Leadership & ManagementLeadership & Management

Lesson 23:Lesson 23:

Motivation and Performance: Motivation and Performance: Situation TheorySituation Theory

Lesson 23Lesson 23 Objectives Objectives

1.1. The student will comprehend advantages The student will comprehend advantages and limitations to the Operant Approach.and limitations to the Operant Approach.

2.2. The student will comprehend and The student will comprehend and distinguish between Motivators and distinguish between Motivators and Hygiene Factors.Hygiene Factors.

Lesson 23Lesson 23 Objectives Objectives

3.3. The student will comprehend and The student will comprehend and distinguish between horizontal and distinguish between horizontal and vertical job loading and apply both to a vertical job loading and apply both to a task you require of a subordinate.task you require of a subordinate.

4.4. The student will comprehend the The student will comprehend the overlapping features shared by both overlapping features shared by both Maslow’s and Herzberg’s theories.Maslow’s and Herzberg’s theories.

The Operant ApproachThe Operant Approach

Advantages and limitations of the Operant (carrot and Advantages and limitations of the Operant (carrot and stick) approach:stick) approach:

Careful administration of rewards and punishments can Careful administration of rewards and punishments can reinforce desired behaviors and help to establish a pattern of reinforce desired behaviors and help to establish a pattern of proper behavior [to include productivity] by subordinates. proper behavior [to include productivity] by subordinates.

  However, the resultant motivation typically remains extrinsic, However, the resultant motivation typically remains extrinsic, requiring supervisors to constantly monitor and evaluate the requiring supervisors to constantly monitor and evaluate the competitive [in contrast competitive [in contrast to the benefits of not desired behavior] to the benefits of not desired behavior] quality of their chosen rewards and punishments. quality of their chosen rewards and punishments.

It is supervisor-intensive, but an effective tool of transactional It is supervisor-intensive, but an effective tool of transactional leadership. leadership. 

Motivators and Hygiene FactorsMotivators and Hygiene Factors

Frederick Herzberg theorized that two entirely Frederick Herzberg theorized that two entirely separate dimensions contribute to an separate dimensions contribute to an employee’s behavior at work - employee’s behavior at work - Hygiene FactorsHygiene Factors and and MotivatorsMotivators::

Hygiene FactorsHygiene Factors are elements such as working are elements such as working conditions, pay, policies, interpersonal conditions, pay, policies, interpersonal relationships.relationships.

MotivatorsMotivators fulfill high-level needs and include fulfill high-level needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility and achievement, recognition, responsibility and opportunity for growth.opportunity for growth.

Motivators and Hygiene Factors Motivators and Hygiene Factors (Cont.)(Cont.)

Motivators satisfy subordinates - the things Motivators satisfy subordinates - the things which encourage them to attend work, comply to which encourage them to attend work, comply to group or team goals and produce. group or team goals and produce.

  They often are linked to performance. Positive They often are linked to performance. Positive recognition by a superior and among peers recognition by a superior and among peers during a formal meeting is an example of this. during a formal meeting is an example of this.

Motivators and Hygiene Factors Motivators and Hygiene Factors (Cont.)(Cont.)

Hygiene Factors keep subordinates from being Hygiene Factors keep subordinates from being dissatisfied. They apply to subordinates regardless of dissatisfied. They apply to subordinates regardless of performance. performance.

  Timely and thorough completion of counseling on fitness Timely and thorough completion of counseling on fitness evaluations are an example of a hygiene factor. evaluations are an example of a hygiene factor.

  The act is expected. When it does not happen, subordinates The act is expected. When it does not happen, subordinates become dissatisfied and may come to believe that superiors are become dissatisfied and may come to believe that superiors are not taking care of them.not taking care of them.

Satisfiers (Motivators) and Dissatisfiers (Hygiene Satisfiers (Motivators) and Dissatisfiers (Hygiene Factors) lie on completely different scales and must be Factors) lie on completely different scales and must be considered independently.considered independently.

Horizontal and Vertical Job LoadingHorizontal and Vertical Job Loading

Horizontal and Vertical Job Loading and Horizontal and Vertical Job Loading and application to a task you require of a application to a task you require of a subordinate: subordinate: Horizontal Job LoadingHorizontal Job Loading is a superficial change in the is a superficial change in the

assignment of a subordinate. The new assignment assignment of a subordinate. The new assignment has no greater complexity or importance and amounts has no greater complexity or importance and amounts to a change in scenery. to a change in scenery.

• For example; in a ship’s Deck Division - having a seaman For example; in a ship’s Deck Division - having a seaman chip paint on the foc’sle, then re-assigning the seaman to chip paint on the foc’sle, then re-assigning the seaman to carry tools to the after gear locker.  carry tools to the after gear locker.  

Horizontal and Vertical Job Loading Horizontal and Vertical Job Loading (Cont.)(Cont.)

Vertical Job LoadingVertical Job Loading is an obvious change in the is an obvious change in the assignment of a subordinate. The new assignment of a subordinate. The new assignment may involve greater complexity and assignment may involve greater complexity and responsibility. This new assignment may be in responsibility. This new assignment may be in conjunction with a simpler oneconjunction with a simpler one. . For example; if Deck Division assigns a Petty Officer For example; if Deck Division assigns a Petty Officer

to field day the paint locker but also to check to field day the paint locker but also to check HAZMAT dates and update MSDS data sheets in the HAZMAT dates and update MSDS data sheets in the process.process.

MMaslow’s and Herzberg’s Theoriesaslow’s and Herzberg’s Theories

Overlapping features shared by Maslow’s and Overlapping features shared by Maslow’s and Herzberg’s theories:Herzberg’s theories: Hygiene Factors are predominantly related to lower Hygiene Factors are predominantly related to lower

level needs. level needs. Herzberg’s Motivators target higher level needs.Herzberg’s Motivators target higher level needs. The very notion that Dissatisfiers (Hygiene Factors) The very notion that Dissatisfiers (Hygiene Factors)

and Satisfiers (Motivators) must be dealt with and Satisfiers (Motivators) must be dealt with distinctly is congruent with the distinction between distinctly is congruent with the distinction between basic needs and what satisfies them. basic needs and what satisfies them.

MMaslow’s and Herzberg’s Theories aslow’s and Herzberg’s Theories (Cont.)(Cont.)

A promise of glory does not necessarily A promise of glory does not necessarily encourage a soldier who has not eaten in five encourage a soldier who has not eaten in five days even if a turkey dinner is promised after the days even if a turkey dinner is promised after the victory. victory.

This is a clear difference between Maslow and the Operant This is a clear difference between Maslow and the Operant Approach— needs actually have to be met to raise subordinates Approach— needs actually have to be met to raise subordinates so that they are receptive to the next level goal, not the promise so that they are receptive to the next level goal, not the promise of reward. of reward.

MMaslow’s and Herzberg’s Theories aslow’s and Herzberg’s Theories (Cont.)(Cont.)

Vertical Job Loading is another example:Vertical Job Loading is another example: Consider the role of Vertical Job Loading in terms of Consider the role of Vertical Job Loading in terms of

giving junior personnel an opportunity to mentor even giving junior personnel an opportunity to mentor even more junior personnel, meeting the need to give as more junior personnel, meeting the need to give as well as receive care-affection-concern. well as receive care-affection-concern.

Also a fall-out of Vertical Job Loading is the fulfillment Also a fall-out of Vertical Job Loading is the fulfillment of esteem in the sense of REAL capacity, of esteem in the sense of REAL capacity, achievement and respect.achievement and respect.

Next ClassNext Class

Read: Leadership & Management,Read: Leadership & Management, Chapter 24Chapter 24

SummarySummary

The Operant Approach can reinforce desired behavior The Operant Approach can reinforce desired behavior but requires constant monitoring and evaluation of but requires constant monitoring and evaluation of chosen rewards and punishments.chosen rewards and punishments.

Hygiene Factors (Dissatisfiers) are working conditions, Hygiene Factors (Dissatisfiers) are working conditions, pay, policies and interpersonal relationships.pay, policies and interpersonal relationships.

Motivators (Satisfiers) fulfill high-level needs and include Motivators (Satisfiers) fulfill high-level needs and include recognition, responsibility and opportunity for growth.recognition, responsibility and opportunity for growth.

Horizontal Job Loading is superficial change, whereas Horizontal Job Loading is superficial change, whereas vertical Job Loading is obvious change that can make a vertical Job Loading is obvious change that can make a significant (positive) impact on the subordinate.significant (positive) impact on the subordinate.

Questions?Questions?

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