learning learning versus instincts simple forms of learning – habituation – mere exposure effect
TRANSCRIPT
Learning
• Learning versus Instincts• Simple forms of learning
– Habituation– Mere exposure effect
Learning • Classical Conditioning
– Ivan Pavlov– Neutral stimulus– Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)– Unconditioned response (UCR)– Acquisition– Conditioned stimulus (CS)– Conditioned response (CR)
Learning
Learning
Learning
• Operant Conditioning– B.F. Skinner– Positive and negative reinforcement– Contingencies of reinforcement– Schedules o reinforcement– Ratio or interval– Fixed versus variable– Primary and secondary reinforcers– Premack principle
Cognitive Learning
• Insight learning - problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions– Wolfgang Köhler
Cognitive Learning
• Cognitive maps - mental representation of physical space– Edward Tolman
Cognitive Learning
• Albert Bandura Bobo doll experiment
The story of Sabra overcoming he fear of flying and getting the job illustrates the concept of
A. B. C. D. E.
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75%
0%5%
15%
A. Good luck
B. Learning
C. Hard Work
D. Skill
E. Talent
The type of learning in which association plays a major role is
A. B. C. D. E.
50%
0%
5%5%
40%
A. Classical conditioning
B. Instinctual learning
C. Operant conditioning
D. Social learning
E. Insight learning
When you learn to ignore the sound of traffic on the busy street where you live, you are exhibiting
A. B. C. D. E.
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100%
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A. Unlearning
B. Habituation
C. Conditioning
D. Instinct
E. Prompting
You were conditioned to smile when you hear Christmas carols. During the summer, this response diminishes. However, in November when you hear these songs, you
begin to smile again. In classical conditioning, the return of this response is known as
A. B. C. D. E.
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15%
0%
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0%
A. Acquisition
B. Extinction
C. Reconditioning
D. Spontaneous recovery
E. Generalizations
You were frightened by a yellow cat when you were a child. Now you get scared whenever you
see any cat. In classical conditioning, this response would be known as
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0% 0%0%
100%A. Spontaneous recovery
B. Discrimination
C. Generalization
D. Insight
E. Extinction
Dr. Susie has a client who is exhibiting an undesirable conditioned fear. Susie decides to try a therapeutic strategy called __________ conditioning to extinguish the response.
A. B. C. D. E.
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62%
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0%
A. Appetitive
B. Aversive
C. Reflex
D. Stimulus
E. Counter
Your psychology professor gives several scheduled short quizzes and three scheduled tests throughout the semester. She is using a __________schedule
of reinforcement.
A. B. C. D. E.
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A. Fixed interval
B. Variable ratio
C. Variable interval
D. Fixed ratio
E. Continuous
Stimuli that fulfill basic needs and acts as a reinforce are called_______ reinforcers.
A. B. C. D. E.
0%5%
0%
95%
0%
A. Secondary
B. Natural
C. Conditioned
D. Primary
E. Neutral
Punishment is designed to ______ a behavior while negative reinforcement is designed to _______ a behavior.
A. B. C. D. E.
10%
20%
65%
5%0%
A. Increase, decrease
B. Extinguish, repeat
C. Highlight, emphasize
D. Repeat, extinguish
E. Decrease, increase
The lights in your house went out and it was pitch dark in your house. You were able to navigate to the kitchen because of a _______ map.
A. B. C. D. E.
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90%
0%0%5%
A. Navigation
B. Cognitive
C. Memory
D. Representation
E. Environmental
You are in the grocery store waiting to check out. Your son cries because he wants candy. When you give in to his demands to make the tantrum stop, he
has been ________.
A. B. C. D. E.
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10%15%
A. Positively reinforced
B. Socially reinforced
C. Negatively reinforced
D. Positively punished
E. Classical conditioning
Your teacher says that if everyone stays quiet for the next thirty minutes, the class would have no homework. This is an example of…
A. B. C. D. E.
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65%
20%
0%0%
A. Positive reinforcement
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Classical conditioning
D. Positive punishment
E. Negative reinforcement
Kohler’s study of chimpanzees suggests that they reorganize their perceptions, a mental process he called
______ learning.
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0%
15%
85%
0%
A. Operant
B. Latent
C. Classical
D. Insight
E. Perceptual
Jack learned how to shoot a free-throw by watching his older brother. Bandura called this
________ learning.
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0%
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A. Insight
B. Latent
C. Imitational
D. Perceptual
E. Observational
The part of the brain most implicated in the development of cognitive is the_______.
A. B. C. D. E.
20%
40%
20%
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20%
A. Thalamus
B. Hippocampus
C. Hypothalamus
D. Limbic system
E. Cerebellum
Studies of learning have shown that animals develop a aversion for tastes associated with…
A. B. C. D. E.
5%0% 0%0%
95%A. Electric shock
B. Extinguished association
C. Sickness
D. Novel stimuli
E. Starvation
