz;l epiyikfspy; Nfhop Kl;ilfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jj;jf;f fhyk; mjpfkhFk;.

mjpf fhw;WtPRk;NghJ nrwpthdKiwapy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; khLfs; cl;nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msT

mjpfupf;Fk;.

mjpf xspr;nrwpT cs;sNghJ flypy; thOk; mbj;jsthop kPd;fspd; czTl;nfhs;sy; tPjk;

mjpfkhFk;.

kiotPo;r;rpf; FiwT fhuzkhf ePu;tho; capupdq;fspd; ,dtpUj;jpf; Nfhyk; NtWgLk;.

mjpf ntg;gepiyapd; fPo; KUiff;fw; nghypg;Gfspd; Fbj;njhif mjpfupf;Fk;.


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28. gFjpahf vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l ePNue;jpfspy;.fPo; vy;iy CLGftplh ghiwg; gilfspdhy; MdjhFk;.

Nky;> fPo; vy;iyfs; CLGftplKbahj ,uz;L gilfspdhy; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

Nky; my;yJ fPo; vy;iy FiwA+L Gftplf;$ba giliaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

ePu; kl;Lg;glj;jg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk; gue;J fhzg;gLk;.

ePu;kl;lk; epyf;fPo; ePupd; kl;lj;jpw;F NkNy fhzg;gLk;.

29. nrk;ik VWtupir xOq;fpd; mbg;gilapy; fpilj;J}u mstPl;L Kiwfs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ>

ftL itj;jy; Kiw> J}ukhdp Kiw> ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw> msitehlh Kiw

ftL itj;jy; Kiw> msitehlh Kiw> ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw> J}ukhdp Kiw

ftL itj;jy; Kiw> msitehlh Kiw> J}ukhdp Kiw> ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw

ftL itj;jy; Kiw> J}ukhdp Kiw> msitehlh Kiw> ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw

msitehlh Kiw> ftL itj;jy; Kiw> J}ukhdp Kiw> ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw

30. gpd;tUtd goq;fs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs; njhlu;ghd Kjpu;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;bfs; njhlu;ghd ,uz;L $w;Wfs;

MFk;.

A - Kjpu;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fha;fwpfs;> goq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; mWtilf;Fg;

gpe;jpa ,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

B - Kjpu;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fha;fwpfs;> goq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; nghUshjhug;

ngWkjpia mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

,e;jf; $w;Wfspy;

A rupahdJ B gpioahdJ.B rupahdJ A gpioahdJ.

A, B Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rupahditahFk;.

A rupahdjhf miktJld; B %ykhf mJ njspthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

B rupahdjhf miktJld; A %ykhf mJ njspthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

31. gpd;tUtd tpRf;Nfhj;J khjpupnahd;wpd; GyDzu;T kjpg;gPL njhlu;ghd rpy $w;Wfs; rpy MFk;.

A - GyDzu;T kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;gtu; tpRf;Nfhj;jpd; Mf;fr; Nru;khdq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

B - GyDzu;T kjpg;gPL gf;fr;rhu;gw;w #oypy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

C - GyDzu;T kjpg;gPl;bd;NghJ epakKiwapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;Lg; gbtk; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ/ rupahdit A kl;Lk;. B kl;Lk;. C kl;Lk;. A, B kl;Lk;. B, C kl;Lk;.

32. epWtdnkhd;W Gjpa Nahf;fl; cw;gj;jpg; nghUnshd;iwr; re;ijf;F mwpKfQ;nra;a vjpu;ghu;j;Js;sJ.

cw;gj;jpg; nghUis mwpKfQ;nra;a Kd;du;; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gbKiwfspd; rupahd xOq;FKiwahf

miktJ>

cw;gj;jpiar; Nru;khdkhf;fy;> re;ij Ma;T> rhj;jpaf;$w;Wf; fw;if

re;ij Ma;T> rhj;jpaf;$w;Wf; fw;if> cw;gj;jpiar; Nru;khdkhf;fy;

rhj;jpaf;$w;Wf; fw;if> re;ij Ma;T> cw;gj;jpiar; Nru;khdkhf;fy;

cw;gj;jpiar; Nru;khdkhf;fy;> rhj;jpaf;$w;Wf; fw;if> re;ij Ma;T

re;ij Ma;T> cw;gj;jpiar; Nru;khdkhf;fy;> rhj;jpaf;$w;Wf; fw;if

33. gpd;tUtd jhtu Neha;fs; gw;wpa rpy $w;Wfs; MFk;. mtw;Ws; kpfr; rupahd $w;whf miktJ>

jhtunkhd;W Neha;epiyikf;F MshFk;NghJ jhtu cw;nwhopypay; nrad;Kiwfs; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

jhtunkhd;W Neha;tha;g;gLtjw;F Ez;zq;fpfs; kl;LNk fhuzkhf mikAk;.

jhtuj;jpy; Neha;epiyik njd;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjd; Neha;epiykia eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd

tha;g;Gfs; kpf mupjhFk;.

jhtunkhd;W Neha;epiyikf;F MshFk;NghJ mj;jhtuk; ntspf;fhl;Lk; NehawpFwpfs; %ykhf

Neha;f;Ff; fhuzkhd Ez;zq;fp ,dj;ij ,dq;fhz KbAk;.

jhtu Neha;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhd Ez;zq;fp tifia ,dq;fhz tpNrl Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ

mtrpakhFk;.


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34. mWtil ngwg;gLk; NghQ;rp nra;ifnahd;wpy; me;jpuf;Ndhy; Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F Gnuhg;gpnfhdnrhy;

gq;fR ehrpdp Mf];l; 02 jpfjp gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; Kd; mWtilf;fhy ,ilntsp 21 ehl;fshFk;.

,e;jr; nra;iff;F fha;Jisg;ghidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j jnahbfg; Mf];l; 05 Mk; jpfjp gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

mjd; Kd; mWtilf; fhyk; 14 ehl;fshFk;. ,e;j NghQ;rpr; nra;ifapypUe;J mWtiliag; ngw cfe;j

fhyk; Mf];l; khjk;>

14 Mk; jpfjpad;Nwh my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpd;duhFk;. 16 Mk; jpfjpad;Nwh my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpd;duhFk;.

19 Mk; jpfjpad;Nwh my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpd;duhFk;.

21 Mk; jpfjpad;Nwh my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpd;duhFk;. 23 Mk; jpfjpad;Nwh my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpd;duhFk;.

35. Fiwthd Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G epiyikfspd; fPo; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;l ,iwr;rpia Efu;tjdhy; czT

eQ;#l;ly; epiyik Vw;glyhk;. ,e;j epiyf;Ff; fhuzkhd gpujhd Ez;zq;fpahdJ>

Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Clostridium botulinum. Aspergilas flavas.Lactobacillus thermophilus. Penicilium roquforti.

36. fjpubj;jy; vdg;gLtJ czTf; ifj;njhopypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; etPd ew;fhg;G El;gKiwahFk;. czitf;

fjpubf;Fk;NghJ ngUk;ghYk; Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisT cztpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ.

RahjPd njhFjpfspd; msT Fiwtiljy;. Gujk; xl;rpNaw;wkiljy;.

tpw;wkpd; A apd; msT Fiwtiljy;. fdpAg;Gfs; xl;rpNaw;wkiljy;.

nehjpaq;fs; capu;g;Gilahjy;.

37. kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;nra;ifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nghriz Clfj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba rpwg;G pH tPr;R> rpwg;G kpd;flj;Jjpwd; tPr;R Mfpad KiwNa>

5.8-6.5 ck; 1.5-2.5 ds/m ck; MFk;. 6.5-7.5 ck; 2.5-2.7 ds/m ck; MFk;.

7.5-8.5 ck; 2.6-2.9 ds/m ck; MFk;. 5.5-6.5 ck; 4.2-4.5 ds/m ck; MFk;.

6.8-7.8 ck; 0.5-1.2 ds/m ck; MFk;.

38. gpd;tUtd jhtur; rhw;Wg; gpupj;njLg;G kw;Wk; mjw;Fupa nghjp gw;wpa rpy $w;Wfs; MFk;.

A - Nrjdf; fiug;ghd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp eWkz vz;nza;fisg; gpupj;njLf;fyhk;.

B - re;jd vz;nza; gpupj;njLg;gpw;F ePuhtpapy; fha;r;rp tbj;jiyg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

C - eWkz vz;nza; tiffisg; nghjpnra;a ,Uz;l jd;ik nfhz;l nghjp mtrpakhFk;.

NkNy jug;gl;l $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdit/ rupahdJ.A kl;Lk;. B kl;Lk; C kl;Lk;

A, B kl;Lk;. A, B, C Mfpa %d;Wk;.

39. Gjpa tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;gjhf Kaw;rpahsu; SWOT gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;s

Ntz;baJ>

epjp %yq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhFk;.

ntw;wpf;fhd jilfis mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhFk;.

vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; tpw;gidasit fzpg;gpLtjw;fhFk;.

Efu;Nthu; Nghf;Ffis mwptjw;fhFk;.

ntw;wpf;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis mwptjw;fhFk;.

40. gpd;tUtd ,aw;if tdq;fs; gw;wpa rpy $w;Wfs; MFk;.

A - jilfspd;wp ,aw;ifahfNt ePz;lfhykhf tsUjy;.

B - mjpf gpwg;Gupikapay; gy;tifik nfhz;l mNdf jhtu ,dq;fs; fhzg;gly;.

C - jhtu ,dq;fisj; jtpu mNdf tpyq;fpdq;fSk; fhzg;gly;.

D - gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; kdpj jiyaPLfs; Vw;gly;.Nkw; Fwpg;gpl;l $w;WfSs; mjpf capu;g;gy;tifikf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;td>

A, B Mfpad kl;Lk;. B, C Mfpad kl;Lk;. A, B, C Mfpad kl;Lk;.

A, C, D Mfpad kl;Lk;. A, B, C, D Mfpad vy;yhk;.


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41. gpd;tUtd ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,y;yq;fs; (Protected houses ) njhlu;ghd rpy $w;Wfs; MFk;.

A madtyag; gapu;fis ,ilntg;g tyaj;jpy; gapupl gRik ,y;yq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

B nghypj;jPd; $lhuk; epue;ju ,dg;ngUf;ff; fl;likg;ghf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

C fapw;wpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l ,y;yq;fs; Xf;fpl;L> me;J}upak; Mfpatw;iw tsu;f;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

D Vw;Wkjpf;fhf fhNdrd; nra;iff;F ryhifahyhd ,y;yk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,f;$w;WfSs; cz;ikahdit>

A, B Mfpad kl;Lk;. A, C Mfpad kl;Lk;.

B, C Mfpad kl;Lk;. B, D Mfpad kl;Lk;.

C, D Mfpad kl;Lk;.

42. gpd;tUtd kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;nra;if njhlu;ghd rpy $w;Wfs; MFk;.

A - gapu;r;nra;if ciwfshf cl;Gwk; ntz;epwKk; ntspg;Gwk; fWg;G epwKk; nfhz;l Cjhf; fle;j

fjpu;fSf;Fj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff; $ba nghypj;jPd; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

B - epiyf;Fj;Jg; gapu;r;nra;if ciwfspy; njd;de;Jk;G gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; fpilg; gapu;nra;if

ciwfspy; Jk;Gj;J}s; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

C - epiyf;Fj;Jg; gapu;nra;if ciwfSf;fhd Nghrizia toq;f J}ty; ePu;g;ghrdk; mjpfstpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

NkNy jug;gl;l $w;Wf;fSs; kpfr; rupahdJ / rupahdit>

A kl;Lk; B kl;Lk; C kl;Lk;

A, B kl;Lk; B, C kl;Lk;

43. gpd;tUtd capu;Kiwikfs; gw;wpa rpy $w;Wf;fs; MFk;.

A capUs;s kw;Wk; capuw;w $Wfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.

B njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp gyd;jU jd;ikia khw;wpaikf;f KbahJ.

C $WfSf;F ,ilapy; ,ilj;jhf;fk; eilngWk;.

NkYs;s $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ / rupahdit>


A, B kl;Lk; A, C kl;Lk;

44. gpd;tUtd thdpiy mtjhdpg;G epiyaj;jpy; cgfuzq;fis epWTjy; njhlu;ghd rpy $w;Wfs; MFk;.

A mdpykhdp> fhw;Wj; jpirfhl;b Mfpad epykl;lj;jpypUe;J 10 m cauj;jpy; cs;sthW nghUj;jg;gLk;.

B Mtpahjy; jl;bypUe;J 1.5 m J}uj;jpy; kiokhdp nghUj;jg;gLk;.

C #upaf; fjpu;g;Gkhdp> #upa xspu;Tkhdp Mfpad epykl;lj;jpypUe;J 1.5 m cauj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gLk;.

,tw;Ws; rupahd $w;whf miktJ / miktd


A, B kl;Lk; A, C kl;Lk;

tpdh ,yf;fk; 45 ,w;F tpilaspf;f gpd;tUk; cUitg; gad;gLj;Jf.

cUtpy; ABC Kf;Nfhztbt epyk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

A

h a c

B

Cb

,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s msTfSf;fika fPNo

jug;gl;Ls;s P, Q, R Nfhitfisf; fUJf.

P - ½ bh Q - ½ a b sin C

R - s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)√ ,q;F s = a+b+c 2 45. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ABC Kf;Nfhztbt epyj;jpd; gug;gsTf;Fr; rkdhf miktJ/ miktd

P kl;Lk; Q kl;Lk; P, Q Mfpad kl;Lk;

Q, R Mfpad kl;Lk; P, Q, R Mfpa vy;yhk;


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46. gpd;tUtd nghjpapL gjhu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghd,uz;L $w;Wf;fs; MFk;.

A - mJ midj;J czTg; gjhu;j;jq;fSf;Fk; rl;lg+u;tkhd Njitg;ghlhFk;.

B - mJ re;ijg;gLj;Jjy; fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l $w;Wf;fspy;

A rup> B gpio

B rup> A gpio

A, B Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup

A rupahdJ> B apd; %ykhf mJ tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

B rupahdJ A apd; %yk; mJ tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

47. gpd;tUtd cztpidg; gFg;gha;T nra;Ak;NghJ mjd; rhk;gypd; msT gw;wpa $w;Wf;fs; MFk;.

A - rhk;gypd; msT %ykhf cztpYs;s fdpAg;Gf;fspd; msT gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

B cztpd ek;gfj;jpwidr; (authenticity) Nrhjpg;gjw;F rhk;gypd; msitg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

NkNy jug;gl;l $w;Wf;fSs;

A rupahdJ.B rupahdJ.

A, B Mfpa $w;Wf;fs; ,uz;Lk; rupahdit

A rupahdjhf miktJld; B apd; %yk; mJ rupahf tpsf;fg;gLk;.

B rupahdjhf miktJld; A apd; %yk; mJ rupahf tpsf;fg;gLk;.

48. mLg;gpd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd tupg;glk; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ntg;g cs;sPL

mLg;G

ntg;gk;ntspaPL

ntg;g ,iz (Thermo couple)

NkNy tupg;glj;jpy; cs;s ntg;g,izapd; njhopw;ghlhdJ>

msTf;fjpfkhf ntg;gkhFk;NghJ Fspu;tiljy; %yk; mLg;gpd; ntg;gepiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

mLg;gpd; ntg;gepiyf;Fj; Jyq;fiyf; fhl;Ljy;.

ntg;gkhf;fpiar; nraw;gLj;Jjy;.

jpiuapy; ntg;gepiyia vLj;Jf; fhl;ly;.

mLg;gpd; fl;Lg;gLj;jpAld; njhlu;GgLj;jy;.

49. fPNo tiuglj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpD}lhfg; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhl;lg;gLtJ

R1

R2

R3

V

V/(R1+R2+R3) R1+R2+R3 /V R1 × VR1-(R2+R3)/V V2/(R1+R2+R3)

50. Mtpahjy;khdpapd; Mtpahjy; (Ep) ehnshd;Wf;F 5.0 MfTs;s gpuNjrj;jpy; nra;if gz;zg;gl;Ls;s

Fwpg;gpl;l gapnuhd;wpd; g+f;Fk; fl;lj;jpd; gapu;f;Fzfk; (Kc) 1.15 MFk;. Mtpahjy; jl;bd; Fzfk; (Kp) 0.8 ck; MFnkdpd;> ,e;jg; gapupd; g+f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; gapupd; MtpahjyhtpAapu;g;G (ehnshd;Wf;F

kp.kPw;wupy;.)

3.7 MFk;. 4.0 MFk;. 4.6 MFk;. 5.0 MFk;. 6.3 MFk;.

* * *


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tpdhj;jhs; IImikg;Gf; fl;Liu kw;Wk; fl;Liu tif

ftdpf;f :

∗ gFjp A apYs;s vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.

∗ gFjp B apy; ehd;F tpdhf;fSf;F kl;Lk; tpil jUf.

gFjp A - mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fs;

1. (A) gbTtPo;r;rp %ykhfNt kz;Zf;F gpujhdkhf ePu; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

(i) gbTtPo;r;rpia tiuaWf;f.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) mjpf kiotPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;du; ghlrhiyf; fhzpapy; Xuplj;jpy; kz;zpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ePu;

Njq;fp epw;gij khztnuhUtu; mtjhdpj;jhu;.

(1) ,t;thW ePu; Njq;fpAs;s me;j ,lj;jpYs;s kz;zpd; <uypg;G kl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

...................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) kz;zpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; rpy ehl;fs; ePu; Njq;fpf; fhzg;gbd;> mt;thW Vw;gLtjpy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................... (03 Gs;spfs;)

(3) kz;zpy; gw;wp itj;jpUf;ff; $ba ePupd; msitj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; gpujhd kz; fhuzpfs;

,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(a) ............................................................................................................................. (03 Gs;spfs;)

(b) ............................................................................................................................. (03 Gs;spfs;)

(4) kz;khjpupapYs;s ePupd; msitj; JzpAk; gupNrhjidapd;NghJ ngwg;gl;l juTfs;

tUkhW

cyu; Glf;Fifapd; epiw 80 gcyu; Glf;Fif> <u kz; khjpupapd; epiw 116.8 gcyu; Glf;Fif> Nghwizapy; cyu;j;jg;gl;l kz; 112 gkz;zpd; Njhw;wtlu;j;jp 1.8 kg m-3

,e;j kz; khjpupapd; fdtsT uPjpahd ePupd; msitf; fzpf;f.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)


- 71 -

(B) kz; ,Wf;fkiljy;> kz;zupg;G Mfpad kz; tsq;Fd;wypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.

(i) kz; ,Wf;fkiljiy ,optsthf;Fk; Kiwfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) gpujhd kz;zupg;Gf; fhuzpfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(3) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) kl;fhg;Gf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f gapuhf;ftpay; Kiwfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(3) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(C) ehl;bd; gRk;Nghu;itia tpUj;jpnra;a r%f td Kfhikj;Jtk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. gpujhd

r%f td Kfhikj;Jt Kiwfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(3) ................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(D) ePiur; Rj;jg;gLj;Jk;NghJ gbfhuk; (allum) ,lg;gl;L njhq;fy;epiyj; Jzpf;iffs; mfw;wg;gLk;

nrad;Kiwapd; gpujhd gbKiwfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)


- 72 -

(E) (i) tptrhapnahUtu; ghJfhg;Gkidfspy;; gapu;nra;ifapy; <Lgl;lNghJ gpd;tUk;

gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ. ,t; xt;Nthu; gpur;rpidiaAk;

jPu;g;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gupfhuKiw xt;nthd;iwf; tPjk; Fwpg;gpLf.

gpur;rpid gupfhuk;

(a) jf;fhspg; goq;fs; ntbj;jy; ...............................................................

(b) Flkpsfha;j; (bell pepper) jhtu ,iyfspd; fPo;g;gFjpapy;

ntz;zpwg; g+Q;rzk; fhzg;gly;................................................................

(c) ryhJ gpg;gpQ;Qhf; (salad Cucumber) nfhbfspy; mjpfstpy; rpwpa

fha;fs; cUthFjy;...............................................................

(d) ePu;kaT+lfg; gapu;r;nra;ifapy;

ehl;lg;gl;bUe;j ];Nuhgupr;

nra;ifapy; ,sk; ,iyfspd;

euk;GfSf;F ,ilapy; kQ;rs;

epwk; Vw;gly;

...............................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) jho;ehl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; trpf;Fk; Ranjhopyhf me;J}upar; nra;ifapy; <Lglj; jahuhFk;

tptrhapnahUtUf;Fg; gapuplg; nghUj;jkhd MSif ,y;yj;ijg; ngaupLf.

……..………...……..…….......……..…………..…..................………..….....……..…... (03 Gs;spfs;)

2. (A) fPNo ePu;g;gk;gpnahd;wpd; tupg;glk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

P

Q R

(i) ,e;j ePu;g;gk;gp njhopw;gLk; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;) (ii) NkNyAs;s tupg;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s gFjpfisg; ngaupLf.

P - .................................................................................................. (03 Gs;spfs;)

Q - .................................................................................................. (03 Gs;spfs;)

R - .................................................................................................. (03 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) ,e;jg; gk;gpapd; gad;ghL mj;jpahtrpakhdjhf mikAk; ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfs; ,uz;ilf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)


- 73 -

(iv) ePq;fs; NkNy (iii) ,y; Fwpg;gpl;l ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfspd; gpur;rpidfs; ,uz;ilf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(v) ePq;fs; (iii) ,y; Fwpg;gpl;l ePu;g;ghrd Kiwf;nfd NrW fye;j ePiug; gad;gLj;j Ntz;b

Vw;gbd; mjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nghUj;jkhd eltbf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(B) ePUapupd tsq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.

(i) ePUapupd tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp me;epar; nryhtzp <l;lg;gLk; cs;ehl;Lf; ifj;njhopy;fs;

,uz;ilg; ngaupLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) cz;zhl;L ePu;epiyfspy; kPd;FQ;Rfis tpLtpj;jy; %ykhf mtw;wpd; Fbj;njhifia

mjpfupf;fyhk;. ,jd;%ykhf r%fj;Jf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs; ,uz;il vOJf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)(iii) tu;j;jfuPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ngWk; myq;fhu ePu;j;jhtuq;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(C) goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gLk; mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfisf; Fiwg;gjw;nfd

Kjpu;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;bfs;> mWtil Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

(i) goq;fs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfspd; rupahd mWtilr; re;ju;g;gj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jf;$ba Kjpu;;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;bfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(3) ................................................................................................................................ (03 Gs;spfs;)


- 74 -

(ii) gog;gapu;fs;> fha;fwpg; gapu; Mfpatw;wpd; mWtiliag; nghwpKiwg;gLj;Jifapy; vjpu;nfhs;s

Ntz;bNaw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ………..…...……...……..…………..…………..…..................………..……..……..(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ....…………..…...………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……...........(03 Gs;spfs;)

3. (A) kyu; kw;Wk; myq;fhu ,iyj; jhtuq;fSf;F cs;@upYk; ntspehLfspYk; mjpf re;ijtha;g;G

cs;sJ.

(i) kyu; kw;Wk; myq;fhu ,iyj; jhtuq;fSf;F cs;@u;r; re;ijapy; mjpf Nfs;tp Vw;glf;

fhuzq;fs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) …………..………...……..…………..…………..…..................…..……..…………..(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) …....…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........….…..........(03 Gs;spfs;)

(3) ………...…………………..…….................……..…………..……….….....….……..(03 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) ntl;Lg;G+r; nra;iff;fhd ehw;Wfisg; ngWtjw;F Ez;,dg;ngUf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;

mD$yq;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ………..…...……...……..…………..…………..…..................………..……..……..(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) ....………...…..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……...........(03 Gs;spfs;)

(B) khLfspd; Fbj;njhifia mjpfupg;gjw;fhd etPd El;g Kiwahf Kisa ,lkhw;wk;

(embryo transfer) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

(i) Kisa ,lkhw;wr; nrad;Kiw fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F (a), (b), (c), (d) Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLf.

toq;fpg; gRf;fisj; njupTnra;jy;

(c) ............................................

(b) ............................................

Kisa ,lkhw;wk;

(a) ...........................................

(d) ...........................................

Kisaq;fis myrp vLj;jy;

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(03 Gs;spfs;)


- 75 -

(ii) Kisa ,lkhw;wr; nrad;Kiwapd; vy;iyg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) …………..………...……..…………..…………..…..................….……..…………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) …....…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……..........

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(C) G+r;rpg;gPilf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;NghJ G+r;rpfspd; cUkhw;wk; gw;wpa mwpT Kf;fpakhFk;.

(i) G+r;rpfspd; tho;f;iftl;l Kiwfs; ,uz;ilg; ngaupLf.

(1) …………..………...……..…………..…………...…..................………..…………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) …....…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……..........

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) G+r;rpg;gPilf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;NghJ tho;f;iftl;lk; gw;wpa mwpT Kf;fpakhf mikAk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

,uz;L jUf.

(1) …………..….……...……..…………..…………..…..................………..…………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) …....…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……..........

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(D) GtpNkw;gug;gpy; my;yJ mjw;F NkNy mike;Js;s Gs;spapd; rhu; mikit mwpjy; epymsit

vdg;gLk;.

(i) GtpNkw;gug;G epy msit (Geodetic surveying) kw;Wk; js msit (Plane surveying)

Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd gpujhd NtWghL ahJ?

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)(ii) epymsitr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ ngwg;gLk; juTfisf; fsg;Gj;jfj;jpy; gjpTnra;a

iff;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; ,uz;L jUf.

(1) …………..………...……..…….……..…………..…..................………..…………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) …....…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……..........

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) epymsit njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis tiuaWf;f.

(1) epiyf;Fj;Jf; NfhL : ……………...……….…………………....………………………………….……………………………………………....

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) fpilf; NfhL : ……………...……….…………………....………………………………….…………………………………………………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)


- 76 -

4. (A) gpd;tUk; FwpaPLfs; %ykhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ,yj;jpudpaw; Jizf; $Wfisg; ngaupl;L> mit

xt;nthd;wpdJk; gad;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

FwpaPLfs; Jizf;$wpd; ngau; gad;ghL

(i) .............................................. ................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) ............................................... ................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) .............................................. ................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(iv) .............................................. ................................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(B) epyg;gz;gLj;jy; cgfuzq;fs; rpy gpd;tUk; cUf;fspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j cgfuzq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; ngaupl;L mtw;wpd; xt;nthU gad;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ngau; gad;ghL

(a) ..................................... ................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(b)

..................................... ................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(c)

.................................... ................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(d) .................................... ................................................

(03 Gs;spfs;)


- 77 -

(C) (ii) rpy jhtu tiffisf; fhag;gLj;jpr; Rug;Gfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Rug;Gfisg; ngWtjw;fhf jhtuq;fis fhag;gLj;Jk;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;ba

tplaq;fs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) …………..…….…...……..…………..…………..…..................………..…………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) …....…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……..........

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(3) ………...…………………..…….................……..…………..……….….....………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(D) cztpd; juj;jpidg; NgZtjw;nfd fz;fhzpj;jy;> rpwg;ghd cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw Mfpad

iff;nfhs;sg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

cztpd; juj;ijg; NgZtjpy; ,yq;ifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juq;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) …………..………...……...…………..…………..…..................………..…………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) …....…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……..........

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(E) rPuhd nghjpaply; Kiwikapd; %yk; cztpd; juk; Ngzg;gLk;.

czit mfr;#oy; kpjg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyikapy; nghjpnra;tjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;

,uz;L jUf.

(1) …………..….……...……..…………..…………..…..................………..…………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) …....…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……..........

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(F) ,urhad uPjpahfTk;> capupay; uPjpahfTk; gOjile;j czTfis cz;gjhy; Rfhjhug;

gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk;.

(i) czT ,urhad> capupay; uPjpahfg; gOjiltjw;fhd cjhuzq;fs; xt;nthd;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

cjhuzk;

,urhad uPjpahd gOjiljy; ……...….....…………….........................……………(03 Gs;spfs;)

capupay; uPjpahd gOjiljy; ...................…....….............…………………………(03 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) ,urhad kw;Wk; capupay; uPjpahd czT gOjiljiyf; Fiwf;fj;jf;f nraw;ghLfs;

%d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) …………..………...……..…………..…………..…..................………...…………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(2) …....…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……..........……..........

(03 Gs;spfs;)

(3) ………...…………………..…….................……..…………..……….….....………..

(03 Gs;spfs;)

**


- 78 -

gFjp B fl;Liutif

5. (i) jsgPl epymsit Kiwapy; Miua msit (radiation method) %ykhf rpwpa ,lg;gug;gpd;

tiujiyj; jahupf;Fk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) gRik ,y;ynkhd;wpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s ePu;g;ghrd Kiwiaj; jd;dpaf;fKiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sr;nra;a

ifnfhs;s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffis tptupf;Ff. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) Gjpa czT cw;gj;jpg; nghUnshd;Wf;Fs;s re;ij tha;g;gpid kjpg;gPLnra;a Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

re;ij Ma;Tf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpdhf;nfhj;jpidj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s

Ntz;ba gpujhd tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. (30 Gs;spfs;)

6. (i) kPd;fs; cs;s ,lq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;nfd gd;dhl; glFfspy; iff;nfhs;sg;gLk; etPd

njhopDl;g Kiwfis tptupf;f. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) ePuhtpapy; fha;r;rp tbj;jy; %ykhf re;jd vz;nza; gpupj;njLg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; myFr;

nraw;ghLfis tptupf;f. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) cyu; tyaj;jpy; epyf;fPo;ePiu kPs;epug;gypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff. (30 Gs;spfs;)

7. (i) goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Lnry;Yk;NghJ mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfisf;

Fiwg;gjw;nfd Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) Nfhopapiwr;rpapd; juj;ij kjpg;gpLtjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ngsjpf Kiwfis tptupf;Ff.

(30 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; %yk; gpuNjr kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fis tptupf;Ff.

(30 Gs;spfs;)

8. (i) ,aw;iff; fhLfspy; capu;g;gy;tifikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;nfd nraw;if tdr;nra;if cjTk;

tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) myq;fhu ePu;j;jhtuq;fis tu;j;jfuPjpahf nra;ifgz;Zk;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; El;g Kiwfis

tptupf;Ff. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) tptrhag; gapu;r; nra;ifapy; Neha; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gapuhf;ftpay;

cj;jpfis tptupf;f. (30 Gs;spfs;)

9. (i) ePupdhy; epuk;gyile;j fspapUthl;b kz;khjpupapw;F 1/3 tspkz;ly mKf;fj;jpy; cwpQ;ry;

mKf;fk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; epiwkhd Kiwg;gb ePupd; msT 28% Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

mt;thwhd kw;nwhU kz;khjpupf;F 15 tspkz;ly cwpQ;ry; mKf;fj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;j gpd;du;

epiwkhd Kiwg;gb ePupd; msT 20% Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j kz;zpd; Njhw;wtlu;j;jp 1.6gcm-3

MFk;.

(a) ,e;j kz;zpypUe;J gapu; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba nkhj;jePupd; msT> cau mstpy;

vt;tsthFk;? (10 Gs;spfs;)

(b) ,e;j kz;zpy;> 40cm Ntu;tya Moj;ijf; nfhz;l gapnuhd;W nra;ifgz;zg;gl;lJ.

tpisr;rypd; mstpy; FiwT Vw;gLtijf; Fiwg;gjw;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f ePupd; mstpy;

40% FiwtilAk;NghJ ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gapUf;fhd Njwpa ePu;g;ghrdj;

Njit vt;tsthFk;? (10 Gs;spfs;)

(c) ePu;g;gpuNahf tpidj;jpwd; 60% vdpd; nkhj;j ePu;g;ghrdj; Njit vt;tsthFk;? (10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpapUf;fNtz;ba gpujhd $Wfis tptupf;f. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) khw;Wr; rf;jp%ykhf capu;vupnghUisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mD$yq;fis tptupf;f.

(30 Gs;spfs;)

10. (i) ,lu; jtpu;g;Gg; gbKiwfisg; ngaupl;L> mt; xt;nthU gbKiwapdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tptupf;f. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) ghJfhf;fg;gl;l kidfspy; MSif epge;jidfis Vw;gLj;j gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cj;jpfis

tptupf;f. (30 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) jiuayq;fupg;gpy; rkepiy gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij tptupf;f. (30 Gs;spfs;)

***


- 79 -

66 - capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay; nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

tpdhj;jhspd; fl;likg;G

Neuk; - 02 kzpj;jpahyk;

,g; guPl;ir A, B vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.

gFjp A ,e;jg; gFjpf;nfd 01 kzp Neuk; toq;fg;gLtJld; ,J epiyar; Nrhjid

(Spot test) vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J 30 epiyaq;fis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. xt;nthU

epiyaj;jpYk; (,lj;jpYk;) xU khjpup tPjk; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. xU tpdhTf;F

tpilaspf;f 02 epkplk; toq;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F 05 Gs;spfs; tPjk; ,g;gFjpf;F 150 Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

gFjp B ,e;jg; gFjpf;nfd 01 kzp Neuk; toq;fg;gLk;. ,J B - 1, B - 2 vDk; ,uz;L

gFjpfs; nfhz;ljhFk;. gFjp B - 1,y; jug;gl;l xU nraw;ghLk; B - 2 ,y; jug;gl;l

xU nraw;ghLkhf nkhj;jk; 02 nraw;ghLfspy; guPl;rhu;j;jpfs; <Lgl;L mjw;nfdj;

jug;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. gFjp B ,d; xU nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd

Gs;spfs; 75 tPjkhf ,uz;L nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; 150 Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

,Wjpg;Gs;spiaf; fzpj;jy;

gFjp A = 150gFjp B = 150,Wjpg; Gs;spfs; = 300 ÷ 3 = 100

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir - gFjp A

gf;f ,yf;fk; ,ypUe;J tiuahd gf;fq;fspy; guPl;rfu; FOtpw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s

khjpupia / khjpupfis epiyaq;fspy; xOq;F Kiwahf itj;J me;j 30 epiyaq;fs; njhlu;ghf gf;.

79 ,Ue;J 84 tiu jug;gl;Ls;s 30 tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jug;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fspy; khjpupia / khjpupfis mtjhdpj;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fspd; fPo; jug;gl;Ls;s

Gs;spf;Nfhl;by; tpil vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.

epiyak; 1 (a) ,e;j cgfuzj;ijg; ngaupLf.

.............................................................................................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs;

(b) ,e;j cgfuzj;jpd; thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngw;W jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp ,e;j

,lj;jpd; rhuPug;gjidf; fzpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

.............................................................................................................................................. 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 2 (a) ,uz;L kz; khjpupfspdJk; ,ioaikg;G tiffisj; jPu;khdpf;f.

A :- ............................................................... B :- ................................................................ 03 Gs;spfs;(b) ,e;j ,uz;L kz; khjpupfspYk; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kz; khjpup ahJ?

.............................................................................................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs;


- 80 -


.............................................................................................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs;

(b) ,e;j cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd khjpupiaj; jahu;nra;Ak;NghJ iff;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

gpujhd gbKiwfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

............................................................................................................................................... 2............................................................................................................................................... 3............................................................................................................................................ 03 Gs;spfs;


............................................................................................................................................... 02 Gs;spfs;

(b) ,e;j cgfuzj;jpd; gpujhd gad;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

............................................................................................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs; (c) ,jidg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

............................................................................................................................................. 01 Gs;sp

epiyak; 5 (a) jug;gl;l juTfspd; cjtpAld; ,e;jf; fhzpapd; gug;gsitf; fzpf;f.

.............................................................................................................................................. 04 Gs;spfs;

(b) ,t;thwhd fhzpapd; gug;gsit Neubahf mstplf;$ba cgfuzj;ijg; ngaupLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 01 Gs;sp

epiyak; 6

(a) ntw;wpfukhd xl;Lf;nfd xl;LKisfisg; ngwf;$ba jhtuf; fpisiag; ngaupLf. ............................................................................................................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;

(b) mjidj; njupT nra;jikf;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

............................................................................................................................................... 02 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 7 (a) A, B Mfpa xl;LKiwfisg; ngaupLf.

A :- ............................................................... B :- ................................................................. 03 Gs;spfs;(b) khjpup A apy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s P, Q Mfpa ghfq;fisg; ngaupLf.

P :- ............................................................... Q :- ................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs;


............................................................................................................................................... 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,e;j cgfuzj;jpy; P vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ghfj;jpd; njhopw;ghL ahJ?

............................................................................................................................................... 02 Gs;spfs;(c) ,e;j cgfuzk; vjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;?

............................................................................................................................................... 01 Gs;sp

epiyak; 9jug;gl;Ls;s Rl;bapy; (Nygypy;) rl;lG+u;tkhf cs;s gpujhd FiwghLfs; Ie;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ..................................................................... 2. .................................................................... 3. ..................................................................... 4. .................................................................... 5. ..................................................................... 05 Gs;spfs;


- 81 -

epiyak; 10 (a) A, B, C Mfpa ,aw;if ,dg;ngUf;ff; fl;likg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLf.

A :- ..................................................... B :- ...................................................... C :- ...................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;

(b) ,e;j ,dg;ngUf;ff; fl;likg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mD$yq;fs; ,uz;L jUf. 1. ........................................................................................................................................... 2. ........................................................................................................................................... 02 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 11NkNy khjpupapy; Fwpg;gpl;l A, B, C, D, E Mfpatw;wpd; gpujhd nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

A :- ..................................................................... B :- ................................................................. C :- ..................................................................... D :- ................................................................. E :- ..................................................................... 05 Gs;spfs;


................................................................................................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs; (b) ,e;j cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtjhdpf;ff;$ba ,ay;Gfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

............................................................................................................................................... 2............................................................................................................................................... 3............................................................................................................................................ 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 13(a) ,e;j ghfj;jpd; ngau; ahJ?

................................................................................................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,g;ghfj;jpidf; nfhz;l ePu;g;gk;gpapd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................... 01 Gs;sp (c) ,g;ghfj;jpd; njhopiyf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................... 02 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 14 (a) ,e;j tpj;J Kisg;gijj; jhkjg;gLj;Jtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

.............................................................................................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs;

(b) ,t; tpj;jpd; Kisj;jiy tpiugLj;j Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba tpj;Jg; gupfupg;G Kiwiag; ngaupLf.

............................................................................................................................................. 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 15 (a) ,e;j khjpupapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s Nehiag; ngaupLf.

................................................................................................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,e;j Neha;f;Ff; fhuzkhd Ez;zq;fp tif vJ?

................................................................................................................................................... 01 Gs;sp(c) ,e;j Neha; Vw;gLtijj; jLf;f Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................... 02 Gs;spfs;


- 82 -

epiyak; 16 (a) ,g;G+r;rpiag; ngaupLf.

................................................................................................................................................. 02 Gs;spfs;

(b) ,e;jg; G+r;rp gapupy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

.............................................................................................................................................(03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 17(a) ,k;khjpup Vw;Wkjpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf mikahikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ........................................................................................................................................... 2. ......................................................................................................................................... 02 Gs;spfs; (b) ,g;G+f;fisr; re;ijf;F mDg;Gk;NghJ iff;nfhs;sg;gLk; gpujhd gbKiwfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ...........................................................................................................................................2. ...........................................................................................................................................3. .......................................................................................................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 18(a) NkNy A, B, C Mfpa cgfuzq;fspy; P, Q Mfpa khjpupfspd; Kjpu;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;bfis

mstplf;$ba cgfuzk; xt;nthd;iw KiwNa Fwpg;gpLf.

P :- ....................................................................................................................................... Q :- .................................................................................................................................... 04 Gs;spfs;

(b) P ia mWtil nra;tjw;F ehnshd;wpy; kpf cfe;j Neuk; ahJ?

................................................................................................................................................. 01 Gs;sp

epiyak; 19 (a) ,e;j khjpupapy; epwkhw;wk; Vw;gl VJthd mbg;gilr; nraw;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,e;j epwkhw;w NtWghl;ilj; jtpu;g;gjw;nfd Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f eltbf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

............................................................................................................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 20 (a) ,j;jhtuj;jpidg; ngaupLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,e;j jhtuj;jpd; gad;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

............................................................................................................................................. 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 21 (a) ,e;j cztpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ew;fhg;G Kiwiag; ngaupLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,e;j czit ew;fhg;Gr;nra;a iff;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba mbg;gilg; gbKiwfs; %d;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ........................................................................................................................................... 2. ...........................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;


- 83 -

epiyak; 22(a) ,j;jhtug; ghfj;Jf;Fupa jhtuj;ijg; ngaupLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs; (b) ,j;jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwj;jf;f gad;fs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ........................................................................................................................................... 2. ...........................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 23 (a) ,j;jhtug; ghfk; mlq;Fk; jhtuj;ijg; ngaupLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,j;jhtuj;jpd; gad;fs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ........................................................................................................................................... 2. ...........................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 24 (a) A, B Mfpatw;wpy; gy;tifikahf;fQ; nra;ag;gl;l czT> ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l czT

Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;

(b) NkNy jug;gl;l khjpupfisj; jtpu gy;tifikahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l czTf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;

%d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ........................................................................................................................................... 2. ...........................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 25 (a) ,J vd;[pdpd; ve;jj; njhFjpapy; mlq;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,jd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 26 (a) ,e;jf; Jizf;$W gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ePu;g;ghrd Kiw ahJ?

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;(b) Vida ePu;g;ghrd KiwfspYs;s Jizf; $WfSld; xg;gpLifapy; ,e;j Jizf;$wpYs;s

rpwg;gpay;G ahJ?

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;(c) ,e;j Jizf;$wpidg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gpujhd gpur;rpid ahJ?

................................................................................................................................................ 01 Gs;sp

epiyak; 27 (a) cUttpaYf;fika ,e;j khjpup mlq;fpAs;s fisj; njhFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,f;fis ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 03 Gs;spfs;


- 84 -

epiyak; 28(a) ,e;j cgfuzj;ijg; ngaupLf.

............................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,e;j cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ iff;nfhs;sg;gLk; gpujhd gbKiwfs;

%d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ........................................................................................................................................... 2. ...........................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 29(a) ghJfhg;ghd kidfspDs; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; ,e;j khjpup gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 03 Gs;spfs;(b) jho;ehl;by; ghJfhg;ghd ,y;yj;jpw;nfd ,e;j khjpupiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; tpNrl

Nehf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

................................................................................................................................................ 02 Gs;spfs;

epiyak; 30(a) ,e;j cgfuzj;ijg; ngaupLf.

.......................................................................................................................................... 02 Gs;spfs;(b) ,e;j cgfuzj;jpd; gad;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

.......................................................................................................................................... 03 Gs;spfs;

* *


- 85 -

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir - gFjp B

B - 1, B - 2 Mfpa xt;nthU gFjpapypUe;Jk; xt;nthU nra;Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

vy;yhr; nra;KiwfspYk; ePu; Nkw;nfhz;l gbKiwfs; xOq;FKiwapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

gFjp B

1. fyg;glQ; nra;ag;gl;l czit ,dq;fhzy;.

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> fz;zhb tOf;fp> tOf;fp %b> Kfit> ePu;>

fyg;glQ; nra;ag;gl;l czT kw;Wk; fyg;glQ; nra;ag;glhj

czT khjpupfs; (,e;j khjpupfis A, B, C, D, E, F vdg; ngaupl;L itf;f.)

fyg;glQ; nra;ag;glhj czT khjpup kQ;rs; J}s;> muprp kh> Fuf;fd; kh

fyg;glQ; nra;ag;gl;l czT khjpup kQ;rs; J}s; 80% + NfhJik kh 20%muprp kh 80% + NfhJik kh 20%Fuf;fd; kh 80% + NfhJik kh 20%

tpdh jug;gl;l A, B, C, D, E, F Mfpa khjpupfis fyg;glQ; nra;ag;gl;ld>

nra;ag;glhjd vd Ntwhf;fpf; fhl;Lf.

2. jug;gl;l kz; khjpupapd; cz;ik mlu;j;jpiaj; Jzpjy;.

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk; Rj;jkhd cyu;e;j jbj;j rpWNghj;jy;fs; ,uz;L ,yj;jpudpay;

juhR> kz; khjpup> ePu;> jp# fljhrp

tpdh Nkw;gb cgfuzq;fspd; cjtpAld; kz;zpd; cz;ikalu;j;jpiaf;

fhz;f.

(ePu;g;ghj;jpuj;jpy; itj;J #lhf;FtJ mtrpakw;wJ.)

3. mz;kpj;j Gs;spfs; ,uz;Lf;fpilapyhd Fj;Jau NtWghl;ilf; fdpj;jy;.

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk; Kf;fhyp nfhz;l jd;dpaf;f kl;lq;fhzp> tiughl;Lf; Nfhy;fs;

(8 m ,ilntspapy; epyj;jpy; ,uz;L Gs;spfis Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.)

tpdh Nkw;gb cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp me;j ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F

,ilapyhd Fj;Jau NtWghl;ilf; fhz;f.

4. ghypd; juj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jy;.

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk; Rj;jkhd ghy; khjpup> 20% ePu; Nru;f;fg;gl;l ghy; khjpup> Rj;jkhd

cyu;e;j rhulu;j;jpf; Fg;gpfs; ,uz;L pH 4, pH 7 nfhz;l

fiury;fs; ,uz;L> pH khdp> ,yj;jpudpay; juhR.

tpdh jug;gl;l ghy; khjpupfspy; Rj;jkhd ghy; khjpupia ,dq;fhz

iff;nfhs;Sk; gbKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

5. jug;gl;l fiurypd; pH, EC ngWkhdq;fisj; Jzpjy;.

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk; pH 4, pH 7 nfhz;l fiury;fs; ,uz;L pH khdp> my;Ngl; fiury;

A my;Ngl; fiury;

B my;Ngl; fiury; + 0.3 M HCl mkpyk;

C my;Ngl; fiury; + 10% NaCl fiury;Kfitfs;> EC khdp

tpdh khztu;fshy; xt;nthU fiurypYk; pH, EC Mfpad Jzpag;gl

Ntz;Lk;. me;jf; fiury;fspy; ePu;kat+lf tsu;g;Gf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd fiuriyj; njupT nra;J fhuzq;fSld; Fwpg;gpl

Ntz;Lk;.


- 86 -

gFjp B

6. Nfhbay; cw;gj;jpf;nfd %yg;nghUl;fisj; jahu;nra;jy;.

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk; kh> md;dhrp> thio> ntl;Lk; gyif> fj;jp> rpy ghj;jpuq;fs;>

Njrpf;fha;fs; rpy> tbfl;b> gpwpl;R khdp (0 - 25 tiuahd)

tpdh Nkw;gb cgfuzq;fs;> nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp

Nfhbay; jahupg;gjw;fhd gor;rhw;iwj; jahu; nra;f.

7. jhtur; rhWfisf; fha;r;rp tbf;Fk; cgfuzj;jpd; ghfq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfisAk;

,dq;fhzy;.

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk; rpj;undy;yh> ntl;bNtu; (rte;juh)> fWth> Nug;gd;iud;> Nru Mfpa

jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfs;> fha;r;rp tbj;jy; cgfuzk;> mjidg;

nghUj;Jtjw;fhd rhjdq;fs;> ntl;Lg; gyif> fj;jp> ,yj;jpudpay;

juhR> kpd;dLg;G> njhlu; gha;r;ry; cs;s ePu;%yk;

tpdh fha;r;rp tbf;Fk; cgfuzj;ijr; rupahf xOq;Fnra;J ruptu jahu;

nra;ag;gl;l %yg;nghUl;fis ,Lf.

8. Njhspy; Rkf;Fk; (eg;rf;) njsp fUtpapd; ghfq;fisg; nghUj;Jjy;.

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk; ghfq;fshf;fg;gl;l Njhspy; Rkf;Fk; njspfUtp> ePu;

tpdh ghfq;fis ruptu ,izj;J frpTfisr; Nrhjpj;J ghu;f;f.

9. gy;NtWgl;l gjpitj;jy; kw;Wk; xl;L Kiwfs;

gjpitj;jy; nghUj;jkhd jhtuf;fpis> Nky;kz;> $l;nlU> xl;Lf;fl;;ilj; jhtuk;>

fj;jp> nghypj;jPd;> E}y;

xl;Ljy; rhbapNyw;wg;gl;l kh my;yJ wk;Gl;lhd; jhtuk; mNj tiff;Fupa

xl;LKisahfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f cupa jhtuf;fpis> xl;Lf;fj;jp>

nghypj;jPd; ehlh

tpdh Nkw;gb cgfuzq;fs;> nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp

gjpitj;jy;> xl;Ljy; Mfpatw;iwr; nra;Jfhl;Lf.

10. ,iy myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;> ntl;Lg;G+j; jhtuq;fs; Mfpatw;iwr; rhbapNyw;Wjy;

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk; 30 cm caukhd rhb> jz;L> $l;nlU> Mw;Wkzy;> 2cm × 3 cmmsTila Xl;Lj;Jz;Lfs;> rpy me;J}upa ehw;Wfs;> ePu;

tpdh Nkw;gb cgfuzq;fs;> nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw gad;gLj;jp

jhtuj;ij rhbapNyw;wpf; fhl;Lf.

* * *


- 87 -

66 - capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay; - nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

guPl;rfu; FOTf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;;

,e;j guPl;ir A, B vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. A, B Mfpa gFjpfSf;Fj; Njitahd

cgfuzq;fs;> nghUl;fs; guPl;rfu; FOtpdhy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

gFjp A 01 kzpj;jpahyk;

01 njhlf;fk; 30 tiuA toq;fg;gl;Ls;s khjpupia / khjpupfis 30 epiyaq;fspy; xOq;FKiwahf itj;J

mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp 79 njhlf;fk; 84 tiuahd gf;fq;fspy; Fwpg;gpg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

khjpup 1 <u cyu; Fkpo; ntg;gkhdp

mwpTWj;jy; gupNrhjidf;F Vw;wthW ,e;j cgfuzk; xOq;Fnra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nra;Kiwia Muk;gpf;f Kd;dUk; gpd;dUk; ,e;j cgfuzj;jpd; thrpg;ig ngw;W

,ufrpakhf Ngz Ntz;Lk;. rhuPug;gjd; ml;ltizapd; gpujpfs; vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk;

toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.)

khjpup 2 NtWgl;l kzy;> fsp>milay; rjtPjq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l A, B Mfpa kz; khjpupfs;

mwpTWj;jy; ,ioaikg;G Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gpujpfs; vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.)

khjpup 3 kz; <ukhdp

khjpup 4 A rl;lfk;

khjpup 5 cupa mstPLfs; nfhz;l ruptf tbthd fhzpapd; tupg;glk;

mwpTWj;jy; toq;fg;gl;l tupg;glj;ij ,jw;fhf gad;gLj;jy;.)

khjpup 6 A, B, C vdg; ngaupg;gl;l fpisfs; %d;W

mwpTWj;jy; ,q;F mjpfk; Kjpu;e;j> gFjpahf Kjpu;e;j ,sk; jz;Lfs; %d;W jug;gl Ntz;Lk;.

fpis %d;wpdJk; cr;rpg; gFjp mfw;wg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; %d;W fpisfSk;

ngd;rpy; gUkd; cilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j %d;W fpisfSk; xNu ,dj;

jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.)

khjpup 7 - A, B vdg; ngauplg;gl;l xl;LKiwfs; ,uz;L

mwpTWj;jy; A fpisnahl;lhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; xl;Lf;fl;il> xl;Lf;fpis Mfpad KiwNa

P, Q vd ngauplg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. B mUk;G xl;lhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ,uz;L

xl;LfSk; Gjpjhf xl;lg;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gJld; ,it cupathW xl;L ehlhtpdhy;

Rw;wpf; fl;lg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. xl;Lf;fl;il rhbapNyw;wg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.)

khjpup 8 - mKf;ftLfyd;

mwpTWj;jy; cgfuzj;jpd; mKf;ff; fl;Lg;gLj;jp P vdg; ngauplg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.)

khjpup 9 - rl;lG+u;tkhd FiwghL nfhz;l ngau;r;Rl;b

mwpTWj;jy; jug;gl;l ngau;r;Rl;bia ,jw;fhd khjpupahfg; gad;gLj;Jf.)

khjpup 10 - A thio my;yJ md;dhrp

B Nrk;G my;yJ ghw;fpoq;F

C ntq;fhak;

khjpup 11 - ngauplg;gl;l ntg;gepiyf; fl;Lg;ghl;L kpd;Rw;WmwpTWj;jy; jug;gl;l ngauplg;gl;l ntg;gepiyf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; Rw;iw ,jw;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jf.)

khjpup 12 fz;bypd; cgfuzk;

khjpup - js;sp (Impeller)mwpTWj;jy; ,q;F js;sp kl;Lk; Ntwhf;fg;gl;L itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.)

khjpup 14 - jbj;j tpj;Jiw nfhz;l tpj;J

mwpTWj;jy; gpd;tUk; jbj;j tpj;Jiw nfhz;l tpj;Jf;fspy; xd;wpid ,jw;nfdg; gad;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;.)

(kh> Gsp> vYkpr;ir)


- 88 -

khjpup 15 - ,iyr; rpj;jputbt Neha; nfhz;l ,iy

mwpTWj;jy; ,iyr;rpj;jpu tbt Neha; nfhz;l ntz;b> gg;ghrp> Ff;fu;gPw;Nwrpa FLk;g gapupd;

,iyia ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.)

Kf;fpak; Nghridf; Fiwghl;L mwpFwpfisf; fhl;Lk; ,iyia ,jw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jf;

$lhJ. njspthd ,iyr; rpj;jpu tbtNehiaf; fhl;Lk; ,iyiag; gad;gLj;Jf.

khjpup 16 - G+r;rpg;gPil mwpTWj;jy; mTyf;fNghuh tif epwTlypg; G+r;rpia ,jw;nfd gad;gLj;Jf.)

khjpup 17 - Vw;Wkjpf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w me;J}upak; G+

khjpup 18 - A ngdpw;Nwh kPw;wu; Firmness meter) B - DO kPw;wu;

C - Hand reftractro kPw;wu;

P gotifnahd;W

Q fha;fwp tifnahd;W

mwpTWj;jy; P vDk; khjpupahf kh> gg;ghrp my;yJ nykd; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Q vDk;

khjpupahf ntz;b> gPu;f;F> GNlhy; Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

khjpup 19 - fgpy epwkhw;wNkw;gl;l gok; my;yJ fha;fwpfs;

mwpTWj;jy; khjpupahf thiof;fha;> mg;gps;> fj;jup> cUisf;fpoq;F Nghd;w fha;fwpfs;

my;yJ goj;ij ntl;b fgpy epwkilar; nra;J ntl;L Nkw;gug;G ed;F

njupaj;jf;fjhf itf;f Ntz;Lk;.)

khjpup 20 - myq;fhu ePu;j;jhtu tsu;g;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jhtuk;

mwpTWj;jy; ,jw;nfd Hydrilla, Aponogeton, Cryptecoryne, Sagittaria, Limnophila, Valisneria, Cabomba Mfpa myq;fhu ePu;j;jhtuq;fSs; xd;iwg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.)

khjpup - cyu;j;jg;gl;l czTg; nghUs;

mwpTWj;jy; ,jw;nfd ed;F cyu;j;jg;gl;l fUthl;bidg; gad;gLj;Jf.)

khjpup 22 - tdtsu;g;Gf;nfd gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfSldhd fpis

mwpTWj;jy; ,jw;nfd Njf;F> kNfhfdp> Nug;gd;iud; Mfpa jhtuq;fspd; fpisfSs; xd;iwg;

gad;gLj;Jf.)

khjpup 23 - myq;fhug; nghUnshd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; jz;Lg; gFjp

mwpTWj;jy; %q;fpy; my;yJ rpW%q;fpy; jhtuj; jz;Lg; gFjpia ,jw;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jf.)

khjpup 24 - A nrhNr[];

B vYkpr;ir CWfha;

khjpup 25 - Bry; tbfl;b

khjpup 26 - JspKiw ePu;g;ghrd Kiwapy; ePu; nrhl;Lk; emitter gFjp

khjpup 27 - Gw;FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j jhtuk;

khjpup 28 - fj;jupf;Fk; ths;

khjpup 29 - G+r;rp ntWg;G tiyapd; rpW Jz;L

mwpTWj;jy; Fiwe;jJ 30 cm × 30 cm msTila G+r;rp vjpu;g;G tiyj;Jz;L toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.)

khjpup 30 - nrf;fw;wpau;


- 89 -

capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay;

nra;Kiwg; guPl;ir

gFjp B I, B II Mfpa xt;tnthU gFjpfSf;Fk; cupa kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk; Gs;spj;jpl;lKk;

gFjp B I

(1) EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Gs;spfs;

(2) khjpup nfhz;l tOf;fpiaj; jahu;nra;jy;.

tOf;fpapd;kPJ khjpupia itj;jy; Gs;spfs;

tOf;fp Kbapid ,l;L rupahf EZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; itj;jy;. Gs;spfs;

(3) tOf;fpia mtjhdpj;jy;

mtjhdpf;f Vw;wthW rupahfr; nrg;gQ;nra;jy; Gs;spfs;

rupahf ghfq;fis ,zq;fhzy; Gs;spfs;

tOf;fpia xg;gpl;L mtjhdpj;jy;. Gs;spfs;

(4) fyg;glQ; nra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk; nra;ag;glhjtw;iw ,dq;fhzy; Gs;spfs;

2. (1) jd;dPu;g;Gf; Fg;gpapd; jpzpit msj;jy;. (M1g) (2) jd;dPu;g;Gf; Fg;gpapDs; miug;gq;fpw;F kz;iz epug;gp epiwia mstply; (M2g)

(3) jd;dPu;g;Gf; Fg;gpapDs; ePiu ,l;L tspf;Fkpopfs; mfw;wg;glf; $bathW Fg;gpapidf; FYf;Fjy;

(4) jd;dPu;g;Gf; Fg;gpapid KOikahf ePupdhy; epug;gp Ez;Lis nfhz;l %bapdhy; %Ljy;.

mg;NghJ Ez;Jthuj;jpD}lhf Nkyjpf ePu; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;.

(5) jp#f; fljhrpapdhy; <uypg;ig xw;wp jpzpitf; fhzy;. (M3g) (6) jd;dPu;f; Fg;gpapy; cs;s ePu;> kz;> Mfpatw;iw mfw;wp Rj;jk; nra;jy;.

(7) jd;dPu;g;Gf; Fg;gpapid KOikahf fha;r;rp tbj;j ePuhy; epug;gp %bapid %b <uypg;ig xw;wp

vLj;j gpd; jpzpit mstply; (M4g)

(8) cz;ikalu;j;jp = kz;zpd; cyu; epiw

kz;zpd; jpz;kg; gjhu;j;jj;jpd; fdtsT

(9) = (M2 - M1)g

[(M4 - M1) - (M3 - M2)] / ρw

(10) ρw = 1g / cm3 fzpf;fg;gl;l cz;ikalu;j;jp xt;nthU gbKiwf;Fk; Gs;spfs; tPjk; Gs;spfs;

3. (1) Kf;fhypiag; nghUj;jkhd cauj;jpy; (khztupd; fz; kl;lj;jpy;) nghUj;Jjy; Gs;spfs;

(2) jd;dpaf;f kl;lq;; fhzpia (Leveller) rupahf Kf;fhypapd;kPJ nghUj;Jjy;. Gs;spfs;

(3) kl;lj; jpUfhzpapd; cjtpAld; cgfuzj;ij kl;lg;gLj;Jjy;. Gs;spfs;

(4) kl;lf; Nfhypid (Level staff) rupahf gpbj;jy;. Gs;spfs;

(5) rupahf thrpg;gpidg; ngWjy; Gs;spfs;

(6) ,uz;L thrpg;GfSf;fpilapyhd tpj;jpahrj;ij mwpe;J cau NtWghl;ilf; fzpj;jy; Gs;spfs;


- 90 -

4. (a) pH khdpia gupNrhjidf;nfd Maj;jk; nra;jy;.

rupahd fiury;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gbtFf;Fif nra;jy; Gs;spfs;

pH kpd;thapid rupahfg; gad;gLj;jy; Gs;spfs;

(b) ,yj;jpudpay; juhrpd; g+r;rpaj;ijr; nrg;gQ;nra;J mstpl Maj;jkhjy; 0 Gs;spfs;

(c) pH khdpapd; cjtpAld; khjpupapd; pH ngWkhdj;ij mstply; Gs;spfs;

(d) jd;dPu;g;Gf; Fg;gpiag; gad;gLj;jp mlu;j;jpiaj; Jzpjy;

rupahf epiwia mstply; Gs;spfs;

rupahd xOq;FKiwapy; mlu;j;jpiaj; jPu;khdpj;jy; Gs;spfs;

(e) pH ngWkhdk;> mlu;j;jp Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpAld; Gjpa ghy; khjpupapidj; jPu;khdpj;jy; Gs;spfs;

5. pH, EC Mfpatw;iwj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

(A) pH ngWkhdj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

1. pH khdpia gbtFf;if nra;jy; Gs;spfs;

2. cgfuzj;ijf; ifahsy; Gs;spfs;

3. fiury;fs; %d;wpdJk; thrpg;Gfisg; ngWjy; Gs;spfs;

4. thrpg;gpd; Jy;ypa jd;ik Gs;spfs;

(B) EC ngWkhdj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

1. EC khdp gad;ghL Gs;spfs;

2. rupahd thrpg;gpidg; ngWjy; Gs;spfs;

3. ePu;ka Clf tsu;g;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fiuriyj; njupT nra;jy; Gs;spfs;

4. fhuzq;fis rku;g;gpj;jy; Gs;spfs;

gFjp B6. (1) cw;gj;jpf;fhd %yg;nghUl;fisj; jahu;nra;jy;

,q;F gpd;tUk; rupahd xOq;FKiwfisf; fl;lhakhfg; gpd;gw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

njupT fOTjy; Njhiy mfw;Wjy;

rpwpa Jz;Lfshf;Fjy;

rhW gpbj;njLj;jy; Gs;spfs;

(2) gor;rhwpd; brix ngWkhj;ij brix khdp %yk; ngWjy; Gs;spfs;

(3) Nkw;Fwpj;j gupNrhjidf;fhf Rj;jkhd cgfuzq;fis rupahfg; gad;gLj;jy; Gs;spfs;

7. (1) jug;gl;Ls;s ,iyfis ntl;Lg;gyifapy; itj;J rpW Jz;Lfshf ntl;Ljy; Gs;spfs;

(2) xU yPw;wu; msTs;s FLitapDs; fpuhk; ,iyj;Jz;Lfis ,l;L fha;r;rp tbj;j ePu;

ml Ir; Nru;j;jy;. Gs;spfs;

(3) gpd;tUkhW mikg;igj; jahu;gLj;jy;

FLitia kpd; mLg;gpd; kPJ jhq;fp xd;wpd; %yk; epWj;Jjy;

FLitapd; kPJ xLf;fpia jhq;fp xd;wpy; epWj;Jjy;

vz;nza; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; ghj;jpuj;ij cupa ,lj;jpy; itj;jy;

njhFjpf;F ePu; toq;fiyr; nraw;gLj;jy;

nghUj;jkhdthW ntg;gNkw;wy; Gs;spfs;


- 91 -

8. (1) Njhypy; Rkf;Fk; (eg;rf;) njspfUtpapd; gk;gpapd; ghfq;fis Kjypy; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Gs;spfs;

(2) ,uz;lhtjhf mKf;fj; jhq;fpiag; Pressure tank nghUj;jpf; nfhs;sy;. Gs;spfs;

(3) nghUj;jpa gk;gpapid njspfUtpj; jhq;fpapy; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Gs;spfs;

(4) Jts; Foha; (Hose) lance Mfpatw;iwg; nghUj;jp mjpy; gPr;R Kidiag; (nozzel)nghUj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Gs;spfs;

(5) ePiu epug;gp nraw;gLj;jp frpTfs; VJk; cs;sjh vdg; guPl;rpj;jy;. Gs;spfs;

9. gjp itj;jy;

(1) rhbapy; Vw;wg;gl;l jhtuj;ijj; njupT nra;jy; 05 Gs;spfs;

(2) Njitahd gpwnghUl;fisj; njupT nra;jy; 05 Gs;spfs;

(3) nghUj;jkhd jhtuf; fpisiaj; njupT nra;J gl;il tsaj;ij mfw;Wjy; Gs;spfs;

(4) Clfj;ijj; jahu; nra;jy; 0 Gs;spfs;

(5) gl;il mfw;wpa ,lj;jpy; Clfj;ij itj;jy; 0 Gs;spfs;

(6) nghypj;jPdhy; Rl;bf; fl;Ljy; 5 Gs;spfs;

(7) rupahd Kiwapy; fl;Ljy; 5 Gs;spfs;

xl;Ljy;

(1) rupahd xl;Lf;fl;iliaj; njupT nra;jy; 10 Gs;spfs;

(2) rupahd xl;LKisiaj; njupT nra;jy; 10 Gs;spfs;

(3) rupahd cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp xl;Lf;fl;il> xl;LKis Mfpatw;iw rupahf

ntl;b vLj;jy; 10 Gs;spfs;

(4) xl;Lf; fl;ilia> xl;Lf; fpisiar; rupahfg; nghUj;Jjy; 10 Gs;spfs;

(5) rupahf fl;bf;nfhs;sy; 10 Gs;spfs;

10. (1) %yg;nghUs;fisj; njupT nra;jy; 10 Gs;spfs;

(2) Clfj;ijj; jahupj;jy; 20 Gs;spfs;

(3) eLifg; nghUl;fisj; jahu; nra;jy; 10 Gs;spfs;

(4) rupahd Kiwapy; rhbia epug;Gjy; 20 Gs;spfs;

(5) eLifg; nghUl;fis ehl;Ljy; 20 Gs;spfs; (6) ePuply; 10 Gs;spfs;

(7) cgfuzq;fis rupahfg; gad;gLj;jy; 10 Gs;spfs;

67 - njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;


- 92 -


tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;G

tpdhj;jhs; I Neuk; : 02 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

Ie;J Nju;Tfisf; nfhz;l 50 tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk;

tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhTf;F 02 Gs;sp tPjk; nkhj;jg; Gs;sp 100 MFk;.

ghlg;gug;gpw;F Vw;g tpdhf;fs; gpupe;J nrd;Ws;s tpjk; fPo; tUkhW.

capupay; - tpdhf;fs; 04

,urhadtpay; - tpdhf;fs; 13

fzpj tpdhf;fs; - tpdhf;fs; 10

ICT - tpdhf;fs; 10

ngsjpftpay; - tpdhf;fs; 13

tpdhj;jhs; II Neuk; : 03 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

,t;tpdhj;jhs; A, B, C, D vd ehd;F gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.

gFjp A mikg;Gf;fl;Liu tifiar; Nru;e;j ehd;F tpdhf;fs;

vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhTf;F 100 Gs;sp tPjk;

nkhj;jg;Gs;sp 400 MFk;.

ghl tplaj;jpw;F Vw;g tpdhf;fs; gfpug;gl;Ls;s tpjk;

tpdh 1 capupaYk; ,urhadtpaYk;

tpdh 2 ,urhadtpay;

tpdh 3 ngsjpftpay;

tpdh 4 ngsjpftpay;

B, C, D gFjpfs;xU gFjpapypUe;J 02 tpdhf;fs; tPjk; MW fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fshFk;. xU

gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU tpdh tPjNkDk; njupT nra;J ehd;F tpdhf;fSf;F

tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhTf;F 150 Gs;sp tPjk; nkhj;jk; 600 MFk;.

ghl tplaj;jpw;F Vw;g tpdhf;fs; gfpug;gl;Ls;s tpjk;

gFjp B fzpjk;

gFjp C ,urhadtpay;

gFjp D ngsjpftpay;

gj;jpuk; II ,w;F nkhj;jg; Gs;sp

,Wjpg; Gs;spfisf; fzpj;jy; tpdhj;jhs; Itpdhj;jhs; II

,Wjpg; Gs;sp


- 93 -

gj;jpuk; I

ftdpf;f :

vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.

rupahd my;yJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f. (guPl;irapd;NghJ tpilaspg;gjw;F

gy;Nju;T tpilj;jhnshd;W toq;fg;gLk;.)

<u;it Mu;KLfy; = 10 m s-2 ePupd; mlu;j;jp = 1000 kg m-3

gq;fRf; fyr;Rtiu Mf;fpAs;s gpujhd $W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

nrYNyhR

ifw;wpd;

fpisf;Nfh[d;

ngg;upNlhfpisf;fd;

fpisf;Nfhg;Gujk;

mq;fpfSs; gw;wPupahf;fNs kpf cau;thd tsu;r;rp tPjj;ijAk; ,dg;ngUf;f tPjj;ijAk; nfhz;litahFk;.

mtw;wpd; Jupj tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ,dg;ngUf;fj;Jf;FKupa fhuzj;ij kpf ed;whf tpsf;Fk; $w;W

gpd;tUtdtw;;Ws; vJ?

fy nkd;rt;T Nju;Tj;njhopiy Mw;Wjy;.

mstpw; rpwpajhifahy; capu;f;Nfhsnkq;Fk; guTjy;.

fyf; fdtsT rhu;ghf fy Nkw;gug;gsT cau;thdjhf ,Uj;jy;.

Ez;tsptpUk;gpfshjyhy; fhNghitjNww;Wj; jfdk; ,optsthd kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLjy;.

fyr; Rtupd; ngg;upNlhfpisf;fd; mikg;G 10% Mjyhy; ,yFtpy; ,UJz;lkhjy;.

gw;wPupahf;fs; mtw;wpd; Rthrg; gy;tifikf;F Vw;g ehd;F $l;lq;fshFk;. mf;$l;lq;fshd fhw;wpd;wpa

gw;wPupahf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cau;njhopDl;g Kiwapay; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

capupay; kPs;Row;rpg;gLj;jypd;NghJ er;Rj;jd;ikahd Nrjdg; nghUl;fisg; gpupifailar; nra;jy;.

Nrjdf; fopTg;nghUl;fisg; gpupifailar; nra;J $l;nlU jahupj;jy;.

Nrjdf; fopTg;nghUl;fisg; gpupifailar; nra;J capu;thA cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

rPdp cw;gj;jpapd; xU gf;ftpisthfpa nkhyhr]; Ig; gad;gLj;jp F@l;lkpf;fkpyk; cw;gj;jp

nra;jy;.

rPdp cw;gj;jpapd; xU gf;ftpisthfpa nkhyhr]; Ig; gad;gLj;jp kJrhuk; jahupj;jy;.

fopT ePu;g;gupfupg;gpd; mbg;gilahd rpy gbKiwfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

A) Kjd;ikg; gupfupg;G B) Jizg; gupfupg;G

C) fpUkpaopg;G D) fhw;wpd;wpa milay; (kz;bg;) gpupj;jopg;G

,tw;Ws; Ez;zq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghL gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; gbKiw/ gbKiwfs; vit?

A) Ak; B) Ak; A) Ak; C) Ak; B) Ak; D) Ak; B) khj;jpuk; D) khj;jpuk;

,aw;ifg; gy;gFjpag; nghUshfTk; nraw;ifahf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l xU gy;gFjpag; nghUshfTk;

fhzg;gLk; gy;gFjpak; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

nghypj;jPd; Ngf;Fiyw;W

nghypINrhg;gpupd; nghyp];iuwpd;

nghypitidy; FNshiul;L

jw;fhyj;jpy; capupay; Bry; cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mr;nrad;Kiwapd;

NghJ Njhd;Wk; Kf;fpakhd xU gf;ftpisT gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

rtu;f;fhuk; nkjNdhy;

nkjapy; vRj;ju; fpsprNuhy;

nkhNdhfpspriul;L



- 94 -

gpd;tUk; jhf;fq;fSs; kpfTk; mjpf tPjkhwpypiaf; nfhz;l jhf;fk; vJ?

ildikw;W ntbj;jy; ,Uk;G JUg;gpbj;jy;

fljhrp vupjy; KI Kd;dpiyapy; H2O2 gpupifailjy;mkpy KMnO4 cld; Na2C2O4 jhf;fk; Gupjy;.

CaCO3 jpz;kj;Jld; mnrw;wpf;fkpyk; jhf;fk; GupAk;NghJ CaCO3 tpuakhFk; tPjk; epkplj;jpy; gupNrhjid

uPjpapy; Jzpag;gl;lJ. me;j epkplj;jpy; tPjk; R Mf ,Ue;jJ. ,uz;lhk; epkplj;jpy; jhf;f tPjk; r1 ck;

Mk; epkplj;jpy; jhf;f tPjk; r2 ck; MFk;. R, r1 , r2 Mfpa jhf;f tPjg; ngWkhdq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd

rupahd njhlu;G ahJ?

R > r1 > r2 R = r1 = r2r2 < R < r1 R > r1 = r2

r2 > r1 = R

fhw;W epug;gg;gl;Ls;s upA+g; xd;W #upa fjpu;g;Gf;F cs;shFkhW itf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU re;ju;g;gj;ijf;

fUJf. ,e;j upA+g;> Gwr; #oypypUe;J 415 J rf;jpiag; ngw;W> tpuptile;jJ. upA+g; tpuptiltjhy; Gwr;

#oy; kPJ 278 J Ntiy nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. fhw;W epug;gg;gl;l upA+ig xU njhFjpahff; fUJk; NghJ>

mj;njhFjpapy; epfOk; mfr; rf;jp khw;wk; vt;tsT?

+ 415 J - 137 J + 793 J + 137 J - 278 J

Kjyhd mDNrgpfs; vd;git mq;fpnahd;wpd; tsu;r;rp> tpUj;jp> ,dg;ngUf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ Neubahfj;

njhlu;GWk; ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfshFk;. Kjyhd mDNrgp tifiar; Nruhj Nrjdr; Nru;itf; $l;lk;

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

fhNghitjNuw;Wfs; Gujq;fs; tpw;wkpd;fs; ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; epf;nfhw;wPd;

rpdky;bifl;L vd;gJ> fWth vz;izapy; mlq;fpAs;s xU gpujhd Jiz mDNrgp MFk;. fWth

vz;nzapypUe;J rpdkybifl;il Ntwhf;fpg; ngWtjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd El;gKiw gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

vJ?

gjq;fkhjy; nkOifg; gad;gLj;jp erpj;jy; kPs; gspq;fhf;fy;

nfhjpePuhtptbg;G epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;

Nru;itfis Ntwhf;fp ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf nky;ypa gil epwg;gjptpay; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

mbf;NfhLk; (AB) fiuaf; fiury; kl;lKk; (CD) mike;jpUf;f Ntz;ba tpjj;ij rupahf fhl;Lk;

tupg;glk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

..

...

...

. ... .... ....

.. .

.. ... ..... ...... ....... . ... .....

..... .. . .... ... ............ ... .. .....

.. .. ..... .. . .

...

..

..

. ... .... ....

.. .

.. ... ..... ...... ....... . ... .....

..... .. . .... ... ............ ... .. .....

.. .. ..... .. .... ... .

... . ... .....

. ....... . ... .......... . ........ . . ... .. .

A B

C

• •

D

(1)

A BC D

(2)

A BC D

(3)

• •

• •

• •.

...

..

..

. ... .... ....

.. .

.. ... ..... ...... ....... . ... .....

..... .. . .... ... ............ ... .. .....

.. .. ..... .. . .

...

..

..

. ... .... ....

.. .

.. ... ..... ...... ....... . ... .....

..... .. . .... ... ............ ... .. .....

.. .. ..... .. .

..

...

...

. ... .... ....

.. .

.. ... ..... ...... ....... . ... .....

..... .. . .... ... ............ ... .. .....

.. .. ..... .. .

..

..... ... .. ..

. . .. .. ...... ....... . ... .....

..... .. . ... ........ .. .. ... .. .. .

A BC D

(4)

C

A

D

B

(5)

• •


- 95 -

nraw;if xsrjj;njhFg;G njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

A xsrjj;njhFg;G> ,yFthdjhfTk; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ed;ik jUtjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

B xsrjj;jpd; ngsjpf epiy Physical State jpz;kkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

C xsrj ,ay;Gk; Efficacy > xsrjj;jpd; tYTk; Power cr;r msthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

D xsrjj;jpd; gf;ftpisTfs; ,optsthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,tw;Ws; nraw;ifahd xsrj;njhFg;gpd;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;bait vit?

A), (B), C) A), (B), D)A), (C), D) B), (C), D)

(A), (B), (C), D) Mfpa vy;yhk;.

xU khztd; czTg; nghUs; khjpupnahd;W njhlu;ghf elj;jpa gupNrhjidfSk; mjd; mtjhdpg;Gf;fSk;

KbTfSk; ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

Nrhjid mtjhdpg;G KbT

(A) ngdbf;l; Benedict) fiury; Nru;j;jy;

ePyepw nrq;fy; rptg;G

epwkhfpaJ.

vspa nty;yk;

mlq;fpAs;sJ

(B) igA+nuw;Wf; Biurette) fiury; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ

ePy Cjh epwk;

Njhd;wpaJ

,ypg;gpl;L

mlq;fpAs;sJ

(C) #lhd; Sudan) fiury; ,l;Lf; fyf;fg;gl;lJ

rptg;Gepwr; rpWNfhsq;fs;

Njhd;wtpy;iy

Gujk; mlq;fpAs;sJ

Nkw;Fwpj;j KbTfSs; cz;ikahdJ vJ/ vit?A) khj;jpuk; (B) khj;jpuk; (C) khj;jpuk;

(A), (B) khj;jpuk; (B), (C) khj;jpuk;

gpd;tUk; gpuNahfq;fSs; 'J}a;ikahd cw;gj;jp" (Cleaner Production) vDk; vz;zf;fUTld; nghUe;jhjJ

vJ?

nghJthd thfdq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf fyg;G tif (Hybrid) thfdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.Jk;Gf;fapW cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ fopf;fg;gLk; Jk;Gj;J}is vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;jy;.

Gilit cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ cw;gj;jpahFk; fopTePiur; rupahfg; gupfupj;Jr; #oypy;

tpLtpj;jy;.

kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wpg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba (epf;fy; - fl;kpak; Ni - Cd) kpd;fyq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf

ypj;jpak; - mad; fyq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

nkd;ghd tiffs; ,Ltjw;fhf xU jlit gad;gLj;jp fopj;njhJf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;Fg; Nghj;jy;fSf;Fg;

gjpyhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fz;zhbg; Nghj;jy;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

gpd;tUk; Njhw;wg;ghLfisf; fUJf>

A Gtpapy; JUtg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gdpf;fl;bg; gilfspd; jbg;G Fiwtiljy;.

B typikkpf;f NuhdhNlh Ropf;fhw;Wf;fs; mbf;fb Vw;gly;.

C mkpy kio nghopjy;.

,tw;Ws;> Gtpapd; fhyepiy NtWgLjy; njhlu;ghd Njhw;wg;ghL/ Njhw;wg;ghLfs; vJ/ vit?(A) khj;jpuk;. (B) khj;jpuk;. (C) khj;jpuk;.(A), (B) khj;jpuk;. (A), (B), (C) vy;yhk;.

,aw;if tl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

A ifj;njhopy; Kiwapy; mNkhdpah cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghlhdJ> iejurd; tl;lj;jpd; rkepiy kPJ

jhf;fk; tpistpf;Fk;.

B Gtp ntg;gk; cau;jyhdJ fhgd; tl;lj;jpd; rkepiy kPJ jhf;fk; tpistpf;fg;gl;likapd; xU

NgwhFk;.

C mkpy kio nghopjyhdJ> xl;rprd; tl;lj;jpd; rkepiy kPJ jhf;fk; tpistpf;fg;gl;likap;d; xU

NgwhFk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j $w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ/ cz;ikahdit vJ/ vit?(A) khj;jpuk; (A), (B) khj;jpuk; (A), (C) khj;jpuk;(B), (C) khj;jpuk; (A), (B), (C) vy;yhk;.


- 96 -

njhopDl;gtpayhsu; xUtuhy;> Gj;jhf;fnkhd;iwr; nra;tjw;fhf xUgf;fk; cm msTila rJu tbt

jl;ilj; jfl;Lj; Jz;nlhd;wpy; fPNo cUtpy; fhl;bAs;sthW epow;wpa gFjpfs; ePf;fg;gl;ld.

4 cm

4 cm

4 cm

A

B

CF D

E

4 cm

kPjpahf cs;s jfl;Lj;Jz;bd; gug;gsT ahJ?

cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2

gf;fePsk; cm cs;s rpwpa rJu Kfpfisf; nfhz;L gf;fePsk; cm cs;s xU rJuKfp Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ngupa rJuKfpapd; %iyfspy; cs;s rpwpa vl;L rJu KfpfisAk; mfw;wpa gpd;du; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;

jpz;kg; nghUspd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT ahJ?

cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2

m ePsKk; m mfyKKs;s nrt;tf fl;llnkhd;Wf;F mj;jpthuj;ij ntl;Ltjw;fhf fapW

,Of;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. %iytpl;lq;fspd; ePsq;fisr; Nrhjpj;jgpd; nrk;ik cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lnjdpd; xU

%iytpl;lj;jpd; ePsk; ahJ?

m m m m m

hA

B

45°30°

10 m

cUtpw; fhl;bAs;sthW m caukhd xU fl;llj;jpd; cr;rp A apypUe;J mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ h cauKs;s epiyf;Fj;J NfhGunkhd;wpd;

cr;rp njd;gLk; Vw;wf;Nfhzk; 45˚ ck;> mf;NfhGuj;jpd; mbapy;

Njhd;Wk; ,wf;ff; Nfhzk; 30˚ MfTk; ,Ug;gpd; NfhGuj;jpd; cauk;

h ,d; ngWkhdk; ahJ?

2 m 3 m m

3 m m

cNyhf mlu; xd;wpdhy; Gdypd; clw;gFjpahdJ cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s mstPLfisf; nfhz;l

Miur;rpiwnahd;wpd; ABCD gFjpiag; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;Gdypd; clw;gFjpapd;

ntspNkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT ahJ?

8 cm 8 cm

D A

B

O

C

5π 2

r10 π cm2

12 π cm2

24 π cm2

28 π cm2

30 π cm2


- 97 -

ntg;gkhdpnahd;wpidg; gbtFf;if nra;tjw;fhf elj;jg;gl;l gupNrhjidnahd;wpd; thrpg;Gf;fSf;F

mika tiuag;gl;l xU tiuG cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ntg;gepiy x mr;rpYk;> ,ur epuypd; cauk;

y mr;rpYk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

h0

h100

100°ntg;gepiy/ ˚C

y

x0

,urepuypd; cauk;/m

m

ntg;gepiy 0˚ C ,y; ,ur epuypd; cauk; hommntg;gepiy 100˚ C ,y; ,ur epuypd; cauk; h100mmMapd; ,t;tiugpd; rkd;ghL>

h0 100

y = x + ho

h100 100

y = x + h100

h100+ho

100y = x + h0

h100 -ho

100y = x + h0

h100 -h0

100y = x + h100

D

2 m

E

C

A

B

2 m3

2 m3fpilahd jiuapd; kPJ epiyf;Fj;jhd ,uz;L fk;gpfisf; nfhz;L ABC nrq;Nfhz

Kf;Nfhz mwptpj;jw; gyifnahd;W epiyf;Fj;jhf epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

AC = BC = 23 Mapd; AE fk;gj;jpd; cauk; 2m MFk;. CD fk;gj;jpd; cauk;

ahJ?

3 m 4 m 5 m6 2 m 8 2 m

gpd;tUk; Neu; epiw vz; guk;giyf; fUJf.

4, 5, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 5, x, y,g;guk;gypd; Mfhuk; 4 vdpd; x + y ,d; kpff; Fiwe;j ngWkhdk;

khztu;fs; cs;s xU tFg;gpy; Gs;spfs; xJf;fg;gl;l xU tpdhj;jhSf;Fg; ngw;w rupahd nkhj;jg;

Gs;spfSf;fhf tiuag;gl;l jpus; kPbwd; tiuG cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

20

10

20

30

40

0 40 60 80 100Gs;sp

khz

tu; vz;zpf;if

,tw;Ws; cau; Gs;sp ngw;w 25 rjtPjkhd khztiu Ntwhf;Fk; Gs;sp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?


- 98 -

8 m

4 mO C

A

B27. fpil epyj;jpd; kPJ xU epiyf;Fj;Jr; Rtupy; rha;e;jpUf;FkhW Xu; Vzp

rha;thf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rtupd; mbapy; ,Ue;J 4 m J}uj;jpy; epyj;jpd;

kPJ Vzp Rtu; kPJ 8 m cauj;jpy; gLkhW itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vzp

eOTtijj; jLg;gjw;F Vzpf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhff; fl;lg;gl;l xU fapw;iwf;

nfhz;L Vzp cWjpahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rtupd; mbapypUe;J Vzpapy;

fapW fl;lg;gl;l Gs;spapd; J}uk;

¥ 5 8

m 1 2

m ¥ 8 5

m 2 m 4 m

gpd;tUk; fzpdp nkd;nghUs;fisf; fUJf.

A Ms Excel B Windows 7 C NetscapeD LinuxNkw;Fwpj;j nkd;nghUs;fSs; nra;gzpj; njhFjpfs; (Operating System) vit?

(A), (B) khj;jpuk;. (B), (C) khj;jpuk;. (C), (D) khj;jpuk;(A), (C) khj;jpuk;. (B), (D) khj;jpuk;.

cs;sPl;L nkd;nghUs;fs; %yk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk; trjpfisf; fUJf.

A ghlq;fspd; (text) vOj;JUit Font Styles khw;Wjy;.

B ghlq;fis (text) ntt;NtW tpjj;jpy; Neu;tupirg;gLj;jy;. (Align)C ntt;NtW fzpjr; nra;iffisg; gad;gLj;jp juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

D ghl mirT+l;lq;fis Animations GFj;Jjy;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j trjpfSs; nrhd;dpiug;gLj;jy; nkd; nghUnshd;wpy; nghJthf fhzg;glhjit

(A), (B) khj;jpuk; (C), (D) khj;jpuk; (A), (C) khj;jpuk;(B), (D) khj;jpuk; (A), (D) khj;jpuk;

ePz;l fl;Liunahd;wpidf; fzpdpj;jpiuapy; mq;Fkpq;Fk; mirj;Jg; ghu;g;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

nghUs; jiyg;Gg; gl;il Title Bar gl;bg;gl;il Menu BarRUs; gl;il Scroll Bar epiyikg; gl;il Status BartiuNfhy; Ruler

nrhy; Kiw topg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpdJ jpiuapy; tiuNfhy; Ruler fhl;lg;gLk; ,lJ Gwg;gFjp

cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,q;F tbtj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ ahJ?

,lJ Gwkhf Neu;tupirg;gLj;jy; Left AligntyJGwkhf Neu;tupirg;gLj;jy; Right Alignjrk Gs;spf;F Neu;tupirg;gLj;jy; Decimal TabglTU (Icon) ,dJ tyJ Gwj;Nj cs;s tupAUit mopj;jy;.

glTU (Icon) ,dJ ,lJ Gwj;Nj cs;s tupAUit mopj;jy;.

tpupjhs; nkd;nghUnshd;wpd; C10 fyj;jpy; Cell cs;s vz;zpd; 30% ngWkhdj;ij D10 fyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhf D10 fyj;jpy; ,lNtz;ba rhu;G ahJ?

#C10*30/100 =C10*30/100 =C10*100/30#C10*100/30 C10*30/100

tpupjhs; nkd;nghUnshd;wpd; C5 fyj;jpy; Cell = $A$1*B5 vDk; Nfhit mlq;fpAs;sjhff; fUJf.

,f;Nfhitia C fyj;jpy; gpujp nra;jhy; C6 fyj;jpy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk; Nfhit gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

=$A$1*B6 =A1*B6 =$A$1*B5 =$A$1*C6 =A1*B5


- 99 -

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s cs;sPL - ntspaPL input-output cj;jpfis ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.

A Rl;b MouseB vz; rhtpg;gyif Numeric Key padC fhl;rpj;jpiu Display PanelD mr;Rg;nghwp PrinterE tiutp PlotterNkw;Fwpj;j cj;jpfSs; tq;fpnahd;wpd; jd;dpaf;f nrhy;yp ,af;fj;jpy; ATM mlq;fpAs;s cj;jpfs;

vit?

(A), (B) khj;jpuk;. (B), (D) khj;jpuk;. (A), (C) khj;jpuk;.(B), (C), (D) khj;jpuk;. (A), (C), (E) khj;jpuk;.

ghyd; jhd; fhe;jDf;F mDg;gpa kpd;dQ;rypd; E-mail fhgd; gpujpfis CC Re;juDf;Fk; uhftDf;Fk;

fl;Gydhfhj fhgd; gpujpfis BCC utpapw;Fk; mDg;gp cs;shu;. ,J njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf;

fUJf.

A Re;juDf;F gpujp mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sjhf> fhe;jd; mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

B uhftDf;F gpujp mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sjhf> fhe;jd; mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

C %tUf;Fk; gpujp mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sjhf utpapdhy; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbahJ.

D ghydplkpUe;J fbjk; mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sjhf utpf;Fg; Gydhtjpy;iy.

Nkw;Fwpj;j $w;WfSs; cz;ikahdit vit?

A), B) khj;jpuk;. B), C) khj;jpuk;. A), C) khj;jpuk;.B), D) khj;jpuk;. A), D) khj;jpuk;.

,izaj;jsk; Internet), tiyaikg;G Web vd;gd njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wfisf; fUJf.

A ,izak; vd;gJ tiyaikg;igf; Web Fwpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kw;WnkhU nrhy;yhFk;.

B tiyaikg;G Web vd;gJ kP ,izfs; Hyperlinks %yk; gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f ,izaj;jpy; cs;s

tsj;jpul;bd; Nru;khdkhFk;.

C ,izak; vd;gJ kPapizfs; Hyperlinks %yk; gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f tiyaikg;gpy; Web cs;s

tsj;jpul;bd; Nru;khdkhFk;.

D ,izak; vd;gJ fzpdp tiyaikg;Gj; jpul;Lf;fshyhd tiyaikg;ghFk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j $w;WfSs; rupahd $w;Wf;fs; vit?

A), B) khj;jpuk;. B), D) khj;jpuk;. A), C) khj;jpuk;.B), C) khj;jpuk;. C), D) khj;jpuk;.

cq;fSila Kd;itg;G Presentation xd;wpdJ Kjw; gf;fj;jpw;F xNuabahfr; nry;tjw;fhd FWfpa top

Short cut ahJ?

mLj;j gf;fk; Next Page rhtpia gad;gLj;Jjy;.

Nky; gf;fk; Page Up rhtpia gad;gLj;Jjy;.

CTRL + Home rhtpia gad;gLj;Jjy;.Ctrl + End rhtpia gad;gLj;Jjy;.Ctrl + Page Down rhtpia gad;gLj;Jjy;.

Nfhz Ntfj;jpd; SI myF ahJ?

m s-1 rad s-1 rad m s-2 rad s-2

L ePsKs;s cUistbt nrg;Gf;Nfhnyhd;wpd; jil R MFk;. mf;Nfhiyg; gad;gLj;jp L ePsKs;s

cUis tbtf; Nfhnyhd;W nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. L ePsKs;s Nfhypd; kpd; jil ahJ?

4 R 2 R R 1/2 R 1/4 R


- 100 -

gpd;tUk; kpd; jil tiyapapy; AB ,w;F ,ilapyhd rktYj; jil ahJ?

A

B

7 Ω

2 Ω

2 Ω

2 Ω

2 Ω

2 Ω

2 Ω

6 Ω 2 Ω

2 Ω 6 Ω 7 Ω 7.5 Ω 8.5 Ω

cNyhfnkhd;wpd; ePl;ly; tpupifj;jpwd; 1.2 × 10-5 0C-1 MFk;. mjd; gug;G tpupifj;jpwd; β khw;W fdtsT tpupifj;jpwd; γ ,w;Fupa rupahd ngWkhdq;fisf; fhl;Lk; Nfhitfs; vit?

β = 1.2 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck; γ = 2.4 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck;

β = 2.4 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck; γ = 4.8 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck;

β = 1.2 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck; γ = 3.6 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck;

β = 2.4 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck; γ = 3.6 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck;

β = 2.4 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck; γ = 2.4 × 10-5 ºC-1 ck;

ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; 20 ˚C apy; xU Fwpj;j msT ePu; cs;sJ. ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 4200 J kg-1 K-1 ck; Mtpahjypd; jd; kiw ntg;gk; 2260 kJ kg-1 MFk;. ,e;j Fwpj;j msT ePupd; ntg;gepiyia 100 ˚C tiu cau;j;Jtjw;fhfr; nrythFk; ntg;gj;jpd; msTf;F> 100 ˚C ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s Fwpj;j msT ePu;

KOjhf Mtpahf;Ftjw;F Njitahd ntg;gj;jpd; msTf;F ,ilapyhd tpfpjk; ahJ?

2100 : 2260 4200 x 80 : 2260 4200 x 80 : 2260 x 10004200 : 2260 x 1000 80 : 2260 x 1000

,iofs;> Mzpfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ru;trkkhd jpzpTila Ie;J tupg;glq;fs; Rtupy;

njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ioapd; ,Oit kpff; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;

mikg;igf; fhl;Lk; cU vJ?

• • • ••• ••

cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s cUis tbt kuf;Fw;wp J}a ePupy; xU gFjp mkpo;e;J

kpjf;fpd;wJ. kuf;Fw;wpapd; gFjp ePupy; mkpo;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wjhapd;

mk;kuf;Fw;wpapd; rhulu;j;jp vt;tsT?

ePu;j;njhl;bnahd;wpd; mbapy; cs;s Msp jd;dpaf;fkhf njhlu;gWf;fg;gLtjw;F (Off) Mtjw;F 20000 N m-2 mKf;fk;> ePupdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf> Msp mike;Js;s kl;lj;jpypUe;J ePu; epug;g

Ntz;ba kpff;Fiwe;j msT cauk; vt;tsT?

0.02 m 0.2 m 2 m 6.4 m 20 m


- 101 -

10% rf;jp ,og;Gs;s fpNud; (Crane) xd;wpd; %yk; 100 kg jpzpTs;s ,Uk;Gf;Fw;wpnahd;wpid 13.5 m cauj;jpw;F epiyf;Fj;jhf cau;j;Jtjw;fhf fpNud; tpuak; nra;Ak; rf;jpapd; msT vt;tsT?

150 N m 1500 N m 13500 N m 15000 N m 16500 N m

ff;jp $u;ikahf;Fk; rhizf;fy;nyhd;wpd; rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gk; 2 kg m2 MFk;. mjd; kPJ njhLk;

ff;jpnahd;wpdhy; rhizf;fy;ypd; Row;rpf;F vjpuhf 1 N m KWf;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjhapd; rhizf;fy;ypd;

kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Nfhz mku;KLfy; vt;tsT?

0.05 rad s-2 0.5 rad s-2 1 rad s-2 1.05 rad s-2 2.00 rad s-2

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

B

A

kpd; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s flj;jpg; gPypfs; ,uz;bd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;s 24 cm ePsKs;s AB flj;jpf;Nfhy; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkw;Fwpj;j mikg;G itf;fg;gl;Ls;s jsj;Jf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf jsj;jpDs;

cs;s fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; gha mlu;j;jp 0.5 T ck;> Nfhypd; Clhfg; ghAk; Xl;lk; 4 A ck; MFk;. Nfhypd;

kPJ Vw;gLk; tpirapd; gUkidAk; jpiriaAk; rupahff; fhl;LtJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

0.48 N, ,lJ Gwkhf 0.48 N, tyJ Gwkhf 4.8 N, ,lJ Gwkhf4.8 N, tyJ Gwkhf 48 N, tyJ Gwkhf

600g

,wg;gu; thnuhd;wpy; 600 g Rik njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sNghJ ePl;rp 4 cm MFk;. ,wg;gu;

thupy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kPs;jd;ik mOj;jr; rf;jp vt;tsT?

0.12 J 0.24 J 1.2 J2.4 J 24 J

- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -1.25 m

vmyq;fhu kPd;tsu;g;G njhl;bnahd;wpypUe;J ePiu ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf ,iw Fohnahd;W gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

re;ju;g;gk; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwFohapd; tspf;F jpwe;Js;s Kid njhl;bapd; ePu; kl;lj;jpy;

,Ue;J 1.25 m J}uk; fPohf mike;Js;sJ. jpwe;j Kidapd; topNa ePu; ntspNaWk;NghJ ePu;g;gputhfj;jpd;

fjp v) vt;tsT?2.5 m s-1 5 m s-1 10 m s-1 25 m s-1 30 m s-1

* * *


- 102 -


gj;jpuk; II

Fwpg;G

A gFjpapd; vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.

B, C, D gFjpfspypUe;J Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU tpdh tPjNkDk; njupT nra;J nkhj;jk; ehd;F tpdhf;fSf;F

tpiljUf.

mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

gFjp A

(A) capu;f;Nfhsj;jpy; ntt;NtW #oy; epge;jidfSf;F ,irthf;fkile;jthW thOk; Ez;zq;fpfs;

jw;fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fspy; ghupa msT gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. mtw;Ws; gpujhdkhd

xU Ez;zq;fp $l;lkhfpa gw;wPupahtpd; tiff;Fupa mikg;G fPNo cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

P

QR

S

T

(i) cUtpy; P, Q, R, S, T Mfpa gFjpfisg; ngaupLf.

P Q R S T

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) gw;wPupahf;fis mtw;wpd; cUttpaYf;F mika $l;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mtw;Ws; %d;W $l;lq;fis

cUttpaypd;gb tiue;J mf;$l;lq;fisg; ngaupLf.

(06 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) xl;rprd; rhu;ghff; fhl;Lk; njhlu;Gf;F mika gw;wPupahf;fis gpujhdkhf ehd;F $l;lq;fshfg;

tFf;fyhk;. me;ehd;F $l;lq;fSk; fPNo ml;ltiz A apy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mt;ntht;nthU

$l;lj;Jf;Fupa xt;Nthu; cjhuzj;jpid ml;ltiz B ,ypUe;J njupT nra;J ml;ltiz A ,y; cs;s ntw;wplq;fspy; epug;Gf.

ml;ltiz A ml;ltiz B

Rthr Kiw cjhuzk; Micobacterium spp

fhw;W thop Lactobacillus spp

mikaj;jpNfw;w fhw;wpd;wp thop Staphyllococcus spp

fl;Lg;gl;l fhw;wpd;wp thop Escherichia coli

Ez;fhw;W thop Clostridium spp

(08 Gs;spfs;)


- 103 -

(iv) kPsr;NrUk; DNA njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mq;fpnahd;wpid Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; nra;Kiw kpfr;

rpf;fyhdjhapDk; mjid gpujhdkhd ehd;F gbKiwfspy; fhl;lyhk;. mg;gbKiwfs; ahit?

(08 Gs;spfs;)

(B) capu; Kiwikfspy; fhzg;gLk; ,uz;L gy;rf;fiul;Lfspd; mikg;G A, mikg;G B vd fPNo

jug;gl;Ls;sd.

β-1, 4 fpisf;Nfhrpbf; gpizg;G

Ο Ο

Ο

O H

H

H

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

Ο

Ο

Ο

mikg;G A

CH2OH CH2OH

CH2OH CH2OHCH2

Ο Ο

Ο

Ο

Ο

Ο Ο

Ο

Ο

Ο Ο

Ο

Η

Η Η Η

Η

Η

Η

ΟΗ

ΟΗ

ΟΗ

ΟΗ

ΟΗ

ΟΗ

ΟΗ

ΟΗ

ΟΗ

ΟΗ

α-1, 6 fpisf;Nfhrpbf; gpizg;G

α-1, 4 fpisf;Nfhrpbf; gpizg;G

mikg;G B Nkw;Fwpj;j A, B Mfpa mikg;Gf;fSs;>

i) nrYNyhRf;F cjhuzkhf mikAk; mikg;G vJ?

(02 Gs;spfs;)

ii) khg;nghUSf;F cjhuzkhf mikAk; mikg;G vJ?

(02 Gs;spfs;)

iii) Nkw;gb gy;rf;fiul;Lf;fspd; Mf;ff; $whf mikAk; xU rf;fiul;L vJ?

(05 Gs;spfs;)

iv) Nrkpg;Gg; gy;rf;fiul;lhfpa fpisf;NfhrdhdJ mikg;G uPjpapy; A, B Mfpatw;Ws; ve;j mikg;G

xw;Wikfisf; fhl;Lk;?

(05 Gs;spfs;)


- 104 -

v) kdpj czTr; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjpapy; nrYNyhR rkpghliltjpy;iy. mjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

(05 Gs;spfs;)

vi) nrYNyhrpd; ifj;njhopw; gad;fs; ,uz;L jUf.

(10 Gs;spfs;) vii) khg;nghUs; α- mikNyR vDk; nehjpaj;jpdhy; Nkhy;Nuhrhf cilf;fg;gLk;. α- mikNyR nehjpaj;jpd;

njhopw;ghl;il khw;wj;jf;f %d;W epge;jidfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(15 Gs;spfs;)

viii) nehjpaq;fspd; ifj;njhopw; gad;ghl;Lf;fhd %d;W cjhuzq;fs; jUf.

(15 Gs;spfs;)

(C) fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$whdJ epuk;gpa nfhOg;gkpyk;> epuk;ghf; nfhOg;gkpyk;> fpsprNuhy;

gFjp Mfpatw;wpd; Nru;f;ifahy; cUthfpAs;sJ.

O

O

O X

Y

Z

O

O

O C

C

C

HC

H2C

H2C

]

}

}]

i) Nkw;Fwpj;j ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$wpy;> epuk;gpa nfhOg;gkpyk;> epuk;ghf; nfhOg;gkpyk;> fpsprNuhy; gFjp>

Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; vOj;ij vOJf.

epuk;gpa nfhOg;gkpyk;

epuk;ghf; nfhOg;gkpyk;

fpsprNuhy; gFjp

(2 x 3 Gs;spfs;)

ii) Njq;fhnaz;nza;> khfupd; Mfpatw;Ws; $Ljyhd msT epuk;gpa nfhOg;gkpyj;ijf; nfhz;lJ vJ?

(03 Gs;spfs;)


- 105 -

02. A3B vDk; ,urhadf; Nru;itia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ifj;njhopw; nrad;Kiw cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

A , B vd;gd A3B Nru;itia cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg;nghUs;fshFk;.

miwntg;gepiyapy; A xU jpz;kkhfTk; B xU jputkhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.

jputk; A (70 ˚C)

jputk; B (70 ˚C)

jhf;f miw

A3B (80 ˚C)

(i) ,e;jj; jhf;f miwapy; epfOk; rf;jpg;gupkhw;wj;ijAk; rlg;nghUs; gupkhw;wj;ijAk; fUJf.

(a) mjw;fika ,J ve;j tif KiwikahFk;?

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(b) jhf;f miwapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J #oYf;F ntg;gk; ,of;fg;gLk; gpujhdkhd Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(05 Gs;spfs;)

jhf;f miwapy; A Ak; B Ak; jhf;fk; Gupe;J A3B cw;gj;jpahFk;. jhf;f miwapDs; 70 ˚C apy; fhzg;gLk;

A, B jputq;fis mDg;gp ed;F fyf;fg;gLtNjhL> Gujj;jpypUe;J ntg;gk; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,Wjpapy;

A3B ,izj; jhf;f miwapypUe;J ntspNa vLf;Fk;NghJ A3B ,dJ ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho 80 ˚C MFk;.

(a) A Ak; B Ak; jhf;fk;Gupe;J A3B cw;gj;jpahjYf;Fupa rkg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,urhadr; rkd;ghl;il vOJf.

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(b) jhf;f miwapDs; ntg;gepiy cau;tjw;fhd fhuzk; vJthf ,Uf;fyhk;?

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(c) (i) jhf;fp A ,d; nrwpitf; nfhz;L> A tpuakhFk; tPjj;jpw;fhd xU Nfhitia vOJf.

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) jhf;fp A ,d; nrwpitf; nfhz;L> A3B cw;gj;jpahFk; tPjj;Jf;fhd xU Nfhitia vOJf.

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(d) jput A Ald; kpifahf jput B fyf;fg;gl;lJ. xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpd; gpd;du;> A ,d; nrwpT NtWghL0.18 mol L-1 Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,j;juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp A3B Njhw;Wjypd; ,iltPjj;ijf;

fzpf;Ff.

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(e) jhf;f miwapDs; A3B Njhd;Wk; tPjj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ifahsj;jf;f Xu; cj;jpiag;

Fwpg;gpLf.

(05 Gs;spfs;)


- 106 -

A, B, A3B Mfpatw;wpd; cUFepiy> nfhjpepiy Mfpad ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. jhf;f

miwapypUe;J ntspNa vLf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; A3B ,d; ntg;gepiy Vw;wk; 80 ˚C MFk;. ,t;thwhf

ntspNa vLf;Fk; A3B nghJthd #oy; epge;jidfspd; fPo; miw ntg;gepiyia (30 ˚C) ia mila

,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nru;it cUFepiy ˚C nfhjpepiy ˚C A 50 150

B -10 90 A3B 60 300

(a) Nkw;gb juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp A3B ,w;fhd Fspuy; tisapia tiuf.

(15 Gs;spfs;)

(b) A3B ,dJ jpz;k> jput> jpz;k-jput epiyfspy; fhzg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis ePq;fs; NkNy tiue;j

Fspuy; tisapapy; Fwpg;gpLf.

(15 Gs;spfs;)

(c) Fspuy; tisapapy; gbj;jpwdpd; %yk;> Fspuy; tPjk; njhlu;ghd fUj;J jug;gLk;. mjw;fika jpz;k>

jput> jpz;k-jput tyaq;fspd; gbj;jpwd; G+r;rpakhFkh? Fiwthd ngWkhdk; ngWkh? cau;thd

ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWkh? cq;fs; Kbitg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gpLf.

tyak; gbj;jpwd;

jpz;k A3Bjpz;k-jput A3Bjput A3B

(15 Gs;spfs;)

mlu;j;jp Jzpag;gl Ntz;ba cNyhfj; Jz;nlhd;W cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ rPuhd rpy kpy;ypkPw;wu;

jbg;Gs;s rJutbtj; jfl;bypUe;J tl;ltbtj; Jis ntl;b ePf;fg;gl;L Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; xUgf;f

ePsk; rpy nrd;wpkPw;wu;fshFk;. jbg;G rpy kpy;ypkPw;wu;fshFk;.

(i) Jisapd; cs;tpl;lj;ij msf;f Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mjw;fhf Ntzpau;

,Lf;fpkhdpapd; vg;gFjp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.?

(05 Gs;spfs;)


- 107 -

(ii) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; jhilfs; xd;Wlndhd;W njhLifaile;J fhzg;gLk;

re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjd; msTj;jpl;lk; mike;jpUf;Fk; tpjk; fPNo cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(a) ,q;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sjw;fpzq;f Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; G+r;rpa tO vt;tsT?

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(b) mg;ngWkhdj;ij thrpg;Gld; $l;lNtz;Lkh? fopf;f Ntz;Lkh? vdf; Fwpf;f.

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) Jisapd; tpl;lj;ij msg;gjw;fhf Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ngw;w %d;W thrpg;Gf;fs;

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

14.5 mm, 14.3 mm, 14.4 mm

Nkw;Fwpj;j thrpg;Gf;fisAk;> Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapy; cs;s ,opntz;zpf;ifiaAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L

Jisapd; ,il tpl;lj;ijf; fzpf;Ff.

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(iv) Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapdhy; msf;fg;gl;l jfl;bd; jbg;G 3.2 mm Mf ,Ue;jJ.

(a) mstPl;bd; gpd;d tOitf; fzpf;f

(10 Gs;spfs;)(b) mstPl;bd; rjtPj tOitf; fzpf;f

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(v) rjtPj tOitf; fUJifapy; jfl;bd; jbg;ig mstpLtjw;fhf Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpia tplTk;

nghUj;jkhd Ma;T$l cgfuzk; ahJ?

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(vi) Jisapd; tpl;lk; d vdTk; rJuj;jpd; gf;f ePsk; a vDk; jfl;bd; jbg;G t vdTk; nfhz;L>

cNyhfg;gFjpapd; fdtsT v ,w;Fupa xU Nfhitia vOJf.

(15 Gs;spfs;)

(vii) (a) cNyhfj;Jz;bd; mlu;j;jpiaj; Jzptjw;fhf ngw Ntz;ba kw;iwa mstPL ahJ?

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(b) NkNy (a) ,y; Fwpg;gpl;l mstPl;ilg; ngWtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzk; ahJ?

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(c) NkNy (b) ,y; Fwpg;gpl;l cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ngw;w thrpg;ig x vdf; nfhz;L cNyhfj;jpd;

mlu;j;jp ρ ,w;Fupa xO Nfhitia vOJf.

(10 Gs;spfs;)


- 108 -

(viii) Nkw;gb mstPLfisg; ngwy;> fzpj;jy; Mfpad rupahfr; nra;ag;gl;l NghjpYk;> gupNrhjid uPjpapy;

mwpag;gl;l cNyhfj;Jz;bd; mlu;j;jp> mt;TNyhfj;jpd; cz;ikahd mlu;j;jpapYk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jJ.

,jw;Ff; fhuzkhfj;jf;f xU tplaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(10 Gs;spfs;)

fpilahd jiuapd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; 500 kg jpzpTs;s nfhq;fpuPw;Wj; jPuhe;jpfis cau;j;Jtjw;fhf> cau;j;jp

thfdnkhd;W (fpNud;) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gk; fPNo cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cau;j;jpg;nghwpapd;

jpzpT 20000 kg MFk;. mjd; AB Gaj;jpd; jpzpT 2000 kg MFk;. thfdj;jpdJk; AB Gaj;jpdJk; epiw njhopw;gLk; Gs;spfshfpa <u;g;Gikaq;fs; KiwNa E, F vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

2.5 m 10 m

A

X

QC_

P R 30˚ 30˚

B

• F

Y

E •

E Gs;spahdJ> cau;j;jp thfdj;jpd; gpd;Gw me;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J 2.5 m J}uj;jpy; mike;Js;sNjhL> F Gs;sp AB Gaj;jpd; eLg;Gs;sp MFk;. epiwia cau;j;Jk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; thfdj;jpd; rpy;Yfs; epy kl;lj;jpypUe;J

NkNy cau;j;jg;gl;L> Kw;Gwkhf X, X´ vDk; Gwj;Nj Y, Y´ vdTk; ngaupl;Ls;s ehd;F jhq;fpfs; kPJ

jhq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. X´, Y´ jhq;fpfs; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. cUtpy; tlj;jpdJk; nfhSf;fpapdJk;

jpzpT Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f msTilaJ. GtpaPu;g;G Mu;KLfy; 10 ms-2 vdf; fUJf.

(a) (i) jpuhe;jpapd; kPJ njhopw;gLk; tpirfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) cUtpy; fhl;bAs;sthW xU jpuhe;jp khj;jpuk; cau;j;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; BC tlj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,Otpiriaf; fhz;f.

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) PQR tlj;jpd; ,Otpir vt;tsT?

(15 Gs;spfs;)

(b) BC tlj;jpd; ,Otpir xU Fwpg;gpl;l ngWkhdj;ij tpl mjpfupf;Fkhapd; cau;j;jp thfdk; (Crane) FilrhAk;.

(i) Nkw;gb epge;jidapd; fPo; cau;j;jp thfdk; FilrhAk; (GuSk;) mr;irf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) cau;j;jp thfdk; FilrhahjpUf;f BC tlj;jpdhy; jhq;ff;$ba cr;r ,Otpir ahJ?

(15 Gs;spfs;)


- 109 -

(iii) cau;j;jp thfdk; FilrhahjthW xNu jlitapy; cau;j;jj;jf;f jpuhe;jpfspd; vz;zpf;if

ahJ?

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(iv) Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW ehd;F jhq;fpfspd; kPJ cau;j;jp thfdk; jhq;fg;gl;bUg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij

tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf tpsf;Ff.

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(c) ngUe;njUnthd;wpd; Xuj;jpy; xU gs;sj;jpy; tpOe;Js;s Nkhl;lhu; fhu; xd;wpid cau;j;Jtjw;fhf

,e;j cau;j;jp thfdj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. Nkhl;lu; thfdk; ngUe;njUtpypUe;J 4 m fPohf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; jpzpT 2000 kg MFk;.

(i) Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;ijg; ngUe;njUtpd;kPJ cau;j;jp itg;gjw;fhfr; nra;aNtz;ba Ntiyapd;

msT ahJ?

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) cz;ikapy; cau;j;jpapdhy; tpuakhf;fg;gLk; rf;jpapd; mythdJ> Nkw;gb ngWkhdj;jpYk;

$LjyhdjhFk;. mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijj; jUf.

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) cau;j;jpapd; tlk; Rw;wg;gl;Ls;s cUisapd; Miu 0.5 m Mapd; Nkhl;lu; thfdj;ij

cau;j;Jtjw;fhf cUisapd;kPJ njhopw;glNtz;ba KWf;fk; vt;tsT?

(10 Gs;spfs;)

* *


- 110 -

gFjp B - fl;Liu tif

gpd;tUtd xU tFg;gpy; cs;s 10 khztu;fs; fzpjghl Nrhjidnahd;wpy; ngw;w Gs;spfs; MFk;.

,g;Gs;spg; guk;gypd;>

(i) Mfhuk;> ,il> ,ilak; Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f. (15 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) Gs;spg;guk;gypd; Kjyhk; fhyiz Q1 ,uz;lhk; fhyiz Q2 %d;whk; fhyiz Q3 Mfpatw;iwf;

fhz;f.

(45 Gs;spfs;)(iii) Gs;spg; guk;gypd; fhyiz ,il tPr;irf; fhz;f. (15 Gs;spfs;)

(iv) xt;nthU Gs;spAlDk; x Gs;sp tPjk; $l;ba gpd;du; fhyiz ,iltPr;R ahJ? ckJ tpilia

tpsf;Ff. (50 Gs;spfs;)

(v) guk;gypd; fhyiz ,iltPr;ir khw;whJ mg;guk;gypd; ruhrupg; ngWkhdk; 50 MFkhW Gs;spfis

khw;w KbAkh? cq;fs; tpilf;Ff; fhuzk; fhl;Lf. (25 Gs;spfs;)

(i) r MiuAs;s %ba Nfhstbt njhl;bnahd;wpdJk;> mbapd; Miu r ck; cauk; h ck; cs;s Neupa

%ba tl;l cUistbtj; njhl;bnahd;wpdJk; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT rkkhdJ vdf; fhl;Lf.

(30 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) Nkw;gb ,uz;L njhl;bfsJk; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT rkkhdjhapDk; Nfhs tbtj; njhl;bapd;

nfhs;ssT $LjyhdJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lf.

(20 Gs;spfs;)

B

R

A

TP

C

Q

20 m

20 m

20 m

(iii) 5 m MiuAs;s Nfhstbtj; njhl;bfs; %d;iwf; nfhz;L>

vz;izf; fsQ;rpaf; fl;llj;njhFjpnahd;W mikg;gjw;F

jpl;lkpLeu; xUtu; njuptpj;Js;shu;. njhl;bfspd;

ikaq;fis rkjskhd epyaj;jpy; A, B, C Mfpa

Gs;spfSf;F rupahf NkNy jhgpf;fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

me;epyj;jpd; Xu; myF 1 m MFkhwhd Ms;$w;Wj;

jskhdJ cs;sjhff; fUJk;NghJ A ≡ (0,0), B ≡ (20,0) > C ≡ (10, 10 3 ) MFk;.

a A, B, C Gs;spfs;> rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; cr;rpfspy; mikAk; vdf; fhl;Lf. (50 Gs;spfs;)

b cUtpy; fhl;bAs;sthW PQR Kf;Nfhzpapd; topNa ghJfhg;G Ntypnahd;W mikf;f Neupl;Ls;sJ.

mt;Ntypapd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

3 = 1.7 vdf; fUJf. (50 Gs;spfs;)


- 111 -

gFjp C - fl;Liu tif

(a) fhgd; tl;lj;jpd; rkepiy> Gtpapd; midj;J mq;fpfsJk; ,Ug;Gf;Fj; Jizahfpd;wJ. fhgd;

tl;lj;ijr; Nru;e;j tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; $Wfspd; fl;likg;gpy; kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfs;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wik fhuzkhf #oypy; gy;NtW fhw;wpy; rpf;fy;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. ,jw;F

gpujhdkhf fhgdPnuhl;irl;L CO2) nkNjd; (CH4) Mfpa thAf;fs; fhuzkhfpAs;sd.

(i) tspAld; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L NrUk; gpujhdkhd ,aw;ifahd ,uz;L topfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) tspAld; nkNjd; NrUk; gpujhdkhd ,aw;ifahd nrad;Kiwiar; RUf;fkhf tptupf;Ff.

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf> nkNjd;> fhgdPnuhl;irl;L Mfpad tspkz;lyj;jpy; NrUk;

gpujhdkhd xt;nthU topiaf; Fwpg;gpLf. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(iv) tspkz;lyj;jpy; nkNjd;> fhgdPnuhl;irl;L Mfpatw;wpd; kl;lk; cau;tjhy; Vw;gLk; gpujhdkhd

#ow; gpur;rpid ahJ? (05 Gs;spfs;)

(v) NkNy (iv) ,y; ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l #ow;gpur;rpid cUthFk; tpjj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;Ff.

(20 Gs;spfs;)

(b) Gtpapd; mq;fpfspd; ,Ug;G kPJ XNrhd; gil (tpjhdk;) ghupa gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpd;wJ. XNrhd; thA>

#upadpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; ghjfkhd fopA+jhf; fjpu;fs; Gtpia miltijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

(i) XNrhd; %yk; ghjfkhd fopA+jhf; fjpu;fs; cwpQ;rg;gLk; nghwpKiwiaj; jUf. (10 Gs;spfs;) (ii) XNrhd; gilf;Fr; Nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; gpujhd ,urhadg; nghUs; $l;lk; ahJ? (05 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) NkNy gFjp (ii) ,y; ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,urhadg;nghUs; $l;lj;jpdhy; XNrhd; gil Nja;tilAk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fk; nghwpKiwnahd;iwj; jUf. (20 Gs;spfs;)

(iv) Nkw;gb gFjp (ii) ,y; ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l> ifj;njhopy; ,urhadg; nghUs; $l;lj;jpw;Fupa xU khw;wPlhf XNrhd; giliar; Nrjg;gLj;j ifj;njhopy; ,urhadg; nghUs; $l;lj;ig; ngaupLf.

,t;tpurhadg; nghUs; $l;lk; XNrhd; gilf;F ghjfkhf miktjd; fhuzj;ij tptupf;F.

(20 Gs;spfs;)

(c) Nrjdg; nghUs;fs;> ghu cNyhfq;fs; Mfpait xl;rprd; Nfs;tpia mjpfupf;Fk; gpujhdkhd ,uz;L

ePu; khrhf;fpfshFk;.

(i) xt;nthU khrhf;fpg; nghUSk; ePUld; NrUk; xt;nthU topapidf; Fwpg;gpLf. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) Nkw;gb xt;nthU khrhf;fpiaAk; ePupypUe;J ePf;fj;jf;f gupfupg;G Kiw xt;nthd;W tPjk;

tptupf;Ff. (15 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) Nkw;gb khrhf;fpfs; ePUld; Nru;tij ,optsthf;Ftjw;fhf ifahsj;jf;f jpz;k fopTg;nghUs;

Kfhikr; nrad;Kiwnahd;iwr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff. (20 Gs;spfs;)


- 112 -

(A) jhtu vz;iziag; gad;gLj;jp> tzpf uPjpapy; rtu;f;fhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nrad;Kiw fPNo

tupg;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mk;%yg; nghUs;fSk; ,il tpisTfSk; M1, M2, M3, ..... vd;wthwhfTk;> gbKiw P1, P2, P3 ...... vd;wthwhfTk; FwpaPLfshy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

jhtu vz;nza;

tpisTf; fyit

jhf;f miw

M1

fpsprNuhy; mlq;fpa ePu;k cg;Gf; fiury;

eLepiyg;gLj;jpa rtu;f;fhuk;

ePu;k cg;Gf; fiury;

M5

gpiud; fiury;

rtu;f;fhuk;KbTg;nghUs;

M2

M3

M4

Nrhbaikjnuhl;irl;Lf; fiury;

P2

P1

P3

P4

M1 tpisit gpiud; fiurypdhy;fOTjy;

epug;gpfSk;

Nru;khdg;

nghUs;fSk;

Nru;j;jy;

fyj;jy;

a) (i) Nkw;Fwpj;j M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 Mfpa FwpaPLfSf;F xg;ghd %yg; nghUs;fisAk; ,il

tpisTfisAk; ngaupLf. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg; nghUs;fspd; ngsjpf ,urhad ,ay;Gfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mtw;iwj; jhf;f miwapDs; nghwpKiw uPjpapy; fyg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr;

RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff. (20 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) Nkw;Fwpj;j P1, P2, P3 , P4 vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s gbKiwfspd;NghJ eilngWgtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(20 Gs;spfs;)


- 113 -

(b) ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs; ahTk; ,aw;ifad;idapd; mupa gilg;Gf;fshFk;. fNgapd; vd;gJ Xu; ,aw;if

cw;gj;jpahFk;. mJ X vDk; xU %yKjypy; mlq;fpAs;s Xu; capuurhadr; Nru;itahFk;. ,aw;if

cw;gj;jpfs; njhlu;ghfg; gapYk; xU khztdhy; Ma;T$lj;jpy; fhNgapd; gpupj;njLg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk;

gbKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld.

ntg;gNkw;wg;gl;l Nrhbak; fhgNdw;Wf; fiurYld; X %yKjypd; Vwj;jho 12 g Ir; Nru;j;J Vwj;jho 30 epkpl Neuk; ed;F ntg;gNkw;wg;gl;lJ. mf;fyit rw;Wf; Fspu;r;rpaile;j gpd;du; tbj;Jg; ngw;w

fLikahd epwKila fiury; miw ntg;gepiyia milAk; tiu Fsputplg;gl;lJ. fhNgapd; ed;F

fiuaj;jf;f Y vDk; Nrjdf; fiug;ghd;> gFjp gFjpahf mf;fiurYld; Nru;j;J nkJthf swirlfyf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; gpupGdiyf;nfhz;L Y Nrjdg; gilAk; ePu;g;gilAk; Ntwhf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thwhf %d;W jlit Y Nrjdg; gilAld; fhNgapd; gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupj;njLj;jNrjdg; gilfisr; Nru;j;J ePiu ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf Z vDk; ,urhad Nru;it Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fiuriy tbj;J> Z I ePf;fpa gpd;du; Nrjdf; fiug;ghd; Y ,id Mtpahf;fp ntspNaw;wp> fNgapd; Ntwhf;fg;gl;lJ.

(i) \fNgapd;| gpupj;njLg;gjw;fhf> Ma;T$lj;jpy;X ,w;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ,yFthff; fpilf;fj;jf;f ,aw;if %yKjnyhd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) fNgapd; gpupj;njLg;gpd;NghJ> gpd;tUk; xt;nthU gbKiwiaAk; gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd xt;nthU

fhuzk; tPjk; tpsf;Ff.

(a) X If; nfhz;L jahupj;j fiuriy miwntg;gepiy tiu Fspur; nra;J gpd;du; Y vDk;

Nrjdf; fiug;ghidr; Nru;j;jy;. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(b) Y vDk; fiug;ghd; gFjp gFjpahf Nru;f;fg;gLjYk; %d;W jlitfs; gpupj;njLj;jYk;.

(10 Gs;spfs;)(c) fLikahd epwKila fiurYld; Y vDk; Nrjdf; fiug;ghidr; Nru;j;J nkJthf Roy;

swirl Kiwapy; fyf;Fjy;. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) Nkw;Fwpj;j gpupj;njLg;ig NkYk; tpidj;jpwdhdthW epfo;j;Jtjw;fhf Y fiug;ghdpy; fhzg;glNtz;ba %d;W ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. (15 Gs;spfs;)

(iv) ghlrhiy Ma;T$lj;jpy; fNgapd; gpupj;njLg;Gf;fhfg; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Y Nrjdf;

fiug;ghidf; Fwpg;gpLf. (05 Gs;spfs;)

(v) Nrjdg; gilapypUe;J ePiu ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhfg; ggad;gLj;jpa Z vDk; Nru;itf;F Xu; cjhuzk;

jUf. (05 Gs;spfs;)

(vi) Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhfg; gpupj;njLj;j J}a;ik Fiwthd fNgapd; khjpupapypUe;J J}a fNgapidg; ngWtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUj;jkhd xU cj;jpiaf; / El;gKiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(vii) fNgapd; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,uz;L ifj;njhopy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(viii),aw;if cj;jpfspd; mbg;gilahd ghFghl;bd; gb fNgapd; MdJ Jiz mDNrgp tifapNyNa

mlq;Fk;.Kjd;ikahd kw;Wk; Jizahd mDNrgpfSf;F ,ilapyhd ,uz;L NtWghLfisj;

jUf. (20 Gs;spfs;)


- 114 -

gFjp D - fl;Liu tif

(a) Fspayiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 28 °C ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s ePiu 38 °C ntg;gepiyf;F khw;wp xU epkplj;Jf;F 1.4 yPw;wu; vDk; tPjj;jpy; toq;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

(i) ePupd; mlu;j;jp 1000 kg m-3 Mapd;> xU epkplj;jpy; toq;f Ntz;ba ePupd; jpzpit> fpNyhfpuhk;fspy;

fhz;f. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) xU kdpjd; Fspg;gjw;F 8 epkpl Neuj;Js; toq;fg;gLk; nte;ePu; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 4200 J kg-1 K-1 Mapd;> me;Neuj;Js; ePUf;F toq;fNtz;ba ntg;gj;jpd; msitf;

fzpf;Ff. (20 Gs;spfs;)

(iii) Nkw;Fwpj;j gzpf;Fj; Njitahd ntg;gj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhf 1000 W ntg;g %yfnkhd;W (Element) gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; 8 epkpl Neuj;Js; mt;ntg;g %yj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; msitf;

fzpf;Ff. (15 Gs;spfs;)

(iv) ,t;Ntiyapd;NghJ ntg;g %yj;jpypUe;J ntg;gk; ,of;fg;gLk; tPjj;ijf; fhz;f. (25 Gs;spfs;)

(b) ePu; cau;j;jpnahd;wpd; Hydraulic jack) gpujhd gFjpfSk; mikg;Gk; fPNo cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5 cm

100 cm

C

A

YX

P Q

F

T njhl;b

B

glk; -

X, Y Mfpa ,uz;L MLjz;Lfspd; FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsT KiwNa 20 cm2 ck; 2 cm2 MtNjhL mit

ngupa cUisapDs;Sk; rpwpa cUisapDs;Sk; xg;gkhf ,aq;fj;jf;fthW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,uz;L cUisfspDs;Sk; T njhl;bapYk; neUq;fU jputnkhd;W mlq;fpAs;sJ. AB nek;G Nfhy; A ,y; Royj;jf;fthW nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfhypd;kPJ B apdhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; F tpirapd; %yk; Y MLjz;bd; kPJ tpir gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. P, Q Mfpa ,lq;fspy; xU Gwkhf khj;jpuk; jpwf;Fk; ,uz;L

thy;Tfs; Valve nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

(i) ePupay; cau;j;jpapd; njhopw;ghl;bw;Fupa ngsjpftpay; Nfhl;ghl;il vOjp tpsf;Ff. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) cgfuzk; rupahfj; njhopw;gLtjw;fhf cU ,y; P, Q Mfpa ,lq;fspypUe;J cU 3 ,y; fhl;bAs;sthW

,uz;L thy;Tfisg; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;. cU 2 I tpilj;jhspy; gpujp nra;J> P, Q Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

thy;Tfisr; rupahfg; nghUj;jNtz;ba tpjj;ij tiue;J fhl;Lf. (10 Gs;spfs;)

P Q cU cU

(iii) B me;jj;jpd; kPJ 100 N tpir gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;NghJ Y MLjz;bd; kPJ njhopw;gLk; tpir vt;tsT?

(15 Gs;spfs;)(iv) Y MLjz;bdhy; jputj;jpd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; mKf;fk; vt;tsT? (10 Gs;spfs;)(v) NkNy gFjp (iv) ,y; Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpy; X MLjz;bd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; tpirapd;; gUkidAk;

jpiriaAk; Fwpg;gpLf. (15 Gs;spfs;)(vi) nek;GNfhiy xU jlit gjpf;Fk;NghJ Y MLjz;L 10 cm msT fPo;Nehf;fp nry;fpd;wjhapd; X

MLjz;il 10 cm msT cau;j;Jtjw;fhf nek;GNfhiy vj;jid jlit fPo;Nehf;fpj; js;Sjy;

Ntz;Lk; vdf; fhz;f. (20 Gs;spfs;)


- 115 -

(a) ,io kpd; tpsf;nfhd;wpy; 4 V, 2 W vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.(i) NkNy fhl;lg;gl;lthW Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ? (05 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) ,e;j ,io kpd; tpsf;F Fwpj;j gpufhrj;Jld; (rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy;) xspUk;NghJ ,ioapd; jil vt;tsthFk;? (05 Gs;spfs;)

(b) kpd;dpaf;f tpir 6 V MfTs;s> Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f mfj;jilf;nfhz;l NeNuhl;l toq;fnyhd;W>

8 Ω > 16 Ω jilapfs; ,uz;L> ,yl;rpa Nthw;Wkhdp xd;W Mfpad xU khztDf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(i) Nkw;Fwpj;j ,uz;L jilfisAk;> NeNuhl;l toq;fiyAk; gad;gLj;jp mOj;jj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mOj;jg; gpupg;Gr; Rw;nwhd;wpid mikf;Fk; tpjj;ij Rw;W tupglk; %yk;

fhl;Lf. (10 Gs;spfs;)(ii) mj;jilapf;F FWf;fhfTs;s mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ijf; fzpf;Ff. (05 Gs;spfs;)(iii) mj;jilapf;F FWf;fhf ,yl;rpa Nthy;w;W khdpiaj; njhLg;gpd; fpilf;Fk; thrpg;Gf;fs;

ahit? (05 Gs;spfs;)

(c) 16 Ω jilapf;Ff; FWf;fhf NkNy (a) ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,io tpsf;ifj; njhLj;J mjid xspur;

nra;a mk;khztd; fUJfpd;whd;. vdpDk; mk;kpd; Fkpio xspur; nra;a Kbatpy;iy. tpsf;Ff;Fk;

jilapf;Fk; FWf;Nf ,yl;rpa Nthy;w;Wkhdpiaj; njhLj;jNghJ thrpg;G 2 V vdf; fhl;baJ.(i) ,io tpsf;F njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ijr; Rw;W tupg;glkhf tiue;J fhl;Lf. (10 Gs;spfs;)(ii) Nkw;gb mtjhdpg;Gfspd;gb> mk;kpd;Fkpo; rpwg;ghd gpufhrj;Jld; xspuhikf;Ff; fhuzq;fhl;Lf.

(10 Gs;spfs;)(iii) tpsf;F xspuhj epiyapy; cs;sNghJ mjd; ,ioapdJ jiliaf; fhz;f. (20 Gs;spfs;)(iv) NkNy gFjp a (ii) > gFjp c (iii) Mfpatw;wpy; ,ioapd; jilg; ngWkhdk; NtWgLtjw;fhd

fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf. (10 Gs;spfs;)

(d) rpw;wsT NeNuhl;l kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyankhd;wpypUe;J njhopw;rhiynahd;Wf;F 1000 V kpd; toq;fg;gLk; tpjk; fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;njhopw;rhiy EfUk; tY 50 kW MFk;. kpd; cw;gj;jp

epiyaj;Jf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd J}uk; 50 m ck;> kpd; CLflj;Jk; tlj;jpd; xU kPw;wu;

ePskhd gFjpapd; jil 0.04 Ω MFk;.

50 m1000 V50 kW

kpd; cw;gj;jpepiyak;

kpd; CLflj;jw; fk;gp njhopw;rhiy

(i) ,j;njhopw;rhiyapy; cs;s nghwpfs; cr;r tYTld; njhopw;gLk;NghJ Rw;wpy; ghAk; Xl;lj;jpd;

msitf; fhz;f. (10 Gs;spfs;)(ii) kpd; tY CLflj;jy; ghijapd; nkhj;j jil vt;tsT? (15 Gs;spfs;)(iii) njhopw;rhiyapd; nghwpfs; njhopw;gLk;NghJ kpd; gpwg;ghf;fpapd; KidfSf;Ff; FWf;fhf

fhzg;gLk; mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ijf; fhz;f. (kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpapd; mfj;jil Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;fJ

vdf; fUJf.) (10 Gs;spfs;)(iv) kpd;tY CLflj;jy; tlq;fspy; epfOk; tY ,og;G vt;tsT? (10 Gs;spfs;)(v) kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpapdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; tY vt;tsT? (10 Gs;spfs;)(vi) Xu; myF kpd;id 1kWh cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fr; nrythFk; gzk; &gha; 20 vdpd;>

mj;njhopw;rhiyapy; xU ehspy; EfUk; kpd;Df;fhd nryitf; fhz;f. (15 Gs;spfs;)

,izg;G

kog; gjpg;gupikailaj

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