lecture-1 final - airport

CE-363 DESIGN OF AIRPORTS, RAILWAYS,

DOCKS AND HARBORS Lecture 1: Introduction of Air

Transport

Dr. Ankit Gupta, Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

National Institute of Technology Hamirpur

Lecture Outline

Air Transport

Importance

Development

National and International Organizations

Objectives of organizations like ICAO, etc.

Airport Classification

Air Transportation

Improves accessibility to otherwise inaccessible areas

Provides continuous connectivity over land and water (No change of equipment)

Brings in relief during emergency conditions

Saves productive time, spent in journey

Increases the demand of specialized technical skill workforce

Adds to foreign reserve, through tourism etc.

Air Transportation contd.

Heavy funds are required, not only initially but also during operations

Operations are highly dependent up on weather conditions

Requires highly sophisticated machinery

Adds to outward flow of foreign exchange

Safety provisions are not adequate

Specific demarcation of flight paths and territories is essential

Development of Air Transport

1903 - First successful flight by Wilbur and Orville Wright, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

1909 - French pilot Louis Blériot crossed the English

Channel to England

1911 - Post was carried by air in India from Allahabad to Naini (Pilot - Henri Pequet)

1912 - Flight between Delhi and Karachi

1914 - Air passenger transport began in Germany

../../Dictionary/Bleriot/DI11.htm


1918 - First International service between France and Spain

1919 - London - Paris flight

1919 - the International Commission on Air Navigation (ICAN) was established

1919 - six European airlines formed in Hague the International Air Traffic Association (IATA)

1928 - Havana Convention on Civil Aviation

1929 - Warsaw Convention on Civil Aviation


1930 - Round the World flight

1944 - International Civil Aviation Conference

1944 - Chicago Convention, establishing provisional ICAO

1945 - International Air Transport Association (IATA) established in meeting at Havana, Cuba

1947 - The International Civil Aviation Organisation was established as a body of UN


27 July 1949 - The world's first jet airliner, the de Havilland DH106 Comet 1 made its first flight from Hatfield airport, just north of London - piloted by Captain John Cunningham, to an altitude of 8000 ft.

1954 - The Boeing dash 80 prototype B707 first flight

1969 - Concorde first flight 1969 - Boeing B747-100 fly 1988 - Airbus A320 "Fly by Wire" enters service 2006 – Airbus A328 fly

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Air Transport in India

1911 - Post was carried by air in India from Allahabad to Naini (Pilot - Henri Pequet)

1912 - Flight between Delhi and Karachi

1927 - Civil Aviation Department was established

1929 - Regular air service between Karachi and Delhi

1932 - Tata Airways Ltd. Was set up

1933 - Indian Trans-Continental Airways Ltd. was formed

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1938 - By the end of year 153 aircraft were registered

1946 - Air Transport Licensing Board was established

1947 - Tata Airways changed its name to Air India Ltd.

1948 - Air India International Ltd was established by government

1953 - Air Transport Corporation Bill made provision for establishing two corporations one for domestic services and other for international services

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1972 - The International Airport Authority of India (IAAI) was set up

1981 - Vayudoot service was started. It merged into Indian Airlines in 1993

1985 - Air Taxi Policy was announced

1994 - Airport Authority of India was formed by merging International Airport Authority of India (IAAI) and National Airports Authority (NAA)

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Air Transport Agencies

International Civil Aviation Organisation

www.icao.int

Federal Aviation Administration

www.faa.gov

Airports Authority of India

www.airportsindia.org.in

Air India International Corporation

www.airindia.com


Indian Airlines Corporation

www.indian-airlines.nic.in

Private Air Transport Agencies

Jet Airways (jetairways.com), Sahara Airlines

(airsahara.net)


International Civil Aviation Organization

Established in 1944 as a result of Chicago convention

Headquarter is in Montreal, Canada

The Organization is made up of an Assembly, a

Council of limited membership with various

subordinate bodies and a Secretariat.

The Assembly, composed of representatives from all

Contracting States, is the sovereign body of ICAO

The Council, the governing body which is elected by

the Assembly for a three-year term, is composed of 36

States.

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The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is

divided into five main divisions: the Air Navigation

Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau, the Technical Co-

operation Bureau, the Legal Bureau, and the Bureau of

Administration and Services

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International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO's aims and objectives are to develop the

principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to:

Insure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world

Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes

Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation

Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport



ICAO's aims and objectives :

Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable

competition

Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully

respected and that every contracting State has a fair

opportunity to operate international airlines

Avoid discrimination between contracting States

Promote safety of flight in international air navigation

Promote generally the development of all aspects of

international civil aeronautics.



The Organization has established the following

Strategic Objectives for the period 2005-2010:

Safety - Enhance global civil aviation safety

Security - Enhance global civil aviation security

Environmental Protection - Minimize the adverse effect

of global civil aviation on the environment

Efficiency - Enhance the efficiency of aviation operations

Continuity - Maintain the continuity of aviation operations

Rule of Law - Strengthen law governing international

civil aviation


Federal Aviation Administration

It was initially known as Federal Aviation Agency.

It performs following functions

Encourages the establishment of civil airways, landing

areas and other air facilities

it designates federal airways and acquires,

establishes, operates and conducts research and

development, and maintains air navigation facilities

along such airways

it makes provision for the control and protection of air

traffic moving in air commerce

Provides for aircraft registration


Federal Aviation Administration - Functions (contd.)

It undertakes or supervises technical

development work in the field of aeronautics and

the development of aeronautical facilities

It prescribes and enforces the civil air regulations

for safety standards, including:

Effectuation of safety standards, rules and regulations

Examination, inspection, or rating of pilots and other

flight personnel, aircraft engines, air navigation facilities,

aircraft, and air agencies

Issuance of various types of safety certificates


Federal Aviation Administration - Functions

It requires notice and issues orders with respect to

hazards to air commerce

It issues airport operating certificates to airports

servicing air carriers


Airport Authority of India

Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an

Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April,

1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority

and International Airports Authority of India

AAI manages 126 airports (11 international, 89

domestic and 26 civil enclaves at Defence airfields).

International airports are at Ahmedabad, Amritsar,

Bangalore, Goa, Guwahati, Hyderabad, CIAL (Pvt.),

Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai and

Thiruvananthapuram.

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Functions of AAI

Control and management of the Indian airspace

extending beyond the territorial limits of

the country, as accepted by ICAO

Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance

of International and Domestic Airports and Civil

Enclaves.

Construction, Modification and Management of

Passenger Terminals

Development and Management of Cargo

Terminals at International and Domestic airports.



Functions of AAI

Provision of Passenger Facilities and Information

System at the Passenger Terminals at airports.

Expansion and strengthening of operation area viz.

Runways, Aprons, Taxiway, etc.

Provision of visual aids.

Provision of Communication and Navigational aids

viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar, etc.


Director General of Civil Aviation

Directorate General of Civil Aviation is an attached

office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation.

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the

regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily

dealing with safety issues

The headquarters are located in New Delhi with

regional offices in the various parts of India.

There are 14 Regional Airworthiness Offices, 5

Regional Air Safety offices, the Regional Research

and Development Office located at Bangalore and the

Gliding Centre at Pune.

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Responsibilities and Functions:

Statutory authority responsible for laying down

standards and their implementation covering:

Airworthiness,

Safety and operation of aircraft,

Flight crew standards & training,

Air transport operations.

Licensing of flight crew, aircraft engineers and civil

aerodromes.

Certification of aircraft operators.

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Responsibilities and Functions:

Investigation into incidents and minor accidents.

Regulation and control of air transport operations.

Formulation of aviation legislation.

Research and development activities in the field of

civil aviation

Handling of matters relating to ICAO

Advising to government on policy matters

Supervision of training activities of flying / guiding

clubs.

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Indian (Indian Airlines Corporation)

It came into being in 1953 with the enactment of Air

Corporation Act

Providing air transportation within the country as well

as to the neighbouring countries

Started after merging eight private airlines

At the time of nationalization, Indian Airlines inherited

a fleet of 99 aircraft

Between 1970 and 1982 Indian Airlines started

inducting first batch of wide bodied Airbus A320

aircraft.



Latest acquisition in IAL's fleet, the Airbus A319, was

inducted in December, 2005

Placed order for 43 new aircraft i.e. 19 A319s, 4

A320s & 21 A321s. First aircraft is already supplied

Covers 76 destinations - 58 within India and 18

abroad.


Air India Corporation

Tata Airlines, A company of Tata Sons Ltd. formed.

On October 15, 1932, a light single-engine Puss Moth

took off from Karachi on its flight to Mumbai (then

known as Bombay) via Ahmedabad.

Tata Airlines was converted into a Public Limited

Company on July 29, 1946 and renamed AIR INDIA.

Air India International, which was registered on March

8, 1948, inaugurated its international operations

modestly with a weekly service from Mumbai to

London via Cairo and Geneva on June 8, 1948.



The first Boeing 707 was received in February 1960.

The word 'International' was dropped in 1962. It became all-jet carrier

In 1970 Air India moved to its present Air India building at Nariman Point

Arrival of first Boeing 747-237B in 1971.

Formation of Hotel Corporation of India Limited and Air India Charters Ltd in 1971.

747 Simulator installed at Bombay in 1972.

Air India’s first hotel ‘CENTAUR’ opened in Bombay in 1972.


Air India Corporation A Real Time Computer System Installed at Bombay in

1979.

New International Airport Terminal Opened at Bombay in 1980.

Computerized passenger reservation system introduced in Bombay in 1981.

Air India purchased three Airbus A300-B4s in 1982.

In the second phase, six A310-300s were ordered in 1985 for induction into the fleet in 1986.

Indira Gandhi International Terminal opened at Delhi Airport in 1986.

Computerized Departure system at Bombay in 1986.

Boeing 707 withdrawn from service in 1986.


Air India Corporation Airbus 310-300 delivered in 1987.

The airline acquired two more Boeing 747-300 Combi (passenger and cargo) aircraft in 1988.

Introduces IATA currency system and new identity logo ‘SUN’ on tail and fuselage in 1989.

Diamond Jubilee in 1992.

Effective March 1, 1994, the airline has been renamed Air India Limited

Four Boeing 747-400s were inducted into the fleet between August 1993 and July 1994. Two more inducted in 1996.

One B 747-400 and nine Airbus 310s have been inducted on dry lease in the fleet in the recent months.

AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION

Based on Take-off and Landing

Conventional Take-Off and Landing Airport Runway length > 1500 m

Reduced Take-Off and Landing Airport Runway length 1000 to 1500m

Short Take-Off and Landing Airport Runway length 500 to 1000m

Vertical Take-Off and Landing Airport Operational area 25 to 50 sq m

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Based on Geometric Design

ICAO

Employs aerodrum reference code. It consists of:

Length of runway available

Classified using code number 1 through 4

Aircraft wing span and outer main gear wheel span

Classified using letters A through E


ICAO Classification

Based on length of runway

Code Basic Runway

Number Length (m)

1 < 800

2 800 m up to but not including 1200 m

3 1200 m up to but not including 1800 m

4 1800 m and over

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ICAO Classification Based on wing span and outer main gear wheel span

Code Wing Outer Main Gear

Letter Span Wheel Span

A up to but not up to but not

including 15 m including 0.5 m

B 15 m up to but not 0.5 m up to but not

including 24 m including 6 m

C 24 m up to but not 6 m up to but not


D 36 m up to but not 9 m up to but not


E 52 m up to but not 9 m up to but not



FAA Classification

Based on aircraft approach speed

Approach Approach Speed

Category Knots

A < 91

B 91 - 120

C 121 - 140

D 141 - 165

E 166 or greater 1 Knot = 1.9 km/hr

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Sticky Note

do we have to learn this??

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Based on Function

Civil Aviation

International

Domestic

Military Aviation

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Aerodromes in India

International Hubs

This category includes airports currently classified as

'international airports' and having facilities of world class

standards. (These would at present cover Delhi,

Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta, Hyderabad, etc.)

Regional Hubs

Regional hubs will have to act as operational bases for

regional airlines and also have all the facilities currently

postulated for model airports, including the capability to

handle limited international traffic.


Aerodromes in India

Domestic airports

Model (e.g. Indore, Nagpur, Vadodra, Bhubhneshwar,

Imphal), Operational (e.g. Udaipur, Kanpur, Cochin,

etc.), non-operational (e.g. Kota, Safdarjung, Khandwa,

Akola, etc.)

Custom airports

Airports with customs checking and clearance facilities

handling international flights but not elevated to International

Airport status, e.g. Siliguri, Madurai, Pune, Patna, etc

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Aerodromes in India

Civil Enclaves (at Defence airfields)

Operational (e.g. Bagdogra, Leh, etc.), non-

operational (e.g. Allahabad, etc)

Air force aerodromes

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lecture-1 final - airport

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