SKRIPSI

KOMPLEKSITAS KETERLIBATAN AKTOR EKSTERNAL

DALAM KONFLIK YAMAN

Disusun dan Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar

Sarjana Ilmu Sosial (S.Sos) Strata-1

Oleh:

ISNAINIYATUL KAMALIYA

201610360311029

PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2020

ii

iii

iv

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI

Nama : Isnainiyatul Kamaliya

NIM : 201610360311029

Fakultas : Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik

Program Studi : Hubungan Internasional

Judul Skripsi : Kompleksitas Kerterlibatan Aktor Eksternal Dalam

Konflik Yaman

Pembimbing : 1. Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc., M.Si.

2.Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.

Kronologi Bimbingan

Tanggal Paraf Pembimbing

Keterangan Pembimbing I Pembimbing II

15 Oktober 2019 Pengajuan Judul

3 Februari 2020 ACC BAB I

28 Februari 2020 Seminar Proposal

17 Agustus 2020 ACC BAB II

5 September 2020 ACC BAB III

7 September 2020 ACC BAB IV

8 September 2020 ACC Ujian Skripsi

Malang, 9 September 2020

Mengetahui,

Pembimbing I Pembimbing II

Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc., M.Si. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.

v

vi

ABSTRAK

Isnainiyatul Kamaliya, 2020, 201610360311029, Universitas Muhammdiyah

Malang, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Program Studi Hubungan

Internasional, Kompleksitas Keterlibatan Aktor Eksternal Dalam Konflik

Yaman, Pembimbing I: Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc., M.Si.; Pembimbing II:

Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai alasan keterlibatan aktor eksternal dalam

Konflik Yaman. Konflik Yaman adalah konflik domestik antara Pemerintah Yaman

dibawah pimpinan Presiden Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi dengan kelompok

pemberontak Syiah Houthi pada tahun 2014. Eskalasi konflik akhirnya

mengundang masuk negara didalam dan diluar kawasan Timur Tengah di tahun

2015. Konsep yang digunakan dalam peneletian ini adalah pattern of amity and

enmity dalam Regional Security Complex Theory yang ditulis oleh Barry Buzan dan

Ole Waever. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Teknik

pengumpulan data ialah studi dokumentasi yang relevan dengan topik penelitian

bersumber dari buku, jurnal nasional dan internasional, artikel serta pemberitaan

secara daring. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa keterlibatan aktor eksternal

didalamnya, seperti Koalisi Pimpinan Arab Saudi dipengaruhi oleh pola

persahabatan dan permusuhan diantara negara yang terlibat. Pola persahabatan dan

permusuhan ini dibentuk oleh faktor persamaan dan perbedaan identitas aliran

keagamaan. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi pola persahabatan diantara negara-

negara tersebut adalah sejarah kerjasama dan bantuan finansial ataupun non-

finansial yang diberikan oleh GCC dan Arab Saudi. Akibat keterlibatan aktor

eksternal ini, perkembangan konflik Yaman menjadi semakin buruk bahkan

mempengaruhi stabilitas Kawasan Timur Tengah yang dapat dilihat dalam

terganggunya jalur distribusi minyak dan gas kawasan di chokepoint Selat Bab el-

Mandeb.

Kata Kunci: Konflik Yaman, Koalisi Pimpinan Arab Saudi, Amity and Enmity.

Malang, 9 September 2020

Isnainiyatul Kamaliya

Mengetahui,

Pembimbing I Pembimbing II

Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc.,M.Si. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.

vii

ABSTRACT

Isnainiyatul Kamaliya, 2020, 201610360311029, University of Muhammdiyah

Malang, Fakulty of Social and Political Science, Department of International

Relation, The Complexity of External Acttors in Yemen Conflict, Advisor I:

Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc., M.Si.; advisor II: Najamuddin Khairur Rijal,

M.Hub.Int.

This research aims to find out the reasons of the involvement of esternal

actors in Yemen Conflcit. Yemen's conflict is a domestic conflict between The

Government under President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi and Houthi Syiah rebel

groups in 2014. Escalation of the conflict finally invited countries inside and

outside the Middle East region in 2015. The concept used in this research is the

pattern of amity and enmity in Regional Security Complex Theory written by Barry

Buzan and Ole Waever. The research method used is descriptive. Data collection

techniques are documentation studies relevant to research topics sourced from

books, national and international journals, articles and online news. The results of

this study found that the involvement of external actors in it, such as the Saudi Led-

Coalition, is influenced by patterns of friendship and hostility between the countries

involved. This pattern of amity and enmity is formed by the similarity and difference

in the identity of religious sectarians. Another factor that affecting the pattern of

amity between these countries is the history of cooperation and financial or non-

financial assistance provided by the GCC and Saudi Arabia. As a result of the

involvement of these external actors, the development of the Yemeni conflict is

getting worse and even affecting the stability of the Middle East Region, which can

be seen in the disruption of regional oil and gas distribution lines in the chokepoint

of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.

Keyword: Yemen’s Conflict, Saudi Led-Coalition, Amity and Enmity.

Malang, 9 September 2020

Isnainiyatul Kamaliya

Approved by,

Advisor I Advisor II

Peggy Puspa Haffsari, M.Sc.,M.Si. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.

viii

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatatuh

Puji sukur kehadirat Allah SWT karena berkat rahmat dan kemudahan-

Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul, Kompleksitas

Keterlibatan Aktor Eksternal Dalam Konflik Yaman.

Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih memiliki banyak kekuangan,

namun penulis berharap penelitian ini bermanfaat untuk semua pihak. Atas

terselesaikannya skripisi ini, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih atas bantuan dan

dukungan:

1. Allah SWT yang terlah meridhai dan memudahkan penyelesaian skripsi ini.

2. Bapak Abd. Hannan dan Alm. Ibu Shofijah Emmawaty selaku orang tua, atas

doa dan seluruh dukungannya. May Allah always protect you and repay your

kindness better.

3. Mrs. Peggy Puspa Haffsari, selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah sabar

membimbing penulis dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini.

4. Bapak Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang telah

sabar membimbing penulis dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini.

5. Seluruh Ibu dan Bapak yang telah memberikan ilmu dan mendidik penulis

selama berkuliah di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

6. Keluarga Besar Abd. Mubin dan Muqaddas, dan seluruh orang yang telah

mendukung penyelesaian skripsi ini. Khususnya adik saya tercinta, Siti

Fatima Masluha, atas dorongan semangatnya kepada penulis.

7. Teman-teman saya yang telah menemani dan berjuang bersama-sama selama

mengerjakan skripsi ini; Kontrakan Madura; Nuna, Irdha, Ilmi, Eva, Ila,

Thifa.

Malang, 9 September 2020

Isnainiyatul Kamaliya

ix

MOTTO

‘Tugas yang baik adalah tugas yang selesai.’

–Peggy Puspa Haffsari-

“Jika kamu tidak mampu menahan lelahnya belajar, maka kamu harus

mampu menahan perihnya kebodohan.”

- Imam Syafi’i-

x

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN SAMPUL ....................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ............................................................................. ii

LEMBAR PENGSESAHAN ........................................................................... iii

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ................................................... iv

PERNYATAAN ORISIONALITAS ............................................................... v

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ vi

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vii

KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... viii

MOTTO ............................................................................................................ ix

DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ xi

DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... xii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 7

1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................. 7

1.3.1 Tujuan ....................................................................................... 7

1.3.2 Manfaat ..................................................................................... 7

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu .............................................................................. 8

1.5 Konseptualisasi Konsep ....................................................................... 21

1.5.1 Konsep Amity and Enmity dalam Regional Security

Complex Theory ...................................................................... 21

1.6 Metode Penelitian ................................................................................ 24

1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian........................................................................ 24

1.6.2 Metode Analisis ...................................................................... 25

1.6.3 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian....................................................... 25

1.6.4 Tekhnik Pengumpulan Data .................................................... 26

1.7 Argumen Utama ................................................................................... 26

1.8 Sistematika Penelitian .......................................................................... 26

BAB II GAMBARAN KONFLIK YAMAN DAN

KOMPLEKSITAS KETERLIBATAN AKTOR ........................... 30

2.1 Gambaran Konflik Yaman ................................................................... 30

2.1.1 Latar Belakang dan Awal Mula Konflik Yaman ....................... 30

2.1.2 Dinamika Konflik Yaman 2014-2019 ....................................... 39

2.2 Aktor-Aktor yang Terlibat .................................................................. 51

2.2.1 Koalisi Pimpinan Arab Saudi..................................................... 51

2.2.2 Iran ............................................................................................. 57

2.2.3 Negara diluar Kawasan MERSC ............................................... 58

xi

2.3 Dampak Konflik Yaman Terhadap Dinamika Kawasan Timur

Tengah................................................................................................. 64

BAB III IMPLIKASI KOMPLEKSITAS KETERLIBATAN

AKTOR EKSTERNAL DALAM KONFLIK YAMAN ............ 68

3.1 Hubungan Persahabatan dan Permusuhan yang Membentuk

Keterlibatan Berbagai Aktor dalam Konflik Yaman .......................... 68

3.1.1 Iran ............................................................................................. 69

3.1.2 Gulf Cooperation Council.......................................................... 70

3.1.3 Mesir .......................................................................................... 72

3.1.4 Maroko ....................................................................................... 74

3.1.5 Yordania ..................................................................................... 77

3.1.6 Negara diluar Kawasan Keamanan Timur Tengah .................... 78

3.1.7 Peran Kekuatan Global Dalam Kawasan Timur Tengah ........... 81

3.2 Pengaruh Keterlibatan Aktor Terhadap Kawasan Keamanan

Timur Tengah...................................................................................... 83

BAB IV PENUTUP ......................................................................................... 88

4.1 Kesimpulan .......................................................................................... 88

4.2 Saran .................................................................................................... 90

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 91

xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.1 Wilayah yang Diambil Alih Houthi .................................................... 2

Gambar 2.1 Skema Dinamika Konflik Yaman ..................................................... 53

Gambar 2.2 Negara Anggota Koalisi .................................................................... 55

Gambar 2.3 Skema Keterlibatan Aktor di Yaman ................................................ 66

Gambar 2.4 Chokepoint Selat Bab el-Mandeb ...................................................... 68

Gambar 3.1 Peta Markas Militer Jabal Dukhan .................................................... 74

Gambar 3.2 Jalur Chokepoint Terusan Suez dan Bab el-Mandeb ........................ 75

Gambar 3.3 Skema Hubungan Keterlibatan Aktor ............................................... 83

Gambar 4.1 Skema Proses Pengaruh Konflik Yaman Terhadap RSC Timur

Tengah ................................................................................................ 84

xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1 Posisi Penelitian ........................................................................... 18

Tabel 3.1 Momen Penting Hubungan Maroko-Teluk .................................. 77

1

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