option e e3 innate and learned behavior. e3.1 d istinguish between innate and learned behavior. ...
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OPTION E
E3 INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR
E3.1 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR.
Instinctive – genetically based Based on experience Not modified by the individual Modified by trial and error Uniform through population Variation within population Unaffected by environment Affected by environment Beneficial behaviors are Capacity to learn may be product of natural selection product of natural selection e.g. suckling in newborns e.g. foraging
migration of blackcaps response to predators hunting instinct
Innate Behavior Learned Behavior
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5G6ZR5lJgTIHuman facial expressions
TAXIS
Plural, taxesAn innate directional movement toward
(positive) or away from (negative) some stimulus.
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.
Paramecia are model species for innate behavior studies:ex: positive thermotaxis = move toward warmer areas of water positive chemotaxis = move toward acids released by
bacteria (their food) negative chemotaxis = avoid high concentrations of
harmful chemicals
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.TAX
IS
KINESIS
Plural, kinesesAn innate nondirectional movement in
response to a stimulus.May be merely starting or stopping,
changing speed, or turning more or less frequently.
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS
Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)Speed of movement altered as response to
stimulusTemperature of testing chamber is adjusted
and behavior is measuredFloor of chamber has gridMovement is video recorded for controlled
time
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS
Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)Video played back, with number of squares
crossed counted as movement in the time period
Orthokinetic value calculated as number of squares crossed per second (mean of six runs)
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.
KINESIS
Klinokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)Rate of turning altered as response to
stimulusSame as orthokinesis, but with number of
turns per unit time as the basis for calculation
E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.
In this investigation, pillbugs (P. scaber) were given a choice chamber test.
One chamber contained moist filter paper, the other dry.
E3.3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.
In the sample data, the overall movement of pillbugs to the moist chamber. When the experiment is repeated, results are consistent.
Those innate behaviors that are favorable (such as finding moisture) give an individual a survival and reproductive advantage.
As innate behaviors are genetic, they arepassed on, andproliferate in the population.
E3.3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.
E3.4 DISCUSS HOW THE PROCESS OF LEARNING CAN IMPROVE THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL.
Innate behaviors are inherited from parents as genes. They develop by natural selection and thus are suited to better adapted species to its environment. Therefore, they increase an animal’s chances for survival.
Learned behaviors develop as a result of experience. They enable animals to change their behaviors in response to changing environmental conditions. This increases the chance of survival by learning new behavioral patterns. While learned behavior itself is not passed on through genetics, the ability to learn may be.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpgCQj-sgqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXQAgzfwuNQ The intelligence of crowhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh9XL08Akwc Chimpanzee tool use
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
Classical conditioning is a method of associative learning.
Ivan Pavlov trained dogs to alter their response to a stimulus, based on the dogs’ expected outcomes of the behavior.
Classical conditioning results in an automatic response to a stimulus (e.g. a bell ring)
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
Unconditioned response - automatic response to a stimulus (i.e. food causes salivation)
Neutral stimulus- does not elicit response (i.e. bell does not cause salivation)
Conditioning- neutral and unconditioned stimuli applied together
(i.e. dog associates bell with food, and salivates) Conditioned stimulus and
response- Ringing the bell results in
salivation, even without food present.
E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.
Operant conditioning is another conditioning method proposed by BF Skinner Positive Reinforcement: Reward desired behavior Negative Reinforcement: Removal of positive reinforcement Punishment:
rats and pigeons weretrained to push leversand perform actions to receive food rewards. An electrical shock punished incorrect actions.
E3.6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN YOUNG BIRDS.
Birdsong is a strong indicator of reproductive fitness. Birdsong development is due to both innate and learned
behavior. This leads to sexual selection – usually the female selects
mates based on their perceived levels of reproductive fitness.
The basis of much birdsong is inherited, though needs to be refined with learning.
Example: lyre bird’s ability to mimic any sound in its environment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0Kdfos4Y The amazing lyre bird
E3.6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN YOUNG BIRDS.
Bird usually hatch with a template
song that prevents them from
learning from the wrong species. Imprinting takes place in the
sensitive period early in the
development (associative learning). By listening and practicing the calls
of the adult birds, the chick modifies
its song to “fit”. One reason why captive birds are
not reproductively successful in the
wild is that they have not been imprinted
with the correct mature song.