LEARNINGBehaviorism

chapter 7

A change in behavior due to experience.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGIvan Pavlov: Russian Scientist Early 1900’s

Unconditioned Stimulus

UCS

A stimulus that leads to a certain response without any previous training.

ex. Food

Unconditioned Response

UCR

A response that occurs naturally and automatically when the UCS is presented.

Ex. Salivation to food (natural).

Neutral Stimulus

NS

A stimulus that has no effect on the organism.

Ex. Bell

Conditioned Stimulus

CS

A neutral stimulus paired with the UCS.

Ex. Bell ----Food

Conditioned Response

CR

A learned response.

The Office

John B. WatsonLittle Albert

Generalization

A response spread from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original.

Ex. White rat –White fur – White beard etc..

Discrimination

The ability to respond differently to distinct stimuli.

Ex. White fur vs. Black fur

Extinction

The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the CS (bell) is repeatedly presented without the UCS (Food).

Aversion Conditioning Phobias and Treatment

Aversion Conditioning: (Garcia) Learning to hate what you love. Example “Clockwork Orange”Systematic Desensitization: Slowly deconditioning phobias (baby steps)Flooding/Exposure: Sudden overwhelming exposure to fear (roller coaster)

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Subject operates on the environment and produces a result that will influence whether he or she will operate in the same way in the future.

Shaping

B.F. Skinner

1904 – 1990

Walden Two

Shaping

Skinner Box

Behavior Modification

Schedules of Reinforcement

Behavior ModificationB.F. Skinner

TERMS TO KNOW

+ POSITIVE: TO PRESENT (ADD)

- NEGATIVE: TO REMOVE (SUBTRACT)

REINFORCEMENT = INCREASE BEHAVIOR

PUNISHMENT = DECREASE BEHAVIOR

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

GIVE A STIMULIS THAT INCREASES A BEHAVIOR.

EXAMPLES: Verbal Praise, Gold Star, High Grade, Attention, Warm Fuzzy

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

TAKE AWAY AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS CAUSING AN INCREASE IN THE RESPONSE.

EXAMPLES: Escape or Avoidance conditioning, Increased freedom or removal of restrictions after grades or appropriate behavior increases.

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

Give something bad to DECREASE a behavior.

EXAMPLES: A scolding, spanking, shock, lecture from P’s, A “Switch”

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

The removal of a good stimulus, causing a decrease in the response.

Examples: Grounded, Not being allowed to watch T.V. or play Games, not having dessert, being suspended from school (supposedly).

CHART

+ R GIVE GOOD

- R TAKE BAD

+ P GIVE BAD

- P TAKE GOOD

Behavior Modification

B.F. Skinner

TERMS TO KNOW

+ POSITIVE: TO PRESENT (ADD)

- NEGATIVE: TO REMOVE (SUBTRACT)

REINFORCEMENT = INCREASE BEHAVIOR

PUNISHMENT = DECREASE BEHAVIOR

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

GIVE A STIMULIS THAT INCREASES A BEHAVIOR.

EXAMPLES: Verbal Praise, Gold Star, High Grade, Attention, Warm Fuzzy

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

TAKE AWAY AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS CAUSING AN INCREASE IN THE RESPONSE.

EXAMPLES: Escape or Avoidance conditioning, Increased freedom or removal of restrictions after grades or appropriate behavior increases.

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

Give something bad to DECREASE a behavior.

EXAMPLES: A scolding, spanking, shock, lecture from P’s, A “Switch”

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

The removal of a good stimulus, causing a decrease in the response.

Examples: Grounded, Not being allowed to watch T.V. or play Games, not having dessert, being suspended from school (supposedly).

CHART

+ R GIVE GOOD

- R TAKE BAD

+ P GIVE BAD

- P TAKE GOOD

Schedules of Reinforcement

Ratio = Behavior

Interval = Time

Schedules Experiment O = attempt X = reward

X OOX OOX OOX OOX OOX OOX

X OOX OX OOOOOX OOX OOOOX

10 seconds X, 10 Seconds X, 10 seconds X

5 seconds X, 15 seconds X, 10 seconds X, 15 seconds X, 5 seconds X, 10 seconds X

(5 20 30 45 50 60)

Fixed RatioReinforcement depends on a certain amount of behavior being emitted.

OOOXOOOXOOOXOOOXOOOX

Examples: Subway card, piece work, Commission.

Variable Ratio

The number of required responses varies around some average rather than being fixed.

OXOOOOXXOOOOOOOOOXOOOX

Examples: Slot Machine, Sports (Baseball), Most Sales Jobs.

FIXED INTERVAL

Reinforcement is available at a predetermined time.

10 seconds X, 10 seconds X, 10 seconds X,

Examples: School Bells, hourly pay, yearly salary, holidays.

VARIABLE INTERVAL

The time at which a reinforcer will be available varies around some average rather than being fixed.

3 seconds X, 12 seconds X, 7 seconds X, 25 seconds X.

Examples: Weather, earthquakes, phone calls.

Graph of Schedules

STORY

Concepts of Learning

Primary Reinforcer = natural reinforcer.

Conditioned Reinforcer=Signal for a reinforcer or punisher.

Feedback

Necessary for learning.

Finding out the results of an action or performance.

Transfer

Positive Transfer

A previous learned response helps you to learn a new task.

Negative Transfer

A previously learned task hinders learning.

Practice

The repetition of a task helps to bind responses together.

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Learned Helplessness

Seligman

Numerous experiences in which actions have no effect on your world.

Learned Depression

Learned Laziness

Chaining

Responses that follow one another in a sequence are put together.

Swimming, Bowling

Social Learning

All learning in a social situation.

Albert Bandura “a more complex explanation for behavior is needed.”

Observational Learning

Imitation – Parent to child. (Speech patterns, personal habits)

How you react to others.

Modeling

Behavior of others increases the chance that we will do the same thing. (Social situations)

Disinhibition

Threatening activity.