leadership and legacy of rosa parks

8/9/2019 Leadership and Legacy of Rosa Parks

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Annotated Bi!io"#a$%&

P#i'a#& So(#)e*

Ne+*$a$e# A#ti)!e*:

ont"o'e#& Ad-e#ti*e#. /Ro*a Pa#0* Wa* A##e*ted 1o# Ci-i! Di*oedien)e./Rosa Parks

Was Arrested for Civil Disobedience. ont"o'e#& Ad-e#ti*e#, 2 De). 3455. We. 67 No-.

6837. 9%tt$:+++.a'e#i)a*!i#a#&."o-;'ode#n;.

Through this article, we learned about the meeting about the boycott. Despite the details

of the meeting and the information it gave about the meeting and the boycott, we could

not get much information that we wanted out of this article because the letters were very

small on the computer screen and the site that we got this article, Americas Library, did

not allow us to zoom into the article to take a closer look at the article. ith this obstacle

that we had to face, we found this article not helpful towards our research and our pro!ect

on "osa #arks.

C!&'e#, Ada'. /Ro*a Pa#0* I* Hono#ed 1o# Ta0in" One S'a!! Seat, One Giant

Stand./New York Times (192! C"rrent #ile$?Ne+ Yo#0@ 32 (ne 3444: A3A6.Pro%"est

&istorical News'a'ers T)e New York Times (1*+1!2,1,$. We. 67 No-. 6837.9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+338823235a))o(ntid37584>.

$ounting this article, there were about seven articles that described "osa #arks as a

seamstress% a fair description because seamstress means &a woman who sews, especially

one who earns her living by sewing.& Adam $lymer describes "osa #arks frail but we

disagreed with him because we thought of it in a more figurative way rather than literal.

"osa #arks physical appearance may have been frail as she got older but we believe that

she got bolder and stronger as she encouraged people to protest against ine'uality

between people and fought against racism. e thought that the author was very

contradicting because in the title, it says (one giant stand) and later on he uses theconnotation of frail to describe "osa #arks. *owever, we learned how other people saw

her as, a small African American woman who took the courage to stand tall in front her

people as she protested in a nonviolent way.


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Gi!!ia', Do#ot%&. /Ro*a Pa#0* P#o-e* W%at One Pe#*on Can Do./ T)e Was)in-ton Post

(19./!C"rrent #ile$?Wa*%in"ton, D.C.@ 5 Fe. 3448: D=.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers

T)e Was)in-ton Post (1*..!199.$. We. 67 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+3786=443a))o(ntid37584>.

e decided to use this article as one of our sources that we can add into our annotatedbibliography because the title of this article was very catching and we thought that it

would give us information that we were looking for. Through this article we learned that

the author of this article, Dorothy +illiam, thought very highly of "osa #arks. tarting

with the title, she starts presenting "osa #arks in a way where it makes her look like a

hero. -t starts out comparing people with like the three African American women that

stood up to give up their seats. e learned that one person can really do something in

history. "osa #arks was the person we learned through and we gained something through

her actions and her decisions. -n the article, we found out that some people have the

opinion that what "osa #arks did was not that important and they did not understand why

she became so famous. e used this in our website to balance out our opinions and our

research. e were planning to use some of the words in this article as a 'uote to support

and help our claim look stronger and have more impact on the readers and the !udges.

H(*ton, L(t%e# A. /Hi"% Co(#t R(!e* B(* Se"#e"ation Un)on*tit(tiona!./ T)e New York

Times?Ne+ Yo#0@ 37 No-. 3452: n. $a". T)e New York Times. We. 6 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.n&ti'e*.)o'!ea#nin""ene#a!ont%i*da&i"333=.%t'!a#ti)!e>.

n /ovember 01, 0234, the upreme $ourt declared the segregation of races on the

5ontgomery buses unconstitutional. They declared that this action was going against thefourteenth amendment of the $onstitution of the 6nited tates that says, (All persons

born or naturalized in the 6nited tates, and sub!ect to the !urisdiction thereof, are

citizens of the 6nited tates and of the tate wherein they reside. /o tate shall

make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens

of the 6nited tates% nor shall any tate deprive any person of life, liberty, or

property, without due process of law% nor deny to any person within its !urisdiction

the e'ual protection of the laws.) -n other words, the 7ourteenth Amendment

provides all citizens the e'ual protection of the laws and will not violate a persons

life, liberty, or property without a law. The upreme $ourt stated that racial

discrimination such as segregation in restaurants, and restrooms illegal. 5any

believe that the segregation, (separated but e'ual) started when the case rose into

popularity, the case of #lessy v. 7erguson.

i!!o&, Co(#t!and. /Ro*a Pa#0** Hea!in" Wo#d* On an O1ten Pain1(! Pa*t./ T)e

Was)in-ton Post (19./!C"rrent #ile$?Wa*%in"ton, D.C.@ 2 De). 344: B3B6.Pro%"est


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&istorical News'a'ers T)e Was)in-ton Post (1*..!199.$. We. 67 No-. 6837.


The article provided us with 'uotes directly said by "osa #arks about the day that she

stood up against the driver and children8s opinion on whether "osa #arks refusal of

giving up her seat was right or wrong. e were planning to use some of the 'uotes tosupport our pro!ect and to provide the !udges a better idea of what we are trying to tell the

people and the goal of our pro!ect. e learned about "osa #arks more in depth like her

favorite food, books, and her favorite movies. e got inspired by her advice &let love, not

fear, be our guide.& e thought that this 'uote really showed what she did to spark the

civil rights movement. e used the childrens opinion to display the public societys view

on "osa #arks and whether they thought of her as a positive influence or a negative

influence. -t helped our pro!ect to be balanced.

/#*. Pa#0* Co##e)t* B(* Bo&)ott Sto#&./ T)e Was)in-ton Post0 Times &erald (19+9!19.$

?Wa*%in"ton, D.C.@ = (ne 342: B6.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers T)e Was)in-ton Post

(1*..!199.$. We. 65 O)t. 6837. 9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+37=5365=8

a))o(ntid37584>.

9efore "osa #arks corrected the history, people knew that "osa #arks did not surrender

her seat because her feet were hurting. *owever, on the third day of :une in the year of

024;, she said that she was tired of being pushed around and getting told what to do, and

so that was why she stood up for herself and refused to give up her seat. The bus boycott

was the first nonviolent campaign that was successful.

/(*e(' Hono#in" Ro*a Pa#0* O$en* on Hi*to#i) St#eet Co#ne#: 75 Yea#* Late#, S%e

In*$i#e* +it%o(t Wo#d*./New York Times (192!C"rrent #ile$?Ne+ Yo#0@ 6 De). 6888:

A32.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers T)e New York Times (1*+1!2,1,$. We. 67 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+4323772a))o(ntid37584>.

-n the middle of this article, this tenth grader talked about how "osa #arks was &like& a

leader. e thought deeper holding unto this 'uote by this tenth grader at 7oley *igh

chool because our argument is about how "osa #arks &is& a leader and not &like& a

leader. e wanted to emphasize that she was a true leader and not !ust someone whowants to be leader and who craves to be in the position of a leader. he is not someone

like *itler who clearly wanted to be a leader to gain the power and control over his

people. he was not a megalomaniaor someone only interested in the wealth. he was a

leader that was interested in the freedom of her people, and became a leader to lead her

people into their freedom and out of the segregated 6nited tates. The article provides a


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thorough interpretation of what "osa #arks did and including the 5ontgomery 9us

9oycott. e got 'uotes rich in meaning and powerful with few words.

/Ne"#o Wo'an In Se"#e"ation Ca*e Fined./eattle Dail Times?Seatt!e@ 5 De). 3455: 3.

We. 6 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:!o"."enea!o"&an0.)o'+$)ontent($!oad*683=38*eatt!e

dai!&ti'e*ne+*$a$e#36853455#o*ie$a#0*.$n">.

-t says on the newspaper article that "osa #arks was fine pectations of the amount of money for an

African American to hold was very low. -n fact, in general, the amount of money an

average person would be having was very low and lower than how much a person from

the twenty first century would have. -t was obvious for blacks that time to move and

follow the driver8s order, but #arks stood against the discrimination and set a precedent of

the civil rights movement. The author really dramatically e>pressed "osa #arks

determination to stand up against the segregated bus driver and the effects it made on her

people and on the 6.. history.

/No End Seen 1o# B(* Bo&)ott./Pittsb"r-) Co"rier (19++!1933(?Pitt*(#"%, Pen*&!-ania@

37 A$#. 3452, Cit& ed.: 66.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers Pittsb"r-) Co"rier (19++!1933$.

We. 65 O)t. 6837. 9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+686665=4a))o(ntid37584>.

Through this article, "osa #arks mentions her feelings towards the action that she

performed in the bus that caused her to get arrested. he said that if this happened again,then she would do the same, refusing to give up her seat and get arrested. Through her

decisions, she tells the conference press that she learned that e'uality for her race, the

colored people, was worth fighting and standing up for. There were pictures of her that

we were planning to put on our website% however, the resolution was low and so the

picture was not clear, making us find another picture to put on the website.

Pe##&, A#!et%ia. /Ro*a Pa#0*: T%e S$a#0 T%at Lit Ri"%t* Fi#e./Pittsb"r-) Co"rier (1911!

2,,2$?Pitt*(#"@ 33 A(". 344, Cit& ed.: 36.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers Pittsb"r-)

Co"rier (1911!2,,2$. We. 65 O)t. 6837. 9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+68625654

a))o(ntid37584>.

This article was found to be published during the 02?2, making it not a primary source.

*owever, it has "osa #arks again talking about her deeds and her role in the civil rights

movement. he says that she was reminisced about the act that was credited with being

the lighter of the fire of the civil rights movement. he painted a very vivid picture into


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the society as she recalls back to the past on the day of her arrest. -t was thought that

"osa #arks told the bus driver that she was going to sit in the seats reserved for the

whites% however, she was in the back of the seats reserved for the whites following the

racial segregation rule when the white man the driver told her to give up her seat for the

white man. The interesting thing was that the white man, apparently did not complain that

he did not have a seat to sit on but rather the bus driver told four African Americans to

stand up for one white man to sit. Along with the reason of getting tired of getting pushed

around, there was another reason behind her decision of her actions. he had a feeling of

humiliation when the bus driver told the four African Americans to give up their seats for

one white passenger. he stood up because she was being treated less than a person

should be treated and those two were the only reason that made her refuse to give up her

seat. he mentions how the signs saying &only whites& or &only blacks&, there were still

obvious realms or denial of the racial e'uality that was established.

/Ro*a Pa#0* and t%e E$i) o1 t%e ont"o'e#& B(* Bo&)ott: Fi#*t o1 T+o Pa#t*./ New York

Amsterdam New (1932!199$?Ne+ Yo#0, Ne+ Yo#0@ 33 a& 3443: 62.Pro%"est &istorical

News'a'ers New York Amsterdam News (1922!199$. We. 65 O)t. 6837.


Through the title, &"osa #arks and the epic of the 5ontgomery bus boycott&, it gave us

the impression that the author8s view of the bus boycott and "osa #arks were very one

sided, meaning that the author agreed to what "osa #arks performed. :im $row laws

affected the lives of the African Americans in everything that they did, even the

transportation. -nstead of easing as time went by, segregation got worsen every hour, and

day. During the years of segregation, many African Americans made complaints of the

bus system in 5ontgomery because despite making up seventy five percent of the bus

riding public, they were humiliated by having to pay for their fare and having to be

moved farther into the bus when a white passenger entered the bus.

/Ro*a Pa#0* and t%e Fa'o(* ont"o'e#& B(* Bo&)ott: Pa#t II./New York Amsterdam

News (1932!199$?Ne+ Yo#0, Ne+ Yo#0@ 3 a& 3443: =7.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers

New York Amsterdam News (1922!199$. We. 65 O)t. 6837.


e learned the details of the start of the bus boycott in 5ontgomery instead of details of

"osa #arks. The article told us how "osa #arks got out of !ail, which was the help of

/i>on8s funds, with the goal of bailing "osa #arks out of the !ail. They made handbills

and re'uested the students who attended the Alabama tate $ollege to distribute it to the

people living in the city and the handbill told the people to support the case by staying

home and not working or going to work by car or walking. The boycott succeeded, there


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were no African Americans that rode the buses to their destination despite the polices on

the motorcycle or the drivers holding the door for the colored people.

/Ro*a Pa#0* (""!in"./ T)e Was)in-ton Post (19./!C"rrent #ile$?Wa*%in"ton, D.C.@ 7

Se$t. 3447: C2.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers T)e Was)in-ton Post (1*..!199.$. We. 67

No-. 6837. 9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+584352=6a))o(ntid37584>.

Through this article, we were able to find out that there were people that still hated "osa

#arks for what she did. he was robbed and struck. 9eing robbed is normal% however, the

robber knew who she was and started to beat her countless times until she was unable to

move. e found out that there were some people who strongly went against "osa #arks.

e concluded that those people did not understand why she did that and what she was

doing it for despite the heavy conse'uences that would fall upon her later on in that year

or perhaps her whole life. This article re@encouraged us to fight for "osa #arks and tell

people what her true importance was.

/Ro*a Pa#0*S$a#0 o1 3455 Sti!! Wa#'./4os An-eles Times (192!C"rrent #ile$?Lo*t

An"e!e*@ = (ne 343: A7.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers 4os An-eles Times (1**1!199,$.

We. 67 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+3523523a))o(ntid37584>.

The newspaper talks about how "osa #arks was not only the one that sparked the civil

rights movement but also started and pushed the career of Dr. 5artin Luther ing as

well. -n other words, she was the precipitation of the career of Dr. 5artin Luther ing :r.

"osa #arks talked very highly of Dr. 5artin Luther ing :r. and she describes him as aperson that looked very young for all the things he did. The article talks about the

memories of the arrest that she still remembered and the strategy of the boycott that the

/AA$# was about to e>ecute and put into action. The article also had a section where

"osa #arks described her life after the 5ontgomery bus boycott and her hardships then

like the beats that she would receive despite the end of the boycott.

P%oto"#a$%:

A**o)iated P#e**.P)oto of Rosa Parks0 5d-ar Daniel Ni6on0 #red 7ra. 3455. APWide

Wo#!d P%oto*, ont"o'e#&. T)e 8artin 4"t)er in-0 :r; Researc) and 5d"cation .


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This photograph showed a picture of "osa #arks with Bdgar D. /i>on and 7red +ray,

was the attorney for "osa #arks case. -t includes a caption that describes the fine that was

placed on "osa #arks for her &crime.& he was with Bdgar D. /i>on, the #resident of the

/ational Association for the Advancement of $olored #eople, because he was singing the

bond. 7red +ray fought for "osa #arks and he declared that the city ordinance re'uiring

segregation on city buses was unconstitutional, meaning that it went against the

constitution created by the founding fathers in the 0?==s.

C#a-en*, Don.Rosa Parks (C$ Ridin- on Newl plains how African Americans share the same e'uality and the rights as a white

man and complains why they have different and less rights than the white man. -t reminds

the fellow African Americans how they make up three fourths of the people riding the bus

and so if they stopped riding on the buses, they would not be able to operate with enough

money. -t pleads the people to help protest against the "osa #arks case, her arrest, and her

trials and recommends not riding the bus to work, to town, to school, or to any of the

places that they have to go on 5onday, the day of her trial and case.

/I!!(*t#ation o1 W%e#e Ro*a Pa#0* Sat, De)e'e# 3, 3455./National Arc)ives and Records

Administration. Nationa! A#)%i-e* and Re)o#d* Ad'ini*t#ation, n.d. We. 62 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.a#)%i-e*."o-"!oa!$a"e*!a#"e#i'a"e.%t'!ied()ation!e**on*#o*a


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$a#0*i'a"e*(*dia"#a'!.;$"J)ed()ation!e**on*#o*a$a#0*i'a"e*(*

dia"#a'.)a$tion.%t'!>.

This diagram was an illustration of the bus seating and where e>actly "osa #arks sat in.

Although it does not show where the African Americans sat and the whites sat, it shows

where "osa #arks sat the day she got arrested. 9y using other documents, we found outthe border between the seats reserved for the whites and the seats that were for the blacks.

8artin 4"t)er in- :r; .


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"osa #arks8 impacted America and the world. /elson 5andela visited Detroit in 022=,

and he and his wife were very e>cited to meet "osa #arks. 5andela and #arks both are

leaders of African@Americans and tried to end racial discrimination.

/Wo'an Fin"e#$#inted. #*. Ro*a Pa#0*, Ne"#o Sea'*t#e**, W%o*e Re1(*a! to o-e to

t%e Ba)0 o1 a B(* To()%ed o11 t%e B(* Bo&)ott in ont"o'e#&, A!a./ Woman

#in-er'rinted; 8rs; Rosa Parks0 Ne-ro eamstress0 W)ose Ref"sal to 8ove to t)e =ack of a

="s To"c)ed off t)e ="s =ocott in 8ont-omer0 Ala;Ne+ Yo#0 Wo#!d Te!e"#a' and S(n

Co!!e)tion, 3452. We. 67 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.!o)."o-$i)t(#e*ite'4758864=#e*o(#)e)$%.=)8427=

*id23)2476)72)d6d4=4742=223>.

e used this picture in our slideshow with other pictures of "osa #arks. e also

included in the (*er Arrest) section because the picture displays "osa #arks getting her

finger printed during her arrest.

Do)('ent*:

ont"o'e#& Po!i)e De$a#t'ent.Arrest Record #or Rosa Parks. Re$. no. 37657. Stan1o#d

Uni-e#*it&, 3 De). 3455. We. 67 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:'!0

0$$83.*tan1o#d.ed(:583t#an*)#i$tiondo)('ent.

This act was signed by #resident Lyndon :ohnson in :uly E, 024F. -t prohibited

discrimination in public places, which means that the public places are now for all races,

not separated to 8colored8 and 8whites8 section. This was the evidence that the upreme


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$ourts declared the segregation between the colored and the whites unconstitutional. -t

was enacted by the enate and the *ouse of "epresentatives and we used the document

on our impact then section.

Lette#*:

Pa#0*, Ro*a. /F#o' Ro*a Pa#0*./ Lette# to Re-.Kin". 6= A(". 345. T)e 8artin 4"t)er

in-0 :r; Researc) and 5d"cation


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Wo'en* Po!iti)a! Co(n)i!, n.d. We. 62 No-.

6837. 9%tt$*:0in"in*tit(te.*tan1o#d.ed(0in"$a$e#*do)('ent*anno(n)e'entanot%e#

ne"#o+o'an%a*eena##e*teddont#ide(*>.

This leaflet is one of the many messages given out to the people of 5ontgomery in order

to protest against the mistreatment of "osa #arks, and the fact that the reason whyAfrican Americans would get arrested was controversial. -n the leaflet, it states that,

&/egros have rights, too, for if /egros did not ride the buses, they could not operate.

Three@fourths of the rider are /egros, yet GtheyH are arrested, or have to stand over empty

seats.& This is showing that even though the African Americans make up for a ma!ority of

the bus rider population, and contribute a significant amount to its operating costs, they

are still being mistreated !ust because of their race and skin color.

Roin*on, o Ann, P#e*ident. /Co$& o1 t%e Lette# Sent to a&o# Ga&!e./ Lette# to a&o#

W. A. Ga&!e. 63 a& 3457. T)e 8artin 4"t)er in-0 :r; Researc) and 5d"cation

Co#!e&, C%e#&!. /Re'e'#an)e./NPR. NPR, n.d. We. 65 De). 6837.


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9%tt$:+++.n$#.o#"$!a&e#-6'ediaP!a&e#.%t'!a)tion3Jt3Ji*!i*t1a!*eJid74=57

J'74=527>.

"osa #arks, also known as the &5other of the $ivil "ights 5ovement&, died at the age of

2E. he was a civil rights movement activist along with her husband. he refused to give

up her seat during the period of bus segregation one day and this simple act created ahuge impact. -t was not about her tired feet% she stood up for herself because she was tired

of giving up.

'eec) at t)e 8illion 8an 8arc). P#od. CS$an. Pe#1. Ro*a Pa#0.Rosa Parks @ 'eec) at

t)e 8illion 8an 8arc). CS$an, 32 O)t. 3445. We. 6 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.*+eet*$ee)%e*.)o'*6=32#o*a$a#0**$ee)%att%e'i!!ion'an'a#)%>.

This video documents the speech that "osa #arks had given during the 5illion 5an

5arch on ctober 04, 0223. During this speech, #arks declaimed that this march wouldbe a success in showing that people can be connected and showing that the results of

racism is bad. he had also said that she is proud of everyone, and that she would

continue to fight for and support human rights.

Inte#-ie+*:

/Inte#-ie+ +it% Ro*a Pa#0*./ Inte#-ie+ & Sa#a )Nei!.Di-ital &istor. Di"ita! Hi*to#&, 6

(ne 3445. We. 67 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.di"ita!%i*to#&.(%.ed(di*$.

The interview provided background information on "osa #arks and her actions and her

decisions. "osa #arks talked about the family members who inspired her and the people

that she grew up with. he went into detail about her mother, father, and her

grandparents. "osa #arks talked about her daily life in 5ontgomery and how she grew up

in her uncle8s church. e used her background to support her and in our website to

e>plain the person that she is and was. he confirmed that she did not feel anger when

she refused to stand up from her seat in the bus. All she felt was determination and what

she wanted to do during that time.

/On Ro*a Pa#0*M 388t% Bi#t%da&, Re)a!!in" He# Ree!!io(* Li1e Be1o#e and A1te# t%e

ont"o'e#& B(*./ Inte#-ie+ & Ro*a Pa#0* and A'& Good'an.Democrac Now.

De'o)#a)& No+, 7 Fe. 683=. We. 67 No-.

6837. 9%tt$:+++.de'o)#a)&no+.o#"683=67on


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According to the interview that Amy +oodman got with :eanne Theoharis, the professor

of political science at 9rooklyn $ollege, "osa #arks8 grandfather was the supporter of

5arcus +arvey, a #an@Africanist. #rofessor Theoharis e>plains how "osa #arks8 life

really started when she was with her mom and her grandparents. he also talks about how

"aymond #arks, her husband, was the first real activist "osa #arks ever met in her life.

#rofessor Theoharis mentions a very surprising fact. he talks about how if young boys

and men were riding a train with two young white women, then the young boys and men

age ranges from twelve to nineteen turns into rape and they are arrested for rape. he

throws out another young teenage girl who showed a similar action like "osa #arks and

how she refused to move and was arrested. *owever, "osa #arks8 decision was looked

upon as a bigger accomplishment because "osa #arks had a record with bus drivers and

she had troubles with other bus drivers. A bus driver would walk pass her because he

would think she is causing trouble to the bus or raising trouble in the bus.

Pa#0*, Ro*a. /Inte#-ie+ +it% Ro*a Pa#0*./ Inte#-ie+.c)olastic. S)%o!a*ti) In)., an.Fe.

344. We. 66 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:tea)%e#.*)%o!a*ti).)o'#o*ainte#-ie+.%t'>.

This interview was held by students and with the help of "osa #arks that agreed to

answer the 'uestions that the students had. ne student asked a very interesting 'uestion.

The student asked about her feelings when 5artin Luther ing :r. got killed. Through

this we found out her feelings towards 5artin Luther ing :r. and how much she

respected him. he talks about how she saw a victim, a young boy, who was killed by the

&lansmen& according to "osa #arks. -t was very surprising to see the answer that "osa

#arks gave to the student who asked her if she was mistreated. he tells a story of her

being robbed and beat. e learned a lot of things through this interview and the 'uestions

that the students conducted.

Pa#0*, Ro*a. /Ro*a Pa#0*./ Inte#-ie+.P= 4earnin-8edia. Wa*%in"ton Uni-e#*it&

Li#a#ie*, 6887. We. 67 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:d7=1+e(%=*"53.)!o(d1#ont.net'ediaa**et*+"%i'!87i'!87


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the river, "osa #arks describes him as a body that had been weighed down and mutilated

to the point of not being able to tell who he was. *is mother was threaten to stay silent of

the actions and his father also knew about but they could not do anything for their son.

he evaluates that because Bmmett Till was from the /orth, the media picked up the

story and spread. "osa #arks tells the interviewer how there was nothing different on

December 0st than any other days that she took the bus but the fact that the bus driver

called the police and had him arrested. e finally grasp the feelings she had for sparking

up the boycott of 5ontgomery bus. he said she was very relieved that people actually

acted on their own to fight for the rights that they believed that they should gain.

/Ro*a Pa#0* Inte#-ie+./ Inte#-ie+ & e#- G#i11in. Yo"T"be. Yo(T(e, n.d. We. 6 No-.

6837. 9%tt$*:+++.&o(t(e.)o'+at)%-L=%2*4;tE>.

"osa #arks is interviewed by 5erv +riffin in his show and talks about why she did not

feel like getting off the bus and her meeting with 5artin Luther ing !r. hen the driver

told her to get off the bus, she felt angry at the unfair, un!ust treatment that she got. he

met 5artin Luther ing :r. and other good companies to plan the boycott and !oked to

5erv +riffin that their original purpose was to make the bus company go out of business.

/La##& Kin" Li-e 3445: Ro*a Pa#0* Sa&* S%e I*nt Bitte#./ Inte#-ie+ & La##&

Kin". Yo"T"be. CNN, =8 No-. 6836. We. 62 No-. 6837. 9%tt$*:+++.&o(t(e.)o'+at)%

-eP3PeR7%((>.

"osa #arks interviews with Larry ing and tells him that she thinks that this movement isa success. he recounts him the story of her not giving up her seats and how the bus

driver was treating her unfairly.


16/41

Annotated Bi!io"#a$%&

Se)onda#& So(#)e*

Ne+*$a$e# A#ti)!e*:

A(*tin, A!eine. /Ro*a Pa#0* Lead* A"ain on Ci-i! Ri"%t*./ Lette# to Edito#. 33 Se$t. 3447.

New York Times (192!C"rrent #ile$. N.$.: n.$., 3447. E3.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers

T)e New York Times (1*1,!2,1,$. We. 67 No-. 6837.


Wi!! annotate... *oon

/B#o+de# -. Ga&!e, =56 U.S. 48= 3452./=rowder v; 7ale0 +2 ;; 9, (19+3$. Stan1o#d,

n.d. We. 85 De). 6837. 9%tt$:'!0

0$$83.*tan1o#d.ed(inde.$%$en)&)!o$ediaen)&)!o$ediaen).

This $// news article told a basic back@story on "osa #arks8 great event back in

December 03, 0233. A great message that #arks had once said before her death was that,

&As long as there is unemployment, war, crime and all things that go to the infliction of

man8s inhumanity to man, regardless @@ there is much to be done, and people need to work

together.& The article went on to say that even in her ;=s, she continued to fight for and

support civil rights, and continued to accept awards.

Da-e&, oni)a, and G#et)%en R(et%!in". /In Det#oit, a Da& to Hono# Ro*a Pa#0* and Re*t

F#o' a Bitte# E!e)tion./ T)e New York Times (192! C"rrent #ile$$?Ne+ Yo#0@ = No-. 6885:

A3A6.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers T)e New York Times (1*+1!2,1,$. We. 67 No-.

6837. 9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+4358a))o(ntid37584>.


17/41

n the first ednesday of E==3, the city buses in 5ontgomery was empty to save the

memory of what "osa #arks and for everything she did on the bus. 5any politicians, civil

rights leaders, and ministers made formal speeches to honor "osa #arks and to respect her

death. Through this, we were able to know the importance of "osa #arks. e learned that

she was important to everyone including politicians and ministers. "osa #arks would often

speak in grade schools and other places to spread the importance of standing up for what8s

right. e were able to look at the bigger picture of not only standing up for herself but

standing up for what8s right and against what8s wrong.

Hi*to#&.)o' Sta11. /Ci-i! Ri"%t* A)t./&istor;com. AJE Te!e-i*ion Net+o#0*, 6838. We.

62 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.%i*to#&.)o'to$i)*!a)0%i*to#&)i-i!#i"%t*a)t>.

At first, #resident :ohn 7. ennedy delayed in dealing about anti@discrimination, but

changed his mind when he heard about a nonviolent march that was suppressed by brutal

police force that carried clubs and police dogs in 9irmingham, Alabama. The $ivil "ights

Act of 024F was first proposed by #resident :ohn 7. ennedy, but because of his

assassination, his successor Lyndon 9. :ohnson had to sign it. The senate voted ?1@E? in

favor of this bill.

Hi*to#&.)o' Sta11. /Ro*a Pa#0* I"nite* B(* Bo&)ot./ Hi*to#&.)o'. AJE Te!e-i*ion

Net+o#0*, 6837. We. 65 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.%i*to#&.)o't%i*da&in%i*to#o*a

$a#0*i"nite*(*o&)ot>.


a)0*on, Be#ni)e P. /To Hono# Ro*a Pa#0*: Ci-i! Ri"%t* o(#na!./New Pittsb"r-) Co"rier

(19*1!2,,2$?Pitt*(#"%, Penn*&!-ania@ = A$#. 3444: 7.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers

Pittsb"r-) Co"rier (1911!2,,2$. We. 65 O)t. 6837.



o%n*on, To'. /THE ECHANICS OF THE BUS BOYCOTT./8ont-omer ="s =ocott

R. ont"o'e#& Bo&)ott, 38 an. 3452. We. 68 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.'ont"o'e#&o&)ott.)o't%e'e)%ani)*o1t%e(*o&)ott>.

This website hosts a plethora of of newspaper articles about the "osa #arks 9oycott in

5ontgomery Alabama. The article at hand is the &The 5echanics of the 9us 9oycott,& by

Tom :ohnson. -n the first section of his article, :ohnson e>plains the influence of the

boycott by describing an instance where a white minister urged his congregation to help


18/41

support the boycott. eeing to this that the minister is a white man and the boycott is

affecting segregation for blacks is very powerful in the aspect that some parts of the race

that hurt the other race are helping out the blacks.

La'$a#t, And#e+. /Li0e Wate# and Oi! KKK and NAACP To"et%e# in Hi*to#i)

eetin"./ Pat#iot Ne+ O#"aniation 6837: n. $a". Pat#iot Ne+ O#"aniation. We. 67

De). 6837. 9%tt$:+++.$at#iotne+*o#"aniation.)o'!i0e+ate#andoi!000andnaa)$

to"et%e#in%i*to#i)'eetin">

n eptmeber 0st, the leaders form /AA$# and met in $asper, yoming to talk

about the attacks of the black citizens of +ilette, 5ontana. /AA$# wasn8t convinced that

was now a friendly, non@violent $hristian group. They said that they8re focused

primarily on politics and seceding from the union. also claimed that beating black

people in 5ontana can be solved by talking to the police about this hate crime. Though

this meeting was 'uite &friendly&, there were some little disagreements too. Today,

/AA$# is one of the oldest, strongest e'ual !usticeJrights organization.

Lea-&, Deo#a%. /T%e Rea! Le**on O1 Ro*a Pa#0*./P)ill;com. T%e In(i#e#, =3 O)t. 6885.

We. 68 De). 6837.9%tt$:a#ti)!e*.$%i!!&.)o'688538=3ne+*657734=


19/41

9%tt$:a#)%i-e.'ont"o'e#&ad-e#ti*e#.)o'a#ti)!e44444444NEWS2333=868Pa#0*(iet

)o(#a"e%e!$ed)%an"e+o#!d>.

hen "osa #arks was asked to move her seat, she thought that +od was with her and

determined not to be treated une'ually than other citizens of 5ontgomery. he was later

arrested, but for &disorderly conduct& instead of as violating the segregation law. Thisoutraged many, because she was know in the community as a kind@hearted person. 7rom

that day, #arks8 good friend, 7red +ray, knew that her action would change Alabama, the

nation, and the world.

S)%(d*on, i)%ae!. /Te!!in" Sto#ie* ao(t Ro*a Pa#0*./ Contet* RSS. A'e#i)an

So)io!o"i)a! A**o)iation, 6836. We. 67 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:)ontet*.o#"a#ti)!e**(''e#

6836te!!in"*to#ie*ao(t#o*a$a#0*>.

ithin this given article, 5ichael chudson had distinguish two different takes on "osa#arks8 story, the tandard, and the "evised. As the name implies, the tandard story is the

more public and the more &kid friendly& version of #arks8 story, saying that she was tired

when she refused to give up her seat, and saying that the action of refusal was spontaneous.

The "evised version of the story, is what is supposed to be the true and legitimate telling of

#arks8 story. The revised version tells that #arks8 actions were premeditated because she

was an active civil rights activist.

S%i$$, E. R. /Ro*a Pa#0*, 46, Int#e$id Pionee# O1 Ci-i! Ri"%t* o-e'ent, I* Dead./New

York Times (192!C"rrent #ile$?Ne+ Yo#0@ 65 O)t. 6885: A3A6.Pro%"est &istorical

News'a'ers T)e New York Times (1*+1!2,1,$. We. 67 No-. 6837.


e learned that "osa #arks was a pioneer of civil rights movement to some people.

*owever, the newspaper article was very contradictory of itself because in the beginning,

the article describes how "osa #arks was the &intrepid& starter of the civil rights

movement and then it starts talking about her actions of refusing to move from her seat

defiance and agrees that she should have been arrested. Towards the end of the article, the

author talks of "osa #arks as if she was a hero. e used the 'uote about her actions being

defiance to the government in our website to show what the people who went against

"osa #arks thought of her.

S$#at!in", Ca**and#a. /On Ro*a Pa#0* Bi#t%da&, A'e#i)a Sti!! Fee!* He# +o#t%./ A

Toda. Gannett, 8= Fe. 683=. We. 6 No-. 6837.


20/41

9%tt$:+++.(*atoda&.)o'*to#&ne+*nation683=8686#o*a$a#0*i#t%da&35335>.

-n 022=, outh Africa8s freedom fighter /elson 5andela came to Detroit and met "osa

#arks. f all the people who came to greet him, /elson 5andela shouted "osa #arks8 name

three times and hugged her. *e and his wife were so thrilled to see her. This showed #arks8

impact on America and the whole world. #arks died in E==3, but scholars and people whoknew her believe that the way to honor her legacy is by carrying on her life goal of making

America a better place for everyone.

T%eo%a#i*, eanne. /38 T%in"* Yo( Didnt Kno+ Ao(t Ro*a Pa#0*./ T%e H(11in"ton Po*t.

T%eH(11in"tonPo*t.)o', 87 Fe. 683=. We. 6 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.%(11in"ton$o*t.)o';eannet%eo%a#i*#o*a$a#0*388t%

i#t%da&


21/41

Yo#0@ =3 De). 6888: TR=.Pro%"est &istorical News'a'ers T)e New York Times (1*+1!

2,1,$. We. 67 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:*ea#)%.$#o(e*t.)o'do)-ie+4358

a))o(ntid37584>.

-n the year of E===, a museum and library opened in 5ontgomery to honor what "osa

#arks did for her people CAfrican Americans. There were many actions done for "osa#arks and to respect her decisions. The 6nited tates Department of Transportation built a

three@story museum with .

Thanks to "osa #arks8 bravery, 5ontgomery is a better place now, with no racial

segregation happening. *owever, her bus was about to be gone and forgotten before. The

owners did not want to keep to keep the bus because the bus boycott had cost them


22/41

Ri)%a#d*on, Ri)%e D. /Nationa! Hi*to#& Da&./ E'ai! inte#-ie+. 3 De). 6837.

#rofessor "iche D. "ichardson starts out by e>plaining why "osa #arks is so famous and

so important in the 6.. history. he takes the importance of "osa #arks into a deeper

conversation by talking about the impacts of her actions on 6nited tates back then and

presently in the twenty@first century. "osa #arkss impact during the 023=s to 024=s wasmainly the encouragement to the freedom riders and she defined the civil rights

movement. he indirectly affected the econd ave 7eminism. #rofessor "ichardson

talks about how "osa #arks should receive more credit than how much she is currently

receiving. e used her 'uotes and weaved them into our website to emphasize our claim

and to support it.

Books:

G#a&, F#ed D. /T%e B(* P#ote*t Be"in*./ B(* Ride to (*ti)e: C%an"in" t%e S&*te' & t%e

S&*te': T%e Li1e and Wo#0* o1 F#ed G#a&, P#ea)%e#, Atto#ne&, Po!iti)ian. ont"o'e#&,

AL: Ne+So(t%, 683=. =37. P#int.

*anson, :oyce Ann. &-ntroduction.& -ntroduction. "osa #arksI A 9iography. anta 9arbaraI

+reenwood, E=00. K-@K. #rint. -n *anson8s introduction of #arks8 biography, she had

started out by crushing the misconceptions about "osa #arks, by establishing that #arks

was only FE years old and was a very e>perienced and influential civil rights activist.

*anson had also acknowledged the fact that #arks was not the first African Americanwoman who had stood up against segregation and racism, as many other had done before

her, but had not been recognized by the public. -t is a real shame that even though many

other women had set up the end of segregation, really it was "osa #arks who was the &real&

flame in which started the civil rights movement, effectively ending segregation and

racism.

R(en*tein, a'e* . /Se"#e"ation & Et%ni)it& and Ra)e./ T%e C(!t(#a! Land*)a$e: An

Int#od()tion to H('an Geo"#a$%&. U$$e# Sadd!e Ri-e#, N: Pea#*onP#enti)e Ha!!, 6885.

6=2=. P#int.

This te>tbook had contain a few pieces of information on segregation. hen the upreme

$ourt had permitted the &separate, but e'ual clauses, the southern states had enacted

several laws in order to make sure that the African Americans were segregated as much as

humanly possible. A ma!ority of these laws were abolished during the 023=s and the 024=s,

when the 9rown v. 9oard of Bducation of Topeka, ansas, case. This case had abolished


23/41

the segregation was because the state education system had failed to keep the &separate, but

e'ual& case in order.

We*ite:

Ad'in. /Ro*a Pa#0* Bio"#a$%&./ PBS. Ne+*Ho(# P#od()tion* LLC, 65 O)t. 6885. We.

65 O)t. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.$*.o#"ne+*%o(#($date*#e'e'e#;(!&de)85

$a#0*.

The authors of this article, 5arwaAmer and :eanne Theoharis wrote about how "osa

#arks predicted that the 6nited tates had a long way to go in struggling for social andracial !ustice. The statue of "osa #arks reminds her of her legacy, of the vision of a more

perfect union. he did not only stopped following the :im $row laws but she encouraged

and showed the people who were suffering the same things that she was undergoing as

well what the civil rights movement8s first step was going to be. he was determined to

face all the challenges she had to face if she were to perform such a decision, which she

did until her passing. Despite all the hate calls and the death threats, she continued to

support the cause that her people were promoting to the society publicly now.

Ba0e#, C%a#!ie. /So)ia! o-e'ent Leade# Bio./ So)ia! o-e'ent Leade# Bio. N.$., n.d.

We. 6 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++3.a$$*tate.ed()!a#0ne*o)'io*$a#0*.%t'>.

"osa #arks had a interesting leadership and philosophy styles. #arks was showing

demographic leadership skill because she was sharing her leadership with various

African@American rights organizations, such as /AA$# Mouth $ouncil and 5ontgomery

oters League. *er other leadership style is Laissez@faire style, which is unintentionally


24/41

fulfilling the purpose of a certain group. he first did not mean to get arrested and go to

the upreme $ourt% #arks was !ust tired of getting treated unfairly. *er action eventually

inspired other African@American leaders, therefore starting the civil rights movement. he

is a leader who values her society and in favor of e>perimental permanent changes. he

always took care of things in a 'uiet, calm manner, never using harsh words. The boycott

that followed after her trial shows this characteristic% it was led by a $hristian and there

was no violent outburst.

Bio. /Ro*a Pa#0* ini Bio"#a$%&./ Bio.)o'. AJE Net+o#0* Te!e-i*ion, n.d. We. 6

No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.io"#a$%&.)o'$eo$!e#o*a$a#0*47==35-ideo*#o*a$a#0*'ini

io"#a$%&684255

This biography had first given a short back story behind "osa #arks, and who she was.

he is said to be a role model of courage in the face of racial in!ustice. #arks was

prepared to sacrifice anything in order to fight for what was !ustice for her race. "osa

#arks had become the face of the bus boycott. he had also created the "osa and

"aymond #arks foundation where the youth were educated about the civil rights

movement.

Bio. /Ro*a Pa#0* Re'e'e#ed & He# F#iend*./ Bio.)o'. AJE Net+o#0* Te!e-i*ion, n.d.

We. 6 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.io"#a$%&.)o'$eo$!e#o*a$a#0*47==35-ideo*#o*a

$a#0*#e'e'e#ed&%e#1#iend*3846828=6deat%and!e"a)&>.

During this interview with "osa #arks8 friends, each friend had described many 'ualitiesand honors of her. ne had said that she was a very honest and combative woman when

something that she was passionate came about. he was said to be a very hard worker and

had worked with many young people even though that she had not had any children of

her own. Also, she was able to see things at different angles and that she was said to have

said that she would have never given up her seat ever again after the bus incident in 0233.

B#(nne#, Bo#"na, and E!i**a Hane&. /Ci-i! Ri"%t* Ti'e!ine./ In1o$!ea*e. In1o$!ea*e, n.d.

We. 62 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.in1o$!ea*e.)o'*$ot)i-i!#i"%t*ti'e!ine3.%t'!>.

After a lot of noviolent protests, the government responded by enacting new laws that

protected the African@Americans8 rights. 7or e>ample, #resident :ohnson signed the $ivil

"ights Act of 024F. A lot of events happened in 0241, one year prior to the new act. The

scenes from the civil rights movement in 9irmingham in 5ay, 0241, was televised and

publicly known for the brutality of the police force treating the peaceful protesters.

August E;, 0241 was when 5artin Luther ing :r. had his famous &- have a dream&


25/41

speech at ashington D.$.. n eptember 03, 0241, four black girls were killed at the

9aptist church in 9irmingham. All these events happened after the "osa #arks incident,

which led to the creation of various organizations that promoted the civil rights

movement.

B#(nne#, Bo#"na. /He#oe* o1 t%e Ci-i! Ri"%t* o-e'ent./ In1o$!ea*e. Pea#*on Ed()ation,

In)., 688. We. 67 O)t. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.in1o$!ea*e.)o'*$ot%'%e#oe*3.%t'!>.

This page was written by 9orgna 9runner, an author that wanted to spread the word that

"osa #arks wanted the bus driver to know that his actions were giving off impressions

that he was treating the blacks as a group and individuals unfairly. he became known as

the &mother of the civil rights movement& after "osa #arks and the boycotters won

against the civil rights movement. 5artin Luther ing :r. launched a boycott of

5ontgomery buses because of what "osa #arks did, which was to sustain her seat despite

the fact that there was a white passenger that was waiting for her to give her up for him to

gain a seat.

/Ci-i! Ri"%t* C%#ono!o"&./ T%e Leade#*%i$ Con1e#en)e on Ci-i! and H('an Ri"%t*. N.$.,

n.d. We. 66 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.)i-i!#i"%t*.o#"#e*o(#)e*)i-i!#i"%t*383)%#ono!o"&.%t'!>.

The 0?th century was when Africans first came to America and suffered many hardship

as slaves. The 02th century was the civil war era, which resulted in the famous

Bmancipation #roclamation. -t was also the time when the :im $row law was enacted andharsh discrimination was happening in America. African@Americans were not the only

ones who were e>cluded% $hinese immigrants, /ative Americans, and other minorities

were treated unfairly. tarting from the middle of the E=th century, civil rights movement

slowly started.

/Ci-i! Ri"%t*./ Fo# Kid*: A1#i)anA'e#i)an o-e'ent. N.$., n.d. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.d()0*te#*.)o'%i*to#&)i-i!


26/41

/Ci-i! Ri"%t* o-e'ent./ Hi*to#&.)o'. AJE Te!e-i*ion Net+o#0*, n.d. We. 62 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.%i*to#&.)o'to$i)*!a)0%i*to#&)i-i!#i"%t*'o-e'ent>.

The African@Americans did not have a full citizenship in the 6nited tates that timeperiod, so by civil rights movement, they gained their rights as a citizen. The initial phase

of black protest was the famous bus boycott in 5ontgomery, which was sparked by "osa

#arks. This movement led to the creation of outhern $hristian Leadership $onference

C$L$, and 5artin Luther ing :r. as the president. Later, other civil rights movement

!oined, such as a wave of student sit@ins designed to end segregation at lunch counters.

This protest eventually led to the founding of tudent /on@iolent $oordinating

$ommittee C/$$. -n 0241, there was a nonviolent protest in 9irmingham, Alabama. -t

gained the /orth8s sympathy because the protesters Cincluding school children had to

face fire hoses, police with clubs, and police dogs. The August E; march on ashington

was one of the powerful movement that our nation has ever had, because it was when

5artin Luther ing :r. had his famous &- have a dream& speech. verall, all these civil

rights movements created awareness of racial ine'uality and resulted in the laws

protecting African@Americans8 rights.

/Ci-i! Ri"%t* o-e'ent./ N.$., n.d. We. 62 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.en)&)!o$edia.)o'to$i)Ci-i!.

Through the staff8s work of this page, we learned that "osa #arks was not intending to get

arrested, in other words, she did not plan to get arrested on the way to her house nor did

she know that she was going to end the segregation bus and start a civil rights movementfor her people and for the people that were not willing to take the first step and stand up

for themselves. e also got a 'uote that proves our point and that supports the fact that

she was the leader that lead the blacks into the civil rights movement, and the 'uote was

said by the 6.. "epresentatives :ohn $onyers, a 5ichigan Democrat. *owever, it did

not provide us with much information that were details on why she was a leader and how

she showed her leadership. This is one of the sources that was not much help to our


27/41

pro!ect. 9ut it did e>plain what the present day 6nited tates thought of "osa #arks and

why she is so honored in this nation.

C#o+t%e#, Linnea. /In*$i#ed & Ro*a Pa#0*./ Le"end* J Le"a)ie*. Le"a)&.)o', 7 Fe.

683=. We. 8 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.!e"a)&.)o'ne+*!e"end*and!e"a)ie*in*$i#ed&

#o*a$a#0*3=68>.

e learned about the people who were inspired by "osa #arks and her actions. -t talks

about her story of refusing to be relegated to the back of the bus became a legend to

children in school and a story of remembrance and honor to people who was there when

she was alive. e also found a famous 'uote with her picture, &The only tired - was, was

tired of giving in& and we put this on our website.

Donn, Lin. /Ro*a Pa#0* Pi)t(#e A#)%i-e*W%o I* Ro*a Pa#0*T%e Yea# I* 3455./

Se"#e"ation Sto#& =. N.$., n.d. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$:a'e#i)an%i*to#&.'#donn.o#"Ro*aPa#0*.%t'!>.

After he heard that "osa #arks refused to give up her seat, 5artin Luther ing :r.

gathered a meeting at church, saying that they can change this by organizing a bus

boycott. 5any people wanted to help "osa #arks, because she was known as a kind, soft@

spoken, gentle person. The bus boycott was a success, even though ing8s house became

a target of terrorism. ithout her generous characteristic, many people would not have

stood up for #arks. he truly deserves the title of &5other of the $ivil "ights

5ovement&.

T%e Edito#* o1 En)&)!o$dia B#itanni)a. /i' C#o+ La+./ En)&)!o$dia B#itanni)a.

En)&)!o$dia B#itanni)a, In)., 6837. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.#itanni)a.)o'EB)%e)0edto$i)=8=4i'C#o+!a+>.

/E''ett Ti!! (#de#./ t% G#ade So)ia! St(die*. N.$., 62 De). 6836. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$*:*ea*o)ia!*t(die*.+o#d$#e**.)o'6836366e''ettti!!'(#de#>.

Bmmet Till, a 0F years old African@American boy was brutally beaten and murdered in

5issisippi when he visited there to meet his relatives. *e reportedly visited the grocery

store and seen flirting with the owner8s wife. The all@white !uries were taking their time to

go to the court, and one of them even took a soda@pop break. This shows how biased the

!uries were back then. They did not care about !ustice, but only cared about the race. "osa


28/41

#arks, being part of /AA$#, was very distressed about this event, and this was part of

the reason why she stood up for herself in the bus.

Han*an, o%n E. /i' C#o+ La+* and Ra)ia! Se"#e"ation So)ia! We!1a#e Hi*to#&

P#o;e)t./ So)ia! We!1a#e Hi*to#& P#o;e)t. T%e So)ia! We!1a#e Hi*to#& P#o;e)t, 68 an. 6833.

We. 65 De). 6837. 9%tt$:+++.*o)ia!+e!1a#e%i*to#&.)o'e#a*;i')#o+!a+*and#a)ia!

*e"#e"ation>.

7or our sub section, &9ackground&, we included a tab about the :-m $row Laws. This

web page weaves :im $row Laws with "acial egregation, which is another tab for our

website. :im $row Laws mandated the status for African Americans and led to unfair

treatments and provided more rights towards the white Americans than the African

Americans. African Americans had to attend separate schools from the whites. :ohn B.

*ansan mentions "osa #arks while talking about the :im $row Laws, and how she was

the beginning to the end of the segregation, and end of the :im $row Laws.

Ha#e, Kennet% . /Ro*a Pa#0*: ot%e# o1 t%e Ci-i! Ri"%t* o-e'ent./ IIP Di"ita!. U.S.

De$a#t'ent o1 State, 64 De). 688. We. 65 O)t. 6837.

9%tt$:ii$di"ita!.(*e'a**&."o-*ten"!i*%$(!i)ation68848368848382376=8;'na'dei#1

8.2772.%t'!a=HCB=a$%B>.

During "osa #arks8 childhood, she developed a strong feeling against racism as her

childhood revolved around a church that her uncle, a pastor, was in charge. *er

grandfather was a person in her life that influenced her because he always had a loadedrifle ne>t to him in response to his family8s fear of the lu lu> lan. Although lu lu>

lan actually never harmed their family, her grandfather8s attitude towards the lu lu>

lan and racism shaped and molded "osa #arks8 thinking. Although the first thing she

sparked was the 5ontgomery bus boycott, it lead to a larger picture, the civil rights

movement. he did not know that she would be arrested on that day, and she did not

know that she would stand up for what she thought was right, in this case, saying no to

giving up her seat to a white man. *er individual boycott started that day and all she

wanted to do is to not ride a segregated bus again. This page helped us to realize and

understand that what "osa #arks showed to us was a form of leadership, more of an

indirect leadership meaning that her leadership was not obvious to people in the society

and to us now.

Hi*to#&.)o' Sta11. /Ci-i! Ri"%t* o-e'ent./ Hi*to#&.)o'. AJE Te!e-i*ion Net+o#0*, LLC,

6884. We. 6= De). 6837. 9%tt$:+++.%i*to#&.)o'to$i)*!a)0%i*to#&)i-i!#i"%t*

'o-e'ent>.


29/41


H(**, Da'on. /A B#ie1 Hi*to#& o1 i' C#o+./ Con*tit(tiona! Ri"%t* Fo(ndation. Bi!! and

e!inda Gate* Fo(ndation, 6837. We. 65 De). 6837. 9%tt$:+++.)#1(*a.o#"!a)0

%i*to#&'ont%a#ie1%i*to#&o1;i')#o+>.

The name, &:im $row& comes from a slang referring African Americans and it meant in

an insult. Damon *uss begins talking about much the world changed by telling a story of

an African American8s life in outh $arolina. *is name was tewart and he was surprised

to see African American police officers arresting white Americans, and the two groups

casually speaking to each other. *e said those things would have never happened with the

:-m $row Laws haunting the African Americans wherever they went% the school, church,

the stores, and rights. The laws e>isted in every part of the African American lives as it

began to split the two groups and caused them to fight against one another and to turn

their backs against each other. e learned descriptive e>amples of the laws put into

action.

e** Fa(!0. /Si''on* Co!!e"e./ Ro*a Pa#0*: T%e Po+e# o1 Wo'en Standin" ($ 1o# W%at

T%e& Be!ie-e in : Si''on* Li1e : T%e Ca'$(* Li1e B!o". Si''on* Ed(, 67 Fe. 6836. We.

64 De). 6837. 9%tt$:+++.*i''on*.ed()a'$(*!i1e*i''on*!i1e683686#o*a$a#0*t%e

$o+e#o1+o'en*tandin"($1o#+%att%e&e!ie-ein.$%$>.

This blog tells about the motivation that "osa #arks had had during the moments before,

during, and after the civil rights movement. 0E years before the boycott, #arks was a very

active member of the local /AA$# organization and was the secretary as@well. The busincident of 0233 was not the first run in that she had had with the transportation system.

Barlier in 02F1, #arks had had her first run in with the system when she was abandoned

on the street as she had entered the bus the &wrong& way and was ordered to leave and

enter the &right& way. hen she had e>ited the bus to enter the &right& way, which was

through the back e>it, the bus driver had left in a mad rampage, leaving her behind.

Kenned&, Dee. /Wo'en in t%e LEAD./ Wo'en in t%e LEAD G!oa! Dia!o"(e Cente#,

37 Fe. 6836. We. 67 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:"!oa!dia!o"(e)ente#.!o"*.)o'+o'en683686+o'en!eade#*%i$!e**on*1#o'

#o*a$a#0*.%t'!>.

This blog post had given a perspective of "osa #arks8 actions from a females8 point of

view. Debbie ennedy had written on how she set the e>ample of the power of feminine

dignity by standing up against the power of racism and discrimination.


30/41

La+*on, Ste-en F. /Se"#e"ation, F#eedo'* Sto#&, Tea)%e#Se#-e, Nationa! H('anitie*

Cente#./ Se"#e"ation, F#eedo'* Sto#&, Tea)%e#Se#-e, Nationa! H('anitie* Cente#.

Nationa! H('anitie* Cente#, a& 6838. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$:nationa!%('anitie*)ente#.o#"t*e#-e1#eedo'325343e**a&**e"#e"ation.%t'>.


Linde#, Do("!a* O. /E''ett Ti!! (#de# T#ia!: Se!e)ted Te*ti'on&./ E''ett Ti!! (#de#

T#ia!: Se!e)ted Te*ti'on&. N.$., 6836. We. 62 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:!a+6.('0).ed(1a)(!t&$#o;e)t*1t#ia!*ti!!ti!!a))o(nt.%t'!>.

The Bmmett Till 5urder Trial happened two months before "osa #arks was taken to the

court. This unfair trial troubled her mind for a long time, and is one of the factor of why

she chose to stay in her bus seat. Bmmett Till was a fourteen years old black boy who

visited 5ississippi to meet his cousins. *e made a loud, disturbing noise in front of awhite woman named $arolyn 9ryant. hen "oy 9ryant heard about this, he decided to

kidnap this teenager and &teach him a lesson& with his half@brother, :ohn . 5ilam. They

ended up dragging Till out from his house, beat him to death, and throw away his body to

a river. Bmmett Till8s body was found few days later, but because the !udges were all

white, they found 9ryant and 5ilam not guilty.

Lo"an, att%e+. /A Gene#a! Hi*to#& o1 Se"#e"ated S)%oo!* in ont"o'e#& Co(nt&./ A

Gene#a! Hi*to#& o1 Se"#e"ated S)%oo!* in ont"o'e#& Co(nt&. T%e Gaette Ne+*$a$e#*,

n.d. We. 65 De). 6837. 9%tt$:+++.'ont"o'e#&%i*to#&.o#""ene#a!%i*to#&*e"#e"ated*)%oo!*'ont"o'e#&)o(nt&>.


Lo$e*, a#i!&n. /Ro*a Pa#0*./ Ro*a Pa#0*. a#i!&n Lo$e*, n.d. We. 64 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.#o*a$a#0.)o'#o*a$a#0*.%t'>.

This website feeds children and adults alike in misconceptions about "osa #arks. The

reason this was put here in this bibliography was to have the ability to refer to a recourse

of misconceptions. The first, and ma!or flaw that this site contains is that it gives the

&childrens& version of the #arks8 story. This includes saying that, &he was very tired,&

which incorrect in the fact that #arks was only FE at the time, and was not tired.

*owever, #arks was tired of giving up, which was correctly told in this story.


31/41

/a#tin L(t%e# Kin" #./ Bio"#a$%i)a!. N.$., n.d. We. 6= De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.noe!$#ie.o#"noe!


32/41

accused of raping two white women. "osa #arks became the secretary in /AA$# even

though the president, B.D. /i>on, thought that women are all supposed to be staying at

their house. #arks got involved with many e'ual !ustice issue, such as the gang@rape of

"ecy Taylor. ther /AA$# investigators eagerly helped "osa #arks on various issues.

Pa)e, Gina. /Ro*a Pa#0* Le"a)&./ CBSNe+*. CBS Inte#a)ti-e, 67 O)t. 6885. We. 8 No-.

6837. 9%tt$:+++.)*ne+*.)o'ne+*#o*a$a#0*!e"a)&>.

e learned that students are beginning to 'uestion whether "osa #arks was a key figure

in the civil rights movement and why her actions were important. The author mentions

something about "osa #arks fading. e obtained numbers of 'uotes that we were

planning to use in our website because they talked about "osa #arks8 actions and her

affects upon this nation and her legacy in some ways. +ina #ace, the author of this article,

talks about how contradicting it was because "osa #arks stated and sparked the civil

rights movement even though she was very 'uiet and very silent. he showed that eventhough she may be 'uiet, that she can open up a larger world for others by being brave

and courageous. Through the speeches made by other advocate for the civil rights

movement, we learned that people of this generation do not see the importance of "osa

#arks8 actions. They either do not know why the civil rights history is important or what

the civil rights history is or how the history was made. A publisher of the 9lack

Bnterprise 5agazine e>plains that, &Moung people have to be reignited.&

/Pa#0*, Ro*a 343=6885./ Pa#0*, Ro*a 343=6885. a#tin L(t%e# Kin", #., Re*ea#)%

and Ed()ation In*tit(te, n.d. We. 8 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:'!0

0$$83.*tan1o#d.ed(inde.$%$en)&)!o$ediaen)&)!o$ediaen)


33/41

out her reason for standing up, that she was tired of giving in, and that every person must

live their life as a model for others.

Pettin"e#, Te;-an. /Ro*a Pa#0* Bio"#a$%&./ Bio"#a$%& On!ine. O1o#d, 33 Fe. 6836. We.

67 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.io"#a$%&on!ine.net%('anita#ian#o*a$a#0*.%t'!>.

"osa #arks was described as the &5other of the 5odern@Day $ivil "ights 5ovement.&

e learned her background, her lifestyle, and her childhood in this website. -t talked

about "osa #arks8 past and how she lived her life before she became engaged with the

civil rights movement and the e'uality for her people and before she stood up for herself

and refused to move from her seat. he was born in Alabama during the year of 0201.

*er great@grandmother was a slave and her ancestors also came form the -rish@cottish

lineage. hen she reached the age of 00, she dropped out of the -ndustrial chool for

+irls in 5ontgomery because she had to look after her grandmother. The website gave us

a brief e>planation on the :im $row laws and what they did to the African Americans.

Pi!"#i', Da-id, P#o1e**o# o1 So)io!o"&. / W%at Wa* i' C#o+./ i' C#o+ (*e(':

O#i"in* o1 i' C#o+. i' C#o+ (*e(', Se$t. 6836. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.1e##i*.ed(;i')#o++%at.%t'>.

:im $row Laws were listed in order and specifically in details. #rofessor David #ilgrim

talked about the laws with e>amples and e>plained what and how they were put into

action. *e wrote about how it applied to barbers, blind wards, burial, buses, child

custody, education, libraries, mental hospitals, militia, nurses, prisons, reform schools,teaching, and also how it applied for wine and beer. *e provided visuals with pictures of

placards and signs of segregation. e used the information from this website on the :im

$row Law page and the egregation page.

Pi!"#i', Da-id. /W%at Wa* i' C#o+/ W%at Wa* i' C#o+.N.$., n.d. We. 62 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.1e##i*.ed(i')#o++%at.%t'>.

The :im $row law was the name of the racial caste system in America between 0;??s to

mid 024=s. -t was not !ust a anti@black law, but a way of life to people during that timeperiod. hite pastors preached that +od chose the white people and black people are

inferior than whites intellectually and culturally. #ro@segregation politicians gave

speeches about the dangers of the integration and mongrelization of the white race. The

:im $row Laws had ridiculous laws, such as a black male cannot offer his hand to shake

hands with a white man, blacks and whites cannot eat together, and only whites can

introduce blacks to a white person Cnot blacks introducing white person to a white


34/41

person. These &eti'uette& were treated seriously as a law, and some blacks were falsely

accused and got lynched by white mob. Lynching was common back then, usually blacks

as the victim. These harsh laws were all over the place back then, because many of the

public facilities such as restrooms, water fountains, and libraries were segregated.

/Ra)ia! Se"#e"ation./ HISTORY. AETN UK, 36 a#. 683=. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.%i*to#&.)o.(0*t(d&to$i)*%i*to#&o1a'e#i)a#a)ia!*e"#e"ation>.


Ri!e&, Ro)%e!!e. /Ro)%e!!e Ri!e&: Ro*a Pa#0* Le"a)& Too Bi" to Be Hidden in Da#0./

Det#oit F#ee P#e**. A#)%i-e.1#ee$.)o', =3 A(". 6837. We. 65 O)t. 6837.

9%tt$:a#)%i-e.1#ee$.)o'a#ti)!e68378=3COL38=8=388Ro*aPa#0*a#tinL(t%e#

Kin"a#ti1a)t*>.

*er refusal sparked the 5ontgomery bus boycott as well as the civil rights movement

that was lead by the same person who was influenced by her decisions. The author,

"ochelle "iley, really tries to promote the idea of "osa #arks and 5artin Luther ing, :r.

as the two main people that changed the picture of only whites in one store, and blacks in

another, and door that have &whites only& on their sign.

/Ro*a Pa#0*./ Ne+ Wo#!d En)&)!o$edia. N.$., 4 A$#. 6837. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.ne++o#!den)&)!o$edia.o#"ent#&Ro*a.

There were a lot of activists other than "osa #arks who refused to move their bus seat.

*owever, /AA$# thought "osa #arks would be the most eligible one to be in the test

case, because according to 5atin Luther ing :r., she was the best citizen among the

negroes and other people in Alabama. 3= African@American leaders met in a church to

discuss about "osa #arks and organizing a bus boycott. omen8s #olitical $ouncil

handed out 13,=== flyers about the boycott, and various other organizations helped out

with the boycott.

/Ro*a Pa#0* Bio"#a$%&./ A)ade'& o1 A)%ie-e'ent. A)ade'& o1 A)%ie-e'ent, 62 Fe.6838. We. 6= No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.a)%ie-e'ent.o#"a(todo)$a"e$a#8io3>.

This article had given a short biography of "osa #arks from her birth in 0201, to her

death in E==3. The biography contained a short snip@it of her honors, where she was

buried at the 6nited tates $apitol, an honor normally reserved for the #residents of the


35/41

6nited tates. A main take@away from this biography is that you have to look forward to

a better day, and not to think that there is such a thing as &complete& happiness.

/Ro*a Pa#0* Bio"#a$%&./ Bio.)o'. Ed. La(#a G#i'', Leanne F#en)%, and E(die Pa#0.

AJE Net+o#0* Te!e-i*ion, n.d. We. 65 O)t. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.io"#a$%&.)o'$eo$!e#o*a$a#0*47==35*&no$*i*>.

"osa #arks was born as "osa Louise 5c$auley on 7ebruary F, 0201 in Tuskegee,

Alabama. -n 021E, "osa married and met "aymond #arks, who was a barber and a

member of the /ational Association for the Advancement of $olored #eople, or the

/AA$#. n December 0, 0233, the famous bus incident that had sparked the $ivil

"ights movement had occurred. #arks had refused to give up her seat, and was charged

with the violation of $hapter 4, ection 00, of the 5ontgomery $ity $ode. he was later

released that night on bail by the /AA$#. The /AA$# had asked member of the

African@American communities to not use the public transport and to boycott the

transportation system. Bven though boycotts were deemed illegal by city laws, people

still boycotted, and with this determination, the boycott lasted for 1;0 days. ith the

transportation company suffering from the financial loss, the enforcement of segregation

on public buses was uplifted and the boycott was ended on December E=, 0234. n

ctober EF, E==3, "osa #arks had passed away at the ripe age of 2E at her apartment in

Detroit, 5ichigan.

/Ro*a Pa#0* Bio"#a$%&: Ci-i! Ri"%t* A)ti-i*t 343=6885./ Bio.)o'. AJE Net+o#0*

Te!e-i*ion, 6837. We. =8 O)t. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.io"#a$%&.)o'$eo$!e#o*a$a#0*

47==35ea#!&!i1eanded()ation>.

-n this biography of "osa #arks, the author used the word &surrender& to describe what

"osa #arks didI &"osa #arks refused to surrender.& e thought that it was a very strong

word to use it to describe how she re!ected the demand. Through this statement, we

learned that what she did was very powerful and her actions really had a strong impact to

the society that she was living in. *owever, it did not provide us with other information

but rather the facts that we already found in other websites and sources.

/Ro*a Pa#0* B(* T%e Sto#& Be%ind t%e B(*./ Ro*a Pa#0* B(* T%e Sto#& Be%ind t%e

B(*. T%e Hen#& Fo#d, 6886. We. 3 O)t. 6837.

9%tt$*:+++.t%e%en#&1o#d.o#"e%iit*#o*a$a#0**to#&.a*$>.

e found something very interesting, something that other resources that we used in our

research did not have, about the seat that she sat on. e found out that she was not sitting


36/41

in the seats that were reserved for the whites but the seats !ust behind the 0= reserved

seats. The reason for her arrest was because she did not give up her seat, and not because

she was sitting in a white reserved seat. The bus boycott that 5artin Luther ing :r.

started, not only did it stopped the segregation for the transportation in 5ontgomery, but

it also spread throughout the nation and helped stop transportation segregation. e used

the information of the seat not being a reserved seat for white man within our website

because we thought that it would be very interesting to bring that out and mention it to

the people.

/Ro*a Pa#0* G(e*t Boo0 on Le"a)&.)o'./ Le"a)&.)o'. Le"a)&.)o', 67 O)t. 6885. We. 64

De). 6837. 9%tt$:+++.!e"a)&.)o'"(e*too0*#o*a$a#0*

)ondo!en)e*355876=*t%a*%.i-"7a.d$*>.

Bven though this is not an academic source, it is !ust powerful on how many people8s

lives have been affected because of #arks8 influence. This site on "osa #ark8s guest book

does not actually show all of the supports and people affected by her because of the lack

of communication and also the lack of knowledge of this site. eeing to this, there are

many more people that are affect by her messages. The fact that this many people are

affect by #ark8s actions, really moves us because of her influence and legacy. 5ost likely

the legacy that #arks had left was her message of never giving up and standing up against

the oppression of in!ustice.

/Ro*a Pa#0*./ Hi*to#&.)o'. AJE Te!e-i*ion Net+o#0*, n.d. We. 67 O)t. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.%i*to#&.)o'to$i)*!a)0%i*to#o*a$a#0*>.

This article goes in depth of "osa #arks8 bus incident and the bus boycott. "osa #arks

helped initiate the civil rights movement in the 6 by refusing to give her seat up for a

white man. The leaders of the local black community organized a bus boycott that began

the day #arks was convicted as violating the segregation. According to the law, the front

seats were reserved for white citizens and the back for blacks. *owever, there was also a

contradictory 5ontgomery law that states that no person could be asked to give up a seat

even if there were no other seat on the bus available. n December 0, 0233, a white

passenger had no seat because the white section of the bus was taken. :ames 7. 9lake, the

driver of the bus, ordered "osa #arks and three other black passengers to move back.

#arks refused, which caused her to be arrested by two police officers. Bdgar Daniel

/i>on, the president of the 5ontgomery chapter of /AA$# C/ational Association for the

Advancement of $olored #eople hoped for years to find a courageous black person of

un'uestioned honesty and integrity to become the plaintiff in a case that might become

the tet of the validity of segregation laws. *e took this case as an advantage to start a bus


37/41

boycott. 13,=== flyers sent home with black school children, informing their parents of

the planned boycott.

/Ro*a Pa#0* Inte#-ie+./ A)ade'& o1 A)%ie-e'ent. A'e#i)a A)ade'& o1 A)%ie-e'ent,

62 Fe. 6838. We. 64 De). 6837. 9%tt$:+++.a)%ie-e'ent.o#"a(todo)$a"e$a#8int3>.

This website gives several videos of "osa #arks being interviewed on why she had done

the actions that she had done. As in normal interviews, #arks was asked several

'uestions, but each video clip was on each of the 'uestions that she was asked. ne

'uestion had stood out the most, when #arks was asked, &hen you refused to stand up,

did you have a sense of anger at having to do itN& #arks had responded, &- don8t remember

feeling that anger, but - did feel determined to take this as an opportunity to let it be

known that - did not want to be treated in that manner and that people have endured it far

too long.& -t seems that the intention to demoralize and degrade "osa #arks had actually

led to #arks being stronger and more determined to end this treatment, leading to the civil

rights movement. This civil rights movement had ultimately led to the end of segregation.

ne wrongful intention had led to the total abolishment of segregation, which is very

inspiring and very concerning in the fact that any action can have the opposite intention.

/Ro*a Pa#0* Le"a)& G#o+*./ B!a)0-oi)ene+*.)o'. A B#o+n P(!i*%in" Co'$an&, 35

a#. 683=. We. 67 O)t. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.!a)0-oi)ene+*.)o'ne+*724#o*a$a#0*

!e"a)&"#o+*.%t'!>.

This article starts up calling "osa #arks, the &5other of the $ivil "ights& movement,creating an emphasis on "osa #arks8 responsibility in introducing the movement to the

African American who were also tired of being segregated by the whites in America.

Then the author goes on by calling her the &spark for the civil rights movement.& Through

this 'uote, we were able to interpret that "osa #arks played a ma!or role in the civil rights

movement. -n fact, the article helped us to make a conclusion that "osa #arks was the one

who took the first step towards a world of no segregation. e used this article as a

backup and part of our background research that helped us come to a conclusion that

"osa #arks was indeed a leader. Despite not showing a dramatic leadership or direct

leadership, "osa #arks showed a leadership that lead to later on establishing a legacy.

Rot0e#, Ka#&n. /Re'e'e#in" t%e Le"a)& o1 Ro*a Pa#0*./ A'e#i)an Ci-i! Lie#tie*

Union. A'e#i)an Ci-i! Lie#tie* Union and t%e ACLU Fo(ndation., 3 De). 6836. We. 8

No-. 6837. 9%tt$*:+++.a)!(.o#"!o"#a)ia!;(*ti)e#o*a$a#0*da&>.


38/41

The present and the past was weaved together with the racism part of history. -t was very

interesting to see the affects of "osa #arks8 actions put into real life situations and her

affects on this nation in a present day situation. -t mentions that in 5ilwaukee,

isconsin, it is less likely to see a person with a driver8s license and the agencies Cstate

and federal have taken a notice of this pattern. *owever, the federal agencies allow the

government to continue to treat the colored people like that. he talks about how this ties

in with "osa #arks8 legacy. Despite "osa #arks8 effort in helping people mold the nation

into a nation without segregation, according to the author, was useless. e used her

opinion and her !udgement to introduce a different point of view of the spark of the civil

rights movement to prove our point in the website.

Sa'(e!*, e**e'. /St(dent A11ai#* Wo'en Ta!0 Te)%./ St(dent A11ai#* Wo'en Ta!0 Te)%

RSS. Sa+o'enta!0te)%, 3 a#. 6836. We. 8 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.*a+o'enta!0te)%.)o'!o"68368=83#o*a$a#0*t%e$o+e#o1+o'en*tandin"($1o#+%att%e&e!ie-ein>.

This article told the basic background story of "osa #arks and also told another important

idea, #arks was not an accidental activist, she was an intentional activist. There is a

misconception of people thinking that #arks was tired, she was tired, only tired of giving

in to her race8s mistreatment. he had e>perience segregation first hand and was tired of

this mistreatment, so she decided to stand up against the bus driver in 0233.

Sande#*, oni)a. /Unde#*tandin" t%e Hi*to#i)a! I'$a)t o1 Ro*a Pa#0*./ Le"a!oo'.)o'.

N.$., 83 De). 6884. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$*:+++.!e"a!oo'.)o'a#ti)!e*(nde#*tandin"t%e%i*to#i)a!i'$a)to1#o*a$a#0*>.

Bven though there were many activists before her who stood for themselves, such as

$laudette $olvin, "osa #arks was the one who sparked the $ivil "ights movement. he

influenced many people with her words. $laudette $olvin, a high school student, was

inspired by #arks8 youth counseling session at /AA$#, so she refused to get off her seat

when the driver asked her to. he did not get much attention because the court released

her due to her pregnancy, but this shows "osa #arks8 impact on her black community.

hen #arks died in ctober EF, she became the second African@American to lie in the

state in the 6 $apital "otunda. Thanks to her, people of different race have e'ual rights

in America.

S%i$$, E. R. /Ro*a Pa#0* Oit(a#&./ Ro*a Pa#0* Oit(a#&. Ne+ Yo#0 Ti'e*, 65 O)t. 6885.

We. 8 No-. 6837.


39/41

9%tt$:+++.e!e"ant#ain.)o'a)ade'i)de$a#t'entAandLAASANNOUNCE-#a$a#0*

oit(a#&.%t'!>.

The author used the word &relin'uish& instead of give up or stand up, in order to display a

character of brave and strong. The bus boycott lasted about thirteen months before

successfully challenging the :im $row law. According to 5artin Luther ing :r., thearrest of "osa #arks precipitated, meaning it hastened or 'uickened the cause for

protesting against the segregation law. Bven though "osa #arks did not know that she

will get arrested, her choice of maintaining the seat put her into the risk of &legal sanction

and... even physical harm.& he, soon became the symbol and the lighter in the challenge

for racial e'uality and of the civil rights movement, which became very sufficient in

achieving their demands and re'uests.

/T%e Sto#& o1 inni;ean B#o+n and t%e Litt!e Ro)0 Nine./ t% G#ade So)ia! St(die*. N.$.,

6 De). 6836. We. 65 De). 6837. 9%tt$*:*ea*o)ia!*t(die*.+o#d$#e**.)o'6836366t%e

*to#&o1'inni;ean#o+nandt%e!itt!e#o)0nine>.

-n 0233, all students from $entral *igh chool District black schools were asked if they

wanted to transfer to integrate $entral *igh. At first, 04 students volunteered, but it

decreased to 2 due to threats of violence. The 2 students were later called the Little "ock

/ine, and when they first arrived at the school, they saw the /ational +uard blocking the

entrance under the order of the governor. Later, #resident Bisenhower prevailed and the

Little "ock /ine were later allowed to enter. Bven after going in the school, the 2

students endured physical and verbal abuse. 5inni!ean 9rown later received suspension

and got e>pelled for calling another student &white trash& and also throwing food at twoboys who harassed her. 9rown moved to /ew Mork to finish her high school degree. This

happened in 023?, E years after "osa #arks bus boycott, which shows #arks8 impact on

civil rights movement.

/Tit!e VI o1 t%e Ci-i! Ri"%t* A)t o1 3427./ T%e United State* De$a#t'ent o1 (*ti)e. N.$.,

n.d. We. 64 No-. 6837. 9%tt$:+++.;(*ti)e."o-)#tao(t)o#)oo#dtit!e-i.$%$>.

The $ivil "ights Act of 024F prohibited discrimination on the basis of color, race, and

national origin. Anyone who feel like they are mistreated can file a lawsuit.

T#(e'an, C%#i*. /Ro*a Pa#0*./ Ro*a Pa#0*. B(*ine** Data, 6885. We. 83 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.%i*to#&!ea#nin"*ite.)o.(0#o*a


40/41

This article gave us a basic background on "osa #arks. he was born on 7ebruary Fth

0201, in the outh of America. egregation was considered an integral part of life, and

America was dominated with segregation and discrimination. #arks had become the local

secretary to the /AA$# Mouth $ouncil, and in 02F1, she had e>perience the ideology

that they were fighting against, discrimination. This article also presented us two essential

'uotes to her fight against discrimination and segregation, (7our decades later - am still

uncomfortable with the credit given to me for starting the bus boycott. - would like

Cpeople to know - was not the only person involved. - was !ust one of many who fought

for freedom,& and (ur mistreatment was !ust not right, and - was tired of it. - kept

thinking about my mother and my grandparents, and how strong they were. - knew there

was a possibility of being mistreated, but an opportunity was being given to me to do

what - had asked of others.)

UC Li#a#ie*. /A1#i)an A'e#i)an*: Ci-i! Ri"%t* and So)ia! Re1o#' 3458*348*./Ca!i*$%e#e. T%e Re"ent* o1 T%e Uni-e#*it& o1 Ca!i1o#nia, 6837. We. 65 De). 6837.

9%tt$:+++.)a!i*$%e#e.(ni-e#*it&o1)a!i1o#nia.ed()a!)(!t(#e*et%ni)

protected. The conse'uence of a state that fails to follow these acts was that the federal

government was allowed to intervene. 5ostly these acts were set up in order to combat

against the actions of the u lu> lan, who at the time were striking fear into the hearts


41/41

of African American communities by killing and making e>amples out of people by

violence.

Wo#'*e#, Ri)%a#d. /P!e**& V. Fe#"(*on 342./ PBS. PBS, n.d. We. 62 No-. 6837.

9%tt$:+++.$*.o#"+net;i')#o+*to#ie*.

This article had given a short back story behind "osa #arks, and a small, but significant

twist of events. Bveryone knows that #arks had become the icon for the $ivil "ights

movements, but not everyone knew that when she had left 5ontgomery, she had not onlyleft because of financial reasons, but because ing and other leader of the civil rights

moments disagreed fre'uently. This given insight on "osa #arks shows that she !ust wasn

not the symbol of civil rights movement.

leadership and legacy of rosa parks

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