learned & innate behaviors
DESCRIPTION
LEARNED & INNATE BEHAVIORS. STIMULUS - Something in the environment to which an organism will respond. BEHAVIOR. BEHAVIOR - the way an organism responds to its environment. BEHAVIOR. BEHAVIOR. This is one aspect of adaptation that improves an organism’s chances to survive and reproduce. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
LEARNED & INNATE
BEHAVIORS
BEHAVIOR
• STIMULUS- Something in the environment to which an organism will respond.
BEHAVIOR
• BEHAVIOR- the way an organism responds to its environment.
BEHAVIOR
This is one aspect of adaptation that improves an organism’s chances to survive and reproduce.
2 TYPES OF 2 TYPES OF BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
• LEARNED BEHAVIOR
• INNATE BEHAVIOR
INNATE BEHAVIOR
o Behavior that is present and complete without the need for experience.
o behaviors present at birth.
o the instinctive, fixed, unchanging behavior that is inherited.
INNATE BEHAVIORS
• Reflex- a simple, immediate, involuntary response by a part of the body to a particular stimulus.
INNATE BEHAVIORS
• Fight-or Flight- mobilizes your body for greater activity. Heart rate increase, blood supply to muscle. Controlled by internal chemical mechanisms.
INNATE BEHAVIORS
• Instinct- A complex behavior. Takes more time than a reflex.
• Courtship Behavior• Territorial• Aggressive Behavior• Dominance Hierarchy• Migration, Hibernation, Estivation• Circadian rhythm
Courtship Behaviors
• A specific behavior or series of behaviors that take place prior to mating.
• Could involve sound, smell, visual display…
•
Territorial Behavior
• A territory is a physical space an animal defends against other members of its species.
• May contain breeding area, feeding area, and potential mates, or all three
• Although it may not appear so, setting up territories actually reduces conflicts, controls population growth, and provides for efficient use of animal resources.
Aggressive Behavior
• Aggressive behavior is used to intimidate another animal of the same species.
• Animals fight or threaten one another in order to defend their young, their territory, or a resource such as food.
• Includes behaviors such as bird calling, teeth baring, or growling.
• Using symbolic and not fighting till death
Dominance Hierarchy
• Dominance Hierarchy is a from of social ranking within a group in which some individuals are more subordinate than others. ….The ability to form a dominance hierarchy is innate, but the position each animals assumes may be learned.
• Pecking order• Alpha Male
Circadian Rhythm
• Circadian Rhythm. Is an instinctive behavior that is exhibited in animals in response to internal, biological rhythms.
• Can be based on 24 hours or seasonal
Migration, Hibernation, and Estivation
• We all know what migration and hibernation is…
Migration, Hibernation, and Estivation
• What is estivation?
• Estivation is an innate instinctive behavior that some animals that live in extreme heat have developed.
Estivation
• Estivation is another form of torpor, dormancy, or "sleep". Animals that estivate are trying to escape things happening in their environment.
• This happens in hot, desert climates where heat and water are so important to the animals that live there.
• Estivation protects these animals from high temperatures and drought.
Estivation
• Breathing and heartbeat get very slow. • The animal doesn't need as much food
and water to live since food is fuel for energy and they aren't using much.
• Reptiles use 90-95% less energy when they are estivating.
• Animals don't move, grow or eat during this time.
LEARNED BEHAVIOR
-not inherited, but flexible and can be changed.
–take place through experience or practice.
EXAMPLES OF LEARNED BEHAVIORS
• Mimicry• Habituation• Imprinting• Trial & Error• Classical Conditioning• Operant Conditioning• Insight Learning
EXAMPLES OF LEARNED BEHAVIORS
• MIMICRY – when one organism makes a resemblance to another species.
MIMICRY
– Hawk Moth Mimicry
• This moth caterpillar defends itself by mimicking a snake.
MIMICRY
• This butterfly has adapted to mimic a dead leaf, a shape so inedible and common a predator would not notice it.
MIMICRY
• This Katydid has adapted to mimic a leaf in both color and shape.
MIMICRY
• Many prey animals have found ways to startle a predator and reduce their chances of being eaten. Some butterflies and moths flash eye spots on their wings, false eyes which suggest a much larger animal. Some caterpillars play the same trick.
MIMICRY
MIMICRY
MIMICRY
• From left to right are the Common Wasp, Vespula vulgaris, and some of its mimics - the Hornet Moth, Sesia apiformis, the Wasp Beetle, Clytus arietis, and the Hoverfly, Syrphus ribesii.
IMPRINTING• The quick early learning of a
behavior that becomes a permanent response to a particular stimulus.
• A significant innate component during a limited critical period
Who’s your momma?
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• A pioneer in the study of Learned Behavior
• Ivan Pavlov
• Classical Conditioning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• An animals reflexes are trained to respond to a new stimulus.
• Learning by association
• Experiment- Dog and Bell.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
• BF Skinner
• Did his work in the
1940-1950’s
OPERANT CONDITIONING
• Takes place when an animals learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment.
• Trial and Error
• “Skinner Box”
Trial and Error
• A type of learning in which an animal receives a reward for making a particular response
HABITUATION
• Loss of responsiveness due to an unimportant stimulus.
• OR to stimuli that do not provide appropriate feedback.
HABITUATION
• Horse to sounds
• Snail to touch
• Gray squirrels to respond to “attack”
Insight
• The most complicated form of learning is insight learning.
• When an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation with a period of trial and error.
• You working a “new” math problem you have never worked…but apply principles you have already learned in class to solve it correctly.
• Common among humans and other primates.
BEHAVIORS
• Keep in mind that there is NOT always a clear cut line between behaviors that are learned v/s those that are innate.
• Many behaviors involve a little of both.
• Nature v/s Nurture Theory.
• Social, Sexual, parental skills, etc
COMMUNICATION
• Many behaviors that animals do involve interactions with other animals---Communication
• Humans-Language
• Sound
• Body Language
• Smell…Pheromones
PHEROMONES
• Chemicals released by many different animals as a form of communication
• Mating
• Warning
• Protection