lecture 2 sildes - amherst college...1/24/12 2 middlerepublic(c.264–133bc) •...

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1/24/12 1 Monarchy (tradi2onally, 753509 BC): 7 kings, star2ng with Romulus (but also a senate) Last few Kings were Etruscan Ends when Tarquin the Proud is kicked out trad. date 509 BC for founding of the Republic True? Specifics are legend, but, yes, there were kings. Traces of Monarchy: Regia (king’s house) Rex Sacrorum (king of sacred rites) a priesthood in the Republic Meanwhile in Greece: Homer & lyric poets like Sappho Early Republic (c. 509 to 264 BC) (res publica = commonwealth) supreme power shared by annually elected officials constant ext. struggle among small Italian citystates constant internal class struggle over poli2cal power military and econ. decline a\er end of monarchy NB: kingdom and early Rep. not well known. Few historical sources & many legends, later distor2ons. Roman literature only begins in 3 rd cent. BC, Meanwhile in Greece: Fi\h century = Athenian Golden Age, Classical period of democracy, Greek tragedy, & Athenian hegemony.

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Page 1: Lecture 2 sildes - Amherst College...1/24/12 2 MiddleRepublic(c.264–133BC) • hugegrowth,andcreaonof“RomanEmpire” asweknowit.RomemistressofItalyby260s,% andthendominatesWest.andEast.Med

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•  Monarchy  (tradi2onally,  753-­‐509  BC):      -­‐  7  kings,  star2ng  with  Romulus  (but  also  a  senate)  

   -­‐  Last  few  Kings  were  Etruscan      -­‐  Ends  when  Tarquin  the  Proud  is  kicked  out        -­‐  trad.  date  509  BC  for  founding  of  the  Republic  

•  True?  Specifics  are  legend,  but,  yes,  there  were  kings.    •  Traces  of  Monarchy:    –   Regia  (king’s  house)    – Rex  Sacrorum  (king  of  sacred  rites)  a  priesthood  in  the  Republic  

•  Meanwhile  in  Greece:      Homer  &  lyric  poets  like  Sappho  

Early  Republic    (c.  509  to  264  BC)    (res  publica  =  commonwealth)    

   -­‐  supreme  power  shared  by  annually  elected  officials      -­‐  constant  ext.  struggle  among  small  Italian  city-­‐states      -­‐  constant  internal  class  struggle  over  poli2cal  power      -­‐  military  and  econ.  decline  a\er  end  of  monarchy  

•  NB:  kingdom  and  early  Rep.  not  well  known.    Few  historical  sources  &  many  legends,  later  distor2ons.  

•  Roman  literature  only  begins  in  3rd  cent.  BC,    

•  Meanwhile  in  Greece:      Fi\h  century  =  Athenian  Golden  Age,  Classical  period  of  democracy,  Greek  tragedy,  &  Athenian  hegemony.      

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Middle  Republic  (c.264  –  133  BC)    

•  huge  growth,  and  crea2on  of  “Roman  Empire”  as  we  know  it.    Rome  mistress  of  Italy  by  260s,  and  then  dominates  West.  and  East.  Med.  

•   establishes  internal  poli2cal  equilibrium  between  classes  (but  precarious)  

•  Meanwhile  in  Greece:      

•  Hellenis2c  Age-­‐  compe2ng  dynas2es  all  over  East,  figh2ng  over  pieces  of  Alexander  the  Great’s  conquests.  

Late  Republic  (c.133-­‐31  BC)  

•  Con2nued  external  expansion  in  all  direc2ons  •  but  paradoxically:  internal  chaos  at  Rome.    Assassina2ons,  violence,  poli2cally  sanc2oned  murder,  bribery,  revolt,  and  civil  war…  

•  End  of  Rep.  as  we  know  it  in  31  BC,  when  young  warlord  Octavian  (aka  Augustus),  wins  civil  war  against  Mark  Antony  (and  Cleopatra)  

•  Easily  best-­‐known  period,  mass  of  documenta2on  -­‐-­‐  above  all  speeches  and  lehers,  some2mes  daily,  of  R’s  greatest  orator,  Cicero  (105-­‐43)  

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Principate  /  Empire  

•  Begins  some2me  around  31  BC  when  Octavian  (aka  Augustus)  gains  control  

•  named  a\er  rule  of  one  man:  chief  ci2zen  (princeps  =  first)    

•   Republic  Restored??    Remember:  central  ins2tu2ons  of  Republican  gov’t  s2ll  exist—s2ll  consuls  and  a  senate  

•  Western  Roman  Empire  lasts  un2l  5th  cent.  AD  and  Eastern  half,  even  longer  

Figures  and  sta2s2cs—  

•  Popula2on  of  the  city  of  Rome  under  Augustus—about  1,000,000  

•  Popula2on  of  Roman  Empire  at  death  of  Augustus—about  54,000,000  

       Possibly  1/5  of  all  humans  then  alive  lived  in  the  territory  of  the  Roman  Empire.  

•  Literacy  rate—maybe  15-­‐20%?  

•  Percentage  of  the  pop.  in  slavery  ca.  30%  

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Two  founda2on  stories  combined:  •  1)    Romulus,  Remus,  Alba  Longa,  and  She-­‐Wolf  

•  2)    A\er  Troy  fell  (1184,  tradi2onal  date),  Aeneas  leads  survivors  to  La2um.    War  with  La2ns,  then  merges  with  them.        -­‐  Aeneas’  link  to  Rome  standard  by  at  least  3rd  cent.  B.C.  

 -­‐  Combined  with  Romulus  and  Remus  myth:    R+R  supposedly  descendants  of  Aeneas  and  his  new,  La2n  wife.  

Aeneas’  route  from  Troy  to  La2um-­‐  as  told  by  Vergil  

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Greek  depic2ons  of  Aeneas  carrying  his  father  out  of  Troy  

Apc  Black-­‐Figure  Vase    ca.  520  BC   Apc  Red-­‐Figure  Vase  5th  cent.  BC  

Coin  minted  by  Julius  Caesar  ca.  46  BC  

Aeneas  rescues  both  father  and  the  Palladium  (sacred  cult-­‐statue  of  Athena)  from  burning  Troy.  

FYI:  Julius  Caesar  traced  his  ancestry  back  to  Aeneas…  

Terracoha  statue  from  1st  cent.  AD  (Pompeii)  

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Aeneas  rescuing  father,  son,  and  Troy’s  sacred  emblems                -­‐painted  by  Federico  Barrocci  in  1598  AD              -­‐now  displayed  in  Villa  Borghese  

Aeneas  leaving  Troy  sculpted  by  Bernini  c.  1619  (now  housed  in  Villa  Borghese)  

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The  Problem  of  753  BC  

•  April  21st  753  BC  

But  Fall  of  Troy  supposedly  1184  BC  Gap  way  too  large  –invent  kings  of  Alba  Longa  

So:          -­‐  Trojan  hero  Aeneas  founds  Lavinium          -­‐  his  son,  Ascanius  (or  Iulus),  founds  Alba  Longa          -­‐  genera2ons  later,  his  descendants,  Romulus        and  Remus,  found  Rome          -­‐  Rome  destroys  Alba  (convenient)    

TroyLaviniumAlba  LongaRome  

Why  would  it  appeal  to  early  Romans  to  be  linked  to  Trojan  Aeneas?      

•  link  to  Homeric  past,  but  not  Greek.    •  if  Troy  =  start  of  history  and  of  Rome,  then  history  and  Rome  =  co-­‐extensive  

•  tale  of  assimila0on  -­‐-­‐  na2ves  and  outcasts  mixed  to  produce  something  drama2cally  new  (like  Romulus’  asylum).      

 Fits  with  the  real  problems  of  incorpora2ng  so  many  new  ci2zens  during  conquest  of  Italy.  

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Why  don’t  we  buy  Livy’s  version?  

•  Clearly–  the  fabulous,  supernatural  nature  of  many  parts  of    the  story.    

•  Nature  of  historiography  at  Rome  not  same  as  ours.    Focused  on  using  history  to  instruct  with  good  and  bad  examples.  

•  Alterna2on  of  good  and  bad  kings  is  too  neat  •  The  names  look  made  up:  Rom.  >  Rome;  Numa  >  numen  (divine  power);  Servius  >  servus  (slave);  Tarquinius  >  Tarquinii  (an  Etruscan  town)  

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•  Before  the  kings:  ~  950  =  Iron  Age  •  First  substan2al  sehlement  in  Rome:  huts  on  Pala2ne  and  Esquiline  Hills  

Etruscans  arrive  from  the  East  around  700  BC  

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Etruscan  Civiliza2on  

Effects  of  Etruscan  influence  at  Rome    

•  Metal  working  techniques  •  Arts  •  Urban  planning  •  Commercial  network  •  Cra\smen,  merchants,  builders,  religious  experts  •  ...  And  kings  (last  3  kings)  •  ROME:  -­‐  Est.  poli2cal  and  commercial  center  of  city:  forum  -­‐  Est.  religious  center  on  Capitoline  Hill:  Capitolium  

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Cloaca  Maxima  emp2es  into  Tiber  Greatest  Sewer,  built    ca.  600  BC?  

19th  cent.  pain2ng  

Odd  collec2on  of  graffi2  near  modern-­‐day  cloaca  maxima  

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Capitoline  Hill  Citadel  &  Religious  center  

•  Capitoline  triad:    •  Jupiter,  Juno,  Minerva  

•  JOP  =  Jupiter  Op0mus  Maximus  

•  Jupiter  Greatest  &  Best  

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Archaeology:  Conclusions  

•  ~  950  first  sehlements  in  Rome  •  625  Etruscans  in  Rome    

•  By  ~  500  Rome  had  its  shape,  like  Greek  and  Etruscan  towns:  

•  Temples,  markets,  shops,  streets  and  drains  

•  Public  spaces  to  gather  for  poli2cs,  religious  fes2vi2es,  sport  

•  Very  primi2ve,  not  (yet)  marbled  Rome  

Servius  “the  mixer”  Tullius  (578-­‐535)  

•  Tribes  •  Army  

•  Temple  of  Diana  

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 In  509  BC:        Expulsion  of  Tarquinius  Superbus  =  expulsion  of  Hipparchus                          (last  of  tyrants  in  Athens)  

 -­‐Both  revolts  triggered  by  sexual  assault      

 -­‐Tarquin  Colla2nus  (good  guy)  exiled  from  Rome  just  for  his  name.  

 -­‐  Hipparchos  son  of  Charmos  (good  guy)  exiled  from  Athens  just  for    his  name.  

N.B.  -­‐Hipparchus  son  of  Charmos  from  Kollutos        -­‐  Tarquin  Colla2nus  from  from  Colla=a…  

-­‐Too  exact  a  synchrony  to  be  real?    Historical  plagiarism?    Conscious  emula2on  of  Athenian  model?      

Greek  contamina2on  of  Roman  archaic  history?